GB1328139A - Stabilization of organic materials - Google Patents
Stabilization of organic materialsInfo
- Publication number
- GB1328139A GB1328139A GB4153970A GB4153970A GB1328139A GB 1328139 A GB1328139 A GB 1328139A GB 4153970 A GB4153970 A GB 4153970A GB 4153970 A GB4153970 A GB 4153970A GB 1328139 A GB1328139 A GB 1328139A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- butyl
- hydroxy
- bis
- phosphonate
- hydroxybenzyl
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
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- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/0091—Complexes with metal-heteroatom-bonds
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- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K15/00—Anti-oxidant compositions; Compositions inhibiting chemical change
- C09K15/04—Anti-oxidant compositions; Compositions inhibiting chemical change containing organic compounds
- C09K15/32—Anti-oxidant compositions; Compositions inhibiting chemical change containing organic compounds containing two or more of boron, silicon, phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal
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- C09K15/00—Anti-oxidant compositions; Compositions inhibiting chemical change
- C09K15/04—Anti-oxidant compositions; Compositions inhibiting chemical change containing organic compounds
- C09K15/32—Anti-oxidant compositions; Compositions inhibiting chemical change containing organic compounds containing two or more of boron, silicon, phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal
- C09K15/322—Anti-oxidant compositions; Compositions inhibiting chemical change containing organic compounds containing two or more of boron, silicon, phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal containing only phosphorus
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- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium compounds in the ring
- C10M2219/104—Heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium compounds in the ring containing sulfur and carbon with nitrogen or oxygen in the ring
- C10M2219/106—Thiadiazoles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
- C10M2223/041—Triaryl phosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
- C10M2223/042—Metal salts thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
- C10M2223/047—Thioderivatives not containing metallic elements
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/06—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/06—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/061—Metal salts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/06—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/065—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds containing sulfur
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2227/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2227/08—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions having metal-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2227/083—Sn compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/02—Groups 1 or 11
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/06—Groups 3 or 13
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/08—Groups 4 or 14
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/10—Groups 5 or 15
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/12—Groups 6 or 16
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- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/14—Group 7
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/16—Groups 8, 9, or 10
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/20—Metal working
- C10N2040/22—Metal working with essential removal of material, e.g. cutting, grinding or drilling
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- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
1328139 Stabilizing polymers CIBA-GEIGY AG 28 Aug 1970 [29 Aug 1969] 41539/70 Headings C3P and C3R [Also in Division C5] Polymers are stabilized with (a) an organophosphorus compound selected from (1) where M is a metal of valence 1 to 4, x is 1 or 2, G is an anion of valence 1 to 3, E is where z is 0 to 6, y is 1 to 4, n is 0 or 1, m is 1 to 3, p is 0 to 3, alkyl has 1 to 30 carbon atoms, lower alkyl has 1 to 6 carbon atoms and where r is the valence of G and v is an available valence of M, and (2) where M<SP>1</SP> is a metal or metal complex cation of valence 1 to 4, z is 0 to 6, y is 1 to 4, v is 1 to 4, lower alkyl has 1 to 6 carbon atoms and R<SP>2</SP> is alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl; together with (b) at least one phenolic antioxidant optionally with a secondary antioxidant, ultraviolet light absorber, pigment, alkaline earth metal stearate buffer, light stabilizer other than (a) or organic phosphite. Specified polymers are vinyl halide polymers, polyolefins, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyethylene oxides and styrene polymers. Specified ultra violet light absorbers are salicylates, benzophenones, benzotriazoles and acrylates; synergists are dialkyl thiodipropionates and trihydrocarbyl phosphites and thiophosphites; and stearates are calcium and magnesium stearates. The compositions may also contain conventional dyeing assistants such as basic nitrogen polymers and metal deactivators such as oxamide, oxanilide and hydrazides. Extensive lists of stabilizer components and conventional additives are given and examples describe the stabilizing of (1-15, 17, 18 and 22-40) polypropylene, (8) polyethylene, polybutene, poly 4-methylpentene-1, polyisoprene, polyurethane, polymethylene terephthalate, polyacetal and polyethylene oxide, (19) ABS terpolymer, (20) nylon 6 and (21) polyvinyl chloride with stabilizer systems comprising nickel bis [O-n-butyl-3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl phosphonate], O-n-butylchloronickel-3,5- di-t-butyl hydroxybenzyl phosphonate, nickel bis [3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) benzene phosphinate, nickel bis[O - methyl - 3,5 - di - tbutyl - 4 - hydroxybenzyl phosphonate], nickel bis[O-octadecyl 3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylbenzyl phosphonate], tin bis[O-butyl-3,5- dit-butyl-4-hydroxy benzyl phosphnoate], nickel [3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy benzyl benzenephosphinate] acetate, aluminium tris[O - butyl - 3,5 - dit - butyl - 4 - hydroxybenzyl phosphonate], sodium[O - butyl 3,5 - di - t - butyl - 4 - hydroxybenzyl phosphonate], cupric bis[O-hexadecyl 3,5- di - t - butyl - 4 - hydroxyphenylpropyl phosphonate], ferric tris[O - octadecyl 3,5 - di - tbutyl - 4 - hydroxyphenylethyl phosphonate], chromium tris[O - butyl 3,5 - di - t - butyl- 4 - hydroxybenzyl phosphonate], cobalt bis- [O - butyl 3,5 - di - t - butyl - 4 - hydroxybenzyl phosphonate] and zinc 3,5 - di - tbutyl - 4 - hydroxybenzyl phosphonate; together with one or more of 2(2<SP>1</SP>-hydroxy-3<SP>1</SP>,5<SP>1</SP>- di - t - butylphenyl) - 7 - chlorobenzotriazole, 2 - hydroxy - 4 - octoxybenzophenone, dioctadecyl 3,5 - di - t - butyl - 4 - hydroxybenzyl phosphonate, octadecyl #(3,5 - di - t - butyl- 4 - hydroxyphenyl)propionate, dilauryl thiodipropionate, titanium dioxide, distearyl thiodipropionate, 2,4,6 - tri - t - butylphenol, tris nonylphenyl phosphite, calcium oxide, 2,4-bis- (n - octylthio) - 6- (3,5 - di - t -butyl - 4 - hydroxy anilino) - 1,3,5 - triazine, polyvinyl pyridine, 2,4 - di - t - butylphenyl 3,5 - di - t - butyl - 4- hydroxybenzoate, dyes, 2,4 - bis(3,5 - di - tbutyl - 4 - hydroxyphenoxy) - 6 - (n - octylthio)- 1,3,5 - triazine, 2- hydroxy - 4 - methoxy - 21- carboxybenzophenone, 2,21 - methylene bis- (6 - t - butyl - 4 - methyl phenol), 2,6 - di - tbutyl hydroquinone, 4,4<SP>1</SP> - thio bis(2 - t - butyl- 5 - methylphenol), octadecyl(3,5 - dimethyl- 4-hydroxybenzylthio acetate), 1,1,3 - tris(5 - tbutyl - 4 - hydroxy - 2 - methylphenyl)butane, 1,4 - di(3,5 - di - t - butyl - 4 - hydroxybenzyl)- 2,3,5,6 - tetramethylbenzene, 2,4 - dihydroxybenzophenone, 2 - chloro - 2<SP>1</SP> - hydroxybenzophenone, 4 - t - butyl phenyl salicylate, resorcinol monobenzoate, hexamethyl phosphorotriamide, nickel bis(octylphenyl) sulphide, ethyl 2 - cyano - 3,3 - diphenylacrylate, 2(2<SP>1</SP> - hydroxy - 5<SP>1 </SP>- methylphenyl)benzotriazole, lauryl p-amino phenol, 2-ethylhexyl 2-cyano- 3,3-diphenylacrylate, calcium stearate, 2(2<SP>1</SP>- hydroxy - 3<SP>1</SP>,5<SP>1</SP> - di - t - butyl phenyl) -7 - chlorobenzotriazole and 2(2<SP>1</SP>-hydroxy-3<SP>1</SP>,5<SP>1</SP>-di-t-amylphenyl) benzotriazole.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US85428169A | 1969-08-29 | 1969-08-29 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB1328139A true GB1328139A (en) | 1973-08-30 |
Family
ID=25318241
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB4153970A Expired GB1328139A (en) | 1969-08-29 | 1970-08-28 | Stabilization of organic materials |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CA (1) | CA929739A (en) |
CH (1) | CH549623A (en) |
DE (1) | DE2042807A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2065876A5 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1328139A (en) |
IT (1) | IT1044781B (en) |
NL (1) | NL7012796A (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2448415A1 (en) * | 1973-10-11 | 1975-04-24 | Raychem Corp | ANTIOXYDANTS AND POLYMER COMPOUNDS CONTAINING THESE ANTIOXYDANTS |
CN102690704A (en) * | 2012-04-23 | 2012-09-26 | 上海应用技术学院 | Heat stabilizer composition of high-pressure hydrogenated cycloalkyl lubricating oil, preparation method thereof, and application thereof |
WO2016161194A1 (en) * | 2015-03-31 | 2016-10-06 | Dentsply Sirona Inc. | Three-dimensional fabricating systems rapidly producing objects |
CN110603288A (en) * | 2017-05-04 | 2019-12-20 | 瑞士新集团有限公司 | Stabilized composition |
CN111234314A (en) * | 2020-04-01 | 2020-06-05 | 山西省化工研究所(有限公司) | Complex nucleating agent for polyester and preparation method thereof |
CN111423468A (en) * | 2020-04-01 | 2020-07-17 | 山西省化工研究所(有限公司) | Complex type polyester nucleating agent, compound containing polyester nucleating agent and preparation method |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4060513A (en) * | 1976-04-26 | 1977-11-29 | Cincinnati Milacron, Inc. | Nickel organophosphate/benzophenone U.V. stabilizers |
US4224203A (en) * | 1978-09-05 | 1980-09-23 | Argus Chemical Corporation | Vinyl chloride polymer stabilizer comprising a metal organophosphonate |
-
1970
- 1970-08-04 CA CA089822A patent/CA929739A/en not_active Expired
- 1970-08-12 CH CH1212870A patent/CH549623A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1970-08-28 NL NL7012796A patent/NL7012796A/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1970-08-28 GB GB4153970A patent/GB1328139A/en not_active Expired
- 1970-08-28 DE DE19702042807 patent/DE2042807A1/en active Pending
- 1970-08-28 IT IT29112/70A patent/IT1044781B/en active
- 1970-08-28 FR FR7031468A patent/FR2065876A5/fr not_active Expired
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2448415A1 (en) * | 1973-10-11 | 1975-04-24 | Raychem Corp | ANTIOXYDANTS AND POLYMER COMPOUNDS CONTAINING THESE ANTIOXYDANTS |
CN102690704A (en) * | 2012-04-23 | 2012-09-26 | 上海应用技术学院 | Heat stabilizer composition of high-pressure hydrogenated cycloalkyl lubricating oil, preparation method thereof, and application thereof |
CN102690704B (en) * | 2012-04-23 | 2013-12-04 | 上海应用技术学院 | Heat stabilizer composition of high-pressure hydrogenated cycloalkyl lubricating oil, preparation method thereof, and application thereof |
WO2016161194A1 (en) * | 2015-03-31 | 2016-10-06 | Dentsply Sirona Inc. | Three-dimensional fabricating systems rapidly producing objects |
CN110603288A (en) * | 2017-05-04 | 2019-12-20 | 瑞士新集团有限公司 | Stabilized composition |
CN110603288B (en) * | 2017-05-04 | 2022-04-26 | 瑞士新集团有限公司 | Stabilized composition |
CN111234314A (en) * | 2020-04-01 | 2020-06-05 | 山西省化工研究所(有限公司) | Complex nucleating agent for polyester and preparation method thereof |
CN111423468A (en) * | 2020-04-01 | 2020-07-17 | 山西省化工研究所(有限公司) | Complex type polyester nucleating agent, compound containing polyester nucleating agent and preparation method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE2042807A1 (en) | 1971-03-11 |
CH549623A (en) | 1974-05-31 |
FR2065876A5 (en) | 1971-08-06 |
NL7012796A (en) | 1971-03-02 |
CA929739A (en) | 1973-07-10 |
IT1044781B (en) | 1980-04-21 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PS | Patent sealed [section 19, patents act 1949] | ||
PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |