FR2745497A1 - ANTI-MICROBIAL COMPOSITION, IN PARTICULAR FOR ANTISEPTY AND / OR DISINFECTION - Google Patents

ANTI-MICROBIAL COMPOSITION, IN PARTICULAR FOR ANTISEPTY AND / OR DISINFECTION Download PDF

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Publication number
FR2745497A1
FR2745497A1 FR9602784A FR9602784A FR2745497A1 FR 2745497 A1 FR2745497 A1 FR 2745497A1 FR 9602784 A FR9602784 A FR 9602784A FR 9602784 A FR9602784 A FR 9602784A FR 2745497 A1 FR2745497 A1 FR 2745497A1
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composition according
agents
composition
microbial
biguanide salts
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FR9602784A
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French (fr)
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FR2745497B1 (en
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Bertrand Letartre
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Laboratories Anios SA
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Laboratories Anios SA
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Priority to FR9602784A priority Critical patent/FR2745497B1/en
Priority to AU19310/97A priority patent/AU1931097A/en
Priority to PCT/FR1997/000372 priority patent/WO1997031533A1/en
Priority to EP97907162A priority patent/EP0884949A1/en
Publication of FR2745497A1 publication Critical patent/FR2745497A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
    • A01N47/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having a double or triple bond to nitrogen, e.g. cyanates, cyanamides
    • A01N47/42—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having a double or triple bond to nitrogen, e.g. cyanates, cyanamides containing —N=CX2 groups, e.g. isothiourea
    • A01N47/44—Guanidine; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/74—Synthetic polymeric materials
    • A61K31/785—Polymers containing nitrogen

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

An antimicrobial composition, particularly for antisepsis and/or disinfection, is disclosed. The composition includes at least a combination of one or more biguanide salts and one or more aromatic alcohols. A carrier element impregnated with said antimicrobial composition, as well as the use of said composition for preparing a drug for treating mucocutaneous infections, are also disclosed.

Description

La présente invention a pour objet une composition antimicrobienne, notamment destinée à l'antiseptie etlou à la désinfection. The subject of the present invention is an antimicrobial composition, in particular intended for antiseptic and / or disinfection.

Elle trouvera son application, par exemple, en traitement cutané et agir en antiseptie. Elle pourra également être utilisée, notamment dans tous les secteurs de l'activité dans lesquels l'on doit nettoyer etlou désinfecter des objets, des surfaces ou des locaux divers et variés. It will find its application, for example, in skin treatment and act as an antiseptic. It can also be used, in particular in all sectors of activity in which one has to clean and / or disinfect various objects, surfaces or premises.

Plus précisément, I'on peut citer comme application de cette composition son utilisation dans le domaine de l'hygiène médical, notamment pour le nettoyage etlou la désinfection des objets, surfaces ou locaux ainsi que l'antiseptie de la peau, et des muqueuses. More specifically, one can cite as application of this composition its use in the field of medical hygiene, in particular for cleaning and / or disinfecting objects, surfaces or premises as well as antiseptic of the skin, and mucous membranes.

Actuellement, pour de telles applications, on utilise des produits contenant des substances actives variées telles que des dérivés mercuriels, des dérives halogénés, des tensio-actifs ou autres. Currently, for such applications, products containing various active substances such as mercurial derivatives, halogenated derivatives, surfactants or the like are used.

Ces compositions renferment dans la plupart des cas un seul principe actif et, en pratique, n'apportent pas toujours satisfaction. En effet, elles présentent des inconvénients en terme de toxicologie etlou d'efficacité anti-microbienne. De plus, elles ne sont pas toujours bien adaptées en fonction des applications désirées et nécessitent souvent l'utilisation de concentration élevée d'agents actifs. These compositions contain in most cases a single active principle and, in practice, do not always provide satisfaction. Indeed, they have drawbacks in terms of toxicology and / or anti-microbial efficacy. In addition, they are not always well suited according to the desired applications and often require the use of a high concentration of active agents.

On connaît également des composés tels que le polyhexaméthyléne biguanide utilisé, notamment, comme agent anti-infectieux, comme traitement topique d'affections herpétiques, comme traitement de l'acné, comme traitement des plaies chirurgicales etlou dans des compositions à usage vétérinaire pour prévenir l'apparition des mammites chez les ruminants. Also known are compounds such as polyhexamethylene biguanide used, in particular, as an anti-infective agent, as a topical treatment of herpetic conditions, as a treatment for acne, as a treatment for surgical wounds and / or in compositions for veterinary use to prevent appearance of mastitis in ruminants.

Toutefois, comme pour les produits mentionnés plus haut, ce composé doit être utilisé à des concentrations relativement élevées pour avoir une action anti-microbienne satisfaisante et risque d'entraîner des réactions allergiques. De plus, il présente un spectre d'activité relativement étroit. However, as for the products mentioned above, this compound must be used at relatively high concentrations to have a satisfactory antimicrobial action and may cause allergic reactions. In addition, it has a relatively narrow spectrum of activity.

En antiseptie, on connaît, en outre, I'utilisation du phénoxyéthanol, on lui prêterait même une activité thérapeutique. Le phénoxyéthanol a ainsi été utilisé, il y a très longtemps, en pratique clinique, par exemple, comme agent anti-bactérien, notamment dans le traitement prophylactique des brûlures et en instillations intravésicales. Bien que plutôt utilisé pour des plaies ouvertes infectées, cet agent est aussi utilisé sur la peau intacte. II est surtout connu comme conservateur, particulièrement dans le domaine des cosmétiques. In antiseptic medicine, the use of phenoxyethanol is also known, it is even said to have therapeutic activity. Phenoxyethanol was thus used, a long time ago, in clinical practice, for example, as an anti-bacterial agent, in particular in the prophylactic treatment of burns and in intravesical instillations. Although rather used for infected open wounds, this agent is also used on intact skin. It is especially known as a preservative, particularly in the field of cosmetics.

Le but de la présente invention est de proposer une composition anti-microbienne qui pallie les inconvénients précités et offre un spectre d'activité anti-microbienne élargi. The object of the present invention is to provide an antimicrobial composition which overcomes the aforementioned drawbacks and offers a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity.

Un autre but de la présente invention est de proposer une composition anti-microbienne dont la concentration en agents actifs puisse être optimisée. Another object of the present invention is to provide an anti-microbial composition whose concentration of active agents can be optimized.

Un autre but de la présente invention est de proposer une composition anti-microbienne qui respecte les critères de tolérance et permette de limiter, notamment, les réactions allergiques. Another object of the present invention is to provide an anti-microbial composition which meets the tolerance criteria and makes it possible to limit, in particular, allergic reactions.

Un autre but de la présente invention est de proposer une composition anti-microbienne qui puisse être utilisée pour le lavage et/ou la désinfection des mains, et/ou des tissus cutanéo-muqueux. Another object of the present invention is to provide an anti-microbial composition which can be used for washing and / or disinfecting the hands, and / or the cutaneous and mucous tissues.

Un autre but de la présente invention est de proposer une composition anti-microbienne qui puisse être également utilisée dans des traitements thérapeutiques et permette ainsi de limiter l'emploi des antibiotiques dans le traitement des infections, notamment cutanées. Another object of the present invention is to provide an anti-microbial composition which can also be used in therapeutic treatments and thus makes it possible to limit the use of antibiotics in the treatment of infections, especially skin infections.

D'autres buts et avantages de la présente invention apparaîtront au cours de la description qui va suivre qui n'est donnée qu'à titre indicatif et qui n'a pas pour but de la limiter. Other objects and advantages of the present invention will appear during the description which follows which is given only for information and which is not intended to limit it.

La présente invention concerne une composition antimicrobienne, notamment destinée à l'antiseptie et/ou à la désinfection, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend au moins, en combinaison, un ou des sels de biguanide et un ou des alcools aromatiques. The present invention relates to an antimicrobial composition, in particular intended for antiseptic and / or disinfection, characterized in that it comprises at least, in combination, one or more biguanide salts and one or more aromatic alcohols.

La présente invention concerne aussi un élément support imprégné de la composition anti-microbienne décrite ci-dessus.  The present invention also relates to a support element impregnated with the anti-microbial composition described above.

La présente invention concerne, en outre, une utilisation de ladite composition anti-microbienne pour l'obtention d'un médicament destiné au traitement thérapeutique des infections cutanéo-muqueuses. The present invention further relates to a use of said anti-microbial composition for obtaining a medicament intended for the therapeutic treatment of cutaneous-mucosal infections.

La présente invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture des différents exemples de mise en oeuvre suivants. The present invention will be better understood on reading the following different examples of implementation.

La présente invention concerne une composition antimicrobienne, notamment destinée à l'antiseptie et/ou à la désinfection. The present invention relates to an antimicrobial composition, in particular intended for antiseptic and / or disinfection.

Elle trouvera son application, par exemple, en traitement cutané et agir en antiseptie. Elle pourra également être tuilisée, notamment, dans tous les secteurs de l'activité dans lesquels l'on doit nettoyer et/ou désinfecter des objets, des surfaces ou des locaux divers et variés. It will find its application, for example, in skin treatment and act as an antiseptic. It can also be used, in particular, in all sectors of activity in which we must clean and / or disinfect objects, surfaces or various and varied premises.

En effet, par antiseptie, on entend ensemble des méthodes destinées aussi bien à prevenir qu'à combattre les infections cutanéomuqueuses. In fact, by antiseptic, we mean together methods intended both to prevent and to fight mucocutaneous infections.

La composition anti-microbienne conforme à l'invention comprend au moins, en combinaison, un ou/des sels de biguanide et, un ou/des alcools aromatiques. II pourra s'agir, par exemple, respectivement, de sels de polyhexaméthylène biguanide et de phénoxyalkylalcools. The anti-microbial composition in accordance with the invention comprises at least one or more biguanide salts and / or one or more aromatic alcohols. They may be, for example, respectively, polyhexamethylene biguanide salts and phenoxyalkyl alcohols.

En effet, grâce à un effet synergique constaté entre ces deux familles de composants, la composition anti-microbienne conforme à l'invention présente un spectre d'activité élargi. De plus, elle permet l'utilisation desdits composés à des concentrations réduites. Elle permet ainsi de limiter les risques toxicologiques. Indeed, thanks to a synergistic effect observed between these two families of components, the anti-microbial composition according to the invention has a broad spectrum of activity. In addition, it allows the use of said compounds at reduced concentrations. It thus limits toxicological risks.

Des résultats particulièrement satisfaisants ont été obtenus dans ce sens en combinant, par exemple, des sels de polyhexaméthylène biguanide et des phénoxyalkylalcools constitués par du phénoxyéthanol tel que notamment, le 2 phénoxyéthanol. Particularly satisfactory results have been obtained in this sense by combining, for example, polyhexamethylene biguanide salts and phenoxyalkyl alcohols consisting of phenoxyethanol such as, in particular, 2 phenoxyethanol.

A titre d'exemple, la composition conforme à l'invention comprend ainsi de 0,1 à 10 % de polyhexaméthylène biguanide et de 0,05 à 5 % de phénoxyéthanol, les proportions étant données en % en poids. By way of example, the composition according to the invention thus comprises from 0.1 to 10% of polyhexamethylene biguanide and from 0.05 to 5% of phenoxyethanol, the proportions being given in% by weight.

Selon un mode particulier de mise en oeuvre, le pH de la composition anti-microbienne conforme à l'invention est compris, notamment, entre 4 et 8. According to a particular embodiment, the pH of the anti-microbial composition in accordance with the invention is, in particular, between 4 and 8.

La composition anti-microbienne conforme à l'invention se présente, par exemple, sous forme de solution aqueuse, alcoolique et/ou hydroalcoolique. The anti-microbial composition according to the invention is, for example, in the form of an aqueous, alcoholic and / or hydroalcoholic solution.

Elle comprend, en outre, éventuellement, des alcools aliphatiques tels que, notamment, de l'éthanol, de l'isopropanol et/ou du n-propanol. It also comprises, optionally, aliphatic alcohols such as, in particular, ethanol, isopropanol and / or n-propanol.

Elle peut aussi comprendre d'autres agents anti-microbiens, ou/et anti-infectieux afin d'élargir spécifiquement le spectre d'activité, tels que notamment des principes actifs antiviraux pour obtenir, par exemple, une activité complémentaire anti-herpétique. It can also include other anti-microbial agents, and / or anti-infectives in order to specifically broaden the spectrum of activity, such as in particular antiviral active principles to obtain, for example, a complementary anti-herpetic activity.

De plus, elle pourra contenir des agents à propriétés thérapeutiques tels que notamment anesthésiques locaux et/ou antiinflammatoires afin de conférer des propriétés complémentaires à l'effet antiseptique. In addition, it may contain agents with therapeutic properties such as in particular local anesthetics and / or anti-inflammatories in order to impart properties complementary to the antiseptic effect.

Selon ses différentes utilisations, la composition antimicrobienne conforme à l'invention comprend, en outre, par exemple, des agents à effet tampon, des correcteurs de pH, et/ou des tensio-actifs. Elle pourra également contenir, notamment, des épaississants, des agents gélifiants, des agents adoucissants humectants et/ou des surgraissants. According to its different uses, the antimicrobial composition according to the invention further comprises, for example, buffering agents, pH correctors, and / or surfactants. It may also contain, in particular, thickeners, gelling agents, humectant softening agents and / or superfats.

Par ailleurs, afin d'élargir son action et/ou de rendre son utilisation plus agréable, elle comprendra éventuellement, par exemple, des agents cicatrisants, des agents protecteurs de la peau, des colorants et/ou des parfums. Furthermore, in order to widen its action and / or to make its use more pleasant, it will optionally include, for example, healing agents, skin protective agents, dyes and / or perfumes.

Grâce au choix desdits composants évoqués plus haut, la composition anti-microbienne conforme à l'invention se présente ainsi, notamment, sous forme liquide, gel, composition moussante, lotion alcoolique, crème, pommade et/ou onguent, apte à déterminer, par exemple, une action retard et/ou prolongée. Thanks to the choice of said components mentioned above, the anti-microbial composition according to the invention is thus presented, in particular, in liquid form, gel, foaming composition, alcoholic lotion, cream, ointment and / or ointment, capable of determining, by example, a delayed and / or prolonged action.

La présente invention concerne également un élement support tel que, par exemple, une lingette, tissée ou non-tissée, imprégnée de la composition anti-microbienne décrite ci-dessus. The present invention also relates to a support element such as, for example, a woven or nonwoven wipe, impregnated with the anti-microbial composition described above.

II est également à noter, comme évoqué plus haut, que l'invention concerne, en outre, I'utilisation de ladite composition pour l'obtention d'un médicament destiné au traitement thérapeutique des infections cutanéomuqueuses telles que surinfections de plaies, brûlures, dermatoses. It should also be noted, as mentioned above, that the invention also relates to the use of said composition for obtaining a medicament intended for the therapeutic treatment of cutaneous-mucosal infections such as superinfections of wounds, burns, dermatoses .

Naturellement, d'autres mises en oeuvre de la présente invention, à la portée de l'homme de l'art, auraient pu être envisagées sans pour autant sortir du cadre de la présente demande.  Naturally, other implementations of the present invention, within the reach of those skilled in the art, could have been envisaged without departing from the scope of the present application.

Claims (11)

REVENDICATIONS 1. Composition anti-microbienne, notamment destiné à l'antiseptie et/ou à la désinfection, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend au moins, en combinaison, un ou des sels de biguanide et un ou des alcools aromatiques. 1. Anti-microbial composition, in particular intended for antiseptic and / or disinfection, characterized in that it comprises at least, in combination, one or more biguanide salts and one or more aromatic alcohols. 2. Composition selon la revendication 1 dans laquelle les sels de biguanide sont des sels de polyhexaméthylène biguanide et les alcools aromatiques sont des phénoxyalkylalcools. 2. Composition according to claim 1 in which the biguanide salts are polyhexamethylene biguanide salts and the aromatic alcohols are phenoxyalkylalcohols. 3. Composition selon la revendication 2 dans laquelle les phénoxyalkylalcools sont constitués de phénoxyéthanol, ladite composition comprenant: 3. Composition according to claim 2 in which the phenoxyalkyl alcohols consist of phenoxyethanol, said composition comprising: - de 0,1 à 10 % de sels de polyhexaméthylène biguanide, - from 0.1 to 10% of polyhexamethylene biguanide salts, - de 0,05 à 5 % de phénoxyéthanol, les proportions étant données en % en poids. - from 0.05 to 5% of phenoxyethanol, the proportions being given in% by weight. 4. Composition selon la revendication 1 dans laquelle le pH est compris entre 4 et 8 4. Composition according to claim 1 in which the pH is between 4 and 8 5. Composition selon la revendication 1 se présentant sous forme de solution aqueuse, alcoolique et/ou hydroalcoolique. 5. Composition according to claim 1 in the form of an aqueous, alcoholic and / or hydroalcoholic solution. 6. Composition selon la revendication 1, comportant, en outre, des alcools aliphatiques. 6. Composition according to claim 1, comprising, in addition, aliphatic alcohols. 7. Composition selon la revendication 1, comprenant, en outre, des agents à effet tampon, des correcteurs de pH, des tensio-actifs, des épaississants, des agents gélifiants, des agents adoucissants humectants, des surgraissants, des agent cicatrisants, des agents protecteurs de la peau, des colorants et/ou des parfums. 7. The composition as claimed in claim 1, comprising, in addition, buffering agents, pH correctors, surfactants, thickeners, gelling agents, moistening softening agents, superfatting agents, healing agents, agents skin protectors, dyes and / or perfumes. 8. Composition selon la revendication 1, comprenant, en outre, d'autres agents anti-microbiens et/ou anti-infectieux et/ou des agents à propriétés thérapeutiques. 8. Composition according to claim 1, further comprising other anti-microbial and / or anti-infectious agents and / or agents with therapeutic properties. 9. Composition selon la revendication 1, se présentant sous forme liquide, gel, solution moussant, lotion alcoolique, crème, pommade, et/ou onguent, aptes à déterminer une action retard et/ou prolongée.  9. Composition according to claim 1, in liquid form, gel, foaming solution, alcoholic lotion, cream, ointment, and / or ointment, capable of determining a delayed and / or prolonged action. 10. Elément support imprégné de la composition antimicrobienne selon la revendication 1. 10. Support element impregnated with the antimicrobial composition according to claim 1. 11. Utilisation de la composition anti-microbienne selon la revendication 1 pour l'obtention d'un médicament destiné au traitement thérapeutique des infections cutanéo-muqueuses.  11. Use of the anti-microbial composition according to claim 1 for obtaining a medicament intended for the therapeutic treatment of cutaneous-mucosal infections.
FR9602784A 1996-02-29 1996-02-29 ANTI-MICROBIAL COMPOSITION, IN PARTICULAR FOR ANTISEPTIE AND / OR DISINFECTION Expired - Fee Related FR2745497B1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9602784A FR2745497B1 (en) 1996-02-29 1996-02-29 ANTI-MICROBIAL COMPOSITION, IN PARTICULAR FOR ANTISEPTIE AND / OR DISINFECTION
AU19310/97A AU1931097A (en) 1996-02-29 1997-02-28 Antimicrobial composition, particularly for antisepsis and/or disinfection
PCT/FR1997/000372 WO1997031533A1 (en) 1996-02-29 1997-02-28 Antimicrobial composition, particularly for antisepsis and/or disinfection
EP97907162A EP0884949A1 (en) 1996-02-29 1997-02-28 Antimicrobial composition, particularly for antisepsis and/or disinfection

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9602784A FR2745497B1 (en) 1996-02-29 1996-02-29 ANTI-MICROBIAL COMPOSITION, IN PARTICULAR FOR ANTISEPTIE AND / OR DISINFECTION

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FR2745497A1 true FR2745497A1 (en) 1997-09-05
FR2745497B1 FR2745497B1 (en) 2002-09-06

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EP (1) EP0884949A1 (en)
AU (1) AU1931097A (en)
FR (1) FR2745497B1 (en)
WO (1) WO1997031533A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1755624A2 (en) * 2004-05-03 2007-02-28 Neosil Inc. Polycationic antimicrobial therapeutic

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020022660A1 (en) * 1998-01-20 2002-02-21 Hanuman B. Jampani Deep penetrating antimicrobial compositions
FR2830240B1 (en) 2001-10-01 2004-08-20 Oreal DEVICE FOR PACKAGING A PRODUCT, IN PARTICULAR A COSMETIC AND / OR CARE PRODUCT
CN111032060A (en) * 2017-06-28 2020-04-17 科利迪恩公司 Compositions, methods and uses for cleaning, disinfecting and/or sterilizing
KR20200123421A (en) 2018-01-14 2020-10-29 콜리디온, 인코포레이티드 Compositions, kits, methods and uses for cleaning, disinfection, sterilization and/or treatment

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0231080A1 (en) * 1986-01-16 1987-08-05 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Antiseptic compositions
GB2186486A (en) * 1986-02-13 1987-08-19 Smith & Nephew Ass Antibacterial dressing

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0231080A1 (en) * 1986-01-16 1987-08-05 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Antiseptic compositions
GB2186486A (en) * 1986-02-13 1987-08-19 Smith & Nephew Ass Antibacterial dressing

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1755624A2 (en) * 2004-05-03 2007-02-28 Neosil Inc. Polycationic antimicrobial therapeutic
EP1755624A4 (en) * 2004-05-03 2009-04-29 Neosil Inc Polycationic antimicrobial therapeutic
AU2005247328B2 (en) * 2004-05-03 2011-03-10 Shalon Ventures, L.P. Polycationic antimicrobial therapeutic

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FR2745497B1 (en) 2002-09-06
WO1997031533A1 (en) 1997-09-04
AU1931097A (en) 1997-09-16
EP0884949A1 (en) 1998-12-23

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