FR2895150A1 - Distributed structure amplifier for transmission and reception device, has elementary cells determined so that transmission between input of transmission channel and output of receiving channel corresponds to traversing filter - Google Patents
Distributed structure amplifier for transmission and reception device, has elementary cells determined so that transmission between input of transmission channel and output of receiving channel corresponds to traversing filter Download PDFInfo
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- FR2895150A1 FR2895150A1 FR0512838A FR0512838A FR2895150A1 FR 2895150 A1 FR2895150 A1 FR 2895150A1 FR 0512838 A FR0512838 A FR 0512838A FR 0512838 A FR0512838 A FR 0512838A FR 2895150 A1 FR2895150 A1 FR 2895150A1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/60—Amplifiers in which coupling networks have distributed constants, e.g. with waveguide resonators
- H03F3/605—Distributed amplifiers
- H03F3/607—Distributed amplifiers using FET's
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/189—High-frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers
- H03F3/19—High-frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
- H03F3/195—High-frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers with semiconductor devices only in integrated circuits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
- H03F3/24—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers of transmitter output stages
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H11/00—Networks using active elements
- H03H11/02—Multiple-port networks
- H03H11/38—One-way transmission networks, i.e. unilines
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/366—Multiple MOSFETs are coupled in parallel
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/451—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the amplifier being a radio frequency amplifier
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/75—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the amplifier stage being a common source configuration MOSFET
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- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Quasi circulateur actif. DOMAINE DE L'INVENTIONAlmost active circulator. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
Le domaine de 1'invention vise est celui des dispositifs d'emissionreception utilisant une seule antenne pour ('emission et la reception, pour lesquels un probleme important est de bien separer les signaux emis des signaux recus. Plus generalement le dispositif selon ('invention peut concerner tous les systemes dans lesquels it est important de separer des signaux radioelectriques. The scope of the invention is that of transmission devices using a single antenna for transmitting and receiving, for which an important problem is to separate well the signals emitted from the received signals More generally the device according to the invention may concern all systems in which it is important to separate radio signals.
CONTEXTE DE L'INVENTION - ART ANTERIEUR BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION - PRIOR ART
Les dispositifs d'ernission-reception utilisant une seule antenne pour ('emission et la reception, comme par exemple les dispositifs d'emissionreception equipant generalement les radars, doivent comporter des moyens leur permettant de bien separer les signaux emis des signaux recus. En effet comme la meme antenne sert a ('emission et a la reception, les signaux emis et recus voyagent au travers d'une meme ligne de transmission, I'aiguillage selectif des signaux de I'emetteur vers I'antenne (signaux emis) ou depuis I'antenne vers le recepteur (signaux recus) etant realise en bout de ligne par un circuit connu sous le nom de "duplexeur", dont les principales fonction consistent a: - assurer un bon isolement entre la vole d'emission et la vole de reception de fawn a eviter que le recepteur dont la sensibilite est importante ne soit endommage par la reception indesirable d'une fraction trop importante du signal emis, signal dont la puissance est tres superieure a celle du signal recu; - assurer une transmission du signal rep vers le recepteur avec un minimum de pertes, la puissance du signal rect.' etant generalement faible, voire tits faible; - assurer une transmission du signal emis depuis le circuit generateur de la puissance a emettre vers I'antenne, avec un minimum de pertes pour ne pas degrader fortement le rendement en puissance du systeme ; - assurer une bonne adaptation des signaux, en particulier pour ne pas deteriorer le facteur de bruit de la chaine de reception a la reception. Le circuit le plus couramment utilise pour realiser la fonction de "duplexeur" est un circuit passif non reciproque, base sur les proprietes de couplage des ferrites soumises a un champ magnetique, appele "circulateur". Ce type de composant est eprouve et efficace. II permet en particulier, theoriquement, de realiser des dispositifs d'emission-reception capables d'emettre et de recevoir simultanement. Ce type de composant peut egalement titre avantageusement mis en cascade avec d'autres composants de meme type, afin en particulier de renforcer I'isolement entre voles. II peut encore, pour la meme raison, lorsqu'il est utilise dans un equipement ne realisant pas d'emission et de reception simultanees, titre associe a des circuits de type interrupteur, et ainsi renforcer I'isolement entre la voie d'emission et la voie de reception. Les circulateurs a ferrites sont en outre des dispositifs pouvant fonctionner sur une large bande de frequence, de I'ordre de ('octave. En revanche, les circulateurs sont des dispositifs passifs dont la structure est basee sur des lignes de transmission dont la longueur est fonction de la longueur d'onde du signal, realises sur des substrats de ferrites soumis a un champ magnetique permanent fourni par un aimant. Leur structure en fait des composants ayant un encombrement et un poids non negligeable et les rend difficile a miniaturiser. Leur integration dans des modules actifs de plus en plus integres est donc problematique. Transmission-reception devices using a single antenna for transmitting and receiving, such as for example transmitting devices generally equipped with radars, must have means enabling them to separate the signals emitted from the signals received. Since the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving, the transmitted and received signals travel through the same transmission line, the selective signaling of the transmitter's signals to the antenna (transmitted signals) or from The antenna towards the receiver (received signals) being realized at the end of the line by a circuit known under the name of "duplexer", whose main functions consist in: - ensuring a good isolation between the emission of the flight and the flight of reception in order to avoid that the receiver whose sensitivity is important is damaged by the undesirable reception of a too large fraction of the signal emitted, a signal whose power is much greater than that of the received signal; to provide a signal transmission rep to the receiver with minimal losses, the signal strength being generally low or even low; - Ensure transmission of the signal emitted from the generator circuit of the power to emit to the antenna, with a minimum of losses so as not to strongly degrade the power output of the system; - ensure a good adaptation of the signals, in particular so as not to deteriorate the noise factor of the reception chain at the reception. The most commonly used circuit for performing the function of "duplexer" is a non-reciprocal passive circuit, based on the coupling properties of ferrites subjected to a magnetic field, called "circulator". This type of component is proven and effective. In particular, it makes it possible, theoretically, to produce transmission-reception devices capable of transmitting and receiving simultaneously. This type of component can also be advantageously cascaded with other components of the same type, in particular to reinforce the isolation between voles. It can also, for the same reason, when used in equipment not carrying out simultaneous transmission and reception, a title associated with circuits of the switch type, and thus reinforce the isolation between the transmission channel and the way of reception. In addition, ferrite circulators are devices which can operate over a wide frequency band, in the order of an octave, whereas circulators are passive devices whose structure is based on transmission lines whose length is This is a function of the wavelength of the signal, made on ferrite substrates subjected to a permanent magnetic field supplied by a magnet, their structure makes them components with a bulk and a significant weight and makes them difficult to miniaturize. in active modules increasingly integrated is therefore problematic.
PRESENTATION DE L.'INVENTIONPRESENTATION OF THE INVENTION
Un but de ('invention est de proposer un dispositif duplexeur ayant des caracteristiques analogues, au moins partiellement, a celles du circulateur passif a ferrites, permettant de remplir les memes fonctions et dont la structure permette son integration dans un module d'emission-reception integre, au sein d'un circuit MMIC par exemple. On rappelle ici qu'un circuit MMIC est circuit integre monolithique hyperfrequence, "MMIC" etant I'acronyme de la denomination anglo-saxonne de ce type de composant (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit). An object of the invention is to provide a duplexer device having characteristics similar, at least partially, to those of the passive ferrite circulator, to fulfill the same functions and whose structure allows its integration in a transmission-reception module integrated in a MMIC circuit, for example, It will be recalled here that an MMIC circuit is an integrated monolithic microwave circuit, "MMIC" being the acronym for the Anglo-Saxon denomination of this type of component (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit) .
A cet effet ('invention a pour objet un amplificateur a structure distribuee comportant des cellules elementaires (28) chaque cellule comportant des inductances (21, 22) et un element amplificateur, les cellules etant assemblees de fawn a constituer une ligne de grille (32) et une ligne de drain (33). Selon ('invention, un des acces (24) de la ligne de grille est laisse ouvert tandis que I'autre acces (27) est raccorde a une charge d'adaptation (R2), les acces de la ligne de drain (25, 26) etant quant a eux laisses tous les deux ouverts. Selon ('invention egalement, les caracteristiques des cellules elementaires sont deteirminees pour que la transmittance entre ('entree de la voie d'emission (41) et la sortie de la voie de reception (43), corresponde a celle d'un filtre transverse presentant une valeur faible pour certaines bandes de frequences de largeurs determinees situees a I'interieur de la bande passante de I'amplificateur. De par ces caracteristiques, I'ensemble forme un dispositif pouvant titre 15 qualifie de quasi circulateur actif. For this purpose, the subject of the invention is a distributed-structure amplifier comprising elementary cells (28), each cell comprising inductors (21, 22) and an amplifying element, the cells being assembled so as to constitute a gate line (32). ) and a drain line (33). According to the invention, one of the access (24) of the gate line is left open while the other access (27) is connected to an adaptation load (R2), the accesses of the drain line (25, 26) being both open, and according to the invention, the characteristics of the elementary cells are determined so that the transmittance between the input of the transmission channel ( 41) and the output of the reception channel (43) corresponds to that of a transverse filter having a low value for certain frequency bands of specified widths within the amplifier bandwidth. these characteristics, the whole forms a device tif as title qualifies as quasi active circulator.
Dans des formes de realisation particulieres, le dispositif selon ('invention peut en outre comporter des moyens annexes permettant avantageusement d'en renforcer le pouvoir isolant: - Selon un mode de realisation particulier le dispositif selon ('invention comporte un commutateur place sur I'acces formant la sortie de la vole de reception. In particular embodiments, the device according to the invention may furthermore comprise auxiliary means advantageously making it possible to reinforce the insulating power thereof. According to a particular embodiment, the device according to the invention comprises a switch placed on I. access forming the exit of the receiving plane.
25 - Selon un autre mode de realisation, le dispositif selon !'invention comporte un commutateur large bande place sur ('entree de la voie d'emission. According to another embodiment, the device according to the invention comprises a broadband switch placed on the input of the transmission channel.
- Selon un autre mode de realisation particulier le dispositif selon 30 ('invention comporte un limiteur de puissance place sur I'acces formant la sortie de la voie de reception, le limiteur de puissance pouvant titre associe ou non a un commutateur large bande. 20 35 DESCRIPTION DES FIGURES According to another particular embodiment, the device according to the invention comprises a power limiter placed on the access forming the output of the reception channel, the power limiter being capable of being associated, or not, with a broadband switch. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Les caracteristiques et avantages du dispositif apparaitront clairement au cours de la description qui suit, description illustree par les figures 5 annexees qui representerit: The characteristics and advantages of the device will become clear from the description which follows, a description illustrated by the appended figures which represents:
- la figure 1, le schema fonctionnel de principe d'un circulateur passif, connu de fart anterieur, - la figure 2, le schema de principe d'une structure amplificatrice 10 distribuee classique comportant une ligne de grille et une ligne de drain, - la figure 3, le schema de principe d'un quasi circulateur actif selon ('invention, - la figure 4, le schema fonctionnel de principe du quasi circulateur actif selon ('invention, 15 -la figure 5, les courbes d'evolution en fonction de la frequence des parametres de transmission du dispositif selon ('invention, ces courbes ayant ete etablies par simulation. FIG. 1, the functional schematic diagram of a passive circulator, known from anterior art; FIG. 2, the block diagram of a conventional distributed amplifier structure comprising a gate line and a drain line; FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an active circulator according to the invention (FIG. 4), the principle functional diagram of the quasi-active circulator according to the invention; FIG. 5 shows the evolution curves in FIG. according to the invention, these curves have been established by simulation.
DESCRIPTION DETAILLEE 20 La figure 1 rappelle sous la forme d'une illustration, la fonction realisee par un circulateur passif. Un tel circulateur est un dispositif connu comportant trois acces 11, 12 et 13, generalement realise au moyen de lignes 14, 15 et 16 realisees sur des substrats de ferrite soumis au champ 25 magnetique d'un aimant permanent symbolise sur la figure par le noyau N, et agissant par interaction entre ce champ et I'onde parcourant le dispositif. La magnetisation des elements de ferrite est ici responsable de la nonreciprocite des lignes, la propagation s'effectuant ainsi de maniere privilegiee dans une seule direction. Avec un tel dispositif, it est possible de realiser un 30 duplexeur permettant de vehiculer sur une meme ligne de transmission 17, reliee a une antenne 11'1, I'onde produite par I'emetteur 18 et I'onde revue par ('antenne et destinee au recepteur 19. D'un point de vue fonctionnel le circulateur laisse se propager les ondes de I'acces 11 a I'acces 12, de I'acces 12 a I'acces 13 et de I'acces 13 a I'acces 35 11. En revanche, it interdit les Chemins inverses Integre a un equipement 4 emetteur-recepteur le circulateur rempli la fonction de duplexeur. A ce titre it laisse se propager les ondes, sur la ligne 14, depuis ('emetteur vers I'antenne. De meme it laisse se propager les ondes revues, sur la ligne 15, de I'antenne vers le recepteur. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 illustrates in the form of an illustration the function performed by a passive circulator. Such a circulator is a known device having three accesses 11, 12 and 13, generally made by means of lines 14, 15 and 16 made on ferrite substrates subjected to the magnetic field of a permanent magnet symbolized in the figure by the core N, and acting by interaction between this field and the wave traversing the device. The magnetisation of the ferrite elements is here responsible for the nonreciprocite of the lines, the propagation thus being carried out in a privileged manner in only one direction. With such a device, it is possible to make a duplexer for driving on the same transmission line 17, connected to an antenna 11 '1, the wave produced by the transmitter 18 and the antenna reviewed by the antenna and for the receiver 19. From a functional point of view, the circulator allows the waves of the access 11 to the access 12, the access 12 to the access 13 and the access 13 to access to propagate. 11. On the other hand, it prohibits the reverse paths In addition to a transmitter-receiver equipment, the circulator fulfills the function of duplexer, and as such it allows the waves to propagate on the line 14 from the transmitter to I. The antenna also propagates the waves on line 15 from the antenna to the receiver.
Un tel dispositif est principalement caracterise par sa bande passante, par ses pertes d'insertion et par le decouplage entre voies, ces trois caracteristiques n'etant pas independantes. Aussi, lorsqu'on concoit un tel dispositif, on est inevitablement conduit a chercher le meilleur compromis entre la bande passante desiree d'une part, la valeur de decouplage necessaire et le niveau de pertes acceptable d'autre part. Such a device is mainly characterized by its bandwidth, its insertion losses and the decoupling between channels, these three characteristics being not independent. Also, when such a device is designed, it is inevitably led to seek the best compromise between the desired bandwidth on the one hand, the necessary decoupling value and the acceptable level of losses on the other hand.
Comme it a ete dit precedemment, le circulateur passif presente I'avantage de remplir de imaniere eprouvee et efficace le role de duplexeur. En revanche, it presente I'inconvenient d'etre relativement Iourd du fait en particulier de la presence des elements de ferrite et de I'aimant. II presente egalement ('inconvenient d'etre relativement encombrant, la longueur des lignes 14, 15 et 16 etant clirectement fonction de la longueur d'onde du signal transports. As previously stated, the passive circulator has the advantage of successfully and effectively fulfilling the role of duplexer. On the other hand, it has the disadvantage of being relatively heavy, in particular because of the presence of the ferrite elements and the magnet. It also has the disadvantage of being relatively bulky, the length of lines 14, 15 and 16 being directly dependent on the wavelength of the transport signal.
La figure 2 rappelle, de maniere illustree, la structure d'un amplificateur distribue, structure qui fait partie de ('art anterieur connu. Comme le montre la figure un amplificateur distribue est une structure constituee de cellules elementaires 28 composees de deux inductances 21 de valeur LD en serie et de deux inductances 22 de valeur % LG mises egalement en serie. Cette structure comporte de plus un element actif amplificateur 23, qui peut titre par exemple un transistor a effet de champ en mode "source commune" dont le drain D est retie au point commun des deux inductances 21 et dont Ila grille G est reliee au point commun des deux inductances 22. Un certain nombre de ces cellules elementaires 28 sont montees en cascade pour former ('amplificateur, qui se presente exterieurement comme un dispositif a quatre acces (ou octopOle : un acces etant constitue d'une paire de poles, run d'eux etant en general la masse) dont un acces 24 forme ('entree de ('amplificateur et un autre acces 25 la sortie, tandis que deux des acces 26 et 27 sont relies a des charges d'adaptation RI et R2. 2 illustrates the structure of a distributed amplifier, a structure which is part of the prior art, as shown in Fig. 2. A distributed amplifier is a structure made up of elementary cells 28 composed of two inductors 21 value LD in series and two inductors 22 of value% LG also in series.This structure further comprises an amplifying active element 23, which may for example be a field effect transistor in "common source" mode whose drain D is held at the common point of the two inductors 21 and Ila gate G is connected to the common point of the two inductances 22. A number of these elementary cells 28 are cascaded to form the 'amplifier, which is externally as a device a four accesses (or octopole: an access being a pair of poles, run from them being generally the mass) of which an access 24 forms (input of amplifier and other access 25 the output, while two of the ports 26 and 27 are connected to adaptation loads R1 and R2.
D'un point de vue fonctionnel, I'amplificateur distribue illustre par la figure 2, peut etre vue comme un ensemble de deux lignes couplees : une premiere ligne, appelee ligne de drain, formee de cellules LC constituees d'une inductance 21 et de la capacite CDS du transistor a effet de champ 23 qui lui est associe, et une deuxieme ligne, appelee ligne de grille, formee de cellules LC constituees d'une inductance 22 et de la capacite CGS du meme transistor a effet de champ 23. Le couplage entre lignes est ici un couplage "actif' qui fait intervenir les generateurs de courant commandos que constituent les transistors a effet de champ 23 qui entrent dans la constitution des cellules elementaires 28. Ces lignes artificielles de grille et de drain ont un comportement "large bande", c'est a dire un comportement tres constant, depuis les frequences basses, voire nulle theoriquement, jusqu'a leur frequence de coupure, les limitations pratiques venant des circuits de polarisation. La frequence de coupure est par ailleurs, quanta elle, liee a la tailles des transistors et donc aux caracteristiques fondamentales du circuit (gain, puissance de sortie, ...). Un amplificateur distribue, comme schematise sur la figure 2, est generalement utilise en appliquant un signal sur I'acces 24 et en recuperant le signal amplifie present sur I'acces 25. Les acces 26 et 27 sont en principe charges par des resistances RI et R2 appelees resistances terminales ou charges annexes. Sur I'acces 26, on connecte la resistance terminale de ligne de drain, egale en principe a ('impedance caracteristique de cette ligne ou a la valeur locale de cette impedance si celle-ci evolue le long de la ligne. De meme pour I'acces 27 et la ligne de grille. Dans le cas d'une realisation en technologie MMIC, I'ensemble du circuit est trace sur une meme puce de semi-conducteur de sorte que les connexions des charges annexes se realisees sur la puce. Les acces 26 et 27 ne sont alors pas disponibles. From a functional point of view, the distributed amplifier illustrated in FIG. 2, can be seen as a set of two coupled lines: a first line, called drain line, formed of LC cells constituted by an inductor 21 and the CDS capacitance of the field effect transistor 23 associated therewith, and a second line, called a gate line, formed of LC cells constituted by an inductance 22 and the capacitance CGS of the same field effect transistor 23. coupling between lines is here an "active" coupling which involves the commandos current generators that constitute the field effect transistors 23 which enter into the constitution of the elementary cells 28. These artificial lines of gate and drain have a behavior "wide band ", that is to say a very constant behavior, from the low frequencies or even theoretically nil, until their cut-off frequency, the practical limitations coming from the polarization circuits. e cut is also, quanta it, related to the size of the transistors and therefore to the basic characteristics of the circuit (gain, power output, ...). An amplifier distributing, as schematised in Figure 2, is generally used by applying a signal on the access 24 and recovering the amplified signal present on the access 25. The access 26 and 27 are in principle charged by resistors RI and R2 termed terminal resistances or ancillary charges. On access 26, the terminal resistance of the drain line is connected, in principle equal to the characteristic impedance of this line or the local value of this impedance if it evolves along the line. In the case of a realization in MMIC technology, the whole circuit is traced on the same semiconductor chip so that the connections of the ancillary charges are realized on the chip. Access 26 and 27 are not available.
Dans un tel montage les lignes de grille et de drain font ('objet d'un couplage actif qui n'est par nature pas reciproque. Ainsi, un signal qui se propage sur la ligne de drain n'induit pas, ou induit peu, de signal sur la ligne de grille. Inversement un signal se propageant sur la ligne de grille induit un signal significatif sur la ligne de drain. In such an arrangement, the gate and drain lines are actively coupled and not reciprocal in nature, so that a signal propagating on the drain line does not induce or induce little On the other hand, a signal propagating on the gate line induces a significant signal on the drain line.
En partant du schema de la figure 2, on peu constater que si lion remplace les charges annexes par autre chose qu'une simple resistance, des portes d'adaptation permettant d'exploiter le signal present sur ces acces par exemple, on peut obtenir des fonctionnalites differentes de la simple amplification. Ainsi, si on connecte une porte sur ('acces 27, on dispose d'une sortie annexe non amplifiee, attenuee par rapport au signal d'entree. De meme, en inversant les roles des acces 25 et 26, c'est a dire en connectant une charge annexe sur ('acces 25 et utilisant le signal present sur ('acces 26, on obtient un amplificateur dont la bande passante sera tres reduite par rapport a la configuration illustree par la figure 2. Les variations du gain sont dues, dans ce cas, au fait que la contribution de chacune des cellules 28 du montage dans ('elaboration du signal present sur ('acces 26 n'est pas uniforme, mais Qu'elle varie en fonction de la position de la cellule, position dont est fonction la longueur du chemin emprunte par le signal entre I'entree et la sortie du dispositif ainsi forme. Cette difference se traduit par une ponderation qui petit Otre controlee pour obtenir une fonction de transfert specifique, caracteristique d'un filtre transverse. Starting from the diagram of Figure 2, we can see that if lion replaces the ancillary charges by something other than a simple resistance, adaptation doors to exploit the signal present on these accesses for example, we can obtain different functionalities than simple amplification. Thus, if a door is connected to access 27, it has an unamplified auxiliary output, attenuated with respect to the input signal, and by reversing the roles of access 25 and 26, ie by connecting an auxiliary load on access 25 and using the signal present on access 26, an amplifier is obtained whose bandwidth will be very small compared with the configuration illustrated in FIG. 2. The variations of the gain are due, in this case, the fact that the contribution of each of the cells 28 of the assembly in the elaboration of the signal present on the access 26 is not uniform, but that it varies as a function of the position of the cell, position of which It is a function of the length of the path taken by the signal between the input and the output of the device thus formed, which results in a weighting which can be controlled to obtain a specific transfer function, characteristic of a transversal filter.
La figure 3 illustre de maniere schematique le principe de mise en oeuvre d'une structure de type amplificateur distribue pour realiser un quasi circulateur actif selon ('invention. Ce principe consiste a utiliser au moins un des acces habituellement non utilises pour constituer un dispositif ayant des proprietes sensiblement analogues a certaines proprietes d'un circulateur, qui lui permettent avantageusement de faire fonction de duplexeur. Sur cette illustration les cellules amplificatrices 28 sont representees de maniere symbolique par les transistors a effet de champ 31 et les lignes de grille 32 et de drain 33. FIG. 3 schematically illustrates the principle of implementing a distributed amplifier-type structure in order to produce an active quasi-circulator according to the invention This principle consists in using at least one of the access points usually not used to constitute a device having properties substantially similar to certain properties of a circulator, which advantageously enable it to act as a duplexer.In this illustration, the amplifying cells 28 are represented symbolically by the field effect transistors 31 and the gate lines 32 and drain 33.
Dans le cadre de I'invention la structure de la figure 2 est adaptee de fawn a ce que les acces 25 et 26 soit utilisables, La charge annexe RI disparait tandis que la charge annexe R2 reste connectee a ('acces 27. On obtient ainsi un dispositif muni d'une entree 24 et deux sorties 25 et 26, dont les parametres se caracterisent par les proprietes suivantes : - Le module IS21 I caracterisant la transmittance existant entre I'entree 24 et la sortie 25, correspond au gain habituel d'un amplificateur distribue. Ce gain est sensiblement constant en fonction de la frequence et superieur a 1 (typiquement 10 dB ou plus) sur une large bande de frequence. On obtient ainsi avantageusement une vole directe amplifiee. - Le module IS31 I caracterisant la transmittance existant entre ('entree 24 et la sortie 26, correspond au gain d'un filtre transverse. Celui-ci peut avantageusement titre optimise pour titre plus faible que le module IS21 1, dans une bande de frequences plus etroite. II est ainsi possible de maintenir, dans certaines conditions, la difference entre 15211 et IS31I a une valeur superieure a 15 dB sur une bande de 6 a 18 GHz. - Le module IS32I caracterisant la transmittance existant entre I'acces 25 et I'acces 26, correspond aux pertes d'un signal rentrant en 25 et sortant en 26. L'experience montre que ces pertes peuvent avantageusement titre maintenues inferieures a 2 dB sur la bande passante du dispositif. In the context of the invention, the structure of FIG. 2 is adapted in such a way that access 25 and 26 can be used. The auxiliary charge R1 disappears while the accessory charge R2 remains connected to the access 27. Thus, FIG. a device provided with an input 24 and two outputs 25 and 26, the parameters of which are characterized by the following properties: the module IS21 I characterizing the transmittance existing between the input 24 and the output 25, corresponds to the usual gain of This gain is substantially constant as a function of the frequency and is greater than 1 (typically 10 dB or more) over a wide frequency band, so that an amplified direct flight is advantageously obtained.-The IS31 I module characterizing the existing transmittance. between input 24 and output 26 corresponds to the gain of a transversal filter, which advantageously can be optimized for a lower titre than the IS21 module 1, in a narrower frequency band. under certain conditions, the difference between 15211 and IS31I has a value greater than 15 dB over a band of 6 to 18 GHz. The IS32I module characterizing the transmittance existing between the access 25 and the access 26, corresponds to the losses of a signal entering at 25 and going out at 26. Experience shows that these losses can advantageously be kept below 2 dB on the bandwidth of the device.
Un tel dispositif permet donc avantageusement de transmettre un signal de maniere amplifiee selon un chemin exclusif conduisant de I'acces 24 a I'acces 25, appele voie principale, et de transmettre simultanement un signal selon un chemin exclusif conduisant de I'acces 25 a I'acces 26, tout en assurant un decouplage des signaux presents sur les acces 24 et 26. II possede donc partiellement les proprietes d'un circulateur passif, avantageusement associees a un gain significatif sur la voie "principale". II peut donc titre considers comme un quasi-circulateur actif dont le principe de fonctionnement est resume par le schema de la figure 4. La comparaison du schema de la figure 4 et du schema de la figure 1 permet par ailleurs de imettre en evidence les differences structurelles existant entre un circulateur passif a ferrite et le quasi circulateur actif selon ('invention. Such a device therefore advantageously makes it possible to transmit a signal amplified in an exclusive way leading from the access 24 to the access 25, called the main channel, and to simultaneously transmit a signal along an exclusive path leading to the access 25 Access 26, while ensuring a decoupling of the signals present on the accesses 24 and 26. It thus possesses partially the properties of a passive circulator, advantageously associated with a significant gain on the "main" channel. It can therefore be considered as an active quasi-circulator whose operating principle is summarized by the scheme of Figure 4. The comparison of the diagram of Figure 4 and the diagram of Figure 1 also allows to show the differences in evidence structural elements existing between a passive ferrite circulator and the quasi-active circulator according to the invention.
Comme le circulateur passif le quasi circulateur actif selon I'invention est un dispositif comportant trois acces 41, 42 et 43, et formant des lignes artificielles 44, 45 et 46 presentant un sens de propagation determine, symbolise sur la figure par des pointes de fleches. La propagation s'effectuant ainsi sensiblement dans une seule direction. Cependant a la difference du circulateur passif, le signal se propageant sur la voie d'emission, de I'acces 41 (entree) vers I'acces 42 (sortie), se trouve amplifie de maniere significative, tandis que la propagation d'un signal de I'acces 43 de la voie de reception, vers I'acces 41 de la voie d'emission est par nature impossible. Cette caracteristique n'est cependant pas penalisante car tits generalement, et specialement dans le cas d'un systeme emetteur-recepteur, aucune transmission de signal de I'acces 43 vers I'acces 41 n'a normalement lieu. Ainsi, a la difference du circulateur passif, le quasi circulateur actif selon ('invention est un dispositif non symetrique, dont les acces ne sont pas fonctionnellement interchangeables. As the passive circulator the quasi-active circulator according to the invention is a device comprising three accesses 41, 42 and 43, and forming artificial lines 44, 45 and 46 having a determined direction of propagation, symbolized in the figure by arrowheads. . The propagation is thus substantially in one direction. However, unlike the passive circulator, the signal propagating on the transmission path, from access 41 (input) to access 42 (output), is significantly amplified, while propagation of a signal of the access 43 of the reception channel to the access 41 of the transmission channel is by nature impossible. This feature is however not penalizing because, generally, and especially in the case of a transceiver system, no signal transmission from access 43 to access 41 normally occurs. Thus, unlike the passive circulator, the quasi-active circulator according to the invention is a non-symmetrical device whose access is not functionally interchangeable.
L'avantage associe a cette dissymetrie reside dans le fait que rune des lignes artificielles constituant le dispositif, la ligne 44, transmet un signal avantageusement amplifie. De la sorte, dans le cas d'un equipement emetteur-recepteur par exemple, la synthese du signal transmis a I'antenne par ('emetteur peut titre realisee avec un niveau plus faible, ce qui permet d'attenuer I'effet au niveau du recepteur du parasitage du signal rep sur la ligne 43 par la faible partie du signal emis, transmise au recepteur au travers de la ligne 46. Dans un tel module d'emission-reception, la fonction de ('emetteur peut alors se limiter a la synthese du signal, la structure amplificatrice distribuee sur laquelle est !Asti le quasi circulateur selon ('invention jouant alors le role d'amplificateur de puissance du module. The advantage associated with this asymmetry lies in the fact that rune artificial lines constituting the device, the line 44, transmits a signal advantageously amplified. In this way, in the case of a transceiver equipment for example, the synthesis of the signal transmitted to the antenna by the transmitter can be performed with a lower level, which allows the effect to be attenuated at the level of the transmitter. of the receiver of the interference of the rep signal on the line 43 by the small part of the transmitted signal, transmitted to the receiver through the line 46. In such a transmission-reception module, the transmitter function can then be limited to the synthesis of the signal, the distributed amplifying structure on which is the quasi circulator according to the invention then playing the role of power amplifier module.
Du point de vue de sa realisation, le dispositif selon ('invention est donc constitue, comme tout amplificateur distribue, d'un ensemble de cellules elementaires 28 dont la definition repond aux contraintes generales suivantes: From the point of view of its realization, the device according to the invention is therefore constituted, like any distributed amplifier, of a set of elementary cells whose definition corresponds to the following general constraints:
- I'ensemble des cellules de I'amplificateur distribue qui en est la base, doit titre concu de fawn a delivrer la puissance demandee dans la bande passante, - cet ensemble doit titre concu de fawn a supporter les agressions exterieures telles que les pics de desadaptation de I'antenne, les surcharges, ou encore la reception de signaux de forte puissance. Ies caracteristiques des cellules elementaires sont determinees de fawn a ce que le rapport IS21 I / IS31 I des transmittances des voies 44 35 (IS211) et 46 (IS31I) soit maintenue a une valeur significativement elevee sans nuire aux performances de puissance et de rendement et en veillant par ailleurs a assurer un fonctionnement satisfaisant dans la bande de frequences dans laquelle doit travailler le dispositif. - all the cells of the distributed amplifier, which is the base, must be designed in order to deliver the requested power in the bandwidth, - this set must be designed to withstand external attacks such as peaks of adaptation of the antenna, overloads, or the reception of high power signals. The characteristics of the elementary cells are determined in such a way that the IS21 I / IS31 I ratio of the channel 44 (IS211) and 46 (IS31I) transmissions is maintained at a significantly high value without impairing the performance, power and efficiency. ensuring, moreover, satisfactory operation in the frequency band in which the device is to operate.
Dans une forme particuliere de realisation destinee a garantir un niveau eleve d'isolation entre transmission et reception, le dispositif selon I'invention comporte un commutateur large bande, non represents sur la figure 4, ajoute sur I'acces 43 formant !'extremite finale de la voie de reception et retie au recepteur 19. Ce commutateur permet avantageusement, dans le cas oi] le fonctionnement de I'equipement emetteur-recepteur considers ne necessite pas d'emission et de reception simultanees, d'augmenter sensiblement I'isolement entre ('emetteur et le recepteur et d'accroitre aiinsi la sensibilite due I'equipement. In a particular embodiment intended to guarantee a high level of isolation between transmission and reception, the device according to the invention comprises a broadband switch, not shown in FIG. 4, added to the access 43 forming the final end. The switch advantageously allows, in the case where the operation of the transceiver equipment considered does not require simultaneous transmission and reception, to substantially increase the isolation between transmitter and receiver and thus increase the sensitivity of the equipment.
Dans une autre forme possible de realisation, qu'il est possible de combiner avec la forme precedente, le dispositif selon ('invention comporte en outre un limiteur de puissance large bande, non represents sur la figure 4, ajoute sur I'acces 43 retie au recepteur 19. In another possible embodiment, which can be combined with the preceding form, the device according to the invention further comprises a wideband power limiter, not shown in FIG. at the receiver 19.
Par rapport a une solution classique basee sur un circulateur passif, le dispositif selon ('invention presente en particulier les avantages suivants: - sa constitution a partir de composants passifs (inductances, capacites) localises et d'elements actifs (transistors a effet de champ) rend le dispositif selon ('invention integrable et donc realisable en technologie MMIC, - Ia presence de cellules amplificatrice permet au dispositif selon ('invention de remplir a la fois la fonction de duplexeur et celle d'amplificateur. Ceci permet par exemple, dans le cas d'un dispositif integre dans module emetteur-recepteur de limiter la fonction de ('emetteur a Ia synthese du signal la partie amplification etant alors remplie par le duplexeur, - Ia presence d'uri commutateur mis en serie avec I'antenne n'etant pas necessaire, le rendement en puissance se trouve ameliore, de meme que le bilan total en emission/reception : L'absence de commutateur permet en outre de limiter largernent les pertes en reception, - le dispositif selon !'invention permet, en tenant compte toutefois du 35 rapport IS311/IS21Idesiire de realiser un duplexeur large bande, contrairement au circulateur passif a ferrite classique dont la bande passante est generalement limitee au mieux a une ou deux octaves. Compared to a conventional solution based on a passive circulator, the device according to the invention presents in particular the following advantages: its constitution from local passive components (inductances, capacitors) and active elements (field effect transistors) ) makes the device according to the invention integrable and therefore realizable in MMIC technology, the presence of amplifying cells enables the device according to the invention to fulfill both the duplexer and the amplifier functions. the case of a device integrated in transmitter-receiver module to limit the function of the transmitter to the synthesis of the signal the amplification part being then filled by the duplexer, - the presence of a switch switched over to the antenna n not necessary, the power efficiency is improved, as well as the total balance in transmission / reception: The absence of a switch also makes it possible to limit the losses considerably in However, the device according to the invention allows, taking into account however the IS311 / IS21I ratiodesire to achieve a broadband duplexer, unlike conventional ferrite passive circulator whose bandwidth is generally limited to at best one or two octaves.
L'illustration de la figure 5, permet de mettre en evidence le caractere avantageux du dispositif selon ''invention. Elle presente les courbes devolution des differentes transmittances relative un dispositif selon ''invention, obtenues par simulation Le modele de simulation est ici un modele de quasi circulateur comportant 6 cellules amplificatrices 28. The illustration of FIG. 5 makes it possible to demonstrate the advantageous character of the device according to the invention. It presents the devolution curves of the different transmittances relative to a device according to the invention, obtained by simulation. The simulation model is here a model of quasi circulator comprising 6 amplifying cells 28.
Dans ce modele de simulation pris comme exemple non limitatif, Les transistors constituant les cellules ont les caracteristiques des transistors issus de la filiere PH25 de la fonderie UMS (Orsay - France). I's sont realises sur Arseniure de Gallium (GaAs) et comportent 4 doigts de grille de 35 micrometres de large sur 0,25 micrometre de long (il n'y a pas d'erreur), correspondant a une capacite d'entree Cgs d'environ 170 femtofarads (fF). Pour realiser des lignes de 5052 a partir de ces valeurs de capacite, on associe a ces capacites des inductances LG/2 et LD/2 ayant des valeurs d'environ 0,4 nanohenry (nH), sans tenir compte des elements parasites. In this simulation model taken as a non-limiting example, the transistors constituting the cells have the characteristics of the transistors from the PH25 die of the UMS smelter (Orsay - France). I's are performed on Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) and have 4 grid fingers 35 microns wide by 0.25 micrometer long (there is no error), corresponding to an input capacitance Cgs of about 170 femtofarads (fF). To achieve lines of 5052 from these capacitance values, these capacitances are associated with LG / 2 and LD / 2 inductances having values of about 0.4 nanohenry (nH), regardless of parasitic elements.
Cette simulation permet de verifier que le module 51 de la transmittance IS21 1 (exprimee en dE3) de la ligne d'emission reliant I'acces 41 (emetteur) a I'acces 42 (antenne) est bien positive et tres superieure a 0dB sur toute la bande passante du dispositif et que le module 52 de la transmittance 1S321 de la ligne de reception reliant I'acces 42 (antenne) a I'acces 43 (recepteur) presente peu ou pas d'attenuation sur cette meme bande passante. Elle permet egalement de verifier que les cellules amplificatrices 28 peuvent titre developpees de facon a ce que sur certaines bandes etroites reparties a ''interieur de la bande passante du dispositif la valeur du module 53 de la transmittance 1531 I reliant I'acces 41 (emetteur) a I'acces 43 (recepteur) peut titre rendue tres faible, typiquement de I'ordre de -20dB. Ainsi comme le confirme la figure 5, le dispositif selon !'invention constitue une alternative avantageuse au circulateur passif. This simulation makes it possible to verify that the module 51 of the transmittance IS21 1 (expressed in dE3) of the transmission line connecting the access 41 (transmitter) to the access 42 (antenna) is very positive and much greater than 0 dB on the entire bandwidth of the device and that the module 52 of the transmittance 1S321 of the reception line connecting the access 42 (antenna) to the access 43 (receiver) has little or no attenuation on the same bandwidth. It also makes it possible to verify that the amplifying cells 28 can be developed so that on certain narrow bands distributed within the bandwidth of the device the value of the module 53 of the transmittance 1531 I connecting the access 41 (transmitter In the case of access 43 (receiver) can be made very low, typically of the order of -20 dB. Thus, as confirmed in FIG. 5, the device according to the invention constitutes an advantageous alternative to the passive circulator.
Claims (3)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0512838A FR2895150A1 (en) | 2005-12-16 | 2005-12-16 | Distributed structure amplifier for transmission and reception device, has elementary cells determined so that transmission between input of transmission channel and output of receiving channel corresponds to traversing filter |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0512838A FR2895150A1 (en) | 2005-12-16 | 2005-12-16 | Distributed structure amplifier for transmission and reception device, has elementary cells determined so that transmission between input of transmission channel and output of receiving channel corresponds to traversing filter |
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| FR2895150A1 true FR2895150A1 (en) | 2007-06-22 |
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| FR0512838A Pending FR2895150A1 (en) | 2005-12-16 | 2005-12-16 | Distributed structure amplifier for transmission and reception device, has elementary cells determined so that transmission between input of transmission channel and output of receiving channel corresponds to traversing filter |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2159922A1 (en) * | 2008-08-29 | 2010-03-03 | Thales | Controlled active microwave duplexer |
| WO2011159213A1 (en) * | 2010-06-18 | 2011-12-22 | Saab Ab | Active circulator |
| WO2015054699A1 (en) | 2013-10-11 | 2015-04-16 | Cornell University | Signal processing device, amplifier, and method |
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| US4857935A (en) * | 1985-09-27 | 1989-08-15 | U.S. Philips Corporation | RF circuit arrangement |
| GB2261344A (en) * | 1991-11-08 | 1993-05-12 | Richard Morris Trim | Radar transponder |
| EP0744628A2 (en) * | 1995-05-26 | 1996-11-27 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Radar transponder |
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| US4857935A (en) * | 1985-09-27 | 1989-08-15 | U.S. Philips Corporation | RF circuit arrangement |
| GB2261344A (en) * | 1991-11-08 | 1993-05-12 | Richard Morris Trim | Radar transponder |
| EP0744628A2 (en) * | 1995-05-26 | 1996-11-27 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Radar transponder |
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Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2159922A1 (en) * | 2008-08-29 | 2010-03-03 | Thales | Controlled active microwave duplexer |
| FR2935568A1 (en) * | 2008-08-29 | 2010-03-05 | Thales Sa | ACTIVE HYPERFREQUENCY DUPLEXER ORDER |
| WO2011159213A1 (en) * | 2010-06-18 | 2011-12-22 | Saab Ab | Active circulator |
| US9054676B2 (en) | 2010-06-18 | 2015-06-09 | Saab Ab | Active circulator |
| WO2015054699A1 (en) | 2013-10-11 | 2015-04-16 | Cornell University | Signal processing device, amplifier, and method |
| CN105830385A (en) * | 2013-10-11 | 2016-08-03 | 康奈尔大学 | Signal processing device, amplifier, and method |
| EP3055946A4 (en) * | 2013-10-11 | 2017-05-24 | Cornell University | Signal processing device, amplifier, and method |
| CN105830385B (en) * | 2013-10-11 | 2019-10-29 | 康奈尔大学 | Signal processing apparatus, amplifier and method |
| US10530414B2 (en) | 2013-10-11 | 2020-01-07 | Cornell University | Signal processing device, amplifier, and method |
| US11546012B2 (en) | 2013-10-11 | 2023-01-03 | Cornell University | Signal processing device, amplifier, and method |
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