ES2607799T3 - Process for making butanol or acetone - Google Patents

Process for making butanol or acetone Download PDF

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ES2607799T3
ES2607799T3 ES11738779.5T ES11738779T ES2607799T3 ES 2607799 T3 ES2607799 T3 ES 2607799T3 ES 11738779 T ES11738779 T ES 11738779T ES 2607799 T3 ES2607799 T3 ES 2607799T3
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substrate
process according
bagasse
distillation
acetone
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Samantha Jane White
Kenneth Alexander Leiper
Martin Tangney
Sandra Messenger
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CELTIC RENEWABLES Ltd
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    • C12PFERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/24Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carbonyl group
    • C12P7/26Ketones
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    • C12FRECOVERY OF BY-PRODUCTS OF FERMENTED SOLUTIONS; DENATURED ALCOHOL; PREPARATION THEREOF
    • C12F3/00Recovery of by-products
    • C12F3/06Recovery of by-products from beer and wine
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12FRECOVERY OF BY-PRODUCTS OF FERMENTED SOLUTIONS; DENATURED ALCOHOL; PREPARATION THEREOF
    • C12F3/00Recovery of by-products
    • C12F3/10Recovery of by-products from distillery slops
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12PFERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/02Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
    • C12P7/04Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
    • C12P7/16Butanols
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    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12PFERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/24Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carbonyl group
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    • C12P7/00Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/24Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carbonyl group
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10G2300/00Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
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    • C10L2290/00Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
    • C10L2290/26Composting, fermenting or anaerobic digestion fuel components or materials from which fuels are prepared
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P30/00Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
    • Y02P30/20Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock

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Abstract

Un proceso para la elaboración de butanol y/o acetona, que comprende al menos las etapas de: - tratar un sustrato que comprende bagazo, que es un subproducto de la elaboración de whisky de malta, y los residuos de la primera destilación, que son un subproducto de la elaboración del whisky de malta de un recipiente de destilación de cobre, para hidrolizar el sustrato para proporcionar un sustrato tratado, dicho bagazo comprende grano agotado que consiste esencialmente en cebada malteada; y - fermentar el sustrato tratado en presencia de un cultivo de microorganismos que forman butanol y/o acetona a un pH inicial en el intervalo de 5,0 a 6,0 y a una concentración de iones de cobre libres de menos de 20 μM para proporcionar un producto fermentado que contiene butanol y/o acetona.A process for the preparation of butanol and / or acetone, which comprises at least the steps of: - treating a substrate comprising bagasse, which is a byproduct of the manufacture of malt whiskey, and the residues of the first distillation, which are a byproduct of the manufacture of malt whiskey from a copper distillation vessel, to hydrolyze the substrate to provide a treated substrate, said bagasse comprises depleted grain consisting essentially of malted barley; and - fermenting the treated substrate in the presence of a culture of microorganisms forming butanol and / or acetone at an initial pH in the range of 5.0 to 6.0 and at a concentration of free copper ions of less than 20 μM to provide a fermented product containing butanol and / or acetone.

Description

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DESCRIPCIONDESCRIPTION

Proceso para la elaboracion de butanol o acetona Campo de la invencionProcess for the preparation of butanol or acetone Field of the invention

La presente invencion se refiere a un procedimiento para la elaboracion de biocombustibles y productos qmmicos renovables. Mas particularmente, la invencion se refiere a un proceso para la fabricacion de butanol. La invencion se refiere ademas a un proceso para la fabricacion de acetona.The present invention relates to a process for the production of biofuels and renewable chemicals. More particularly, the invention relates to a process for the manufacture of butanol. The invention also relates to a process for the manufacture of acetone.

Antecedentes de la invencionBackground of the invention

En los ultimos anos, los mayores precios del petroleo, el agotamiento de las fuentes de combustibles y los problemas ambientales han llevado a un interes renovado en la produccion de combustibles a partir de biomasa (“biocombustibles”). El biobutanol es producido por fermentacion de biomasa usando bacterias, tipicamente del genero Clostridium. Ademas de butanol, estos organismos tambien producen acetona, que es un solvente importante y etanol, de modo que el proceso es denominado frecuentemente "proceso ABE" (proceso de Acetona/Butanol/Etanol). Las cargas de alimentacion o sustratos usados actualmente incluyen cultivos energeticos, tales como remolacha azucarera, cana de azucar, mafz y trigo, asf como tambien subproductos agncolas, tales como paja y tallos de mafz. El uso de biobutanol como un combustible tiene diversas ventajas con respecto al uso de etanol. Sin embargo, como la produccion de biobutanol es actualmente mas costosa que la produccion de etanol, no ha sido comercializada en gran escala.In recent years, higher oil prices, depletion of fuel sources and environmental problems have led to a renewed interest in the production of fuels from biomass ("biofuels"). Biobutanol is produced by fermentation of biomass using bacteria, typically from the Clostridium genus. In addition to butanol, these organisms also produce acetone, which is an important solvent and ethanol, so that the process is often called the "ABE process" (Acetone / Butanol / Ethanol process). Feed charges or substrates currently used include energy crops, such as sugar beets, sugar cane, corn and wheat, as well as agricultural by-products, such as straw and corn stalks. The use of biobutanol as a fuel has several advantages over the use of ethanol. However, since biobutanol production is currently more expensive than ethanol production, it has not been commercialized on a large scale.

El whisky de malta se refiere al whisky que ha sido producido solamente a partir de grano de cebada malteada. La produccion de whisky de malta comienza con el malteado de la cebada empapando la cebada en agua. El malteado libera enzimas que degradan los almidones en el grano y los convierten en azucares. Cuando se alcanza el estado de germinacion deseado, la cebada malteada se seca. La cebada malteada secada se macera en una cuba de maceracion. Al macerar, las enzimas que se desarrollaron durante el proceso de malteado convierten o hidrolizan el almidon de la cebada en azucar. El lfquido resultante que contiene los azucares es denominado mosto. Este es transferido a un recipiente grande denominado cuba de fermentacion, en donde es enfriado y se deja fermentar para formar el mosto fermentado. El residuo remanente despues de la extraccion de los azucares solubles o del mosto es conocido como bagazo. Esto comprende los solidos de cebada agotados o los granos agotados.Malt whiskey refers to whiskey that has been produced only from malted barley grain. The production of malt whiskey begins with the barley milkshake soaking the barley in water. The milkshake releases enzymes that degrade the starches in the grain and convert them into sugars. When the desired germination state is reached, the malted barley is dried. The dried malted barley is macerated in a maceration bowl. When macerating, the enzymes that developed during the malting process convert or hydrolyze barley starch into sugar. The resulting liquid that contains the sugars is called must. This is transferred to a large vessel called a fermentation vessel, where it is cooled and allowed to ferment to form the fermented must. The remaining residue after the extraction of soluble sugars or must is known as bagasse. This includes depleted barley solids or depleted grains.

El mosto fermentado es destilado en un recipiente de destilacion de cobre o alambique, aun conocido como mosto fermentado para producir un destilado lfquido que contiene alcohol, conocido como alcoholes bajos. El residuo de destilacion o licor remanente en el alambique despues de la primera destilacion de alcohol es conocido como mosto claro" o mosto oscuro. Los alcoholes bajos son destilados una segunda vez y algunas veces una tercera vez en alambiques de alcohol para producir alcohol bruto, que es madurado en vasijas de roble para producir whisky de malta. El licor remanente en la segunda y subsiguientes destilaciones es denominado posos agotados.The fermented must is distilled in a copper or still distillation vessel, still known as fermented must to produce a liquid distillate containing alcohol, known as low alcohols. The distillation residue or liquor remaining in the still after the first alcohol distillation is known as light must or dark must. Low alcohols are distilled a second time and sometimes a third time in alcohol stills to produce raw alcohol, which is matured in oak pots to produce malt whiskey.The remaining liquor in the second and subsequent distillations is called exhausted grounds.

Los subproductos de la elaboracion del whisky de malta comprenden por lo tanto el bagazo, el mosto claro y los posos agotados. El bagazo contiene los componentes que no son almidon de la cebada original y generalmente representa aproximadamente veinticinco por ciento de la cebada malteada total agregada a la cuba de maceracion. Es rico en fibras digeribles y tambien contiene protema concentrada y aceite de la cebada malteada. Es agradable al paladar para todos los tipos de ganado rumiante. El residuo de la primera destilacion tiene un bajo contenido de solidos totales y contiene celulas de levadura muertas, residuo de levadura, protema soluble, nutrientes solubles, carbohidratos y otro material de los pasos de fermentacion y maceracion. Tambien puede contener una cantidad significativa de cobre de los alambiques propiamente dichos. El residuo de la primera destilacion es rico en nutrientes y puede ser usado como un alimento para la mayona del ganado rumiante. Sin embargo, debido a su alto contenido de cobre, no es adecuado para las ovejas. El bagazo y los residuos de la primera destilacion son categorizados actualmente como siendo de bajo valor economico.The by-products of the manufacture of malt whiskey therefore include bagasse, clear must and depleted grounds. The bagasse contains the non-starch components of the original barley and generally represents approximately twenty-five percent of the total malted barley added to the maceration bowl. It is rich in digestible fibers and also contains concentrated protein and malted barley oil. It is pleasant to the palate for all types of ruminant cattle. The first distillation residue has a low total solid content and contains dead yeast cells, yeast residue, soluble protein, soluble nutrients, carbohydrates and other material from the fermentation and maceration steps. It can also contain a significant amount of copper from the stills themselves. The residue of the first distillation is rich in nutrients and can be used as a food for the mayona of ruminant cattle. However, due to its high copper content, it is not suitable for sheep. Bagasse and waste from the first distillation are currently categorized as being of low economic value.

Smtesis de la invencionSynthesis of the invention

Los inventores de la presente solicitud han desarrollado un proceso para la elaboracion de butanol, acetona y/u otros productos qmmicos renovables que utiliza los subproductos de bajo valor economico de la elaboracion del whisky de malta, tales como el bagazo, los residuos de la primera destilacion y/o los posos agotados.The inventors of the present application have developed a process for the preparation of butanol, acetone and / or other renewable chemical products that use the low-economic by-products of the manufacture of malt whiskey, such as bagasse, waste from the first distillation and / or exhausted grounds.

De acuerdo con la presente invencion se proporciona un proceso para la elaboracion de butanol y/o acetona, que comprende al menos las etapas de:In accordance with the present invention there is provided a process for the preparation of butanol and / or acetone, comprising at least the steps of:

- tratar un sustrato que comprende el bagazo y los residuos de la primera destilacion parea hidrolizar el sustrato para proporcionar un sustrato tratado, dicho bagazo comprenden grano agotado que consiste esencialmente en cebada malteada; y- treating a substrate comprising the bagasse and the residues of the first distillation to hydrolyze the substrate to provide a treated substrate, said bagasse comprise depleted grain consisting essentially of malted barley; Y

- fermentar el sustrato tratado en presencia de un cultivo de microorganismos que forman butanol y/o acetona a un pH inicial en el intervalo de 5,0 a 6,0 y a una concentracion de iones de cobre libres de menos de 20 pM para proporcionar un producto fermentado que contiene butanol y/o acetona.- fermenting the treated substrate in the presence of a culture of microorganisms forming butanol and / or acetone at an initial pH in the range of 5.0 to 6.0 and at a concentration of free copper ions of less than 20 pM to provide a fermented product containing butanol and / or acetone.

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Descripcion detallada de la invencionDetailed description of the invention

Los presentes inventores han descubierto sorprendentemente que es posible llevar a cabo la fermentacion en presencia de los residuos de la primera destilacion. Se esperaba que el alto contenido de cobre en los residuos de la primera destilacion de los alambiques de cobre inhibiera a los microorganismos que forman butanol y/o acetona, tales como las bacterias del genero Clostridium. Sin embargo, los presentes inventores han demostrado que cuando el sustrato es diluido para bajar la concentracion de iones de cobre libres a menos de 20 jM, no hay un efecto inhibidor.The present inventors have surprisingly discovered that it is possible to carry out fermentation in the presence of the residues of the first distillation. The high copper content in the residues of the first distillation of the copper stills was expected to inhibit microorganisms that form butanol and / or acetone, such as the bacteria of the Clostridium genus. However, the present inventors have shown that when the substrate is diluted to lower the concentration of free copper ions to less than 20 jM, there is no inhibitory effect.

El uso de residuos de la primera destilacion en la elaboracion de butanol, acetona y/u otros productos qmmicos renovables tiene varias ventajas asociadas. Los residuos de la primera destilacion estan categorizados actualmente como de bajo valor economico. El uso de residuos de la primera destilacion en la presente invencion permite aumentar el valor economico de los residuos de la primera destilacion. Ademas, los residuos de la primera destilacion actuan como un solvente para disolver el sustrato. Asf, la cantidad de agua o de otro diluyente requerido es reducida cuando se usan los residuos de la primera destilacion. Ademas, los residuos de la primera destilacion proporcionan nutrientes esenciales para los microorganismos mejorando la fermentacion y la conversion total del sustrato en productos.The use of waste from the first distillation in the preparation of butanol, acetone and / or other renewable chemical products has several associated advantages. Waste from the first distillation is currently categorized as having low economic value. The use of waste from the first distillation in the present invention allows to increase the economic value of the waste from the first distillation. In addition, the residues of the first distillation act as a solvent to dissolve the substrate. Thus, the amount of water or other diluent required is reduced when the residues of the first distillation are used. In addition, the residues of the first distillation provide essential nutrients for the microorganisms, improving the fermentation and the total conversion of the substrate into products.

El uso de bagazo, posos agotados y/u otros sustratos de biomasa en la elaboracion de butanol, acetona y/u otros productos qmmicos renovables tambien es ventajoso ya que proporciona una solucion para la eliminacion de estas sustancias. El bagazo, en particular, esta categorizado actualmente como de bajo valor economico.The use of bagasse, depleted grounds and / or other biomass substrates in the preparation of butanol, acetone and / or other renewable chemicals is also advantageous as it provides a solution for the elimination of these substances. Bagasse, in particular, is currently categorized as having low economic value.

El bagazo, los residuos de la primera destilacion y/o los posos agotados son subproductos de la elaboracion del whisky de malta. El uso de estos subproductos en la presente invencion permite por lo tanto reciclar los subproductos de bajo valor economico y ofrece una solucion unica para la eliminacion de estos subproductos de la produccion del whisky de malta.Bagasse, waste from the first distillation and / or depleted grounds are by-products of the manufacture of malt whiskey. The use of these by-products in the present invention therefore allows the recycling of low economic by-products and offers a unique solution for the elimination of these by-products from the production of malt whiskey.

El sustrato tiene que ser tratado para hidrolizarlo, degradando asf el sustrato en una forma adecuada para la fermentacion. Por consiguiente, en algunas formas de realizacion, el sustrato es sometido a una o mas etapas de tratamiento para hidrolizarlo, por ejemplo, maceracion, calentamiento, adicion de acido o alcali, adicion de enzimas o una combinacion de estas. En algunas formas de realizacion, el tratamiento del sustrato para hidrolizarlo comprende la etapa de hidrolizar el sustrato en presencia de agua e iones de hidrogeno o agua e iones de hidroxido. En algunas formas de realizacion, el tratamiento del sustrato para hidrolizarlo es llevado a cabo en presencia de cualquier acido adecuado que es capaz de hidrolizar el sustrato. Ejemplos de acidos adecuados incluyen acido sulfurico y acido mtrico. El acido sulfurico es un ejemplo preferido de un acido para el uso en la presente invencion. En algunas formas de realizacion, el tratamiento del sustrato para hidrolizarlo comprende la adicion de una o mas enzimas, tales como celulasa y hemicelulasa. En algunas formas de realizacion, se puede utilizar una combinacion de tratamientos, por ejemplo, la adicion de ambos, acido y enzimas, para proporcionar un sustrato tratado en una forma adecuada para la fermentacion. La combinacion de tratamientos puede ser aplicada simultaneamente o secuencialmente.The substrate has to be treated to hydrolyze it, thus degrading the substrate in a form suitable for fermentation. Therefore, in some embodiments, the substrate is subjected to one or more treatment steps to hydrolyze it, for example, maceration, heating, acid or alkali addition, enzyme addition or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the treatment of the substrate to hydrolyze it comprises the step of hydrolyzing the substrate in the presence of water and hydrogen ions or water and hydroxide ions. In some embodiments, the treatment of the substrate to hydrolyze it is carried out in the presence of any suitable acid that is capable of hydrolyzing the substrate. Examples of suitable acids include sulfuric acid and metric acid. Sulfuric acid is a preferred example of an acid for use in the present invention. In some embodiments, the treatment of the substrate to hydrolyze it comprises the addition of one or more enzymes, such as cellulase and hemicellulase. In some embodiments, a combination of treatments, for example, the addition of both acid and enzymes, can be used to provide a substrate treated in a form suitable for fermentation. The combination of treatments can be applied simultaneously or sequentially.

En algunas formas de realizacion en donde el sustrato es bagazo y el diluyente son residuos de la primera destilacion, el tratamiento puede comprender la adicion de acido y enzimas.In some embodiments where the substrate is bagasse and the diluent is residues of the first distillation, the treatment may comprise the addition of acid and enzymes.

La fermentacion del sustrato tratado es llevada a cabo a un pH inicial en el intervalo de 5,0 a 6,0, preferentemente en el intervalo de 5,3 a 5,7 y mas preferentemente a 5,5. El uso de este intervalo de pH ha demostrado proporcionar altos rendimientos de butanol y/o acetona. Ademas, este intervalo de pH permite llevar a cabo la fermentacion sin la necesidad de remover los solidos de allf, reduciendo asf los costos y evitando cualesquiera problemas tecnicos causados por el requerimiento de remover los solidos. Este intervalo de pH evita cualquier toxicidad potencial del sustrato tratado mientras maximiza la produccion de butanol y/o acetona.The fermentation of the treated substrate is carried out at an initial pH in the range of 5.0 to 6.0, preferably in the range of 5.3 to 5.7 and more preferably at 5.5. The use of this pH range has been shown to provide high yields of butanol and / or acetone. In addition, this pH range allows fermentation to be carried out without the need to remove solids from there, thus reducing costs and avoiding any technical problems caused by the requirement to remove solids. This pH range avoids any potential toxicity of the treated substrate while maximizing the production of butanol and / or acetone.

La fermentacion es llevada a cabo en presencia de un cultivo de microorganismos que forman butanol y/o acetona. Los microorganismos que forman butanol y/o acetona pueden ser seleccionados de cualesquiera microorganismos que producen solvente que son capaces de fermentar el sustrato para formar butanol y/o acetona. Los microorganismos adecuados incluyen microorganismos creados por ingeniena genetica para producir solventes. Ejemplos de microorganismos adecuados incluyen aquellos usados actualmente en la elaboracion de ABEThe fermentation is carried out in the presence of a culture of microorganisms that form butanol and / or acetone. The microorganisms that form butanol and / or acetone can be selected from any microorganisms that produce solvent that are capable of fermenting the substrate to form butanol and / or acetone. Suitable microorganisms include microorganisms created by genetic engineering to produce solvents. Examples of suitable microorganisms include those currently used in the preparation of ABE.

(Acetona/Butanol/Etanol), y, en particular, bacterias del genero Clostridium tales como C. acetobutylicum, C. beijerinckii, C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum y C. saccharobutylicum. En formas de realizacion particulares, los microorganismos que forman butanol y/o acetona comprenden C. acetobutylicum.(Acetone / Butanol / Ethanol), and, in particular, bacteria of the genus Clostridium such as C. acetobutylicum, C. beijerinckii, C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum and C. saccharobutylicum. In particular embodiments, the microorganisms that form butanol and / or acetone comprise C. acetobutylicum.

La fermentacion es llevada a cabo a una concentracion de iones de cobre libres de menos de 20 jM. Esto asegura que la presencia de los iones de cobre no tenga efecto o solo un efecto negativo mmimo. En algunas formas de realizacion, se puede agregar agua u otra solucion acuosa para bajar la concentracion de los iones de cobre libres a menos de 20 jM de iones de cobre libres. En algunas formas de realizacion, la concentracion de iones de cobre libres es menor de 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6 o 5 jM de iones de cobre libres durante al menos la etapa de fermentacion. En algunas formas de realizacion, la concentracion de iones de cobre libres es menor de 15 jM. En algunas formas de realizacion, la concentracion de iones de cobre libres es menor de 10 jM.The fermentation is carried out at a concentration of free copper ions of less than 20 jM. This ensures that the presence of copper ions has no effect or only a minimal negative effect. In some embodiments, water or other aqueous solution may be added to lower the concentration of free copper ions to less than 20 jM of free copper ions. In some embodiments, the concentration of free copper ions is less than 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6 or 5 jM of copper ions free during at least the fermentation stage. In some embodiments, the concentration of free copper ions is less than 15 jM. In some embodiments, the concentration of free copper ions is less than 10 jM.

En algunas formas de realizacion, las etapas de tratamiento y fermentacion son llevadas a cabo simultaneamente. Esto reduce la cantidad de tiempo requerida, el numero de pasos involucrados y el costo de elaboracion asociado.In some embodiments, the stages of treatment and fermentation are carried out simultaneously. This reduces the amount of time required, the number of steps involved and the associated processing cost.

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En formas de realizacion alternativas, las etapas de tratamiento y fermentacion son llevadas a cabo secuencialmente. Por ejemplo, el bagazo puede ser pretratado en dos etapas, primero con acido y luego con enzimas, antes de la fermentacion.In alternative embodiments, the stages of treatment and fermentation are carried out sequentially. For example, bagasse can be pretreated in two stages, first with acid and then with enzymes, before fermentation.

En algunas formas de realizacion, el producto fermentado comprende ademas uno o mas de los compuestos seleccionados del grupo que comprende etanol, dioxido de carbono, hidrogeno, acetato y butirato. El butanol y/o la acetona pueden ser separados del producto fermentado usando tecnicas de separacion convencionales. Alternativamente, el producto fermentado puede ser usado como combustible o de otro modo sin purificacion ulterior.In some embodiments, the fermented product further comprises one or more of the compounds selected from the group comprising ethanol, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, acetate and butyrate. Butanol and / or acetone can be separated from the fermented product using conventional separation techniques. Alternatively, the fermented product can be used as fuel or otherwise without further purification.

En algunas formas de realizacion en donde se utiliza el bagazo, el grano agotado consiste en 100% cebada malteada.In some embodiments where bagasse is used, the spent grain consists of 100% malted barley.

En algunas formas de realizacion en donde el sustrato comprende un subproducto de la elaboracion del whisky de malta, el whisky de malta es un whisky de malta escoces.In some embodiments where the substrate comprises a byproduct of the manufacture of malt whiskey, malt whiskey is a Scotch malt whiskey.

El termino “biobutanol”, como se usa en la presente se refiere a butanol hecho a partir de biomasa.The term "biobutanol", as used herein refers to butanol made from biomass.

El termino “bagazo", como se usa en la presente se refiere a la composicion de solidos de cebada agotados y grano agotado que queda en un recipiente de maceracion despues de que el licor (mosto) ha sido retirado en la elaboracion del whisky de malta.The term "bagasse", as used herein refers to the composition of depleted barley solids and depleted grain left in a maceration vessel after the liquor (must) has been removed in the manufacture of malt whiskey .

El termino “residuos de la primera destilacion”, como se usa en la presente se refiere al licor que queda en el mosto fermentado (alambique de cobre) despues de la primera destilacion en la elaboracion de whisky de malta. Es el residuo del mosto fermentado despues de la extraccion por destilacion de los alcoholes bajos.The term "residues of the first distillation", as used herein refers to the liquor remaining in the fermented must (copper still) after the first distillation in the manufacture of malt whiskey. It is the residue of the fermented must after extraction by distillation of the low alcohols.

El termino “posos agotados”, como se usa en la presente se refiere al licor que queda en el recipiente de destilacion despues de la segunda y las subsiguientes destilaciones en la elaboracion del whisky de malta. Es el residuo de los low wines despues de la extraccion por destilacion del alcohol bruto.The term "exhausted grounds", as used herein refers to the liquor remaining in the distillation vessel after the second and subsequent distillations in the manufacture of malt whiskey. It is the residue of the low wines after the extraction by distillation of the raw alcohol.

El termino “que consiste esencialmente en cebada malteada” se entiende en la presente que se refiere a sustratos que no contienen, o solo contienen mmimamente tipos de granos distintos de la cebada malteada. Por lo tanto comprende los subproductos de la elaboracion del whisky de malta. Pretende abarcar granos de cebada malteados que contienen una cantidad minima de impurezas distintas de otros tipos de grano.The term "consisting essentially of malted barley" is understood herein to refer to substrates that do not contain, or only contain, minimally, types of grains other than malted barley. Therefore it includes the by-products of the manufacture of malt whiskey. It is intended to cover malted barley grains that contain a minimum amount of impurities other than other types of grain.

El termino “concentracion de iones de cobre libres” se refiere a la concentracion de iones de cobre que no esta ligada a solidos, es decir, la concentracion de iones de cobre en el sobrenadante. La concentracion total de cobre en los residuos de la primera destilacion sera mayor que la concentracion de iones de cobre libres, ya que un poco de cobre queda ligado a solidos, tales como las celulas de levadura muertas.The term "concentration of free copper ions" refers to the concentration of copper ions that is not bound to solids, that is, the concentration of copper ions in the supernatant. The total copper concentration in the residues of the first distillation will be greater than the concentration of free copper ions, since some copper is bound to solids, such as dead yeast cells.

El termino “whisky escoces”, como se usa en la presente se refiere a whisky hecho en Escocia. En formas de realizacion alternativas, el whisky de malta es un whisky de malta elaborado en otros pafses, tales como Irlanda o India, en donde el proceso para la elaboracion del whisky de malta en ese pafs es similar o identico al proceso usado en Escocia para la elaboracion del whisky de malta escoces.The term "Scotch whiskey", as used herein refers to whiskey made in Scotland. In alternative embodiments, malt whiskey is a malt whiskey made in other countries, such as Ireland or India, where the process for making malt whiskey in that country is similar or identical to the process used in Scotland to Scotch malt whiskey making.

La presente invencion se describira ahora con referencia a los siguientes ejemplos que se proporcionan con el proposito de ilustracion y no pretenden ser interpretados como limitando la presente invencion.The present invention will now be described with reference to the following examples that are provided for the purpose of illustration and are not intended to be construed as limiting the present invention.

Breve descripcion de las FigurasBrief description of the Figures

La Figura 1 muestra la influencia del pH inicial sobre la fermentacion el bagazo pretratado con acido y enzimas en residuos de la primera destilacion por C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. El bagazo fue pretratado con 0,08 M de H2SO4 y el pH se ajusto a entre pH 5,0 - 6,0 antes de la adicion de la enzima. Despues de la hidrolisis enzimatica, el pH fue ajustado a 4,5, 4,8, 5,0, 5,5, 6,0 o 6,5 para fermentacion. La Figura 1 (a) muestra azucares resultantes del tratamiento con acido y enzimas, la Figura 1 (b) muestra azucares residuales despues de la fermentacion, la Figura 1 (c) muestra los productos ABE de la fermentacion y la Figura 1 (d) muestra el rendimiento de butanol y ABE del bagazo;Figure 1 shows the influence of the initial pH on the fermentation of the bagasse pretreated with acid and enzymes in residues of the first distillation by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. The bagasse was pretreated with 0.08 M of H2SO4 and the pH was adjusted to between pH 5.0 - 6.0 before the enzyme is added. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the pH was adjusted to 4.5, 4.8, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 or 6.5 for fermentation. Figure 1 (a) shows sugars resulting from the treatment with acid and enzymes, Figure 1 (b) shows residual sugars after fermentation, Figure 1 (c) shows the ABE products of fermentation and Figure 1 (d) shows the yield of butanol and ABE from bagasse;

la Figura 2 compara la produccion de ABE por C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 de bagazo pretratado con acido o bien en agua o residuos de la primera destilacion. Despues del tratamiento con acido, el pH fue ajustado a pH 5,5 y se agregaron enzimas y microorganismos;Figure 2 compares the production of ABE by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 of bagasse pretreated with acid or in water or waste from the first distillation. After the acid treatment, the pH was adjusted to pH 5.5 and enzymes and microorganisms were added;

la Figura 3 muestra la produccion de ABE por C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 y C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 del bagazo a una escala de 1 L; yFigure 3 shows the production of ABE by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 of the bagasse on a scale of 1 L; Y

la Figura 4 muestra la produccion de ABE por C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum NCIMB 12606 de (a) papel de oficina blanco y (b) papel de periodico disuelto o bien en agua o 50% de residuos de la primera destilacion.Figure 4 shows the production of ABE by C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum NCIMB 12606 of (a) white office paper and (b) newspaper paper dissolved in either water or 50% waste from the first distillation.

EJEMPLOSEXAMPLES

Metodos generalesGeneral methods

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Se usaron los siguientes organismos: C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824, C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 y C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum NCIMB 12606. Los clostridios se mantuvieron como suspensiones de esporas a 4 °C. Las esporas fueron sometidas a shock termico a 80 °C durante 10 minutos e inoculadas en medio de clostridios reforzado (RCM, Oxoid Ltd, Cambridge, RU). Los cultivos fueron incubados durante 24 horas y luego subcultivados en medio de triptona-extracto de levadura- acetato de amonio (TYA) conteniendo glucosa antes de ser usados como un cultivo de partida (a 5% v/v) para todos los experimentos. TYA consistfa en (g/l) triptona, 6; extracto de levadura, 2; acetato de amonio, 3; KH2PO4, 0,5; MgSO4.7H2O, 0,3; FeSO4.7H2O, 0,01 suplementado con 5% de glucosa. Todos los cultivos de clostridios fueron incubados en una estacion de trabajo anaerobica bajo una atmosfera de N2-H2-CO2 (80:10:10) a 33 °C. Para una escala de 1 L, las fermentaciones se realizaron en fermentadores (Biostat A Plus, Sartorius Stedim Ltd, Surrey, RU). Se lograron condiciones libres de oxfgeno rociando el medio en los fermentadores con N2 libre de oxfgeno durante 1 hora antes de la inoculacion con clostridios. Para todas las fermentaciones de 1 L, la agitacion se fijo a 200 rpm y la temperatura a 33 °C.The following organisms were used: C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824, C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 and C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum NCIMB 12606. The clostridia were maintained as spore suspensions at 4 ° C. The spores were subjected to thermal shock at 80 ° C for 10 minutes and inoculated in the middle of reinforced clostridia (RCM, Oxoid Ltd, Cambridge, UK). The cultures were incubated for 24 hours and then subcultured in triptone-yeast extract-ammonium acetate (TYA) medium containing glucose before being used as a starting culture (at 5% v / v) for all experiments. TYA consisted of (g / l) tryptone, 6; yeast extract, 2; ammonium acetate, 3; KH2PO4, 0.5; MgSO4.7H2O, 0.3; FeSO4.7H2O, 0.01 supplemented with 5% glucose. All clostridial cultures were incubated in an anaerobic workstation under an atmosphere of N2-H2-CO2 (80:10:10) at 33 ° C. For a 1 L scale, fermentations were carried out in fermenters (Biostat A Plus, Sartorius Stedim Ltd, Surrey, UK). Oxygen-free conditions were achieved by spraying the medium in the fermenters with oxygen-free N2 for 1 hour before inoculation with clostridia. For all 1 L fermentations, the stirring was set at 200 rpm and the temperature at 33 ° C.

El bagazo humedas, como se recibieron de las destilenas, teman un contenido de humedad de entre 75 y 80%. En donde se indica, el bagazo se secaron a 80 °C a un contenido de humedad de aproximadamente 4% y se molieron antes del procesamiento ulterior.The wet bagasse, as received from the distilleries, fear a moisture content of between 75 and 80%. Where indicated, the bagasse was dried at 80 ° C at a moisture content of approximately 4% and ground before further processing.

Los solventes (etanol, acetona y butanol) fueron analizados usando un cromatografo de gas Chrompack 9001 equipado con un detector de ionizacion de llama y una columna CP SIL 5CB de 10 m de longitud y 0,32 mm de diametro (todos de Chrompack, Middelburg, Pafses Bajos). Todas las muestras fueron filtradas a traves de filtros de jeringa de acetato de celulosa de 0,2 pm antes del analisis y se determinaron las concentraciones por referencia con estandares de etanol, acetona y butanol.The solvents (ethanol, acetone and butanol) were analyzed using a Chrompack 9001 gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and a CP SIL 5CB column 10 m long and 0.32 mm in diameter (all from Chrompack, Middelburg , Netherlands). All samples were filtered through 0.2 pm cellulose acetate syringe filters before analysis and the concentrations were determined by reference with ethanol, acetone and butanol standards.

Para el analisis del acido (acetico y butmco) y los monosacaridos (glucosa, xilosa y arabinosa), se filtraron las muestras a traves de filtros de jeringa de 0,2 pm y se acidificaron con H2SO4. Las muestras fueron analizadas por HPLC usando un Varian 920 LC equipado con detectores de mdice refractario y longitud de onda UV-VIS integrados (Varian Ltd., Oxford, RU). Los componentes fueron separados a temperatura ambiente en una columna Rezex ROA acido organico H+ 8% de 300 x 7,8 mm (Phenomenex, Cheshire, RU) con 0,005 N de H2SO4 como la fase movil a un caudal de 0,5 ml/min. Los acidos fueron detectados a 210 nm mientras que los azucares fueron detectados con el detector Rl y se determinaron las concentraciones por referencia con respecto a los estandares correspondientes.For the analysis of the acid (acetic and butmco) and the monosaccharides (glucose, xylose and arabinose), the samples were filtered through 0.2 pm syringe filters and acidified with H2SO4. The samples were analyzed by HPLC using a Varian 920 LC equipped with integrated UV-VIS refractory index and wavelength detectors (Varian Ltd., Oxford, UK). The components were separated at room temperature on a Rezex ROA organic acid H + 8% column of 300 x 7.8 mm (Phenomenex, Cheshire, UK) with 0.005 N of H2SO4 as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 ml / min . The acids were detected at 210 nm while the sugars were detected with the Rl detector and the concentrations were determined by reference with respect to the corresponding standards.

Ejemplo 1 - Composicion del bagazoExample 1 - Bagasse composition

Se recogieron el bagazo de tres diferentes destilenas de malta en Escocia. La composicion de monosacaridos del bagazo fue analizada de acuerdo con el Procedimiento Analftico de Laboratorio desarrollado por el laboratorio National Renewable Energy Lab para el analisis de los carbohidratos estructurales (Sluiter et al, 2008. NREL. Laboratory analytical procedure for the determination of structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass. NREL/TP-510-42618).Bagasse was collected from three different malt distilleries in Scotland. The composition of bagasse monosaccharides was analyzed in accordance with the Laboratory Analytical Procedure developed by the National Renewable Energy Lab for the analysis of structural carbohydrates (Sluiter et al, 2008. NREL. Laboratory analytical procedure for the determination of structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass. NREL / TP-510-42618).

Los resultados de los analisis se presentan en la Tabla 1. Glucosa, xilosa y arabinosa eran los azucares predominantes, con niveles muy bajos de galactosa (menos de 2%) y no se detecto manosa. Hubo una pequena variacion en la composicion de azucares del bagazo de diferentes destilenas. En base a estos valores, la hidrolisis completa del bagazo (10,5% de bagazo seco (p/v) como se uso en los experimentos detallados mas abajo) debenan rendir aproximadamente 50 g/l de monosacarido.The results of the analyzes are presented in Table 1. Glucose, xylose and arabinose were the predominant sugars, with very low levels of galactose (less than 2%) and no mannose was detected. There was a small variation in the composition of sugars from bagasse of different distilleries. Based on these values, the complete hydrolysis of bagasse (10.5% dry bagasse (w / v) as used in the experiments detailed below) should yield approximately 50 g / l of monosaccharide.

Tabla 1. Composicion de monosacaridos del bagazoTable 1. Bagasse monosaccharide composition

Azucar (g/100 g bagazo)Sugar (g / 100 g bagasse)

Fuente  Source
Glucose Xilosa Arabinosa Total  Glucose Xylosa Arabinosa Total

Destilena 1  Destilena 1
20,9 ±0,2 21,3 ±0,1 9,0 ±0,2 51,2 ±0,2  20.9 ± 0.2 21.3 ± 0.1 9.0 ± 0.2 51.2 ± 0.2

Destilena 2  Destilena 2
18,4 ±0,2 21,3 ±0,2 9,2 ±0,0 48,8 ±0,4  18.4 ± 0.2 21.3 ± 0.2 9.2 ± 0.0 48.8 ± 0.4

Destilena 3  Destilena 3
20,5 ±0,0 21,6 ±0,3 9,3 ±0,0 51,3 ±0,3  20.5 ± 0.0 21.6 ± 0.3 9.3 ± 0.0 51.3 ± 0.3

Ejemplo 2 - Efecto del control del pH sobre la produccion de solventes por clostridiosExample 2 - Effect of pH control on solvent production by clostridia

Se investigo el efecto del pH sobre la fermentacion de glucosa en medio TYA por C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Las fermentaciones se realizaron a una escala de 1 L y el pH fue controlado a un intervalo de puntos fijados entre pH 4,5-6,5 con la adicion automatizada de o bien alcali o acido. A pH 4,5, no se detecto utilizacion de glucosa, produccion de acido o ABE. Para todas las otras fermentaciones, la glucosa se consumio completamente dentro de las 48 horas y se produjeron acidos (butmco y acetico) y solvente (acetona, butanol y etanol) (Tabla 2). La produccion de ABE fue mas alta a pH 4,8 y 5,0, correspondiendo a rendimientos de 0,34 y 0,30 g de ABE/g de azucar, respectivamente.The effect of pH on glucose fermentation in TYA medium by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was investigated. Fermentations were performed at a scale of 1 L and the pH was controlled at a range of fixed points between pH 4.5-6, 5 with the automated addition of either alkali or acid. At pH 4.5, glucose utilization, acid production or ABE was not detected. For all other fermentations, glucose was completely consumed within 48 hours and acids (butmco and acetic) and solvent (acetone, butanol and ethanol) were produced (Table 2). ABE production was higher at pH 4.8 and 5.0, corresponding to yields of 0.34 and 0.30 g of ABE / g of sugar, respectively.

La produccion de acido aumento entre pH 5,5 y 6,5, con una disminucion correspondiente en la conversion de azucar a ABE. A pH 6,5, los acidos solo fueron producidos con concentraciones finales de 7,8 y 12,8 g/l de acido acetico y butmco, respectivamente.The production of acid increased between pH 5.5 and 6.5, with a corresponding decrease in the conversion of sugar to ABE. At pH 6.5, the acids were only produced with final concentrations of 7.8 and 12.8 g / l acetic acid and butmco, respectively.

Tabla 2. Conversion de 5% de glucosa a acido y ABE por C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 en medio TYA controlado o 5 bien a pH 4,8, 5,0, 5,5, 6,0 o 6,5. Las concentraciones de acido (butmco y acetico) y ABE fueron determinadas despues de 68 horas con el rendimiento de ABE expresado como g de ABE producido por g de azucar consumida.Table 2. Conversion of 5% glucose to acid and ABE by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 in controlled TYA medium or 5 at pH 4.8, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 or 6.5. The concentrations of acid (butmco and acetic) and ABE were determined after 68 hours with the ABE yield expressed as g of ABE produced per g of sugar consumed.

PH  PH
Acido (g/l) ABE (g/l) Rendimiento (g de ABE/g azucar)  Acid (g / l) ABE (g / l) Yield (g ABE / g sugar)

4,8  4.8
0,7 15,2 0,34  0.7 15.2 0.34

5,0  5.0
0,9 14,3 0,30  0.9 14.3 0.30

5,5  5.5
7,9 12,3 0,25  7.9 12.3 0.25

6,0  6.0
13,6 6,7 0,13  13.6 6.7 0.13

6,5  6.5
20,5 0,6 0,01  20.5 0.6 0.01

Ejemplo 3 - Residuos de la primera destilacion como medio de cultivoExample 3 - Waste from the first distillation as a culture medium

Los residuos de la primera destilacion fueron recogidos de una destilena de malta escocesa y analizados con respecto al contenido de cobre. Los residuos de la primera destilacion teman 71,8 |jM del Cu total de los cuales se determino 10 que 21,1 jM estaban disponibles como Cu “libre” en el sobrenadante con el resto unido a los solidos. Para evaluar si esta concentracion de Cu era toxica para C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824, se comparo la fermentacion de glucosa al 5% en 100 ml de medio TYA suplementado con diferentes concentraciones de Cu (Tabla 3). El Cu no tuvo efecto sobre la produccion de ABE a 5 y 10 jM siendo las concentraciones de ABE de aproximadamente 12 g/l similares a las del control sin Cu. A la concentracion mas alta de Cu, la concentracion de ABE se redujo a 8,6 g/l, indicando que a esta 15 concentracion Cu era inhibidor para los clostridios. Como los residuos de la primera destilacion teman un contenido de Cu "libre” de 21,1 jM, se decidio testear la fermentacion de clostridios en residuos de la primera destilacion a mitad de la concentracion para reducir la concentracion de Cu por debajo de los niveles inhibidores. Los residuos de la primera destilacion de mitad de la concentracion suplementados con glucosa proporcionaron suficientes nutrientes para el cultivo de 824 con una produccion de ABE similar a la del TYA control (Tabla 3).The residues of the first distillation were collected from a Scottish malt distillate and analyzed for copper content. The residues of the first distillation fear 71.8 | jM of the total Cu from which it was determined that 21.1 jM were available as "free" Cu in the supernatant with the remainder attached to the solids. To assess whether this Cu concentration was toxic to C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824, 5% glucose fermentation in 100 ml of TYA medium supplemented with different Cu concentrations was compared (Table 3). The Cu had no effect on the production of ABE at 5 and 10 jM with ABE concentrations being approximately 12 g / l similar to those of the control without Cu. At the highest concentration of Cu, the ABE concentration was reduced to 8.6 g / l, indicating that at this concentration Cu was inhibitor for clostridia. As the residues of the first distillation fear a "free" Cu content of 21.1 jM, it was decided to test the fermentation of clostridia in residues of the first distillation in the middle of the concentration to reduce the Cu concentration below the levels Inhibitors Residues from the first distillation of half of the concentration supplemented with glucose provided sufficient nutrients for the 824 culture with an ABE production similar to that of the control TYA (Table 3).

20 Tabla 3. Conversion de glucosa al 5% a ABE por C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 en o bien TYA, TYA que contema 5, 10 o 20 jM de Cu o 50% de residuos de la primera destilacion.20 Table 3. Conversion of 5% glucose to ABE by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 in either TYA, TYA containing 5, 10 or 20 jM of Cu or 50% of residues of the first distillation.

Medio  Means, medium
ABE (g/l)  ABE (g / l)

TYA  TYA
12,4±0,3  12.4 ± 0.3

TYA, 5 jM Cu  TYA, 5 jM Cu
12,3±0,3  12.3 ± 0.3

TYA, 10 jM Cu  TYA, 10 jM Cu
11,6±0,1  11.6 ± 0.1

TYA 20 jM Cu  TYA 20 jM Cu
8,6±2,0  8.6 ± 2.0

50% residuos de la primera 12,0±1,7 destilacion  50% waste of the first 12.0 ± 1.7 distillation

Ejemplo 4 - Influencia del pH inicial sobre la fermentacion de bagazo hidrolizadoExample 4 - Influence of the initial pH on the fermentation of hydrolyzed bagasse

Se investigo el efecto del pH inicial sobre la fermentacion de bagazo pretratado. Bagazo secado, molido, fue pretratado 25 agregando 10,5% (p/v) a frascos Duran de 250 ml con 0,08 M de H2SO4 en 50% de residuos de la primera destilacion y se esterilizaron a 121 °C durante 15 min. Despues de enfriar, se ajusto el pH a entre pH 5,0 y -6,0 por adicion de 10 M de NaOH y se incubaron con enzimas celulasa y hemicelulasa a 33 °C durante 24 horas. Para la fermentacion, el pHThe effect of the initial pH on the pretreated bagasse fermentation was investigated. Dried, ground bagasse was pretreated 25 by adding 10.5% (w / v) to 250 ml Duran bottles with 0.08 M H2SO4 in 50% waste from the first distillation and sterilized at 121 ° C for 15 min . After cooling, the pH was adjusted to between pH 5.0 and -6.0 by the addition of 10 M NaOH and incubated with cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes at 33 ° C for 24 hours. For fermentation, the pH

55

1010

15fifteen

20twenty

2525

3030

de las soluciones se ajusto a o bien 4,5, 4,8, 5,0, 5,5, 6,0 o 6,5 antes de la inoculacion con C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. La concentracion inicial de azucar fue monitoreada antes de la fermentacion y el azucar residual, la concentracion de ABE y el rendimiento de ABE fueron calculados despues de la fermentacion (Fig. 1). La concentracion inicial de azucares era similar para todas las muestras, con aproximadamente 9,6, 11,2 y 9,9 g/l de glucosa, xilosa y arabinosa. No se observo crecimiento o produccion de gas a pH 5,0 o mas bajo y no se utilizaron azucares. La produccion de ABE fue mayor a pH 5,5 (14,2 g/l) con un rendimiento de 13,2 g/100 g de bagazo. Esto se redujo a pH 6,0, con 9,3 g de ABE/100 g de bagazo. A pH 6,5, aproximadamente la mitad del azucar se utilizo pero hubo poca conversion a ABE con una concentracion final de 2,3 g/l.of the solutions was adjusted to either 4.5, 4.8, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 or 6.5 before inoculation with C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. The initial sugar concentration was monitored before Fermentation and residual sugar, ABE concentration and ABE yield were calculated after fermentation (Fig. 1). The initial sugar concentration was similar for all samples, with approximately 9.6, 11.2 and 9.9 g / l glucose, xylose and arabinose. No growth or production of gas was observed at pH 5.0 or lower and no sugars were used. The production of ABE was higher at pH 5.5 (14.2 g / l) with a yield of 13.2 g / 100 g of bagasse. This was reduced to pH 6.0, with 9.3 g of ABE / 100 g of bagasse. At pH 6.5, approximately half of the sugar was used but there was little conversion to ABE with a final concentration of 2.3 g / l.

Ejemplo 5 - Fermentacion de bagazo pretratado con acido en residuos de la primera destilacion o aguaExample 5 - Fermentation of bagasse pretreated with acid in residues of the first distillation or water

Bagazo seco, molido (10,5% p/v) fueron pretratadas con 0,08 M H2SO4 en o bien agua o residuos de la primera destilacion en 250 ml frascos de Duran por esterilizacion a 121 °C durante 15 minutos. Despues de enfriar, se ajusto el pH a 5,5 por la adicion de 10 M de NaOH. Se agregaron enzimas celulasa y hemicelulasa y se agrego un inoculo de C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 y los frascos se incubaron a 33 °C. La concentracion de ABE fue determinada despues de la fermentacion (Fig 2). Para el bagazo en agua, el rendimiento de ABE fue de 14,0 g de ABE/100 g de bagazo mientras que en los residuos de la primera destilacion, se obtuvo un rendimiento de 14,9 g de ABE/100 g de bagazo.Dry, ground bagasse (10.5% w / v) were pretreated with 0.08 M H2SO4 in either water or waste of the first distillation in 250 ml bottles of Duran by sterilization at 121 ° C for 15 minutes. After cooling, the pH was adjusted to 5.5 by the addition of 10 M NaOH. Cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes were added and an inoculum of C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was added and the bottles were incubated at 33 ° C. The ABE concentration was determined after fermentation (Fig 2). For bagasse in water, the ABE yield was 14.0 g of ABE / 100 g of bagasse while in the residues of the first distillation, a yield of 14.9 g of ABE / 100 g of bagasse was obtained.

Ejemplo 6 - Conversion de bagazo a butanol y acetona a una escala de 1 LExample 6 - Conversion of bagasse to butanol and acetone on a 1 L scale

El bagazo (10,5% p/v) fueron pretratadas con 0,08 M de H2SO4 en 50% de residuos de la primera destilacion en fermentadores de 1 L por esterilizacion a 121 °C durante 15 minutos. En este caso el bagazo se uso humedo, como se recibieron de la destilena, sin procesamiento ulterior. Despues de enfriar a 33 °C, se ajusto el pH a pH 5,5 por la adicion de 10 M de NaOH y los fermentadores fueron rociados con N2. Despues de la desgasificacion, se agregaron las enzimas y o bien 824 o 8052 y se analizaron los solventes al final de la fermentacion. La fermentacion por C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 y C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 dio por resultado niveles de ABE de 11,3 y 12,8 g/l, respectivamente (Fig 3). Esto correspondio a tasas de conversion de 10,6 y 12,1 g de ABE por 100 g de bagazo, respectivamente.The bagasse (10.5% w / v) were pretreated with 0.08 M H2SO4 in 50% waste from the first distillation in 1 L fermenters by sterilization at 121 ° C for 15 minutes. In this case the bagasse was used wet, as received from the distiller, without further processing. After cooling to 33 ° C, the pH was adjusted to pH 5.5 by the addition of 10 M NaOH and the fermenters were sprayed with N2. After degassing, the enzymes were added and either 824 or 8052 and the solvents were analyzed at the end of the fermentation. Fermentation by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 resulted in ABE levels of 11.3 and 12.8 g / l, respectively (Fig 3). This corresponded to conversion rates of 10.6 and 12.1 g of ABE per 100 g of bagasse, respectively.

Ejemplo 7 - Proceso para la conversion de papel de desecho a butanol y acetonaExample 7 - Process for converting waste paper to butanol and acetone

Papel de oficina blanco y papel de periodico fueron cortados en tiras de 5 mm de ancho y 6,7% (p/v) se mezclo con o bien agua o 50% de residuos de la primera destilacion en frascos de Duran de 250 ml y se ajusto el pH a pH 5,5. Despues de la esterilizacion, los frascos se enfriaron y se agregaron celulasa y C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum NCIMB 12606. Despues de la fermentacion, se determinaron las concentraciones de ABE (Fig. 4). Hubo una pobre conversion de papel as ABE en agua en comparacion con los residuos de la primera destilacion, demostrando que se requenan los residuos de la primera destilacion para proporcionar nutrientes adicionales. En los residuos de la primera destilacion, los rendimientos de ABE despues de la fermentacion con C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum eran 24,8 g de ABE por 100 g de papel de oficina y 16,8 g de ABE por 100 g de papel de periodico.White office paper and newspaper were cut into strips 5 mm wide and 6.7% (w / v) mixed with either water or 50% waste from the first distillation in 250 ml Duran jars and the pH was adjusted to pH 5.5. After sterilization, the bottles were cooled and cellulase and C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum NCIMB 12606 were added. After fermentation, ABE concentrations were determined (Fig. 4). There was a poor conversion of paper to ABE in water compared to the waste from the first distillation, demonstrating that the waste from the first distillation is required to provide additional nutrients. In the residues of the first distillation, the ABE yields after fermentation with C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum were 24.8 g of ABE per 100 g of office paper and 16.8 g of ABE per 100 g of newspaper.

Claims (15)

55 1010 15fifteen 20twenty 2525 3030 3535 4040 45Four. Five REIVINDICACIONES 1. Un proceso para la elaboracion de butanol y/o acetona, que comprende al menos las etapas de:1. A process for the preparation of butanol and / or acetone, which comprises at least the stages of: - tratar un sustrato que comprende bagazo, que es un subproducto de la elaboracion de whisky de malta, y los residuos de la primera destilacion, que son un subproducto de la elaboracion del whisky de malta de un recipiente de destilacion de cobre, para hidrolizar el sustrato para proporcionar un sustrato tratado, dicho bagazo comprende grano agotado que consiste esencialmente en cebada malteada; y- treating a substrate comprising bagasse, which is a byproduct of the manufacture of malt whiskey, and waste from the first distillation, which are a byproduct of the manufacture of malt whiskey from a copper distillation vessel, to hydrolyze the substrate to provide a treated substrate, said bagasse comprises depleted grain consisting essentially of malted barley; Y - fermentar el sustrato tratado en presencia de un cultivo de microorganismos que forman butanol y/o acetona a un pH inicial en el intervalo de 5,0 a 6,0 y a una concentracion de iones de cobre libres de menos de 20 pM para proporcionar un producto fermentado que contiene butanol y/o acetona.- fermenting the treated substrate in the presence of a culture of microorganisms forming butanol and / or acetone at an initial pH in the range of 5.0 to 6.0 and at a concentration of free copper ions of less than 20 pM to provide a fermented product containing butanol and / or acetone. 2. El proceso segun la reivindicacion 1, en donde el pH inicial se encuentra en el intervalo de 5,3 a 5,7.2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the initial pH is in the range of 5.3 to 5.7. 3. El proceso segun la reivindicacion 1 o 2, en donde la fermentacion es llevada a cabo sin la remocion de solidos de allf.3. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the fermentation is carried out without the removal of solids therefrom. 4. El proceso segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 3, en donde el grano agotado consiste en 100% de cebada malteada.4. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the spent grain consists of 100% malted barley. 5. El proceso segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 llevadas a cabo simultaneamente.5. The process according to any one of claims 1 carried out simultaneously. 6. El proceso segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 llevadas a cabo secuencialmente.6. The process according to any one of claims 1 carried out sequentially. 7. El proceso segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 6, en donde el sustrato es diluido para bajar la concentracion de iones de cobre libres a menos de 15 pM durante al menos la etapa de fermentacion.7. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the substrate is diluted to lower the concentration of free copper ions to less than 15 pM during at least the fermentation stage. 8. El proceso segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 7, en donde el bagazo son proporcionadas por las etapas adicionales de:8. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the bagasse is provided by the additional steps of: - moler la cebada malteada que comprende almidon para proporcionar cebada malteada molida;- milling the malted barley comprising starch to provide ground malted barley; - mezclar la cebada malteada molida con agua para proporcionar una masa macerada que comprende agua y cebada malteada molida;- mixing the milled malted barley with water to provide a macerated dough comprising ground malted barley and water; - hidrolizar al menos una parte del almidon en la cebada malteada molida de la masa macerada para proporcionar bagazo que comprenden los solidos de cebada agotados y mosto que comprende agua y uno o mas carbohidratos seleccionados del grupo que comprende glucosa y oligosacaridos de glucosa; y- hydrolyze at least a portion of the starch in the milled malted barley of the macerated dough to provide bagasse comprising depleted barley solids and must comprising water and one or more carbohydrates selected from the group comprising glucose and glucose oligosaccharides; Y - separar el bagazo del mosto.- separate the bagasse from the must. 9. El proceso segun la reivindicacion 8, en donde los residuos de la primera destilacion son proporcionados por las etapas adicionales de:9. The process according to claim 8, wherein the residues of the first distillation are provided by the additional steps of: - agregar levadura al mosto;- add yeast to the must; - fermentar el mosto para proporcionar un mosto fermentado que comprende agua y uno o mas alcoholes; y- fermenting the must to provide a fermented must comprising water and one or more alcohols; Y - destilar el mosto fermentado en un recipiente de destilacion de cobre para proporcionar un destilado de flemas que comprende uno o mas alcoholes y un residuo de destilacion de residuos de la primera destilacion.- Distilling the fermented must in a copper distillation vessel to provide a phlegm distillate comprising one or more alcohols and a waste distillation residue of the first distillation. 10. El proceso segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 9, en donde el tratamiento del sustrato para hidrolizarlo comprende la etapa de:10. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the treatment of the substrate to hydrolyze it comprises the step of: - hidrolizar el sustrato en presencia de agua e iones de hidrogeno o agua e iones de hidroxido.- hydrolyze the substrate in the presence of water and hydrogen ions or water and hydroxide ions. 11. El proceso segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 10, en donde el tratamiento del sustrato para hidrolizarlo comprende la etapa de:11. The process according to any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the treatment of the substrate to hydrolyze it comprises the step of: - hidrolizar el sustrato en presencia de una solucion acuosa de acido sulfurico.- hydrolyze the substrate in the presence of an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid. 12. El proceso segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 11, en donde el tratamiento del sustrato para hidrolizarlo comprende la etapa de:12. The process according to any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the treatment of the substrate to hydrolyze it comprises the step of: - tratar el sustrato con una o mas enzimas.- treat the substrate with one or more enzymes. a 4, en el cual las etapas de tratamiento y fermentacion son a 4, en el cual las etapas de tratamiento y fermentacion sonto 4, in which the stages of treatment and fermentation are to 4, in which the stages of treatment and fermentation are 13. El proceso segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 12, en donde el cultivo de los microorganismos que forman butanol y/o acetona comprende bacterias del genero Clostridium.13. The process according to any of claims 1 to 12, wherein the culture of the microorganisms that form butanol and / or acetone comprises bacteria of the Clostridium genus. 14. El proceso segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 13, en donde el producto fermentado comprende ademas uno o mas de los compuestos seleccionados del grupo que comprende etanol, dioxido de carbono, hidrogeno, acetato14. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the fermented product further comprises one or more of the compounds selected from the group comprising ethanol, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, acetate 5 y butirato.5 and butyrate. 15. El proceso segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 14, en donde el whisky de malta es whisky de malta escoces.15. The process according to any of claims 1 to 14, wherein the malt whiskey is Scotch malt whiskey.
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