ES2592554A1 - Method of active reinforcement against cutting effort or punching on structural carrier elements, and active reinforcement system (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) - Google Patents

Method of active reinforcement against cutting effort or punching on structural carrier elements, and active reinforcement system (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) Download PDF

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Publication number
ES2592554A1
ES2592554A1 ES201631329A ES201631329A ES2592554A1 ES 2592554 A1 ES2592554 A1 ES 2592554A1 ES 201631329 A ES201631329 A ES 201631329A ES 201631329 A ES201631329 A ES 201631329A ES 2592554 A1 ES2592554 A1 ES 2592554A1
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Spain
Prior art keywords
structural bearing
reinforcement
linear
around
bearing element
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Granted
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ES201631329A
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Spanish (es)
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ES2592554B1 (en
Inventor
Antoni CLADERA BOHIGAS
Carlos Rodrigo RIBAS GONZÁLEZ
Benito MAS GRACIA
Juan Maria RIUS GIBERT
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Universitat de les Illes Balears
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Universitat de les Illes Balears
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Priority to ES201631329A priority Critical patent/ES2592554B1/en
Publication of ES2592554A1 publication Critical patent/ES2592554A1/en
Priority to PCT/ES2017/070675 priority patent/WO2018069560A1/en
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
    • E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
    • E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
    • E04G21/12—Mounting of reinforcing inserts; Prestressing
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
    • E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
    • E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
    • E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
    • E04G23/0225—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements of circular building elements, e.g. by circular bracing

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)

Abstract

Method of active reinforcement against shear stress or punching in structural bearing elements, of the type of beams, pillars and slabs, in which an arrangement of at least one bar, wire or similar reinforcement element (3) of alloy with memory is made in a pre-stretched form in martensitic phase around the structural bearing element (1) to be reinforced, transversely to a fissure (2) generated, or that may be generated, by the shear stress or punching. Subsequently an anchoring of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element (3) around the structural support element (1) is performed, and an activation of this bar, wire or similar reinforcing element (3) by heating, causing its transformation from martensitic phase to austenitic phase. Additionally, the invention relates to an active reinforcement system with at least one bar, wire or similar reinforcing element (3) of alloy with shape memory. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)

Description

Campo de la invención La presente invención pertenece al campo técnico de la construcción, concretamente a los elementos estructurales y su refuerzo frente a los esfuerzos Field of the invention The present invention belongs to the technical field of construction, specifically to the structural elements and their reinforcement against stresses.

10 soportados para reparar y controlar fisuras, y más concretamente a los refuerzos frente a esfuerzo cortante para elementos portantes estructurales tales como vigas y pilares, y frente a esfuerzo de punzonamiento en elementos tipo losa. 10 supported to repair and control cracks, and more specifically to reinforcements against shear stress for structural supporting elements such as beams and pillars, and against punching effort on slab type elements.

La invención se refiere en particular a un método de refuerzo activo a esfuerzo cortante o punzonamiento capaces de generar fisuras en elementos portantes 15 estructurales, tales como vigas, pilares y losas, en el que se ancla al menos un elemento de refuerzo lineal, tal como una barra, alambre o elemento similar, de aleación con memoria de forma pre-estirada en fase martensítica, parcial o total, alrededor del elemento portante estructural a reforzar, y posteriormente se activa mediante calentamiento originando la transformación de la barra, alambre o elemento The invention relates in particular to a method of active reinforcement at shear stress or punching capable of generating fissures in structural bearing elements 15, such as beams, pillars and slabs, in which at least one linear reinforcement element is anchored, such as a bar, wire or similar element, of alloy with memory in a pre-stretched way in martensitic phase, partial or total, around the structural bearing element to be reinforced, and subsequently activated by heating causing the transformation of the bar, wire or element

20 similar de refuerzo de fase martensítica parcial o total, a fase austenítica, y las tensiones provocadas cierran la fisura y aumentan la resistencia a esfuerzo cortante en el elemento portante de estructuras. 20 similar reinforcement of partial or total martensitic phase, to austenitic phase, and the tensions caused close the fissure and increase the shear resistance in the structure bearing element.

La invención se refiere adicionalmente a un sistema de refuerzo activo con al menos un elemento de refuerzo lineal tal como una barra, alambre o elemento similar, 25 de aleación con memoria de forma. The invention further relates to an active reinforcement system with at least one linear reinforcement element such as a bar, wire or similar, shape memory alloy.

Antecedentes de la invención Background of the invention

Los elementos portantes de las estructuras se encuentran solicitados frente a distintos tipos de esfuerzos, tales como momento flector, axial y cortante. Dichos 30 esfuerzos producen tensiones en el interior del elemento estructural, las cuales, una The supporting elements of the structures are requested against different types of stresses, such as bending, axial and cutting moment. These 30 efforts produce tensions inside the structural element, which, a

vez igualada la resistencia a tracción del material, producen fisuras. Once the tensile strength of the material is matched, they produce cracks.

Las fisuras cercanas al apoyo y que se encuentran inclinadas, en el caso de estructuras de hormigón, son debidas principalmente al esfuerzo cortante o punzonamiento. En el caso de estructuras de madera, las fisuras a cortante se Fissures near the support and that are inclined, in the case of concrete structures, are mainly due to shear stress or punching. In the case of wooden structures, shear cracks are

35 propagan en general paralelamente a la directriz de la pieza debido al carácter 35 propagate in general parallel to the guideline of the piece due to the character

ortótropo de la madera. Estas fisuras pueden aparecer por un mal dimensionado del elemento, por un aumento de cargas en la estructura o por la pérdida de la capacidad resistente de la misma por la degradación, y dada la fragilidad de la rotura a cortante en este tipo de elementos y el tipo de peligro que conlleva, es frecuentemente 5 necesario el refuerzo del elemento estructural una vez ha aparecido una fisura debida a esfuerzo cortante, o con antelación a su aparición si se prevé dicha posibilidad. También es deseable el refuerzo a cortante de un elemento estructural en el caso de que la estructura pueda estar sometida a acciones accidentales, como por ejemplo sismo o explosiones, no previstas o subestimadas en el proyecto y construcción Orthotrope of wood. These fissures may appear due to a poor dimensioning of the element, an increase in loads in the structure or the loss of its resistant capacity due to degradation, and given the fragility of shear breakage in this type of elements and the The type of danger involved is that reinforcement of the structural element is often necessary once a fissure due to shear stress has appeared, or prior to its appearance if such a possibility is foreseen. The shear reinforcement of a structural element is also desirable in the event that the structure may be subject to accidental actions, such as earthquakes or explosions, not foreseen or underestimated in the project and construction

10 original de la estructura. Actualmente los refuerzos a cortante se pueden clasificar en dos tipos: refuerzos pasivos y refuerzos activos. Los refuerzos pasivos consisten en la disposición de placas, barras o láminas de diferentes tipos de materiales, tales como acero o laminados de fibras de carbono, 10 original structure. Currently shear reinforcements can be classified into two types: passive reinforcements and active reinforcements. Passive reinforcements consist of the arrangement of plates, bars or sheets of different types of materials, such as steel or carbon fiber laminates,

15 entre otros, por adherencia o mediante anclajes mecánicos que “cosen” las fisuras, existentes o previsibles, de forma que al aumentar las solicitaciones externas el refuerzo pasivo dispuesto resista total o parcialmente el incremento de esfuerzo cortante. Este tipo de refuerzos sólo entra en acción para incrementos de esfuerzos a partir de su disposición, y para su correcto funcionamiento es necesario, en general, 15 among others, by adhesion or by mechanical anchors that “sew” the cracks, existing or foreseeable, so that by increasing external solicitations, the passive reinforcement arranged resists, totally or partially, the increase in shear stress. This type of reinforcements only goes into action for increased efforts from its disposition, and for its correct operation it is necessary, in general,

20 que la estructura reforzada aumente su deformación y su nivel de daño (refuerzo activado por la dilatancia del material original de la estructura a reforzar). Por ello, para evitar deformaciones excesivas después del refuerzo, se limitan al máximo las deformaciones iniciales a la hora de disponer el refuerzo. Con este fin, este tipo de refuerzos suelen requerir de un apeo o descargue previo de la estructura original. 20 that the reinforced structure increases its deformation and its level of damage (reinforcement activated by the expansion of the original material of the structure to be reinforced). Therefore, to avoid excessive deformations after reinforcement, initial deformations are limited to the maximum when arranging the reinforcement. To this end, these types of reinforcements usually require an attachment or previous download of the original structure.

25 Los refuerzos activos consisten en cambio en la disposición de placas, barras o láminas que “cosen” las fisuras, como en el caso anterior, pero a las que se aplica una tensión de tracción (tesado) antes de su anclaje, generalmente de tipo mecánico pero que podría ser por adherencia. Por lo general este tipo de refuerzos consta de dos partes: elementos pretensados y elementos de anclaje, en donde el proceso de tesado 25 The active reinforcements consist instead of the arrangement of plates, bars or sheets that “sew” the cracks, as in the previous case, but to which a tension of tension (tested) is applied before their anchorage, generally of type mechanical but that could be adhesion. Usually this type of reinforcements consists of two parts: prestressed elements and anchoring elements, where the testing process

30 es siempre mecánico. En este tipo de refuerzos el proceso de tesado requiere de gatos hidráulicos y cuñas, o de refuerzos atornillados con llaves que controlen el par de apriete. Para poder llevar a cabo el tesado, es necesario por tanto espacio de trabajo alrededor de todo el elemento estructural, para dar cabida a los elementos auxiliares. Este último requerimiento no es siempre posible o deseable a la hora de 30 is always mechanical. In this type of reinforcements the testing process requires hydraulic jacks and wedges, or reinforcements screwed with wrenches that control the tightening torque. In order to carry out the testing, it is therefore necessary work space around the entire structural element, to accommodate the auxiliary elements. This last requirement is not always possible or desirable at the time of

35 reforzar un elemento estructural de estas características. 35 reinforce a structural element of these characteristics.

Era por tanto deseable un método y un sistema de refuerzo activo frente a esfuerzo cortante o punzonamiento en elementos portantes estructurales, evitando los inconvenientes existentes en los anteriores métodos de refuerzo frente a esfuerzos cortantes del estado de la técnica. It was therefore desirable a method and an active reinforcement system against shear stress or punching in structural bearing elements, avoiding the inconveniences existing in the previous reinforcement methods against shear stresses of the prior art.

5 Descripción de la invención 5 Description of the invention

La presente invención resuelve los problemas existentes en el estado de la técnica mediante un método de refuerzo activo frente a esfuerzo cortante o punzonamiento en elementos portantes estructurales. Estos elementos portantes The present invention solves the problems existing in the state of the art by means of an active reinforcement method against shear stress or punching in structural bearing elements. These bearing elements

10 estructurales son principalmente del tipo de vigas, pilares y losas. El método tiene una etapa de disposición de al menos un elemento de refuerzo lineal realizada en una aleación con memoria de forma (SMA por sus siglas en inglés, “Shape memory alloy”) pre-estirada en fase martensítica, parcial o total, alrededor del elemento portante de estructuras a reforzar. Particularmente este elemento de 10 structural are mainly of the type of beams, pillars and slabs. The method has an arrangement stage of at least one linear reinforcement element made of a shape memory alloy (SMA), pre-stretched in partial or total martensitic phase, around the bearing element of structures to reinforce. Particularly this element of

15 refuerzo lineal puede consistir en una barra, alambre, o elemento similar, pero la característica principal es que sea lineal, es decir, con una de sus dimensiones claramente predominante sobre las otras. Esta disposición se realiza de forma tal que la barra o alambre de refuerzo queda dispuesta transversalmente a la fisura generada, The linear reinforcement may consist of a bar, wire, or similar element, but the main feature is that it be linear, that is, with one of its dimensions clearly predominant over the others. This arrangement is made in such a way that the reinforcing bar or wire is arranged transversely to the generated fissure,

o con posibilidad de ser generada por el esfuerzo cortante o punzonamiento. 20 A continuación, se realiza un anclaje de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo alrededor del elemento portante estructural. or with the possibility of being generated by the shear force or punching. 20 Next, an anchor of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element is made around the structural bearing element.

Posteriormente se lleva a cabo la activación de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo mediante calentamiento de ésta, originando la transformación de dicha barra de refuerzo de fase martensítica a fase austenítica, es decir la Subsequently, the activation of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element is carried out by heating it, causing the transformation of said reinforcement bar from martensitic phase to austenitic phase, ie the

25 transformación martensítica inversa. Mediante el calentamiento de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo, ésta se intenta acortar, y el acortamiento está impedido por el elemento portante estructural al que envuelve, transmitiendo así tensiones que comprimen todo el elemento portante estructural, y en particular a la fisura generada por el esfuerzo cortante. De este modo se cierra la fisura previa y se aumenta la 25 reverse martensitic transformation. By heating the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element, it is attempted to shorten, and the shortening is prevented by the structural bearing element to which it wraps, thus transmitting stresses that compress the entire structural bearing element, and in particular to the crack generated by the shear stress. This closes the previous fissure and increases the

30 resistencia a esfuerzo cortante, aumentando significativamente la ductilidad de la estructura ante la rotura por cortante. La presente invención presenta las ventajas de que no necesita un proceso de tesado mecánico (al contrario que los refuerzos activos del estado de la técnica), ya que utiliza el efecto de memoria de forma de las aleaciones SMA, y además no precisa 30 resistance to shear stress, significantly increasing the ductility of the structure against shear breakage. The present invention has the advantages that it does not need a mechanical testing process (unlike the active reinforcements of the prior art), since it uses the shape memory effect of SMA alloys, and also does not require

35 de la acumulación de daño de la estructura a reforzar para iniciar su trabajo (al 35 of the accumulation of damage of the structure to be reinforced to start its work (at

contrario que los refuerzos pasivos del estado de la técnica), ya que el refuerzo no está basado en la dilatancia del material a reforzar. contrary to the passive reinforcements of the state of the art), since the reinforcement is not based on the expansion of the material to be reinforced.

El método objeto de la presente invención se puede aplicar también a forjados, jácenas y diferentes soportes. The method object of the present invention can also be applied to floor slabs, jácenas and different supports.

Según una realización particular de la invención, la disposición de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo se realiza de forma sustancialmente helicoidal continua alrededor del elemento portante estructural. De acuerdo con esta disposición, de forma preferente unos tramos de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo quedan dispuestos en disposición perpendicular a la directriz del elemento portante de estructuras, y otros tramos quedan dispuestos inclinados con respecto a la directriz del elemento portante estructural. According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the arrangement of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element is carried out in a substantially helical continuous manner around the structural bearing element. According to this arrangement, preferably sections of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element are arranged perpendicular to the structure bearing element guideline, and other sections are arranged inclined with respect to the structural bearing element guideline. .

De acuerdo con esta realización particular, el anclaje de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo alrededor del elemento portante estructural se puede llevar a cabo mediante solape conectado de al menos dos tramos de la propia barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo. Alternativamente, el anclaje de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo alrededor del elemento portante estructural se puede realizar fijando dicha barra de refuerzo al propio elemento portante estructural. In accordance with this particular embodiment, the anchoring of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element around the structural bearing element can be carried out by means of connected overlap of at least two sections of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element itself. Alternatively, the anchoring of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element around the structural bearing element can be performed by fixing said reinforcing bar to the structural bearing element itself.

Según una realización particular alternativa de la invención, la disposición de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo se realiza de forma discreta mediante al menos una barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo en “U” alrededor del elemento portante estructural. De acuerdo con esta disposición, de forma particular el anclaje de la barra de refuerzo alrededor del elemento portante estructural se realiza fijando la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo al elemento portante estructural. Preferentemente, el anclaje se realiza mediante al menos una placa auxiliar y correspondientes pernos o tuercas para realizar la fijación, aunque se puede realizar mediante medios alternativos. According to a particular alternative embodiment of the invention, the arrangement of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element is carried out discreetly by means of at least one bar, wire or similar "U" reinforcing element around the structural bearing element. In accordance with this arrangement, in particular the anchoring of the reinforcing bar around the structural bearing element is carried out by fixing the rod, wire or similar reinforcing element to the structural bearing element. Preferably, the anchoring is carried out by means of at least one auxiliary plate and corresponding bolts or nuts for fixing, although it can be done by alternative means.

De forma particular, el calentamiento de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo para obtener la activación de ésta se puede realizar mediante diferentes medios tales como pistola de aire caliente, soplete, mantas térmicas o paso de electricidad a lo largo de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo. In particular, the heating of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element to obtain its activation can be carried out by different means such as hot air gun, blowtorch, thermal blankets or passage of electricity along the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element.

Preferentemente, en el método objeto de la presente invención se puede realizar un paso previo a la disposición de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo alrededor del elemento portante de estructuras, consistente en un redondeo de los cantos de dicho elemento portante estructural. Preferably, in the method object of the present invention, a step prior to the arrangement of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element can be made around the structure bearing element, consisting of a rounding of the edges of said structural bearing element.

Y también de forma preferente, el método presenta una etapa adicional de recubrimiento de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo tras su activación, por medio de material proyectado, mortero, placas de yeso, o combinación de todos ellos, para su protección. And also preferably, the method presents an additional stage of coating the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element after its activation, by means of projected material, mortar, plasterboard, or combination of all of them, for its protection.

5 Otro objeto de la presente invención es un sistema de refuerzo activo frente a esfuerzo cortante o punzonamiento en elementos portantes estructurales. Este sistema tiene al menos un elemento de refuerzo lineal realizado en aleación con memoria de forma en fase martensítica, parcial o total, el cual es anclado alrededor del elemento portante estructural, para su fijación a éste. Particularmente este elemento Another object of the present invention is an active reinforcement system against shear stress or punching in structural bearing elements. This system has at least one linear reinforcement element made of alloy with memory in a martensitic phase, partial or total, which is anchored around the structural bearing element, for fixing to it. Particularly this element

10 de refuerzo lineal puede consistir en una barra, alambre o elemento similar, pero la característica esencial es que es un elemento de refuerzo lineal, es decir, con una de sus dimensiones claramente predominante sobre el resto. 10 linear reinforcement may consist of a bar, wire or similar element, but the essential feature is that it is a linear reinforcement element, that is, with one of its dimensions clearly predominant over the rest.

De forma preferente, la aleación con memoria de forma del sistema objeto de la presente invención tiene estructura cristalina en fase martensítica, parcial o total, a 15 temperatura ambiente, y debe presentar una temperatura final de transformación de fase martensítica a austenítica situada entre 100ºC y 250ºC, pudiendo variar esta temperatura en función de la aleación utilizada. Además, su temperatura inicial de transformación directa de fase austenítica a fase martensítica deberá estar por debajo de la temperatura ambiente de trabajo del elemento estructural. Preferentemente la Preferably, the shape memory alloy of the system object of the present invention has a crystalline structure in a martensitic phase, partial or total, at room temperature, and must have a final transformation temperature of martensitic to austenitic phase between 100 ° C and 250 ° C, this temperature can vary depending on the alloy used. In addition, its initial temperature of direct transformation from austenitic phase to martensitic phase must be below the working ambient temperature of the structural element. Preferably the

20 aleación con memoria de forma consistirá en Ni-Ti-Nb o Fe-Mn-Si, con la posibilidad de contar con otros componentes en menor proporción, aunque puede estar realizada en otros materiales que cumplan los requisitos anteriormente indicados. 20 shape memory alloy will consist of Ni-Ti-Nb or Fe-Mn-Si, with the possibility of having other components in a smaller proportion, although it may be made of other materials that meet the requirements indicated above.

Breve descripción de los dibujos Brief description of the drawings

25 A continuación, para facilitar la comprensión de la invención, a modo ilustrativo pero no limitativo se describirá una realización de la invención que hace referencia a una serie de figuras. La figura 1 muestra de forma esquemática un elemento portante estructural, concretamente una viga, que presenta una fisura generada por esfuerzo cortante. Next, to facilitate the understanding of the invention, an illustrative but non-limiting way will describe an embodiment of the invention that refers to a series of figures. Figure 1 shows schematically a structural bearing element, specifically a beam, which has a fissure generated by shear stress.

30 La figura 2 es una vista esquemática de la viga de la figura 1 con un sistema de refuerzo activo objeto de la presente invención en el que el elemento de refuerzo lineal se dispone alrededor de dicha viga de forma helicoidal continua. Figure 2 is a schematic view of the beam of Figure 1 with an active reinforcement system object of the present invention in which the linear reinforcement element is disposed around said beam in a continuous helical manner.

La figura 3 es una vista esquemática de una realización particular del anclaje del refuerzo mostrado en la figura 2 a la viga. 35 La figura 4 es una vista esquemática de un sistema de refuerzo con disposición Figure 3 is a schematic view of a particular embodiment of the reinforcement anchor shown in Figure 2 to the beam. 35 Figure 4 is a schematic view of a reinforcement system with arrangement

de barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo de forma helicoidal continua en un elemento portante estructural alternativo. La figura 5 muestra el elemento portante estructural de la figura 4 con un sistema de refuerzo con disposición alternativa de varias barras de refuerzo en “U” de 5 forma discreta. of bar, wire or similar reinforcing element of continuous helical shape in an alternative structural bearing element. Figure 5 shows the structural bearing element of Figure 4 with a reinforcement system with alternative arrangement of several "U" reinforcing bars in a discrete manner.

Las figuras 6 y 7 muestran métodos alternativos de disposición del sistema de refuerzo alrededor de otro elemento portante estructural, , en este caso una columna vertical. Figures 6 and 7 show alternative methods of arrangement of the reinforcement system around another structural bearing element, in this case a vertical column.

Las figuras 8 y 9 muestran diferentes anclajes de la barra de refuerzo alrededor 10 del elemento portante. En estas figuras se hace referencia a un conjunto de elementos que son: Figures 8 and 9 show different anchors of the reinforcing bar around 10 of the bearing element. In these figures reference is made to a set of elements that are:

1. one.
elementos portantes estructurales structural bearing elements

2. 2.
fisura fissure

3. elemento de refuerzo lineal tal como barra, alambre o elemento similar, de 15 aleación con memoria de forma 3. Linear reinforcing element such as bar, wire or similar element, of 15 shape memory alloy

4. Four.
placa auxiliar auxiliary plate

5. 5.
tuercas, pernos nuts, bolts

Descripción detallada de la invención 20 El objeto de la presente invención es un método de refuerzo activo frente a esfuerzo cortante o punzonamiento en elementos portantes estructurales. Tal y como se puede apreciar en las figuras, los elementos portantes estructurales 1 a reforzar pueden ser del tipo de vigas, pilares y losas. La figura 1 muestra de forma esquemática un elemento portante estructural 1, DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The object of the present invention is an active reinforcement method against shear stress or punching in structural bearing elements. As can be seen in the figures, the structural supporting elements 1 to be reinforced can be of the type of beams, pillars and slabs. Figure 1 schematically shows a structural bearing element 1,

25 concretamente una viga, que presenta una fisura 2 generada por el esfuerzo cortante. Dicho elemento portante estructural 1, con la fisura 2 o sin ella, es el que se reforzará con el método objeto de la presente invención. 25 specifically a beam, which has a fissure 2 generated by the shear stress. Said structural bearing element 1, with or without fissure 2, is the one that will be reinforced with the method object of the present invention.

El método objeto de la presente invención tiene una etapa de disposición de al menos un elemento de refuerzo lineal 3 de aleación con memoria de forma pre30 estirada en fase martensítica, parcial o total, alrededor del elemento portante estructural 1 a reforzar, en la que dicha barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3 queda dispuesta transversalmente a la fisura 2 que se genera o se puede generar debido al esfuerzo cortante o punzonamiento. Particularmente este elemento de refuerzo lineal 3 puede consistir en una barra, alambre o elemento similar, pero la 35 característica esencial es que es un elemento de refuerzo lineal, es decir, con una The method object of the present invention has an arrangement stage of at least one linear alloy reinforcement element 3 with pre-stretched memory stretched in martensitic phase, partial or total, around the structural bearing element 1 to be reinforced, wherein said bar, wire or similar reinforcing element 3 is disposed transversely to the fissure 2 that is generated or can be generated due to the shear force or punching. Particularly this linear reinforcement element 3 may consist of a bar, wire or similar element, but the essential characteristic is that it is a linear reinforcement element, that is, with a

dimensión claramente predominante sobre el resto. Clearly predominant dimension over the rest.

Posteriormente se realiza un anclaje de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3 alrededor del elemento portante estructural 1, y finalmente se realiza una activación de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3 mediante Subsequently, an anchor of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 is made around the structural bearing element 1, and finally an activation of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 is performed by

5 calentamiento de ésta, originando la transformación de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3 de fase martensítica a fase austenítica. 5 heating of this, causing the transformation of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 from martensitic phase to austenitic phase.

De acuerdo con diferentes realizaciones particulares de la invención, la disposición de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3 se realiza de forma sustancialmente helicoidal continua alrededor del elemento portante estructural 1, tal y According to different particular embodiments of the invention, the arrangement of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element 3 is carried out in a substantially helical continuous manner around the structural bearing element 1, such and

10 como se observa en las figuras 2, 3, 4 y 6. Según la realización particular anterior, de forma preferente unos tramos de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3 quedan dispuestos en disposición perpendicular a la directriz del elemento portante estructural 1 y otros tramos de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3 quedan dispuestos inclinados con 10 as can be seen in figures 2, 3, 4 and 6. According to the previous particular embodiment, preferably sections of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 are arranged perpendicular to the guideline of the structural bearing element 1 and other sections of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element 3 are arranged inclined with

15 respecto a la directriz del elemento portante estructural 1, quedando transversales a la fisura 2 y “cosiendo” ésta. En las figuras 2-3 se observan los tramos inclinados con respecto a la directriz del elemento portante estructural 1, mientras que los tramos perpendiculares a éste quedan ocultos en dichas figuras. De acuerdo con esta realización según la disposición helicoidal continua 15 with respect to the guideline of the structural bearing element 1, being transverse to the fissure 2 and "sewing" it. In figures 2-3 the inclined sections are observed with respect to the guideline of the structural bearing element 1, while the sections perpendicular to it are hidden in said figures. In accordance with this embodiment according to the continuous helical arrangement

20 alrededor del elemento portante estructural 1, el anclaje de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3 se dispone al principio y al final de la misma, y se puede realizar mediante solape de al menos dos tramos de la propia barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3, o por el contrario mediante la fijación de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3 al elemento portante estructural 1, tal y como 20 around the structural bearing element 1, the anchoring of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 is arranged at the beginning and at the end thereof, and can be performed by overlapping at least two sections of the bar itself, wire or similar reinforcement element 3, or on the contrary by fixing the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 to the structural bearing element 1, as

25 se puede observar en la figura 3. En el caso de realizar el anclaje mediante solape de tramos de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3, éste se realizará por medio de dispositivos auxiliares habituales como manguitos, tuercas, pernos en U o abrazaderas. Como alternativa a la disposición helicoidal continua de la barra, alambre o 25 can be seen in Figure 3. In the case of anchoring by overlapping sections of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3, this will be done by means of usual auxiliary devices such as sleeves, nuts, U-bolts or clamps As an alternative to the continuous helical arrangement of the bar, wire or

30 elemento similar de refuerzo 3 alrededor del elemento portante estructural 1, según otra realización particular existe una disposición discreta de una o varias barras, alambres o elemento similar de refuerzo en “U” alrededor del elemento portante estructural 1, tal y como se puede apreciar en las figuras 5 y 7. De acuerdo con esta realización según la disposición discreta de una o varias 30 similar reinforcement element 3 around the structural bearing element 1, according to another particular embodiment there is a discrete arrangement of one or more bars, wires or similar "U" reinforcement element around the structural bearing element 1, as can be seen in figures 5 and 7. According to this embodiment according to the discrete arrangement of one or more

35 barras, alambres o elementos similares de refuerzo 3 en “U”, el anclaje de las barras 35 bars, wires or similar reinforcement elements 3 "U", the anchoring of the bars

de refuerzo 3 se realiza mediante la fijación de ésta al elemento portante estructural 1. Esta fijación se realiza mediante al menos una placa auxiliar 4 y las correspondientes tuercas o pernos 5 para el anclaje. of reinforcement 3 is carried out by fixing it to the structural supporting element 1. This fixing is carried out by means of at least one auxiliary plate 4 and the corresponding nuts or bolts 5 for anchoring.

En general, los anclajes podrán ser de tipo atornillado y deberán diseñarse 5 para soportar siempre la máxima fuerza posible en la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3 In general, the anchors may be bolted and should be designed 5 to always withstand the maximum possible force on the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element 3

Según diferentes realizaciones particulares de la invención, la activación de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3 mediante calentamiento de ésta se puede conseguir mediante diferentes medios tales como pistola de aire caliente, According to different particular embodiments of the invention, the activation of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element 3 by heating it can be achieved by different means such as hot air gun,

10 soplete, mantas térmicas, o el paso de electricidad a lo largo de dicha barra, alambre o elemento similiar de refuerzo 3, gracias a la ley de Joule. De forma particular, y sobre todo si las barras, alambres o elementos similares de refuerzo 3 de aleación de forma (SMAs) no tienen una elevada ductilidad, se puede realizar una etapa previa a la disposición de la barra, alambre o elemento auxiliar de 10 torch, thermal blankets, or the passage of electricity along said bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3, thanks to Joule's law. In particular, and especially if the bars, wires or similar reinforcement elements 3 of alloy shape (SMAs) do not have high ductility, a stage prior to the arrangement of the bar, wire or auxiliary element of

15 refuerzo 3 alrededor del elemento portante estructural 1, consistente en un redondeo previo de los cantos de dicho elemento portante estructural. De esta forma se evitará la existencia de vértices a 90º que podrían dañar la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3. Una realización particular de la invención incorpora una etapa adicional de 15 reinforcement 3 around the structural bearing element 1, consisting of a previous rounding of the edges of said structural bearing element. This will avoid the existence of vertices at 90 ° that could damage the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3. A particular embodiment of the invention incorporates an additional stage of

20 recubrimiento de las barras, alambres o elementos similares de refuerzo 3 tras su activación, mediante diferentes medios tales como material proyectado, mortero, placas de yeso y combinaciones de éstos. Este recubrimiento se puede realizar para proteger al sistema de refuerzo frente a fuego o diferentes condiciones ambientales. En este caso se deberá inicialmente tratar la superficie del elemento portante 20 coating the bars, wires or similar reinforcement elements 3 after activation, by different means such as projected material, mortar, plasterboard and combinations thereof. This coating can be done to protect the reinforcement system against fire or different environmental conditions. In this case, the surface of the bearing element must initially be treated

25 estructural 1 a reforzar para incrementar su rugosidad. Ello será posible mediante el uso de hidrojet, chorro de arena, o repicado por métodos manuales o mecánicos, antes de realizar la disposición de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3. Según esta realización particular, el método puede incluir una etapa previa de realización de ranuras o rozas en el elemento portante estructural 1 para la disposición 25 structural 1 to reinforce to increase its roughness. This will be possible through the use of hydrojet, sandblasting, or repeated by manual or mechanical methods, before arranging the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3. According to this particular embodiment, the method may include a previous stage of realization of grooves or rubs in the structural bearing element 1 for the arrangement

30 de las barras, alambres o elementos similares de refuerzo 3 en dichas ranuras, y el recubrimiento posterior de éstas mediante los medios indicados anteriormente. Las ranuras se realizarán mediante rozadora o medios similares. 30 of the bars, wires or similar reinforcing elements 3 in said grooves, and the subsequent coating thereof by the means indicated above. The grooves will be made using a brush or similar means.

El método objeto de la presente invención se puede aplicar igualmente para refuerzos a punzonamiento en losas o ábacos de forjados reticulares, de forma similar 35 al aplicado para vigas, teniendo en cuenta que en el caso de punzonamiento en losas The method object of the present invention can also be applied for reinforcements to punching in slabs or abacus of reticular slabs, similar to that applied to beams, taking into account that in the case of punching in slabs

o ábacos de forjados reticulares los refuerzos se dispondrán en dos direcciones del espacio a partir del pilar. Dichos refuerzos requerirán de varias perforaciones previas en la losa para poder disponer la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3 que envuelva el elemento portante estructural. Nótese que en las zonas a reforzar situadas 5 alrededor de un pilar interior estos refuerzos se disponen como mínimo cuatro veces (dos sentidos a partir del pilar en dos direcciones). El proceso de disposición de la barra, alambre o elemento similar de refuerzo 3 es el mismo que el indicado anteriormente, añadiendo el paso previo de perforación de la losa para la disposición posterior del refuerzo. También es posible el uso de la barra, alambre o elemento or abacus of reticular slabs reinforcements will be arranged in two directions of space from the pillar. Said reinforcements will require several previous perforations in the slab to be able to arrange the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 that surrounds the structural bearing element. Note that in the areas to be reinforced located around an inner pillar, these reinforcements are arranged at least four times (two directions from the pillar in two directions). The process of arranging the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 is the same as that indicated above, adding the pre-drilling step of the slab for the subsequent arrangement of the reinforcement. It is also possible to use the bar, wire or element

10 similar de refuerzo 3 en “U” en este caso. El método es válido igualmente para vigas, viguetas o nervios de forjados con sección transversal en “T”. Otro objeto de la presente invención es un sistema de refuerzo activo frente a esfuerzo cortante o punzonamiento en elementos portantes estructurales. Tal y como se puede observar en las figuras, el sistema presenta al menos un 10 similar reinforcement 3 in "U" in this case. The method is also valid for beams, joists or ribs of slabs with a "T" cross section. Another object of the present invention is an active reinforcement system against shear stress or punching in structural bearing elements. As can be seen in the figures, the system has at least one

15 elemento de refuerzo lineal 3 de aleación con memoria de forma en fase martensítica parcial o total, anclable alrededor del elemento portante estructural 1. Particularmente este elemento de refuerzo lineal 3 puede consistir en una barra, alambre o elemento similar, pero la característica esencial es que es un elemento de refuerzo lineal, es decir, con una dimensión claramente predominante sobre el resto. 15 linear alloy reinforcement element 3 with memory of partial or total martensitic phase shape, anchorable around the structural bearing element 1. Particularly this linear reinforcement element 3 may consist of a bar, wire or similar element, but the essential feature is which is a linear reinforcement element, that is, with a clearly predominant dimension over the rest.

20 De forma particular, esta aleación con memoria de forma tiene unas características necesarias para llevar a cabo el refuerzo de forma óptima, como son que presenta estructura cristalina en fase martensítica parcial o total a temperatura ambiente, que tiene una temperatura final de transformación de fase martensítica a austenítica situada entre 100ºC y 250ºC, pudiendo variar esta temperatura en función In particular, this shape memory alloy has characteristics necessary to carry out the reinforcement optimally, such as that it has a crystalline structure in partial or total martensitic phase at room temperature, which has a final phase transformation temperature. martensitic to austenitic located between 100ºC and 250ºC, this temperature can vary depending on

25 de la aleación utilizada, y que tiene una temperatura inicial de transformación directa de fase austenítica a fase martensítica por debajo de la temperatura ambiente de trabajo del elemento portante estructural 1, preferiblemente a temperaturas por debajo de -50ºC, para no realizar dicha transformación directa en condiciones de trabajo. Preferentemente, la aleación con memoria de forma es tal que genera una tensión de 25 of the alloy used, and having an initial direct transformation temperature from austenitic phase to martensitic phase below the working ambient temperature of the structural bearing element 1, preferably at temperatures below -50 ° C, so as not to perform said direct transformation in working conditions. Preferably, the shape memory alloy is such that it generates a voltage of

30 recuperación bajo deformación impedida en la transformación de fase martensítica a austenítica de al menos 200 MPa. Particularmente, la aleación con memoria de forma puede ser Ni-Ti-Nb, o bien Fe-Mn-Si, con la posible incorporación de otros componentes en menor proporción, aunque podría ser cualquier aleación con memoria de forma que cumpla con los 30 recovery under deformation prevented in the transformation of martensitic to austenitic phase of at least 200 MPa. Particularly, the shape memory alloy can be Ni-Ti-Nb, or Fe-Mn-Si, with the possible incorporation of other components in a smaller proportion, although it could be any memory shape alloy that complies with the

35 requisitos indicados anteriormente. 35 requirements indicated above.

Una vez descrita de forma clara la invención, se hace constar que las realizaciones particulares anteriormente descritas son susceptibles de modificaciones de detalle siempre que no alteren el principio fundamental y la esencia de la invención. Once the invention is clearly described, it is noted that the particular embodiments described above are subject to modifications in detail as long as they do not alter the fundamental principle and essence of the invention.

Claims (16)

REIVINDICACIONES 1. Método de refuerzo activo frente a esfuerzo cortante o punzonamiento en elementos portantes estructurales, siendo dichos elementos portantes estructurales (1) 1. Active reinforcement method against shear stress or punching in structural bearing elements, said structural bearing elements being (1) 5 del tipo de vigas, pilares y losas, caracterizado por que comprende las etapas de -disposición de al menos un elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) de aleación con memoria de forma pre-estirada en fase martensítica alrededor del elemento portante de estructuras (1) a reforzar, de forma tal que dicha barra de refuerzo (3) queda dispuesta transversalmente a una fisura (2) generada, por el esfuerzo cortante o 5 of the type of beams, pillars and slabs, characterized in that it comprises the stages of - arrangement of at least one linear reinforcement element (3) of alloy with pre-stretched memory in martensitic phase around the bearing element of structures (1) to be reinforced, such that said reinforcement bar (3) is arranged transversely to a fissure (2) generated, by the shear stress or 10 punzonamiento, -anclaje del elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) alrededor del elemento portante estructural (1), -activación del elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) mediante calentamiento de ésta, originando la transformación del elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) de fase martensítica a 10 punching, - anchoring of the linear reinforcement element (3) around the structural bearing element (1), - activating the linear reinforcement element (3) by heating it, causing the transformation of the linear linear reinforcement element (3) martensitic to 15 fase austenítica. 15 austenitic phase. 2. Método según la reivindicación 1 caracterizado por que la disposición del elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) se realiza de forma sustancialmente helicoidal continua alrededor del elemento portante estructural (1). 2. Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the arrangement of the linear reinforcement element (3) is carried out in a substantially helical continuous manner around the structural bearing element (1). 3. Método según la reivindicación 2 caracterizado por que la disposición de forma sustancialmente helicoidal del elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) se realiza de forma tal que -unos tramos del elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) quedan dispuestos en 3. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the substantially helical arrangement of the linear reinforcement element (3) is carried out in such a way that some sections of the linear reinforcement element (3) are arranged in 25 disposición perpendicular a la directriz del elemento portante estructural (1) y -unos tramos de dicho elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) quedan dispuestos inclinados con respecto a la directriz del elemento portante estructural (1). 25 arrangement perpendicular to the guideline of the structural bearing element (1) and - sections of said linear reinforcement element (3) are arranged inclined with respect to the guideline of the structural bearing element (1). 4. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 2-3 caracterizado por que el 30 anclaje del elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) alrededor del elemento portante estructural 4. Method according to any of claims 2-3 characterized in that the anchoring of the linear reinforcement element (3) around the structural bearing element (1) se realiza mediante solape de al menos dos tramos del propio elemento de refuerzo lineal (3). (1) is performed by overlapping at least two sections of the linear reinforcement element itself (3). 5. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 2-3 caracterizado por que el 35 anclaje del elemento de refuerzo lineal (2) alrededor del elemento portante estructural 5. Method according to any of claims 2-3 characterized in that the anchoring of the linear reinforcement element (2) around the structural bearing element (1) se realiza fijando dicho elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) al elemento portante estructural (1). (1) is performed by fixing said linear reinforcement element (3) to the structural bearing element (1). 6. Método según la reivindicación 1 caracterizado por que la disposición del 6. Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the arrangement of the 5 elemento de refuerzo lineal, (3) se realiza de forma discreta mediante al menos un elemento de refuerzo lineal en “U” alrededor del elemento portante estructural (1). 5 linear reinforcement element, (3) is performed discreetly by means of at least one "U" linear reinforcement element around the structural bearing element (1). 7. Método según la reivindicación 6 caracterizado por que el anclaje del elemento 7. Method according to claim 6 characterized in that the anchoring of the element de refuerzo lineal (3) alrededor del elemento portante estructural (1) se realiza fijando 10 dicho elemento de refuerzo (3) al elemento portante estructural (1). Linear reinforcement (3) around the structural bearing element (1) is carried out by fixing said reinforcement element (3) to the structural bearing element (1). 8. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 6-7 caracterizado por que el anclaje del elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) alrededor del elemento portante estructural Method according to any of claims 6-7 characterized in that the anchoring of the linear reinforcement element (3) around the structural bearing element (1) se realiza mediante al menos una placa auxiliar (4) y tuercas o pernos (5). 15 (1) is performed by at least one auxiliary plate (4) and nuts or bolts (5). fifteen 9. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores caracterizado por que la activación del elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) mediante calentamiento de éste se realiza mediante medios seleccionados entre pistola de aire caliente, soplete, mantas térmicas o paso de electricidad a lo largo de dicha barra de refuerzo (3). Method according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that the activation of the linear reinforcement element (3) by heating it is carried out by means selected from a hot air gun, blowtorch, thermal blankets or electricity passage along said reinforcement bar (3). 10. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores caracterizado por que previamente a la disposición del elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) alrededor del elemento portante estructural (1) se realiza un redondeo de los cantos de dicho elemento portante estructural (1). Method according to any of the preceding claims characterized in that prior to the arrangement of the linear reinforcement element (3) around the structural bearing element (1) a rounding of the edges of said structural bearing element (1) is performed. 11. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores caracterizado por que comprende una etapa adicional de recubrimiento del o elemento de refuerzo lineal 11. Method according to any of the preceding claims characterized in that it comprises an additional step of coating the linear reinforcing element or element (3) tras su activación mediante medios seleccionados entre material proyectado, (3) after activation by means selected from projected material, mortero, placas de yeso y combinación de ellos. 30 mortar, plasterboard and combination of them. 30 12. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores caracterizado por que comprende una etapa previa de realización de ranuras en el elemento portante estructural (1) para la disposición de al menos un elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) en dichas ranuras. Method according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that it comprises a previous stage of realization of grooves in the structural bearing element (1) for the arrangement of at least one linear reinforcement element (3) in said grooves. 13. Sistema de refuerzo activo frente a esfuerzo cortante o punzonamiento en elementos portantes estructurales, caracterizado por que comprende al menos un elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) de aleación con memoria de forma en fase martensítica anclable alrededor del elemento portante estructural (1). 13. Active reinforcement system against shear stress or punching in structural supporting elements, characterized in that it comprises at least one linear reinforcement element (3) made of alloy with memory in the form of a martensitic phase that can be anchored around the structural bearing element (1). 14. Sistema de refuerzo activo según la reivindicación 13, caracterizado por que la aleación con memoria de forma -presenta estructura cristalina en fase martensítica, a temperatura ambiente, -tiene una temperatura final de transformación de fase martensítica a austenítica 14. Active reinforcement system according to claim 13, characterized in that the shape memory alloy - presents crystalline structure in martensitic phase, at room temperature, - has a final transformation temperature from martensitic to austenitic phase 10 situada entre 100ºC y 250ºC, -tiene una temperatura inicial de transformación directa de fase austenítica a fase martensítica por debajo de la temperatura ambiente de trabajo del elemento portante de estructuras (1), -y genera una tensión de recuperación bajo deformación impedida en la 10 located between 100 ° C and 250 ° C, - has an initial temperature of direct transformation from austenitic phase to martensitic phase below the working ambient temperature of the supporting element of structures (1), - and generates a recovery voltage under deformation prevented in the 15 transformación de fase martensítica a austenítica de al menos 200 MPa. 15 transformation of martensitic to austenitic phase of at least 200 MPa. 15. Sistema de refuerzo activo según la reivindicación 14, caracterizado por que la aleación con memoria de forma está seleccionada entre las familias de aleaciones Ni-Ti-Nb y Fe-Mn-Si. 15. Active reinforcement system according to claim 14, characterized in that the shape memory alloy is selected from the Ni-Ti-Nb and Fe-Mn-Si alloy families. 16. Sistema de refuerzo activo según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 13-15, caracterizado por que el elemento de refuerzo lineal (3) está seleccionado entre una barra y un alambre. 16. Active reinforcement system according to any of claims 13-15, characterized in that the linear reinforcement element (3) is selected from a bar and a wire. 2 2 Fig.�1  Fig. 1 Fig.�2  Fig. 2 Fig.�3  Fig. 3 Fig.�6  Fig. 6   Fig.�7  Fig. 7   Fig.�8  Fig. 8 4 4 Fig.�9 Fig. 9
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