FR2761628A1 - Anti-vibration foot elements fitted to underframe of machine tools or tables - Google Patents
Anti-vibration foot elements fitted to underframe of machine tools or tables Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- FR2761628A1 FR2761628A1 FR9704440A FR9704440A FR2761628A1 FR 2761628 A1 FR2761628 A1 FR 2761628A1 FR 9704440 A FR9704440 A FR 9704440A FR 9704440 A FR9704440 A FR 9704440A FR 2761628 A1 FR2761628 A1 FR 2761628A1
- Authority
- FR
- France
- Prior art keywords
- plate
- plates
- spherical
- ground
- composite structure
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F15/00—Suppression of vibrations in systems; Means or arrangements for avoiding or reducing out-of-balance forces, e.g. due to motion
- F16F15/02—Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating systems
- F16F15/021—Decoupling of vibrations by means of point-of-contact supports, e.g. ball bearings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q11/00—Accessories fitted to machine tools for keeping tools or parts of the machine in good working condition or for cooling work; Safety devices specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, machine tools
- B23Q11/0032—Arrangements for preventing or isolating vibrations in parts of the machine
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F1/00—Springs
- F16F1/36—Springs made of rubber or other material having high internal friction, e.g. thermoplastic elastomers
- F16F1/373—Springs made of rubber or other material having high internal friction, e.g. thermoplastic elastomers characterised by having a particular shape
- F16F1/374—Springs made of rubber or other material having high internal friction, e.g. thermoplastic elastomers characterised by having a particular shape having a spherical or the like shape
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F15/00—Suppression of vibrations in systems; Means or arrangements for avoiding or reducing out-of-balance forces, e.g. due to motion
- F16F15/02—Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F15/00—Suppression of vibrations in systems; Means or arrangements for avoiding or reducing out-of-balance forces, e.g. due to motion
- F16F15/02—Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating systems
- F16F15/04—Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating systems using elastic means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F15/00—Suppression of vibrations in systems; Means or arrangements for avoiding or reducing out-of-balance forces, e.g. due to motion
- F16F15/02—Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating systems
- F16F15/04—Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating systems using elastic means
- F16F15/08—Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating systems using elastic means with rubber springs ; with springs made of rubber and metal
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F2230/00—Purpose; Design features
- F16F2230/14—Ball joints; Spherical support elements
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Vibration Prevention Devices (AREA)
- Machine Tool Units (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Domaine Technique
L'invention se rapporte au domaine des dispositifs anti-vibratoires intercalés entre un appareil générateur de vibrations et le sol.Technical area
The invention relates to the field of anti-vibration devices inserted between a vibration generating device and the ground.
Techniques antérieures
Le document EP-A-O 021 958 décrit une structure composite anti-vibratoire constituée de deux plaques en matériau élastique venant au contact et présentant chacune dans leur face en regard des plots déformables.Previous techniques
Document EP-AO 021 958 describes an anti-vibration composite structure consisting of two plates of elastic material coming into contact and each having deformable studs in their face opposite.
Pour obtenir toute l'efficacité voulue, fonction notamment du poids spécifique de la machine isolée du sol, il est nécessaire que la surface d'appui soit parfaitement plane. Or, il est fréquent que les sols sur lesquels sont posés lesdites machines ne soient pas parfaitement plans, ou bien alors que les piétements ne soient pas exactement perpendiculaires au sol. I1 s'ensuit que les pressions exercées au sol sont nettement supérieures à ce qu'elles seraient dans le cas d'un alignement optimal, ce qui se traduit par notamment une mauvaise efficacité du dispositif amortisseur. To obtain all the desired efficiency, depending in particular on the specific weight of the machine isolated from the ground, it is necessary that the support surface is perfectly flat. However, it is frequent that the floors on which said machines are placed are not perfectly flat, or else that the legs are not exactly perpendicular to the ground. I1 follows that the pressures exerted on the ground are much higher than they would be in the case of optimal alignment, which results in particular in poor efficiency of the damping device.
Un problème que se propose de résoudre l'invention est celui des défauts d'alignement et de planimétrie des pieds des machines, ou du sol destinés à les recevoir. A problem which the invention proposes to solve is that of alignment and planimetry defects of the feet of the machines, or of the ground intended to receive them.
Exposé de l'invention
L'invention concerne donc un dispositif à équiper le piétement d'une machine-outils, d'une table ou analogue dont l'extrémité au contact du sol s'appuie sur une structure composite pour l'amortissement des vibrations constituées de plaques superposées en matériau élastomérique. Statement of the invention
The invention therefore relates to a device for equipping the base of a machine tool, a table or the like, the end of which in contact with the ground rests on a composite structure for damping vibrations made up of plates superimposed in elastomeric material.
Ce dispositif se caractérise en ce que - une première plaque supérieure solidarisée audit piétement, ladite plaque
présentant sur sa face inférieure une zone creusée en forme de calotte
sphérique; - une seconde plaque inférieure destinée à venir au contact du sol, via ladite
structure composite, ladite plaque présentant sur sa face supérieure une zone
creuse en forme de calotte sphérique de même que la calotte de la plaque
supérieure; - une rotule sphérique intercalée entre les deux plaques, et logée dans deux
calottes sphériques; - des moyens s'opposant à l'écartement des deux plaques.This device is characterized in that - a first upper plate secured to said base, said plate
with a hollowed out shell-shaped area on its underside
spherical; - a second lower plate intended to come into contact with the ground, via said
composite structure, said plate having an area on its upper face
hollow in the shape of a spherical cap as well as the cap of the plate
superior; - a ball joint inserted between the two plates, and housed in two
spherical caps; - Means opposing the separation of the two plates.
Autrement dit, I'invention consiste à intercaler entre la structure composite et l'extrémité piétement de la machine, un organe mécanique présentant une certaine capacité d'articulation, tout en conservant la capacité à transmettre l'effort statique correspondant au poids de la machine et des efforts dynamiques engendrés par les vibrations générées dans ladite machine. In other words, the invention consists in interposing between the composite structure and the base of the machine, a mechanical member having a certain capacity for articulation, while retaining the capacity to transmit the static force corresponding to the weight of the machine. and dynamic forces generated by the vibrations generated in said machine.
Avantageusement en pratique, la plaque supérieure comporte un taraudage dans lequel est vissée une tige filetée elle-même vissée dans le piétement. Ceci permet notamment de régler finement la hauteur du piétement global, et de s'affranchir des différences d'altitude au niveau du sol. Advantageously in practice, the upper plate includes a thread in which is screwed a threaded rod which is itself screwed into the base. This allows in particular to fine-tune the height of the overall base, and to overcome differences in altitude at ground level.
Avantageusement en pratique, la plaque comporte un ensemble de nervures radiales disposées en croix et définissant au centre la zone taraudée. Advantageously in practice, the plate comprises a set of radial ribs arranged in a cross and defining in the center the tapped zone.
De la sorte, ces nervures assurent une bonne rigidité à la plaque, permettant ainsi la transmission optimale des efforts importants. Cela permet également d'avoir une zone de taraudage aussi importante que possible, et compatible avec la présence de la calotte sphérique disposée sous la plaque supérieure. In this way, these ribs provide good rigidity to the plate, thus allowing optimal transmission of large forces. This also makes it possible to have as large a tapping area as possible, and compatible with the presence of the spherical cap disposed under the upper plate.
Avantageusement en pratique, le taraudage traverse toute l'épaisseur de la plaque supérieure. Advantageously in practice, the thread passes through the entire thickness of the upper plate.
Dans une forme avantageuse de l'invention, les moyens s'opposant à l'écartement des deux plaques sont constitués par un ensemble de ressorts solidarisés aux deux plaques. In an advantageous form of the invention, the means opposing the spacing of the two plates consist of a set of springs secured to the two plates.
De la sorte, la rotule sphérique est emprisonnée entre les deux plaques et ne peut s'échapper. In this way, the ball joint is trapped between the two plates and cannot escape.
En pratique, les ressorts peuvent être solidarisés aux deux plaques au niveau de perçages réalisés en périphérique de plaques. In practice, the springs can be secured to the two plates at the level of holes made in the peripheral plate.
Description sommaire des figures
La manière de réaliser l'invention, ainsi que les avantages qui en découlent ressortiront bien de la description du mode de réalisation qui suit, à l'appui des figures annexées dans lesquelles:
La figure 1 est une vue de dessus en perspective sommaire de la plaque supérieure.Brief description of the figures
The manner of carrying out the invention, as well as the advantages which result therefrom, will emerge clearly from the description of the embodiment which follows, with the support of the appended figures in which:
Figure 1 is a top perspective view in summary of the upper plate.
La figure 2 est une vue de dessous, montrée en perspective sommaire, de la même plaque supérieure. Figure 2 is a bottom view, shown in summary perspective, of the same top plate.
La figure 3 est une vue de dessus montrée également en perspective sommaire de la plaque inférieure, montrée en figure 4 de dessous. Figure 3 is a top view also shown in summary perspective of the bottom plate, shown in Figure 4 from below.
La figure 5 est une vue en coupe de la même plaque inférieure. Figure 5 is a sectional view of the same bottom plate.
La figure 6 est une vue en coupe transversale au niveau médian, de l'invention entièrement montée. Figure 6 is a cross-sectional view at the median level of the invention fully assembled.
Manière de réaliser l'invention
Comme déjà dit, I'invention concerne un dispositif destiné à équiper une machine-outils, ou plus généralement tout appareil mécanique ou électrique engendrant des vibrations, de façon à assurer une limitation de la transmission de ces vibrations au sol qui l'accueillent.Way of realizing the invention
As already said, the invention relates to a device intended to equip a machine tool, or more generally any mechanical or electrical device generating vibrations, so as to limit the transmission of these vibrations to the ground which receive it.
Ce dispositif comprend de façon connue, une structure composite constituée de plusieurs plaques en matériau élastique, tel que notamment décrite dans le brevet EP-A-0 021 958. This device comprises, in known manner, a composite structure made up of several plates made of elastic material, as described in particular in patent EP-A-0 021 958.
L'invention a plus précisément pour but de s'affranchir des problèmes de planéité et d'alignement du sol et des pieds de la machine-outils. The invention more specifically aims to overcome the problems of flatness and alignment of the ground and the feet of the machine tool.
Ainsi, le dispositif conforme à l'invention comprend: - une plaque supérieure (1) solidarisée au piétement de la machine, - une rotule intermédiaire (il); - une plaque inférieure (7); - et la structure amortissante. Thus, the device according to the invention comprises: - an upper plate (1) secured to the base of the machine, - an intermediate ball joint (il); - a lower plate (7); - and the shock absorbing structure.
La plaque supérieure (1), réalisée par exemple en un acier, et de forme carrée de quatre vingt millimètres (80 mm) de côté, comprend sur sa face supérieure un bosselage en forme de croix ou plus généralement un ensemble de nervures radiales (2). Le centre de ce bosselage comprend un taraudage, ou un alésage fileté de diamètre de douze ou quatorze millimètres (12 ou 14 mm), ce partage passant sur toute la hauteur de la plaque. Ce passage est destiné à recevoir la tige filetée de fixation au pied de la machine-outils à isoler. The upper plate (1), made for example of steel, and of square shape eighty millimeters (80 mm) side, comprises on its upper face a boss in the form of a cross or more generally a set of radial ribs (2 ). The center of this boss includes a thread, or a threaded bore with a diameter of twelve or fourteen millimeters (12 or 14 mm), this partition passing over the entire height of the plate. This passage is intended to receive the threaded rod for fixing to the foot of the machine tool to be insulated.
Sur la partie inférieure de la plaque, quatre logements (5) sont prévus pour recevoir des ressorts d'acier (12) de diamètre six millimètres (6 mm), et même maintenus en place par une vis de fixation en leur centre. On the lower part of the plate, four housings (5) are provided to receive steel springs (12) with a diameter of six millimeters (6 mm), and even held in place by a fixing screw in their center.
Au centre de la plaque (1) une zone sphérique (6), de diamètre de dix millimètres (10 mm) en forme de calotte sphérique peut recevoir une bille d'acier (11) permettant les mouvements oscillatoires autour de son axe. In the center of the plate (1) a spherical zone (6), with a diameter of ten millimeters (10 mm) in the form of a spherical cap can receive a steel ball (11) allowing the oscillatory movements around its axis.
Cette bille (11) repose sur la plaque inférieure (7) typiquement en acier, et de dimension égale à celle de la plaque supérieure (1). This ball (11) rests on the lower plate (7) typically made of steel, and of dimension equal to that of the upper plate (1).
De la même manière, cette plaque présente en son centre une zone sphérique (9) aménagée pour recevoir la bille d'acier elle-même de diamètre dix millimètres (10 mm). In the same way, this plate has in its center a spherical zone (9) arranged to receive the steel ball itself with a diameter of ten millimeters (10 mm).
Complémentairement, la plaque inférieure (7) présente quatre logements circulaires (8) disposés au quatre coins de la plaque (7). Ces perçages (8) reçoivent les ressorts (12) ainsi que les vis de fixation (10). Additionally, the lower plate (7) has four circular housings (8) arranged at the four corners of the plate (7). These holes (8) receive the springs (12) as well as the fixing screws (10).
Bien entendu, le dispositif conforme à l'invention peut présenter des dimensions variables en fonction de la masse de la machine et de l'intensité des vibrations à amortir. Of course, the device according to the invention may have variable dimensions depending on the mass of the machine and the intensity of the vibrations to be damped.
n ressort de ce qui précède que le dispositif conforme à l'invention permet avantageusement de compenser les défauts de planimétrie du sol pour la mise en place d'une structure composite anti-vibratoire, ainsi que de compenser les défauts d'alignement des tiges de fixation des pieds de la machine-outils sur lesquels ces
mêmes structures composites anti-vibratoires sont installées. It follows from the foregoing that the device according to the invention advantageously makes it possible to compensate for the defects in the planimetry of the ground for the installation of an anti-vibration composite structure, as well as to compensate for the defects in alignment of the rods of fixing the feet of the machine tool on which these
same anti-vibration composite structures are installed.
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9704440A FR2761628B3 (en) | 1997-04-07 | 1997-04-07 | DEVICE FOR FITTING THE BASE OF A TOOL MACHINE, A TABLE OR THE LIKE |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9704440A FR2761628B3 (en) | 1997-04-07 | 1997-04-07 | DEVICE FOR FITTING THE BASE OF A TOOL MACHINE, A TABLE OR THE LIKE |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
FR2761628A1 true FR2761628A1 (en) | 1998-10-09 |
FR2761628B3 FR2761628B3 (en) | 1999-05-14 |
Family
ID=9505770
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
FR9704440A Expired - Lifetime FR2761628B3 (en) | 1997-04-07 | 1997-04-07 | DEVICE FOR FITTING THE BASE OF A TOOL MACHINE, A TABLE OR THE LIKE |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
FR (1) | FR2761628B3 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103831629A (en) * | 2014-03-17 | 2014-06-04 | 侯如升 | Machine tool foot stand |
EP2824359A1 (en) * | 2013-07-08 | 2015-01-14 | Bordignon Silvano S.r.l. | Compensator for unbalanced compression forces for press machines |
US20150283662A1 (en) * | 2014-04-03 | 2015-10-08 | Bystronic Laser Ag | Beam processing machines |
RU2750951C1 (en) * | 2021-01-22 | 2021-07-06 | Акционерное общество "Единые автоматизированные технологии" | Earthquake protection platform |
-
1997
- 1997-04-07 FR FR9704440A patent/FR2761628B3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2824359A1 (en) * | 2013-07-08 | 2015-01-14 | Bordignon Silvano S.r.l. | Compensator for unbalanced compression forces for press machines |
US9527258B2 (en) | 2013-07-08 | 2016-12-27 | Bordignon Silvano S.R.L. | Compensator for unbalanced compression forces for press machines |
CN103831629A (en) * | 2014-03-17 | 2014-06-04 | 侯如升 | Machine tool foot stand |
US20150283662A1 (en) * | 2014-04-03 | 2015-10-08 | Bystronic Laser Ag | Beam processing machines |
US10507555B2 (en) * | 2014-04-03 | 2019-12-17 | Bystronic Laser Ag | Beam processing machines |
RU2750951C1 (en) * | 2021-01-22 | 2021-07-06 | Акционерное общество "Единые автоматизированные технологии" | Earthquake protection platform |
WO2022158996A1 (en) * | 2021-01-22 | 2022-07-28 | Акционерное общество "Единые автоматизированные технологии" | Shock-resistant platform |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2761628B3 (en) | 1999-05-14 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
FR2650355A1 (en) | IMPROVEMENTS ON VIBRATION DAMPING DEVICES | |
EP0165095A1 (en) | Hydraulic antivibration mounting | |
FR2576923A1 (en) | ANTI-VIBRATION DEVICE FOR FEET OF TEXTILE MACHINES | |
FR2734164A1 (en) | Holder for ski binding consisting of front and back parts | |
WO1982004423A1 (en) | Device for the suspension and connection between a bogie frame and an axle-box | |
FR2761628A1 (en) | Anti-vibration foot elements fitted to underframe of machine tools or tables | |
CA1260900A (en) | Pendular type centrifugal separator | |
FR2730673A1 (en) | MAC PHERSON TYPE SUSPENSION DEVICE FOR VEHICLE | |
FR2684743A1 (en) | TOOL MACHINE SUPPORT. | |
EP0366562B1 (en) | Detachable holding device for a piezoelectric resonator inside a housing | |
FR2552917A1 (en) | VIBRATION AND SHOCK INSULATION FLANGE FOR RAILWAY EQUIPMENT | |
CA2220025C (en) | Pendular device with suspension arms and pendular bogie with suspension arms | |
EP0272169B1 (en) | Reception and securing system for fixation devices for loads or vehicles | |
FR2813268A1 (en) | BODY STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY COMPRISING MEANS FOR ATTACHING A BODY | |
WO1998047574A1 (en) | Tennis rackets equipped with oscillating vibration dampening elements | |
EP1309429A1 (en) | Vibration filtering assembly for a robotized assembly working on vehicle bodies | |
FR2705416A1 (en) | Anti-vibration installation with magnetic vibrators for active mount | |
EP0045248B1 (en) | Shock and/or vibration damping mounting | |
KR101705309B1 (en) | Anti-vibration having a restore function for absorbing vibration | |
FR2586806A1 (en) | RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT SENSOR MOUNTING DEVICE ON A BEAM WITH RADIAL EARS | |
FR2641593A1 (en) | SHOCK ABSORBER FOOT, ESPECIALLY FOR A KITCHEN ROBOT | |
FR2829545A1 (en) | ANTI-VIBRATION SUPPORT AND ANTI-VIBRATION DEVICE COMPRISING SUCH A SUPPORT | |
CH426383A (en) | Material testing machine | |
EP0035455A1 (en) | Suspension and connecting device between a bogie frame and an axle box | |
FR2761311A1 (en) | Suspension device for vehicle seat |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
TP | Transmission of property | ||
TP | Transmission of property |