FR2656423A1 - Biocapteur electrochimique. - Google Patents
Biocapteur electrochimique. Download PDFInfo
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- FR2656423A1 FR2656423A1 FR8917069A FR8917069A FR2656423A1 FR 2656423 A1 FR2656423 A1 FR 2656423A1 FR 8917069 A FR8917069 A FR 8917069A FR 8917069 A FR8917069 A FR 8917069A FR 2656423 A1 FR2656423 A1 FR 2656423A1
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- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
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- C12N11/02—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier
- C12N11/08—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier the carrier being a synthetic polymer
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- C12N11/02—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier
- C12N11/08—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier the carrier being a synthetic polymer
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- C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
- C12N11/02—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier
- C12N11/08—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier the carrier being a synthetic polymer
- C12N11/082—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier the carrier being a synthetic polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
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Abstract
Biocapteur électrochimique constitué d'une électrode monocorps comprenant une anode et une cathode; un embout muni d'une perforation centrale et d'une membrane neutre permettant la diffusion du substrat se fixe à l'extrémité du capteur; le biocapteur renferme dans l'espace disponible entre l'embout et le corps de l'électrode et avoisinant l'électrode de travail des enzymes immobilisés sur des particules de polymère non soluble dans le milieu réactionnel. Utilisation pour le dosage de substrats organiques libérant par réaction enzymatique de l'eau oxygénée.
Description
BIOCAPTEUR ELECTROCHIMIQUE
La présente invention a pour objet un biocapteur constitué d'une électrode enzymatique et son application pour le dosage de substrats organiques.
La présente invention a pour objet un biocapteur constitué d'une électrode enzymatique et son application pour le dosage de substrats organiques.
I1 est connu de doser le glucose par exemple à l'aide d'un capteur ampérométrique à H202 plongé dans une cuve dans laquelle est réalisée l'oxydation enzymatique du glucose en acide gluconique avec libération de
H202 ; la quantité de H202 formée est directement proportionnelle à la quantité de glucose mise en oeuvre. L'H202 est détectée ampérométri quementv : une différence de potentiel (ddp) fixe, d'environ 600 mV, entre une électrode de travail (platine) et une électrode de référence (Ag/AgCl) permet l'oxydation électrochimique de H202 sur l'anode de platine ; une variation de courant anodique proportionnelle à la concentration d'H202 formée par la réaction enzymatique peut être ainsi mise en évidence sur un enregistreur.Une telle méthode faisant intervenir un enzyme relativement peu fragile comme la glucose oxydase est particulièrement performante.
H202 ; la quantité de H202 formée est directement proportionnelle à la quantité de glucose mise en oeuvre. L'H202 est détectée ampérométri quementv : une différence de potentiel (ddp) fixe, d'environ 600 mV, entre une électrode de travail (platine) et une électrode de référence (Ag/AgCl) permet l'oxydation électrochimique de H202 sur l'anode de platine ; une variation de courant anodique proportionnelle à la concentration d'H202 formée par la réaction enzymatique peut être ainsi mise en évidence sur un enregistreur.Une telle méthode faisant intervenir un enzyme relativement peu fragile comme la glucose oxydase est particulièrement performante.
Par contre celle-ci est mal adaptée aux dosages faisant intervenir des enzymes fragiles entraînant des phénomènes d'inactivation ou d'interaction entre substrat et produit de la réaction enzymatique. I1 en est ainsi du dosage du pyruvate à l'aide de la pyruvate oxydase. En effet il a été constaté que le substrat (pyruvate) et l'eau oxygénée formée interagissent avec formation d'un peracide.
Si la pyruvate oxydase est introduite dans la cuve de mesure, l'eau oxygénée formée réagit rapidement avec le pyruvate ; il en résulte une diminution de la concentration des deux espèces dans la cuve ; le dosage est alors inexact.
La demanderesse a résolu ce problème en introduisant les enzymes à l'intérieur du capteur électrochimique.
Selon l'invention il s'agit d'un biocapteur électrochimique constitué d'une électrode monocorps comprenant une anode et une cathode, et se fixant à l'extrémité du capteur, d'un embout muni d'une perforation centrale et d'une membrane neutre permettant la diffusion du substrat, biocapteur caractérisé en ce qu'il renferme dans l'espace disponible entre l'embout et le corps de l'électrode et avoisinant l "'électrode de travail" des enzymes immobilisés sur des particules de polymère non soluble dans le milieu réactionnel.
Le biocapteur de l'invention basé sur une détection ampérométrique est tout particulièrement intéressant pour le dosage de substrats organiques libérant par réaction enzymatique de l'eau oxygénée. L'"électrode de travail", l'anode, est constituée d'un disque de platine où se réalise la réaction électrochimique.
L'électrode de référence, la cathode, est constituée d'un fil spiralé d'argent recouvert de chlorure d'argent.
Un électrolyte présent dans l'espace entre l'embout et le corps de l'électrode assure la conductivité entre l'anode et la cathode ; la présence de chlorure de potassium dans l'électolyte assure la chloruration permanente de l'électrode de référence.
Le corps et l'embout de l'électrode sont de préférence en résine synthétique du type polychlorure de vinyle.
La membrane est neutre ; elle peut être constituée en fibres synthétiques (polyester, polyamide...) ; son épaisseur est généralement de l'ordre de 50 à 150 micromètres avec un diamètre de pores inférieur à celui des particules de polymère et généralement de l'ordre de 0,1 à 0,8 micromètres.
Les polymères pouvant constituer les particules support dérivent de monomères non miscibles à l'eau (c'est-à-dire de solubilité dans l'eau inférieure à 5 % en poids).
Parmi ces monomères on peut citer
- les monomères vinylaromatiques (styrène, vinyltoluène...)
- les alkylesters d'acides a-ss insaturés (acrylates et méthacrylates de méthyle, éthyle...)
- les esters d'acides carboxyliques insaturés (acetate de vinyle...)
- le chlorure de vinyle ; le chlorure de vinylidène
- les diènes (butadiène...)
- ceux présentant des fonctions nitriles (acrylonitrile...)
- les siloxanes.
- les monomères vinylaromatiques (styrène, vinyltoluène...)
- les alkylesters d'acides a-ss insaturés (acrylates et méthacrylates de méthyle, éthyle...)
- les esters d'acides carboxyliques insaturés (acetate de vinyle...)
- le chlorure de vinyle ; le chlorure de vinylidène
- les diènes (butadiène...)
- ceux présentant des fonctions nitriles (acrylonitrile...)
- les siloxanes.
La composition monomère dont dérive ledit polymère contient en outre jusqu'à 10 % de son poids (de préférence jusqu'à 4 % de son poids) d'au moins un monomère portant des groupes ionogènes ou réactifs tels que - S03H, - OSO3H, - NR3, - COOH, - OH, - NH2, - NR2,
CONH2, - SH,
- COOR, - PO(OR)2,
- # CH2C1,
R représentant un radical alkyle en Cl - C4, de préférence en Cl - C2
A titre d'exemple on peut citer
- le vinylbenzène sulfonate, les sulfoalkylesters d'acides insaturés (2-sulfoéthylméthacrylates...)
- les acides carboxyliques insaturés (acide acrylique, méthacrylique, maléfique, itaconique...)
- les hydroxyalkylacrylates ou méthacrylates (acrylate d'hydroxyéthyle, hydroxypropyle...)
- les aminoalkylesters d'acides insaturés (2-aminoéthylméthacrylate...)
- l'acrylamide
- le chlorure de vi nyl benzène
- le méthacrylate de glycidyle.
CONH2, - SH,
- COOR, - PO(OR)2,
- # CH2C1,
R représentant un radical alkyle en Cl - C4, de préférence en Cl - C2
A titre d'exemple on peut citer
- le vinylbenzène sulfonate, les sulfoalkylesters d'acides insaturés (2-sulfoéthylméthacrylates...)
- les acides carboxyliques insaturés (acide acrylique, méthacrylique, maléfique, itaconique...)
- les hydroxyalkylacrylates ou méthacrylates (acrylate d'hydroxyéthyle, hydroxypropyle...)
- les aminoalkylesters d'acides insaturés (2-aminoéthylméthacrylate...)
- l'acrylamide
- le chlorure de vi nyl benzène
- le méthacrylate de glycidyle.
Lesdites particules de polymère peuvent présenter une granulométrie de l'ordre de 0,2 à 20 microns et de préférence de l'ordre de 0,2 à 3 microns.
Une variante consiste à utiliser comme particules support des particules polymère non hydrosoluble magnétisable.
Les particules de polymère magnétisable contiennent de 0,5 à 70 % en poids (de préférence de 5 à 50 %) d'une charge magnétique dont la taille est inférieure à l ian et de préférence comprise entre 0,002-0,02 ian ; la charge magnétique est bien évidemment suffisamment fine pour pouvoir être incluse dans les particules de polymère. Cette charge magnétique peut être constituée par exemple par
- des métaux ou leur alliages tels que : fer, fer-silicium, nickel, cobalt, samarium ou leurs alliages avec du molybdène, du chrome, du cuivre, du vanadium, du manganèse, de l'aluminium, du titane, neodyme...
- des métaux ou leur alliages tels que : fer, fer-silicium, nickel, cobalt, samarium ou leurs alliages avec du molybdène, du chrome, du cuivre, du vanadium, du manganèse, de l'aluminium, du titane, neodyme...
- des oxydes de fer : Fe304 ou y-Fe03 pur ou en combinaison ou en mélange avec d'autres oxydes comme les oxydes de cobalt, manganèse, zinc, baryum, terres rares
- du dioxyde de chrome.
- du dioxyde de chrome.
Les particules de polymère magnétisable peuvent être obtenues sous forme de latex selon des procédés connus par exemple selon les procédés décrits dans le brevet européen ne 38.730 ou le brevet américain n 4.157.323.
L'immobilisation des enzymes sur les particules de polymère magnétisable ou non magnétisable peut être réalisée par adsorption ou bien par couplage, la réaction de couplage faisant intervenir les groupes superficiels réactifs ou fonctionnels du polymère et les groupements fonctionnels de l'enzyme à fixer.
La réaction de couplage peut être réalisée selon des méthodes bien connues par exemple en faisant appel le plus souvent à l'activation des fonctions du polymère en utilisantdes agents de couplage (diazotation, bromure de cyanogène, chlorure de tosyle, glutaraldehyde, carbodiimide hydrosoluble,
N-hydroxybenzotriazole...) avec ou sans l'utilisation de spacers du type 1-6 diaminohexane, polysaccharide..., puis réaction avec l'enzyme à fixer.
N-hydroxybenzotriazole...) avec ou sans l'utilisation de spacers du type 1-6 diaminohexane, polysaccharide..., puis réaction avec l'enzyme à fixer.
Des exemples de réactions de couplage sont donnés dans les brevets américains ne 3.857.931, 4.045.384, 4.140.662, 4.046.723, 4.421.896, anglais n0 2.004.892, français n" 2.331.567, 2.345.459, 2.378.094, européen ne 15.841...
Le protocole d'immobilisation doit être adapté en fonction des caractéristiques propres de l'enzyme utilisé (pH optimum, activité spécifique...)
La quantité d'enzyme immobilisée sur les particules de polymère est généralement de l'ordre de 10 à 500 unités d'enzyme par gramme de polymère (de préférence de 100 à 200).
La quantité d'enzyme immobilisée sur les particules de polymère est généralement de l'ordre de 10 à 500 unités d'enzyme par gramme de polymère (de préférence de 100 à 200).
Le biocapteur faisant l'objet de l'invention étant particulièrement intéressant pour les dosages de substrats organiques libérant par réaction enzymatique de l'eau oxygénée, les enzymes mis en oeuvre sont en particulier les oxydases comme par exemple
- la lactate oxydase pour doser le L-lactate
- la glucose oxydase pour doser le glucose
- la pyruvate oxydase pour doser le pyruvate
- l'alcool oxydase pour doser les alcools courts (methanol, ethanol, propanol...)
Lors de son utilisation, le biocapteur relié à un polarostat imposant une différence de potentiel entre l'anode et la cathode, est plongé dans une cuve thermostatée (généralement vers 30') contenant le substrat à doser.
- la lactate oxydase pour doser le L-lactate
- la glucose oxydase pour doser le glucose
- la pyruvate oxydase pour doser le pyruvate
- l'alcool oxydase pour doser les alcools courts (methanol, ethanol, propanol...)
Lors de son utilisation, le biocapteur relié à un polarostat imposant une différence de potentiel entre l'anode et la cathode, est plongé dans une cuve thermostatée (généralement vers 30') contenant le substrat à doser.
Les enzymes immobilisés à l'intérieur du biocapteur ne pouvant diffuser à l'extérieur de l'électrode, l'eau oxygénée se forme au voisinage de l'anode.
Dans le cas du pyruvate le schéma réactionnel est le suivant pyruvate+O2+phosphate
<tb> pyruvate <SEP> oxydase,
<tb> acetylphosphate+C02+H202
La quantité de H202 formée est directement proportionnelle à celle du pyruvate présent.
<tb> acetylphosphate+C02+H202
La quantité de H202 formée est directement proportionnelle à celle du pyruvate présent.
L'eau oxygénée, au fur et à mesure de sa formation, est oxydée à l'anode selon la réaction
ddp (+ 500 mV) H2O2
02 + 2H+ + 2e
Ag/Ag Cl/C1
Un enregistreur relié au polarostat permet de lire la variation du courant en fonction du temps.
ddp (+ 500 mV) H2O2
02 + 2H+ + 2e
Ag/Ag Cl/C1
Un enregistreur relié au polarostat permet de lire la variation du courant en fonction du temps.
La même opération réalisée avec un biocapteur classique (ne renfermant pas l'enzyme immobilisé) plongé dans une cuve contenant du pyruvate et de la pyruvate oxydase immobilisée sur des particules de polymère ne peut conduire à un dosage satisfaisant du substrat car ce dernier intéragit sur l'eau oxygénée formée.
La mise en oeuvre de ce biocapteur est aisée et rapide ; celui-ci peut être réutilisé.
Claims (8)
1) Biocapteur électrochimique constitué d'une électrode monocorps comprenant une anode, une cathode, et se fixant à l'extrémité du capteur, d'un embout muni d'une perforation centrale et d'une membrane neutre permettant la diffusion du substrat, biocapteur caractérisé en ce qu'il renferme dans l'espace disponible entre l'embout et le corps de l'électrode et avoisinant l'électrode de travail des enzymes immobilisés sur des particules de polymère non soluble dans le milieu réactionnel.
2) Biocapteur selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que l'électrode de travail est l'anode et en ce qu'elle est constituée d'un disque de platine.
3) Biocapteur selon la revendication 1 ou 2 caractérisé en ce que l'électrode de référence est la cathode et en ce qu'elle est constituée d'un fil d'argent recouvert de chlorure d'argent.
4) Biocapteur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes caractérisé en ce que les particules de polymère sur lesquelles sont immobilisés les enzymes dérivent d'une composition monomère non miscible à l'eau contenant jusqu'à 10 % de son poids d'au moins un monomère portant des groupes ionogènes ou réactifs.
5) Biocapteur selon la revendication 4 caractérisé en ce que les particules de polymère ont une granulométrie de l'ordre de 0,2 à 20 microns.
6) Biocapteur selon la revendication 5 caractérisé en ce que les particules de polymère contiennent de 0,5 à 70 % de leur poids d'une charge magnétisable.
7) Biocapteur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes caractérisé en ce que la quantité d'enzyme immobilisée sur les particules de polymère estde l'ordre de 10 à 500 unités d'enzyme par gramme de polymère.
8) Utilisation du biocapteur faisant l'objet de l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes pour le dosage de substrats organiques libérant par réaction enzymatique de l'eau oxygénée.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8917069A FR2656423A1 (fr) | 1989-12-22 | 1989-12-22 | Biocapteur electrochimique. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8917069A FR2656423A1 (fr) | 1989-12-22 | 1989-12-22 | Biocapteur electrochimique. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| FR2656423A1 true FR2656423A1 (fr) | 1991-06-28 |
Family
ID=9388873
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8917069A Withdrawn FR2656423A1 (fr) | 1989-12-22 | 1989-12-22 | Biocapteur electrochimique. |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| FR (1) | FR2656423A1 (fr) |
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| EP0562372A2 (fr) * | 1992-03-23 | 1993-09-29 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Biocapteur |
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| EP1011425A4 (fr) * | 1997-03-04 | 2004-06-16 | Dexcom Inc | Systemes et procedes servant a determiner le niveau de substances a analyser |
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