ES2957535B2 - FUEL ADDITIVE FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES - Google Patents
FUEL ADDITIVE FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Download PDFInfo
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- ES2957535B2 ES2957535B2 ES202230499A ES202230499A ES2957535B2 ES 2957535 B2 ES2957535 B2 ES 2957535B2 ES 202230499 A ES202230499 A ES 202230499A ES 202230499 A ES202230499 A ES 202230499A ES 2957535 B2 ES2957535 B2 ES 2957535B2
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- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 title description 6
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- RMGHERXMTMUMMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxypropane Chemical compound COC(C)C RMGHERXMTMUMMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 24
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010835 comparative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1608—Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
- C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
Description
DESCRIPCIÓNDESCRIPTION
Aditivo para combustibles para motores de combustión interna Fuel additive for internal combustion engines
SECTOR DE LA TÉCNICATECHNIQUE SECTOR
La presente invención se refiere a un aditivo para combustibles para motores de combustión interna que presenta una novedosa formulación a partir de la cual se mejora la eficacia de la combustión, reduciendo emisiones y consumos. The present invention refers to a fuel additive for internal combustion engines that presents a novel formulation from which the efficiency of combustion is improved, reducing emissions and consumption.
Es igualmente objeto de la invención proporcionar un aditivo para combustibles que reduce la viscosidad del mismo, que permite una óptima distribución, mejorando la aceleración y el confort, ya que consigue una conducción más suave. It is also the object of the invention to provide a fuel additive that reduces its viscosity, allowing optimal distribution, improving acceleration and comfort, since it achieves a smoother ride.
La invención se sitúa pues en el ámbito de la industria petroquímica, siendo aplicable a combustibles tales como el diésel o biodiesel. The invention is therefore located in the field of the petrochemical industry, being applicable to fuels such as diesel or biodiesel.
ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓNBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
En el ámbito de aplicación práctica de la invención, como es sabido, el rendimiento de los motores térmicos de combustión interna sigue siendo bajo con respecto a otro tipo de motores como pueden ser los motores eléctricos. In the scope of practical application of the invention, as is known, the performance of internal combustion thermal engines remains low compared to other types of engines such as electric motors.
Parte de la culpa de este bajo rendimiento viene dado por la eficacia de combustión del combustible, la cual es función de la propia composición de dicho combustible. Part of the blame for this low performance is given by the combustion efficiency of the fuel, which is a function of the composition of said fuel itself.
Si bien existen aditivos que permiten incrementar ligeramente esta eficiencia de combustión, los resultados siguen dejando mucho que desear. Although there are additives that allow this combustion efficiency to be slightly increased, the results still leave much to be desired.
A esta problemática hay que añadirle el problema que supone la emisión de gases contaminantes procedentes de la combustión, así como la falta de homogeneidad en la distribución del combustible en el seno de las cámaras de combustión o cilindros debido a la propia viscosidad del combustible, lo cual afecta igualmente de forma negativa al rendimiento del motor. To this problem we must add the problem caused by the emission of polluting gases from combustion, as well as the lack of homogeneity in the distribution of the fuel within the combustion chambers or cylinders due to the viscosity of the fuel itself, which which also negatively affects the performance of the engine.
En definitiva, el solicitante desconoce la existencia de aditivos para combustibles que permitan mejorar sensiblemente el rendimiento del motor, reduciendo tanto su consumo como las emisiones emitidas derivadas de dicha combustión con una fórmula tal y como la que seguidamente se va a describir. In short, the applicant is unaware of the existence of fuel additives that can significantly improve engine performance, reducing both its consumption and the emissions emitted derived from said combustion with a formula such as the one that will be described below.
EXPLICACIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓNEXPLANATION OF THE INVENTION
El aditivo de combustibles para motores de combustión interna que se preconiza resuelve de forma plenamente satisfactoria la problemática anteriormente expuesta. The fuel additive for internal combustion engines that is recommended completely satisfactorily resolves the problem previously stated.
Para ello, y de forma más concreta, el aditivo de la invención presenta la siguiente formulación: To this end, and more specifically, the additive of the invention has the following formulation:
• 2-Metoxipropano..........................10-20% • 2-Methoxypropane..........................10-20%
• Propan-2-ol................................ 30-40% • Propan-2-ol................................ 30-40%
• Metanol.......................................40-50% • Methanol....................................40-50%
• Tetrahidrofurano.........................<5% • Tetrahydrofuran..............................<5%
• Hexano....................................... <5% • Hexane.............................................. <5%
A partir de esta composición, y como se demostrará en los apartados posteriores, se consigue un aditivo que, añadido a un combustible como puede ser diésel o biodiesel en una proporción comprendida entre el 0,2 y el 0,5 %, permite una reducción de consumo del 3.5%, una reducción de emisiones NOx superiores al 9%, de monóxido de carbono por encima del 30% y una reducción de emisión de partículas, en algunos casos, superior al 65%. Además reduce significativamente la viscosidad del combustible y mejora la respuesta del motor. From this composition, and as will be demonstrated in the subsequent sections, an additive is obtained that, added to a fuel such as diesel or biodiesel in a proportion between 0.2 and 0.5%, allows a reduction consumption of 3.5%, a reduction in NOx emissions of over 9%, of carbon monoxide over 30% and a reduction in particle emissions, in some cases, over 65%. It also significantly reduces fuel viscosity and improves engine response.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS FIGURASDESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Para complementar la descripción que seguidamente se va a realizar y con objeto de ayudar a una mejor comprensión de las características del invento, de acuerdo con un ejemplo preferente de realización práctica del mismo, se acompaña como parte integrante de dicha descripción, un juego de planos en donde con carácter ilustrativo y no limitativo, se ha representado lo siguiente: To complement the description that will be made below and in order to help a better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, in accordance with a preferred example of its practical implementation, a set of plans is attached as an integral part of said description. where, for illustrative and non-limiting purposes, the following has been represented:
La figura 1.- Muestra una gráfica en la que se representan los consumos específicos medios de un motor de combustión interna para diferentes estados de carga, cuando es alimentado con un combustible convencional, y cuando a dicho combustible se le añade el aditivo de la invención. Figure 1.- Shows a graph that represents the average specific consumption of an internal combustion engine for different load states, when it is fed with a conventional fuel, and when the additive of the invention is added to said fuel. .
La figura 2.- Muestra una gráfica comparativa de las emisiones específicas medias para un motor de combustión interna cuando es alimentado con un combustible convencional, y cuando a dicho combustible se le añade el aditivo de la invención. Figure 2.- Shows a comparative graph of the average specific emissions for an internal combustion engine when it is fed with a conventional fuel, and when the additive of the invention is added to said fuel.
REALIZACIÓN PREFERENTE DE LA INVENCIÓNPREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
A modo de ejemplo, se partió de un mismo motor, concretamente un motor Perkins 403D-11, en orden a verificar el rendimiento y emisiones del mismo a partir de un combustible convencional (Gasoleo A), y este mismo combustible con un aditivo añadido al mismo, en un 0,2 % de su volumen, con la siguiente composición: As an example, the same engine was used, specifically a Perkins 403D-11 engine, in order to verify its performance and emissions using a conventional fuel (Diesel A), and this same fuel with an additive added to the same, in 0.2% of its volume, with the following composition:
• 2-Metoxipropano.........................10-20% • 2-Methoxypropane..............................10-20%
• Propan-2-ol................................ 30-40% • Propan-2-ol................................ 30-40%
• Metanol.......................................40-50% • Methanol....................................40-50%
• Tetrahidrofurano.........................<5% • Tetrahydrofuran................................<5%
• Hexano....................................... <5% • Hexane.............................................. <5%
El ensayo se lleva a cabo en un motor grupo electrógeno de la marca GESAN modelo DP9 y que consta de un motor térmico Perkins 403D-11 y un generador eléctrico síncrono trifásico. The test is carried out on a GESAN model DP9 generator set engine, which consists of a Perkins 403D-11 thermal engine and a three-phase synchronous electric generator.
El alternador está directamente acoplado al motor en las envolventes. El rotor se fija al volante mediante discos de acero, que le dan flexibilidad. Este montaje garantiza la ausencia de vibraciones. El conjunto se fija a la bancada mediante amortiguadores anti vibratorios. The alternator is directly coupled to the engine in the casings. The rotor is fixed to the flywheel using steel discs, which give it flexibility. This assembly guarantees the absence of vibrations. The assembly is fixed to the bench using anti-vibration dampers.
En el presente ejemplo de realización práctica se estable una potencia nominal de ensayo de 7.2kW y un régimen nominal de giro de 1500rpm. In this practical example, a nominal test power of 7.2kW and a nominal rotation speed of 1500rpm are established.
En cuanto a los equipos de medida utilizados, se empleó un analizador de gases con capacidad de análisis de CO, CO2 y HC utilizando el procedimiento de infrarrojos no dispersivos, y NO y O2 mediante transmisor electroquímico. Regarding the measurement equipment used, a gas analyzer was used with the capacity to analyze CO, CO2 and HC using the non-dispersive infrared procedure, and NO and O2 using an electrochemical transmitter.
Paralelamente se utilizaron medios de medición de la opacidad, así como medios de medición del consumo gravimétrico. In parallel, opacity measurement means were used, as well as gravimetric consumption measurement means.
Para llevar al motor a un determinado estado de carga se van conectando resistencias en paralelo en pasos de 1.5 kW. Para el caso de ensayo propuesto se definen los siguientes modos de ensayo y factores de ponderación. To bring the motor to a certain state of load, resistors are connected in parallel in steps of 1.5 kW. For the proposed test case, the following test modes and weighting factors are defined.
Para la realización del ensayo se adquieren 20 litros de gasóleo de automoción clase A. De esos 20 litros se preparan 10 mezclándose al 0.2% (2 por 1000) con el aditivo de la invención. To carry out the test, 20 liters of class A automotive diesel are purchased. Of those 20 liters, 10 are prepared by mixing at 0.2% (2 per 1000) with the additive of the invention.
Tomando en consideración esto último y teniendo presente la realización práctica del ensayo se procede con el siguiente modo: Taking the latter into consideration and keeping in mind the practical implementation of the test, we proceed as follows:
• Primera tanda de ensayo. • First round of rehearsal.
a) Se descarga el depósito del motor a ensayar y se abastece este de nuevo con aproximadamente 5 litros de gasóleo de automoción clase A. a) The engine tank to be tested is unloaded and refilled with approximately 5 liters of class A automotive diesel.
b) Se enciende el motor y se deja alcanzar la temperatura de funcionamiento. b) Start the engine and let it reach operating temperature.
c) Se lleva este al modo 1 (máxima potencia). c) This is taken to mode 1 (maximum power).
d) Se tomas los datos pertinentes para cada modo de ensayo de 1 a 5. d) The relevant data is taken for each test mode from 1 to 5.
e) Al llegar al último punto se realiza otra vez el ensayo en orden inverso del punto 5 al 1. e) Upon reaching the last point, the test is performed again in reverse order from point 5 to 1.
f) Estando otra vez en el punto 1 se vuelve a realizar el ensayo de 1 a 5. f) Once again at point 1, the test from 1 to 5 is carried out again.
g) Se apaga la máquina y se descarga el depósito del motor e inmediatamente se abastece este de nuevo con aproximadamente 5 litros de gasóleo de automoción clase A mezclado al 0.2% con el aditivo de la invención. g) The machine is turned off and the engine tank is unloaded and immediately resupplied with approximately 5 liters of class A automotive diesel mixed at 0.2% with the additive of the invention.
h) Se repiten los apartados del b) al f) de forma que al terminar NO se vacía el depósito y el combustible sobrante (gasóleo aditivado) permanece almacenado en el mismo. h) Sections b) to f) are repeated so that when finished the tank is NOT emptied and the excess fuel (additivated diesel) remains stored in it.
Segunda tanda de ensayo (repetición en sentido inverso): Second test round (repetition in reverse direction):
a) Se rellena el depósito con aproximadamente 5 litros más de gasóleo de automoción clase A mezclado al 0.2% con el aditivo de la invención. a) The tank is filled with approximately 5 more liters of class A automotive diesel mixed at 0.2% with the additive of the invention.
b) Se enciende el motor y se deja alcanzar la temperatura de funcionamiento. b) Start the engine and let it reach operating temperature.
c) Se lleva este al modo 1 (máxima potencia). c) This is taken to mode 1 (maximum power).
d) Se tomas los datos pertinentes para cada modo de ensayo de 1 a 5. d) The relevant data is taken for each test mode from 1 to 5.
e) Al llegar al último punto se realiza otra vez el ensayo en orden inverso del punto 5 al 1. e) Upon reaching the last point, the test is performed again in reverse order from point 5 to 1.
f) Estando otra vez en el punto 1 e vuelve a realizar el ensayo de 1 a 5. f) Being at point 1 again, perform the test from 1 to 5 again.
g) Se apaga la máquina y se descarga el depósito del motor e inmediatamente se abastece este de nuevo con aproximadamente 5 litros de gasóleo de automoción clase A. g) The machine is turned off and the engine tank is unloaded and immediately resupplied with approximately 5 liters of class A automotive diesel.
h) Se repiten los apartados del b) al f). h) Sections b) to f) are repeated.
Con esta metodología se poseen un total de 6 ensayos completos de cada combustible. With this methodology, there are a total of 6 complete tests for each fuel.
Para cada ensayo se anotan los datos relativos a las condiciones atmosféricas de la sala de ensayo (temperatura, presión y humedad relativa ambiente). For each test, the data relating to the atmospheric conditions of the test room (temperature, pressure and ambient relative humidity) are recorded.
En resumen, se han realizado dos tandas, tres ciclos ensayos seguidos con un combustible y luego otros tres con otro combustible, dejando apagado el motor el tiempo de trasiego. In summary, two rounds have been carried out, three test cycles in a row with one fuel and then another three with another fuel, leaving the engine off for the transfer time.
Aunque si bien la potencia se corrige según la ISO 3046 y ello permite corregir el cambio de las condiciones ambientales y su evolución a lo largo de los ensayos, no existe dicha corrección en lo relativo a las emisiones de contaminante y consumo de combustible. Although the power is corrected according to ISO 3046 and this allows the change in environmental conditions and their evolution throughout the tests to be corrected, there is no such correction in relation to pollutant emissions and fuel consumption.
Por este motivo se opta por reducir la incertidumbre eliminando los primeros ensayos de cada mañana. For this reason, it is decided to reduce uncertainty by eliminating the first rehearsals each morning.
Adicionalmente, y aunque se mantiene un rodaje largo del motor para asegurar le completa renovación del combustible en los filtros, bomba, circuito de inyección, etc. se opta por eliminar también el primer ensayo tras cada cambio de combustible. Additionally, and although a long running-in of the engine is maintained to ensure complete fuel renewal in the filters, pump, injection circuit, etc. It is also decided to eliminate the first test after each fuel change.
De esta manera se han realizado solamente 2 ensayos válidos por tanda y combustible. La siguiente tabla ilustra los ensayos realizados y cuáles han sido empleados en el estudio. In this way, only 2 valid tests have been carried out per batch and fuel. The following table illustrates the tests carried out and which ones were used in the study.
Se presentan a continuación los resultados correspondientes a los ensayos considerados válidos. The results corresponding to the tests considered valid are presented below.
a) Gasóleo A de referencia. a) Reference diesel A.
Consumo de combustible en g/h. Fuel consumption in g/h.
b) Gasoleo A de referencia Aditivo de la invención. b) Reference diesel A Additive of the invention.
Consumo de combustible en g/h Fuel consumption in g/h
A partir de estos resultados, se lleva a cabo el siguiente análisis comparativo: Consumos específicos medios en cada punto: Based on these results, the following comparative analysis is carried out: Average specific consumption at each point:
_______ _______
En la figura 1 se muestra gráficamente los datos obtenidos de esta tabla. Figure 1 shows graphically the data obtained from this table.
Tomando los ensayos en los 3 modos de mayor potencia del motor (modo 1, modo 2 y modo 3), la media de reducción de consumo de combustible que se alcanza usando el aditivo de la invención es del 2.58%. Taking the tests in the 3 modes with the highest engine power (mode 1, mode 2 and mode 3), the average fuel consumption reduction achieved using the additive of the invention is 2.58%.
En cuanto a la medida de emisiones, las emisiones medias ponderadas son las que se muestran en la tabla siguiente así como en las figura 2. Regarding the measurement of emissions, the weighted average emissions are shown in the following table as well as in Figure 2.
Si bien permanece afectado por una alta dispersión e incertidumbre, se aprecia un efecto muy significativo del aditivo de la invención sobre las emisiones de contaminantes. Los valores medios muestran una reducción generalizada de todas las emisiones. Although it remains affected by high dispersion and uncertainty, a very significant effect of the additive of the invention on pollutant emissions can be seen. The average values show a general reduction of all emissions.
En lo que respecta a la opacidad, se puede apreciar un claro descenso de la opacidad debido al uso del aditivo de la invención. Esta reducción se hace más patente para bajas potencias, dónde el motor trabaja con más exceso de aire. With regard to opacity, a clear decrease in opacity can be seen due to the use of the additive of the invention. This reduction becomes more evident for low powers, where the engine works with more excess air.
Se puede concluir pues, que en principio tanto el consumo de combustible como las emisiones de gases contaminantes se reducen sustancialmente. De forma más concreta y concisa el consumo específico se reduce un 1.69%, siendo este resultado la media de consumos para todos los puntos de operación y contrastado entre combustibles. Tomando los ensayos en los 2 modos de mayor potencia, y por lo tanto mayor consumo, la reducción es del 3.39%. It can be concluded, therefore, that in principle both fuel consumption and polluting gas emissions are substantially reduced. More specifically and concisely, specific consumption is reduced by 1.69%, this result being the average consumption for all operating points and contrasted between fuels. Taking the tests in the 2 modes with the highest power, and therefore the highest consumption, the reduction is 3.39%.
Respecto a las emisiones se produce un fenómeno similar con una tendencia a la baja en cuanto a los resultados con el aditivo de la invención. Regarding emissions, a similar phenomenon occurs with a downward trend in terms of the results with the additive of the invention.
Los resultados de opacidad son muy concluyentes y permiten afirmar que el aditivo de la invención genera una reducción muy significativa de la emisión de partículas del motor, llegando a conseguir un % de mejora a baja potencia del 65.36%. The opacity results are very conclusive and allow us to affirm that the additive of the invention generates a very significant reduction in the engine's particle emission, achieving a % improvement at low power of 65.36%.
En cuanto a la caracterización del combustible aditivado, se aprecia, en general, que las propiedades no se alteran significativamente por la presencia del aditivo. Sin embargo, destaca la reducción de viscosidad al incrementar la presencia de aditivo. Si bien no afecta al uso del gasóleo, esto lo convierte en un producto muy interesante para aditivar otros combustibles alternativos, posibilitando su uso; permitiendo aumentar el porcentaje de aceite puro mezclado con gasóleo, o usar biodiésel que tenga valores de viscosidad algo superiores a lo permitido por la normativa. Así, el biodiésel de aceite de palma, que está muy extendido por su bajo precio, presenta unos valores de viscosidad elevados que impiden su uso directo en motores y ha de mezclarse con gasóleo (la norma EN14214 permite unos valores entre 3,5 y 5 mm2/s, mientras que el biodiésel de aceite de palma presenta un valor de 5,64 mm2/s y el de orujo, 5,20 mm2/s). Usando el aditivo, el porcentaje de aceite vegetal o bien de biodiésel de alta viscosidad, en la mezcla con gasóleo, podría ser superior. Regarding the characterization of the additive fuel, it can be seen, in general, that the properties are not significantly altered by the presence of the additive. However, the reduction in viscosity stands out by increasing the presence of additive. Although it does not affect the use of diesel, this makes it a very interesting product for adding other alternative fuels, making its use possible; allowing to increase the percentage of pure oil mixed with diesel, or to use biodiesel that has viscosity values somewhat higher than what is allowed by the regulations. Thus, palm oil biodiesel, which is widespread due to its low price, has high viscosity values that prevent its direct use in engines and must be mixed with diesel (the EN14214 standard allows values between 3.5 and 5 mm2/s, while palm oil biodiesel has a value of 5.64 mm2/s and pomace, 5.20 mm2/s). Using the additive, the percentage of vegetable oil or high viscosity biodiesel, in the mixture with diesel, could be higher.
En cuanto a la curva de destilación, se aprecia que al incrementar el contenido de aditivo de las mezclas, a partir del 30% de destilado, la temperatura a la que evapora es menor que cuando se usa gasóleo puro. Esto es indicativo de una mejor vaporización a baja temperatura, que favorece la distribución del combustible entre los cilindros y permite una mejor aceleración. Esto se traduce en una conducción más suave y una mejor respuesta del motor. Regarding the distillation curve, it can be seen that by increasing the additive content of the mixtures, starting from 30% distillate, the temperature at which it evaporates is lower than when pure diesel is used. This is indicative of better vaporization at low temperatures, which favors the distribution of fuel between the cylinders and allows better acceleration. This results in a smoother ride and better engine response.
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