FR2591517A3 - Process for electron-beam welding of steel workpieces - Google Patents
Process for electron-beam welding of steel workpieces Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- FR2591517A3 FR2591517A3 FR8518798A FR8518798A FR2591517A3 FR 2591517 A3 FR2591517 A3 FR 2591517A3 FR 8518798 A FR8518798 A FR 8518798A FR 8518798 A FR8518798 A FR 8518798A FR 2591517 A3 FR2591517 A3 FR 2591517A3
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- FR
- France
- Prior art keywords
- nickel
- welding
- thickness
- steel
- molten
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
- B23K1/005—Soldering by means of radiant energy
- B23K1/0056—Soldering by means of radiant energy soldering by means of beams, e.g. lasers, E.B.
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Welding Or Cutting Using Electron Beams (AREA)
Abstract
Description
PROCEDE DE SOUDA ~ DE PIECES D'ACIER PAR FAISCEAU D'ELMInRCNE
L'invention concerne le soudage de pièces d'acier par faisceau d'électrons.PROCESS FOR WELDING ~ PIECES OF STEEL BY ELMInRCNE BEAM
The invention relates to the welding of steel parts by electron beam.
L'utilisation de cette technique se répand notamment dans le domaine du soudage des tôles de forte épaisseur en acier de construction (aciers au carbone-manganèse), en raison de la très forte productivité du procédé. The use of this technique is spreading in particular in the field of welding of very thick sheets of structural steel (carbon-manganese steels), because of the very high productivity of the process.
Toutefois, les exigences de ténacité en métal fondu constituent un frein important à la diffusion de ce procédé. En effet, des valeurs de ténacité souvent médiocres sont enregistrées lorsque le soudage est pratiqué sur les aciers de construction avec des fortes énergies. However, the requirements for toughness in molten metal constitute an important obstacle to the diffusion of this process. In fact, often poor toughness values are recorded when welding is carried out on structural steels with high energies.
La solution qui consisterait à inclure dans le métal de base des additions augmentant la trempabilité du métal fondu sans détériorer la ténacité se heurte à plusieurs inconvénients. Les additions peuvent ne pas convenir à d'autres procédés pratiqués sur la meme pièce (par exemple d'autres procédés de soudage, tels que le piquage). De plus, la mise au point de nuances d'acier réservées au soudage n'apparaît pas rentable. The solution which would consist in including in the base metal additions increasing the quenchability of the molten metal without deteriorating the toughness encounters several disadvantages. The additions may not be suitable for other processes carried out on the same part (for example other welding processes, such as stitching). In addition, the development of steel grades reserved for welding does not appear to be profitable.
Le but de l'invention est de proposer un procédé d'amélioration du soudage ne présentant pas ces inconvénients. The object of the invention is to propose a method for improving welding which does not have these drawbacks.
Ce but est atteint par le fait qu'on modifie la composition en zone fondue par un apport réalisé au moyen d'un feuillard en nickel d'une épaisseur déterminée en fonction des paramètres de soudage pour obtenir une composition en zone fondue d'acier de 3 à 9% de nickel. This object is achieved by modifying the composition in the molten zone by a contribution made by means of a nickel strip of a thickness determined according to the welding parameters to obtain a composition in the molten zone of steel of 3 to 9% nickel.
L'amélioration obtenue est surprenante car on pouvait craindre que les conditions très particulières du soudage par faisceau d'électrons modifient défavorablement les caractéristiques attendues (compte tenu des compositions utilisées) du produit final. Dans cet ordre d'idées, les inventeurs ont montré au cours des recherches ayant conduit à la présente invention que l'insertion, dans le plan de joint, d'un feuillard en acier extra-doux n'apporte pas l'amélioration de ténacité espérée. The improvement obtained is surprising because it was feared that the very specific conditions of electron beam welding adversely modify the expected characteristics (taking into account the compositions used) of the final product. In this connection, the inventors have shown in the course of the research which led to the present invention that the insertion, in the parting line, of an ultra-mild steel strip does not bring the improvement in toughness hoped for.
Selon l'invention, le taux moyen de nickel dans le métal fondu est compris entre environ 3 et 9%. Un taux inférieur à cette plage n'entraine pas une amélioration suffisamment sensible de la ténacité. Un taux trop élevé conduit à une fissuration à chaud liée à la ségrégation du nickel lors de la solidification. Compte tenu des éventuelles hétérogénéités locales de composition, la gamme de 3 à 9% conforme à l'invention permet d'éviter les risques de ségrégation. According to the invention, the average level of nickel in the molten metal is between approximately 3 and 9%. A rate below this range does not result in a sufficiently noticeable improvement in toughness. Too high a rate leads to hot cracking linked to the segregation of nickel during solidification. Given the possible local heterogeneities of composition, the range of 3 to 9% according to the invention makes it possible to avoid the risks of segregation.
L'addition de nickel dans les proportions précitées conduit à l'obtention de structures martensitiques ou bainitiques d'aciers au nickel très tenaces. The addition of nickel in the abovementioned proportions leads to the production of very stubborn martensitic or bainitic structures of nickel steels.
Les expériences conduites par les inventeurs ont montré que les cordons de soudures effectués conformément à l'invention sont sains, sans porosité ni fissuration. The experiments carried out by the inventors have shown that the weld beads carried out in accordance with the invention are healthy, without porosity or cracking.
Il est apparu de plus que les compositions en zone fondue peuvent être prédites avec une bonne précision à partir de la composition du métal de base et de l'épaisseur du feuillard. It also appeared that the compositions in the molten zone can be predicted with good accuracy from the composition of the base metal and the thickness of the strip.
On se reportera pour la suite de la description aux dessins annexés sur lesquels
- la figure 1 est une coupe schématique montrant la géométrie du cordon de soudure conforme à l'invention
- la figure 2 est un graphique donnant l'épaisseur du feuillard à utiliser pour une teneur finale en nickel déterminée, en fonction de l'épaisseur de tôle et de l'énergie de soudage
- la figure 3 est un graphique montrant différentes courbes de transition de la résilience en métal fondu avec différents apports de nickel.Reference will be made for the remainder of the description to the appended drawings in which
- Figure 1 is a schematic section showing the geometry of the weld bead according to the invention
- Figure 2 is a graph showing the thickness of the strip to be used for a final nickel content determined, depending on the sheet thickness and the welding energy
- Figure 3 is a graph showing different transition curves of the resilience in molten metal with different inputs of nickel.
La figure 1 montre deux plaques d'acier 1 et un feuillard de nickel 2 au niveau du joint. Un faisceau d'électrons d'énergie
E, symbolisé par la flèche 3, fait fondre le nickel et le métal environnant sur une zone 4.Figure 1 shows two steel plates 1 and a nickel strip 2 at the joint. A beam of energy electrons
E, symbolized by the arrow 3, melts the nickel and the surrounding metal on an area 4.
En appelant : C, C', C" les concentrations respectives en métal d'apport dans le métal fondu 4, dans le feuillard 2 et dans le métal de base 1; e l'épaisseur du feuillard 2; et h la largeur de zone fondue 4, on a, en admettant - ce que l'expérience confirme - une géométrie régulière du phénomène étudié:
C = C'e/h + C" < l-e/h)
Dans le cas particulier de l'invention, la concentration C" de nickel dans l'acier de base 1 est nulle.La relation précitée s'écrit donc
C = C'euh
Si le feuillard 2 de métal d'apport est de nickel pur, C' = 100 d'où:
C = 100e/h
Comme par ailleurs, si l'on désigne l'aire fondue par A, l'épaisseur de tôle 1 par t, et l'énergie de soudage par E, on sait que
kE = A = ht, soit : h = KE/t où K est un facteur de proportionnalité.By calling: C, C ', C "the respective concentrations of filler metal in the molten metal 4, in the strip 2 and in the base metal 1; e the thickness of the strip 2; and h the zone width fondue 4, we have, assuming - as experience confirms - a regular geometry of the phenomenon studied:
C = C'e / h + C "<le / h)
In the particular case of the invention, the concentration C "of nickel in the base steel 1 is zero. The above relationship is therefore written
C = Uh
If the strip 2 of filler metal is pure nickel, C '= 100, hence:
C = 100e / h
As also, if we designate the melted area by A, the sheet thickness 1 by t, and the welding energy by E, we know that
kE = A = ht, that is: h = KE / t where K is a proportionality factor.
On en déduit
C = lOOet/KE formule qui permet de prévoir la teneur de nickel en zone fondue à partir de l'épaisseur de la tôle, de l'épaisseur du feuillard et des paramètres de soudage.We can deduce
C = 100 and KE formula which makes it possible to predict the nickel content in the molten zone from the thickness of the sheet, the thickness of the strip and the welding parameters.
Inversement, si on vise une concentration C (comprise entre 3 et 9%), l'épaisseur du feuillard nécessaire est
e = kEC/lOOt.Conversely, if we aim for a concentration C (between 3 and 9%), the thickness of the strip required is
e = kEC / lOOt.
L'abaque de la figure 2 donne une interprétation graphique immédiate de cette formule, dans le cas où C - 3,5%. The abacus in Figure 2 gives an immediate graphic interpretation of this formula, in the case where C - 3.5%.
L'amélioration de la ténacité avec un apport croissant en nickel est bien mise en évidence sur la figure 3 qui représente les courbes de température de transition de la résilience pour quatre soudures réalisées avec respectivement O ; 5,1 ; 7,5 10,2% de nickel. On sait qu'il existe une corrélation immédiate entre la résilience et la ténacité. Or, les températures de transition apparentes à 28 Joules correspondant aux quatre soudures précitées sont de -50C, -450C, -100 C, et -120 C. Ceci montre l'intérêt d'un accroissement de la teneur en nickel : plus les températures de transition sont basses, plus les ruptures observées aux températures usuelles se font hors de la zone fondue du joint. The improvement in toughness with an increasing supply of nickel is clearly highlighted in FIG. 3 which represents the transition temperature curves of the impact strength for four welds produced with O respectively; 5.1; 7.5 10.2% nickel. We know that there is an immediate correlation between resilience and tenacity. However, the apparent transition temperatures at 28 Joules corresponding to the aforementioned four solders are -50C, -450C, -100 C, and -120 C. This shows the advantage of an increase in the nickel content: the higher the temperatures of transition are low, the more the ruptures observed at the usual temperatures occur outside the melted area of the joint.
On constate sur cette figure que l'abaissement de la température de transition est surtout remarquable Jusqu'à une concentration de 7,5% en nickel, mais qu'on observe ensuite un certain tassement de l'amélioration supplémentaire. It can be seen in this figure that the lowering of the transition temperature is above all remarkable up to a concentration of 7.5% of nickel, but that there is then a certain settlement of the additional improvement.
Bien que les inserts soient de préférence en nickel pur, on peut utiliser des inserts en alliage à base de nickel, ainsi que prévoir dans le métal de base des éléments d'addition susceptibles d'améliorer, en coopération avec le nickel, la ténacité dans la zone fondue. Although the inserts are preferably made of pure nickel, it is possible to use inserts of a nickel-based alloy, as well as to provide in the base metal with elements capable of improving, in cooperation with nickel, the toughness in the melted area.
Claims (3)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8518798A FR2591517B3 (en) | 1985-12-18 | 1985-12-18 | METHOD OF WELDING STEEL PARTS BY ELECTRON BEAM |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8518798A FR2591517B3 (en) | 1985-12-18 | 1985-12-18 | METHOD OF WELDING STEEL PARTS BY ELECTRON BEAM |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
FR2591517A3 true FR2591517A3 (en) | 1987-06-19 |
FR2591517B3 FR2591517B3 (en) | 1987-12-31 |
Family
ID=9325940
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
FR8518798A Expired FR2591517B3 (en) | 1985-12-18 | 1985-12-18 | METHOD OF WELDING STEEL PARTS BY ELECTRON BEAM |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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FR (1) | FR2591517B3 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1463618A1 (en) * | 2001-12-12 | 2004-10-06 | Avery Dennison Corporation | A process and apparatus for embossing precise microstructures and embossing tool for making same |
US8114528B2 (en) * | 2006-10-02 | 2012-02-14 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Electron beam welded joint excellent in brittle fracture resistance |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1031801A (en) * | 1962-02-28 | 1966-06-02 | United Aircraft Corp | Method of joining workpieces by means of a beam of charge carriers |
FR1511955A (en) * | 1966-02-21 | 1968-02-02 | United States Steel Corp | Improvements to welds of steel parts |
-
1985
- 1985-12-18 FR FR8518798A patent/FR2591517B3/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1031801A (en) * | 1962-02-28 | 1966-06-02 | United Aircraft Corp | Method of joining workpieces by means of a beam of charge carriers |
FR1511955A (en) * | 1966-02-21 | 1968-02-02 | United States Steel Corp | Improvements to welds of steel parts |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1463618A1 (en) * | 2001-12-12 | 2004-10-06 | Avery Dennison Corporation | A process and apparatus for embossing precise microstructures and embossing tool for making same |
EP1463618A4 (en) * | 2001-12-12 | 2006-11-02 | Avery Dennison Corp | A process and apparatus for embossing precise microstructures and embossing tool for making same |
US8114528B2 (en) * | 2006-10-02 | 2012-02-14 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Electron beam welded joint excellent in brittle fracture resistance |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2591517B3 (en) | 1987-12-31 |
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