ES2543896B1 - Microgeneration and energy storage system on on-board devices - Google Patents
Microgeneration and energy storage system on on-board devices Download PDFInfo
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- ES2543896B1 ES2543896B1 ES201331935A ES201331935A ES2543896B1 ES 2543896 B1 ES2543896 B1 ES 2543896B1 ES 201331935 A ES201331935 A ES 201331935A ES 201331935 A ES201331935 A ES 201331935A ES 2543896 B1 ES2543896 B1 ES 2543896B1
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- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000003534 oscillatory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N thionyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)=O FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000006266 hibernation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 2
- HFGPZNIAWCZYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead zirconate titanate Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4].[Zr+4].[Pb+2] HFGPZNIAWCZYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052451 lead zirconate titanate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 2
- SOZVEOGRIFZGRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].ClS(Cl)=O Chemical compound [Li].ClS(Cl)=O SOZVEOGRIFZGRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
- F03B13/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
- F03B13/12—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy
- F03B13/14—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy
- F03B13/16—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy using the relative movement between a wave-operated member, i.e. a "wom" and another member, i.e. a reaction member or "rem"
- F03B13/20—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy using the relative movement between a wave-operated member, i.e. a "wom" and another member, i.e. a reaction member or "rem" wherein both members, i.e. wom and rem are movable relative to the sea bed or shore
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
- F03B13/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
- F03B13/12—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy
- F03B13/14—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63J—AUXILIARIES ON VESSELS
- B63J3/00—Driving of auxiliaries
- B63J3/04—Driving of auxiliaries from power plant other than propulsion power plant
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N2/00—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction
- H02N2/18—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction producing electrical output from mechanical input, e.g. generators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N2/00—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction
- H02N2/18—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction producing electrical output from mechanical input, e.g. generators
- H02N2/181—Circuits; Control arrangements or methods
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/30—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with mechanical input and electrical output, e.g. functioning as generators or sensors
- H10N30/304—Beam type
- H10N30/306—Cantilevers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2220/00—Application
- F05B2220/70—Application in combination with
- F05B2220/709—Piezoelectric means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2240/00—Components
- F05B2240/90—Mounting on supporting structures or systems
- F05B2240/93—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a structure floating on a liquid surface
- F05B2240/931—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a structure floating on a liquid surface which is a vehicle
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/30—Energy from the sea, e.g. using wave energy or salinity gradient
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
Abstract
Sistema de microgeneración de energía en dispositivos embarcados que comprende un microgenerador (3) conectado con un circuito de adaptación (8) y éste, a su vez, con un sistema de almacenamiento híbrido de energía constituido por una célula primaria (1) no recargable y una célula secundaria recargable (2), para obtener alta densidad energética y elevada potencia. Un sistema de gestión energético inteligente (4) realiza la carga de la celda secundaria (2) a través del microgenerador (3) o de la célula primaria (1). El microgenerador (3) es un sistema oscilante formado por al menos una lámina piezoeléctrica (14a, 14b) en voladizo, encontrándose empotrada por un extremo (13a, 13b) y con una masa (15a, 15b) en el extremo contrario, de tal forma que distintos movimientos en la embarcación provocan un movimiento oscilatorio en dicha lámina piezoeléctrica (14a, 14b) excitándola y generando una corriente eléctrica.Energy microgeneration system in on-board devices comprising a microgenerator (3) connected with an adaptation circuit (8) and this, in turn, with a hybrid energy storage system consisting of a non-rechargeable primary cell (1) and a rechargeable secondary cell (2), to obtain high energy density and high power. An intelligent energy management system (4) charges the secondary cell (2) through the microgenerator (3) or the primary cell (1). The microgenerator (3) is an oscillating system formed by at least one cantilever sheet (14a, 14b) in cantilever, being embedded by one end (13a, 13b) and with a mass (15a, 15b) at the opposite end, of such such that different movements in the boat cause an oscillatory movement in said piezoelectric sheet (14a, 14b) exciting it and generating an electric current.
Description
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DESCRIPCIONDESCRIPTION
Sistema de microgeneracion y almacenamiento de energia en dispositivos embarcados. OBJETO DE LA INVENCIONMicrogeneration system and energy storage in on-board devices. OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
La presente invencion tiene por objeto un sistema de microgeneracion y alimentacion energetica para dispositivos dispuestos en embarcaciones marltimas, de tal forma que puedan aprovechar el movimiento producido por las olas. La invencion se engloba dentro de los sistemas de microgeneracion ("energy harvesting”) que permiten aprovechar la energia de diferentes fuentes para alimentar dispositivos embarcados en aplicaciones de bajo consumo.The present invention has as its object a microgeneration and energy supply system for devices arranged in maritime vessels, so that they can take advantage of the movement produced by the waves. The invention is encompassed within microgeneration systems ("energy harvesting") that allow the use of energy from different sources to power devices shipped in low consumption applications.
Las caracterlsticas principales del sistema de la invencion son principalmente las siguientes:The main features of the system of the invention are mainly the following:
- Volumen reducido: Alta densidad energetica- Reduced volume: High energy density
- Alta potencia especlfica- High specific power
- Posibilidad de recarga a traves de sistema de microgeneracion- Possibility of recharging through microgeneration system
- Baja autodescarga- Low self discharge
- Alta eficiencia- High efficiency
ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIONBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Los sistemas de microgeneracion compuestos por un generador y un sistema de almacenamiento y gestion de la energia generada permiten recolectar pequenas cantidades de energia de fuentes tan diversas como la solar, la cinetica, la termica o la eolica, entre otras. Esta energia se transforma eficientemente en electricidad y se almacena en baterlas o supercondensadores.Microgeneration systems composed of a generator and a system of storage and management of the generated energy allow small amounts of energy to be collected from sources as diverse as solar, kinetic, thermal or wind, among others. This energy is efficiently transformed into electricity and stored in batteries or supercapacitors.
En las embarcaciones marltimas, la alimentacion eficiente de los distintos sistemas que se integran en el buque representa un problem a tecnico importante. No obstante, los sistemas conocidos presentan serias desventajas, ya que se trata de dispositivos voluminosos, adaptados a partir de generadores de elevada potencia ya empleados en plantas de generacion y que, en la mayorla de los casos, requieren alterar la estructura de la embarcacion, puesto que no tienen en cuenta las reducidas dimensiones de la misma. Por otro lado, debido precisamente a las caracterlsticas indicadas, no son sistemas practicos para aplicaciones de bajo consumo, como redes de sensores, dispositivos de emergencias y/o geolocalizacion.In the maritime vessels, the efficient feeding of the different systems that are integrated in the ship represents an important technical problem. However, known systems have serious disadvantages, since they are bulky devices, adapted from high power generators already used in generation plants and which, in most cases, require altering the structure of the vessel, since they do not take into account the small dimensions of it. On the other hand, due precisely to the characteristics indicated, they are not practical systems for low consumption applications, such as sensor networks, emergency devices and / or geolocation.
Respecto los sistemas de almacenamiento, un analisis de los dispositivos actuales revela que densidad energetica es opuesta a potencia especlfica. Son interesantes altas densidades energeticas para reducir el volumen del sistema de almacenamiento, pero los sistemas de alta densidad energetica actuales no son capaces de proporcionar picos de corriente del orden de amperios como los que se requieren para el funcionamiento de modulos de comunicaciones y otros posibles sistemas de elevado consumo.Regarding storage systems, an analysis of current devices reveals that energy density is opposite to specific power. High energy densities are interesting to reduce the volume of the storage system, but today's high energy density systems are not capable of providing current peaks of the order of amps such as those required for the operation of communications modules and other possible systems. of high consumption.
DESCRIPCION DE LA INVENCIONDESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
La presente invencion soluciona los problem as tecnicos indicados en el estado de la tecnica, gracias a que la corriente alterna generada es rectificada y convertida en corriente continua para su almacenamiento en unos medios hlbridos de almacenamiento desde los cuales se alimentan las cargas. De este modo, se consigue un equipo de dimensiones reducidas, sencillo y optimizado para la generacion de energia en un buque en el mar.The present invention solves the technical problems indicated in the state of the art, thanks to the fact that the generated alternating current is rectified and converted into direct current for storage in hybrid storage media from which the loads are fed. In this way, a team of small dimensions, simple and optimized for the generation of energy in a ship at sea is achieved.
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De acuerdo con un primer aspecto de la presente invencion, el sistema de microgeneracion de energla en dispositivos embarcados de la presente invencion comprende:According to a first aspect of the present invention, the energy microgeneration system in on-board devices of the present invention comprises:
a) Unos medios hlbridos de almacenamiento, form ados por una celula secundaria recargable conectada a unas cargas a traves de un interruptor y una celula primaria no recargable conectada a la celula secundaria a traves de un convertidor CC/CC.a) Hybrid storage media, formed by a rechargeable secondary cell connected to loads through a switch and a non-rechargeable primary cell connected to the secondary cell through a DC / DC converter.
b) Un medio de microgeneracion, que comprende un microgenerador oscilante conectado a la celula secundaria a traves de un circuito de adaptacion.b) A microgeneration medium, comprising an oscillating microgenerator connected to the secondary cell through an adaptation circuit.
c) Un medio de gestion inteligente, formado por un medio de procesamiento conectado al convertidor CC/CC, al circuito de adaptacion, y al interruptor para gestionar el funcionamiento del sistema en funcion del nivel de carga de las celulas primaria y secundaria y de la energla demandada por las cargas.c) An intelligent management means, formed by a processing means connected to the DC / DC converter, to the adaptation circuit, and to the switch to manage the operation of the system according to the level of charge of the primary and secondary cells and of the energla demanded by the charges.
En principio, las celulas primaria y secundaria pueden ser de diferentes tipos segun cada aplicacion particular a la que se vaya a dirigir la invencion, aunque en realizaciones preferidas la celula primaria no recargable comprende pilas de litio de cloruro de tionilo (LiSOCL2) y la celula secundaria recargable comprende un condensador de litio.In principle, the primary and secondary cells may be of different types according to each particular application to which the invention is to be directed, although in preferred embodiments the non-rechargeable primary cell comprises lithium batteries of thionyl chloride (LiSOCL2) and the cell Rechargeable secondary comprises a lithium capacitor.
En cuanto al microgenerador oscilante, preferentemente se trata de un dispositivo que comprende al menos una lamina piezoelectrica horizontal en voladizo que esta empotrada por un extremo y tiene una masa en el extremo contrario, de tal forma que el movimiento de arfada de la embarcacion provoca un movimiento oscilatorio vertical en dicha lamina piezoelectrica, que permite generar una corriente electrica alterna. Esta configuracion permite aprovechar los movimientos de arfada de la embarcacion, es decir, aquellos que consisten fundamentalmente en desplazamientos verticales alternativos hacia arriba y hacia abajo.As for the oscillating microgenerator, it is preferably a device that comprises at least one horizontal piezoelectric cantilever laminate that is embedded at one end and has a mass at the opposite end, such that the vessel's shattering movement causes a vertical oscillatory movement in said piezoelectric sheet, which allows generating an alternating electric current. This configuration makes it possible to take advantage of the boat's movement of the boat, that is, those that consist primarily of alternative vertical displacements up and down.
Ademas, preferentemente el microgenerador comprende ademas al menos una lamina piezoelectrica transversal en voladizo que esta empotrada por un extremo y tiene una masa en el extremo contrario, de tal forma que el movimiento de cabeceo y balanceo de la embarcacion provoca un movimiento oscilatorio horizontal en dicha lamina piezoelectrica que permite generar una corriente electrica alterna.In addition, preferably the microgenerator also comprises at least one transverse piezoelectric cantilever sheet that is embedded at one end and has a mass at the opposite end, such that the pitching and balancing movement of the vessel causes a horizontal oscillatory movement in said Piezoelectric sheet that allows to generate an alternating electric current.
La combinacion de laminas horizontales y transversales permite aprovechar del mejor modo posible todos los movimientos que sufre una embarcacion en alta mar.The combination of horizontal and transverse plates allows to take advantage of in the best possible way all the movements suffered by a boat at sea.
En otra realizacion preferida, el circuito de adaptacion comprende un convertidor CA/CC conectado a un condensador y a un convertidor conmutado CC/CC, de manera que cuando se alcanza un determinado nivel de tension en el condensador se activa el convertidor conmutado CC/CC, para cargar la celula secundaria recargable.In another preferred embodiment, the adaptation circuit comprises an AC / DC converter connected to a capacitor and a DC / DC switched converter, so that when a certain level of voltage is reached in the capacitor the DC / DC switched converter is activated, to load the rechargeable secondary cell.
Un segundo aspecto de la presente invencion esta dirigido a un procedimiento de operacion de un sistema de microgeneracion del tipo descrito anteriormente. Las operaciones principales del funcionamiento de este sistema de microgeneracion son:A second aspect of the present invention is directed to a method of operating a microgeneration system of the type described above. The main operations of the operation of this microgeneration system are:
1) Alimentar las cargas desde la celula secundaria recargable siempre que su nivel de tension sea superior a un primer umbral mlnimo.1) Feed the loads from the rechargeable secondary cell as long as its tension level exceeds a minimum minimum threshold.
2) Cuando el nivel de tension de la celula secundaria recargable alcanza el primer umbral mlnimo, recargarla desde la celula primaria no recargable o, en caso de que la celula primaria no recargable no tenga carga, desde el microgenerador a traves del circuito adaptacion.2) When the voltage level of the rechargeable secondary cell reaches the first minimum threshold, recharge it from the non-rechargeable primary cell or, in case the primary non-rechargeable cell has no charge, from the microgenerator through the adaptation circuit.
Para evitar que la celula secundaria llegue a descargarse completamente, preferentemente se pasa a un nivel de hibernacion en que no se alimentan las cargas cuando el nivel de tension de la celula secundaria recargable baja por debajo del primer umbral mlnimo. Esto puede ocurrir,To prevent the secondary cell from completely discharging, it is preferably passed to a level of hibernation where the charges are not fed when the tension level of the rechargeable secondary cell falls below the first minimum threshold. This can happen,
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por ejemplo, cuando la celula primaria no tenga carga y ademas los movimientos de la embarcacion no generen suficiente energia como para recargar la celula secundaria.For example, when the primary cell has no load and also the movements of the boat do not generate enough energy to recharge the secondary cell.
Si el nivel de carga de la segunda celula sigue descendiendo, por ejemplo debido al consumo del propio medio de procesamiento, hasta alcanzar un segundo umbral minimo por debajo del primer umbral minimo, el medio de procesamiento se desconecta. El microgenerador continua alimentando la celula secundaria y por tanto puede volver a activarse cuando se haya alcanzado un nivel de carga adecuado.If the load level of the second cell continues to decrease, for example due to the consumption of the processing medium itself, until a second minimum threshold is reached below the first minimum threshold, the processing medium is disconnected. The microgenerator continues to feed the secondary cell and therefore can be reactivated when an adequate load level has been reached.
Ademas, en caso de que se detecte un consumo elevado se realiza una carga rapida de la celula secundaria con una mayor intensidad de la normal.In addition, if a high consumption is detected, a rapid charge of the secondary cell is carried out with a greater intensity than normal.
A lo largo de la descripcion y las reivindicaciones la palabra "comprende" y sus variantes no pretenden excluir otras caracteristicas tecnicas, aditivos, componentes o pasos. Para los expertos en la materia, otros objetos, ventajas y caracteristicas de la invencion se desprenderan en parte de la descripcion y en parte de la practica de la invencion. Los siguientes ejemplos y dibujos se proporcionan a modo de ilustracion, y no se pretende que restrinjan la presente invencion. Ademas, la presente invencion cubre todas las posibles combinaciones de realizaciones particulares y preferidas aqu indicadas.Throughout the description and the claims the word "comprises" and its variants are not intended to exclude other technical characteristics, additives, components or steps. For those skilled in the art, other objects, advantages and characteristics of the invention will be derived partly from the description and partly from the practice of the invention. The following examples and drawings are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to restrict the present invention. In addition, the present invention covers all possible combinations of particular and preferred embodiments indicated herein.
BREVE DESCRIPCION DE LAS FIGURASBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
A continuacion se pasa a describir de manera muy breve una serie de dibujos que ayudan a comprender mejor la invencion y que se relacionan expresamente con una realizacion de dicha invencion que se presenta como un ejemplo no limitativo de esta.Next, a series of drawings that help to better understand the invention and that expressly relate to an embodiment of said invention which is presented as a non-limiting example of this is described very briefly.
La Fig. 1 muestra un esquema del sistema propuesto por la invencion.Fig. 1 shows a scheme of the system proposed by the invention.
La Fig. 2 muestra el diagrama de flujo del algoritmo empleado por el medio de procesamiento para el funcionamiento del sistema.Fig. 2 shows the flow chart of the algorithm used by the processing means for the operation of the system.
La Fig. 3 muestra curvas del nivel de tension de la celula secundaria para distintos casos de funcionamiento: (a) carga ante peticiones de gran corriente, (b) cargas en funcionamiento normal, (c) caso de agotamiento de la celula primaria, (d) recuperacion del sistema con el sistema de microgeneracion una vez agotada la celula primaria.Fig. 3 shows curves of the secondary cell voltage level for different cases of operation: (a) load on high current requests, (b) normal operating loads, (c) case of primary cell depletion, ( d) recovery of the system with the microgeneration system once the primary cell has run out.
La Fig. 4 muestra un esquema del circuito de adaptacion del medio de microgeneracion.Fig. 4 shows a circuit diagram of adaptation of the microgeneration medium.
La Fig. 5 muestra un esquema del medio de microgeneracion del sistema de la invencion.Fig. 5 shows a diagram of the microgeneration medium of the system of the invention.
La Fig. 6 muestra un esquema con los movimientos predominantes en embarcaciones.Fig. 6 shows a scheme with the predominant movements in boats.
La Fig. 7 muestra una vista de la disposicion horizontal (a) y vertical (b) de las laminas piezoelectricas integradas que conforman el medio de microgeneracion de la invencion.Fig. 7 shows a view of the horizontal (a) and vertical (b) arrangement of the integrated piezoelectric sheets that make up the microgeneration means of the invention.
REALIZACION PREFERENTE DE LA INVENCIONPREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
El sistema de microgeneracion y almacenamiento de energia en dispositivos embarcados, objeto de la presente invencion destaca por ser un dispositivo de reducidas dimensiones pero que, a su vez, permite obtener y almacenar la energia necesaria para aplicaciones de bajo consumo (Figura 1). Esta solucion consigue:The microgeneration and energy storage system in on-board devices, object of the present invention, stands out for being a device of small dimensions but which, in turn, allows obtaining and storing the necessary energy for low consumption applications (Figure 1). This solution achieves:
• Alta densidad energetica gracias a la celula primaria (1).• High energy density thanks to the primary cell (1).
• Elevada potencia especfica a traves de la celula recargable (2).• High specific power through the rechargeable cell (2).
• Capacidad de recarga a traves del sistema de microgeneracion (3).• Recharge capacity through the microgeneration system (3).
A continuacion, se describe con mayor detalle este ejemplo de sistema, que comprende fundamentalmente los siguientes elementos:In the following, this example of a system is described in greater detail, which basically comprises the following elements:
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A) MEDIOS HIBRIDOS DE ALMACENAMIENTOA) HYBRID STORAGE MEDIA
Estan compuestos por unas celulas primarias no recargables (1) de gran densidad energetica junto con unas baterlas recargables (2) (celulas secundarias), que ofrecen mayor potencia especlfica y posibilitan ser recargados a traves del sistema de microgeneracion.They are composed of non-rechargeable primary cells (1) of high energy density together with rechargeable batteries (2) (secondary cells), which offer greater specific power and make it possible to be recharged through the microgeneration system.
Debido a las caracterlsticas de los sistemas de microgeneracion y del tipo de excitacion producida por el oleaje, la capacidad de generacion de energla (3) es muy reducida comparada con el consumo del dispositivo (dependiendo de las condiciones de generacion y las caracterlsticas de consumo de cada caso especlfico), por lo que no es optimo emplear un sistema de almacenamiento compuesto unicamente por celulas recargables:Due to the characteristics of the microgeneration systems and the type of excitation produced by the waves, the power generation capacity (3) is very small compared to the consumption of the device (depending on the generation conditions and the consumption characteristics of each specific case), so it is not optimal to use a storage system composed solely of rechargeable cells:
• Mayor volumen• Greater volume
• Mayor autodescarga• Greater self-discharge
Debido a ello, la celula primaria (1) no recargable se dimensiona buscando garantizar el funcionamiento del sistema durante su vida util estimada, mientras que la celula secundaria (2) recargable se dimensiona con el objeto de optimizar la capacidad del sistema de generacion.Due to this, the non-rechargeable primary cell (1) is sized to guarantee the operation of the system during its estimated useful life, while the rechargeable secondary cell (2) is sized in order to optimize the capacity of the generation system.
La celula primaria (1) esta constituida por pi las no recargables que presentan mayores densidades energeticas que baterlas recargables. Otra ventaja es que las perdidas por autodescarga son muy reducidas. Dentro de estas, destacan las celulas de litio de cloruro de tionilo LiSOCL2, por tener la mejor relacion capacidad/volumen del mercado. A cambio, ofrecen poca potencia especlfica, pero este problema se soluciona anadiendo la celula secundaria.The primary cell (1) is constituted by pi the non-rechargeable ones that present higher energy densities than rechargeable batteries. Another advantage is that the self-discharge losses are very small. Among these, lithium thionyl chloride LiSOCL2 cells stand out, as they have the best capacity / volume ratio in the market. In return, they offer little specific power, but this problem is solved by adding the secondary cell.
La celula secundaria (2) emplea preferentemente un condensador de Litio, ya que supone una solucion intermedia entre supercondensadores y baterlas recargables de litio, manteniendo una potencia especlfica elevada (suficiente para aplicaciones de media/baja potencia) y una densidad energetica aceptable. Junto con una reducida autodescarga, supone la solucion optima para el sistema de almacenamiento. Problemas como proteccion frente sobrecarga o sobredescarga son solventados por el sistema de gestion inteligente.The secondary cell (2) preferably uses a Lithium capacitor, since it represents an intermediate solution between supercapacitors and rechargeable lithium batteries, maintaining a high specific power (sufficient for medium / low power applications) and an acceptable energy density. Together with a reduced self-discharge, it is the optimal solution for the storage system. Problems such as protection against overload or overload are solved by the intelligent management system.
Esta eleccion preferente del sistema hlbrido de almacenamiento no es restrictiva, pudiendo emplear distintos tipos de celulas tanto primarias como secundarias, gracias a la versatilidad que ofrece el convertidor CC/CC y el sistema de gestion energetico.This preferred choice of the hybrid storage system is not restrictive, being able to use different types of cells, both primary and secondary, thanks to the versatility offered by the DC / DC converter and the energy management system.
B) MEDIO DE GESTION INTELIGENTEB) SMART MANAGEMENT MEDIA
El microcontrolador (4) se encarga de la gestion del sistema energetico, activando los diversos modulos (5) de carga, perifericos, etc. mediante un conjunto de interruptores (6). Tambien monitoriza los niveles de energla de las celulas (1,2) y del medio de microgeneracion (3).The microcontroller (4) is responsible for managing the energy system, activating the various load modules (5), peripherals, etc. by a set of switches (6). It also monitors the energy levels of the cells (1,2) and the microgeneration medium (3).
La carga de la celula secundaria (2) se puede realizar a traves de:The secondary cell (2) can be loaded through:
• Celula primaria (1): Empleando un convertidor CC/CC (7) de alta eficiencia. Una carga constante y controlada a reducida/media corriente permiten prolongar la vida util del sistema de almacenamiento (1,2).• Primary cell (1): Using a high efficiency DC / DC converter (7). A constant and controlled load at reduced / medium current allows prolonging the shelf life of the storage system (1,2).
• Sistema de microgeneracion (3): Inyectando corriente a traves de un circuito (8) de adaptacion que comprende un convertidor (12) conmutado de alto rendimiento disenado especlficamente para adaptar la energla generada.• Microgeneration system (3): Injecting current through an adaptation circuit (8) comprising a high performance switched converter (12) specifically designed to adapt the generated energy.
El sistema de gestion energetico se basa en un microcontrolador de ultra bajo consumo (4), buscando optimizar la eficiencia del sistema. Tal como se refleja en la Fig. 2, en el momento de activacion de un modulo (5) (comunicaciones, sensores...), el microcontrolador (4) monitoriza el nivel de la celula secundaria (2), realizando muestreos con un periodo elevado (del orden de KHz). A continuacion se procede al encendido del modulo (5) y se realiza un control del nivelThe energy management system is based on an ultra-low energy microcontroller (4), seeking to optimize the efficiency of the system. As shown in Fig. 2, at the time of activation of a module (5) (communications, sensors ...), the microcontroller (4) monitors the level of the secondary cell (2), sampling with a high period (of the order of KHz). Then the module is switched on (5) and a level control is carried out
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de tension mediante histeresis, definiendo dos niveles de seguridad (superior de sobrecarga e inferior de sobredescarga).of tension by hysteresis, defining two levels of safety (upper overload and lower overload).
Si la tension se situa por debajo del nivel de seguridad, la baterla secundaria (2) se carga a traves de la celula primaria (1), hasta que se detecte que el nivel alcanza, el llmite de carga superior definido. Este funcionamiento corresponde al modo normal del sistema, recogido en la figura 3(b). Una vez que el modulo (5) concluya su funcionamiento (o bien la celula primaria (1) se agote) se procede su desconexion.If the voltage is below the safety level, the secondary battery (2) is charged through the primary cell (1), until it is detected that the level reaches, the defined upper charge limit. This operation corresponds to the normal mode of the system, shown in Figure 3 (b). Once the module (5) concludes its operation (or the primary cell (1) runs out) its disconnection proceeds.
En caso de fallecimiento de la celula primaria (1), cuando la tension de la baterla recargable (2) baje por debajo del nivel mlnimo, el sistema entra en modo de hibernacion, sin realizar ningun tipo de funcion a la espera de que el sistema de microgeneracion (3) actue, como se refleja en la Figura 3(c). Debido a la autodescarga del sistema de almacenamiento (2) y al propio consumo del microcontrolador (4), el nivel de tension seguira disminuyendo lentamente. Si pasa por debajo de un nivel mlnimo, el sistema de gestion no es capaz de estar alimentado y se desconecta. Sin embargo, el sistema de microgeneracion sigue funcionando y posibilita que los sistemas vuelvan a estar activos. Esta situacion se observa en la figura 3(d).In the event of the death of the primary cell (1), when the voltage of the rechargeable battery (2) falls below the minimum level, the system goes into hibernation mode, without performing any type of function while waiting for the system of microgeneration (3) act, as reflected in Figure 3 (c). Due to the self-discharge of the storage system (2) and the microcontroller's own consumption (4), the voltage level will continue to decrease slowly. If it goes below a minimum level, the management system is not able to be powered and disconnects. However, the microgeneration system continues to operate and enables the systems to be active again. This situation is seen in Figure 3 (d).
Si el microcontrolador (4) detecta un consumo elevado, realiza la carga a una corriente mayor para garantizar el correcto funcionamiento del sistema (figura 3(a)). Realizar por defecto cargas constantes a baja corriente prolonga la vida util de la celda primaria (1). Picos de elevada potencia e irregulares merman la capacidad de este tipo de componentes.If the microcontroller (4) detects a high consumption, it loads at a higher current to guarantee the correct operation of the system (figure 3 (a)). Performing constant low current loads by default prolongs the life of the primary cell (1). High power and irregular peaks reduce the capacity of this type of components.
C) MEDIO DE MICROGENERACIONC) MICROGENERATION MEDIA
La Fig. 4 muestra esquematicamente el microgenerador (3) oscilante y el circuito (8) de adaptacion, que esencialmente comprende un convertidor Ca/CC (10), un condensador (11) intermedio, y un convertidor CC/CC (12).Fig. 4 schematically shows the oscillating microgenerator (3) and the adaptation circuit (8), which essentially comprises an AC / DC converter (10), an intermediate capacitor (11), and a DC / DC converter (12).
El microgenerador (9) es un sistema oscilante formado por una pluralidad de laminas piezoelectricas (14a, 14b) situadas en voladizo, encontrandose empotradas por un extremo (13a, 13b) y con una masa (15a, 15b) en el extremo contrario, tal y como se puede observar mas concretamente en las figuras 5 y 7, in depend ientemente de la posicion del voladizo, ya sea este horizontal, como en la figura 7(a) o vertical, como en la figura 7(b).The microgenerator (9) is an oscillating system formed by a plurality of piezoelectric sheets (14a, 14b) located in a cantilever, being embedded by one end (13a, 13b) and with a mass (15a, 15b) at the opposite end, such and as can be seen more concretely in Figures 5 and 7, regardless of the position of the overhang, either horizontal, as in Figure 7 (a) or vertical, as in Figure 7 (b).
La lamina (14a, 14b) en voladizo esta compuesta por una capa superior e inferior de PZT (zirconato titanato de plomo) y un alma de otro material que aporta rigidez al conjunto. Colocando una masa (15a, 15b) en el extremo de la misma, se consigue calibrar el generador para una frecuencia natural lo mas proxima posible a la frecuencia de la excitacion.The cantilever sheet (14a, 14b) is composed of a top and bottom layer of PZT (lead zirconate titanate) and a core of other material that provides rigidity to the whole. Placing a mass (15a, 15b) at the end of it, it is possible to calibrate the generator for a natural frequency as close as possible to the frequency of the excitation.
Este microgenerador (3) presenta importantes ventajas frente a los generadores magneticos empleados en otras soluciones descritas en el estado de la tecnica, ya que es mas eficiente para extraer energla a partir de los movimientos de un barco, caracterizados por su baja frecuencia. Ademas, permite simplificar el diseno y su construccion. El numero y tamano de las laminas depende de las necesidades energeticas, por lo que se debe buscar un com prom iso dependiendo de la aplicacion.This microgenerator (3) has important advantages over the magnetic generators used in other solutions described in the state of the art, since it is more efficient to extract energy from the movements of a ship, characterized by its low frequency. In addition, it simplifies the design and its construction. The number and size of the sheets depends on the energy needs, so you should look for a com iso iso depending on the application.
Del mismo modo, la masa (15a, 15b) colocada en uno de los extremos de la lamina piezoelectrica (14a, 14b) debe ser la maxima posible, siempre que no produzca una flecha que lleve a la rotura de la lamina piezoelectrica. En el diseno del generador (3) se tendran en cuenta las siguientes restricciones (los movimientos de un barco se pueden observar en la figura 6):Similarly, the mass (15a, 15b) placed at one end of the piezoelectric sheet (14a, 14b) should be the maximum possible, provided it does not produce an arrow that leads to the breakage of the piezoelectric sheet. In the design of the generator (3) the following restrictions will be taken into account (the movements of a ship can be seen in Figure 6):
- El movimiento de arfada (vertical) es el predominante en cualquier barco, por lo que las laminas piezoelectricas (14a) deben colocarse horizontalmente (figura 7(a)) para su adecuado funcionamiento, siendo la unica restriccion en la instalacion del dispositivo. Los movimientos angulares de cabeceo y balance pueden ser destacables en barcos de- The arfada movement (vertical) is predominant in any ship, so the piezoelectric sheets (14a) must be placed horizontally (figure 7 (a)) for proper operation, being the only restriction in the installation of the device. The angular movements of pitch and balance can be remarkable in boats of
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reducido tamano, por lo que dependiendo de la aplicacion se instalaran laminas piezoelectricas (14b) transversales (figura 7(b)) para aprovechar dichos desplazamientos.reduced size, so that depending on the application, transverse piezoelectric sheets (14b) (figure 7 (b)) will be installed to take advantage of these displacements.
- La magnitud de las oscilaciones dependen del tipo de embarcacion, pero suelen ser predominantes en la popa.- The magnitude of the oscillations depend on the type of boat, but they are usually predominant in the stern.
Hay que tener en cuenta que la seleccion de un generador basado en laminas piezoelectricas (14a, 14b) no es arbitraria, ya que son mas diffciles de adquirir y de construir. Sin embargo, ofrecen la ventaja de que generan picos de tension del orden de voltios, no como los magneticos, que estan en el orden de los centenares de milivoltios y serla necesario emplear un transformador para aumentar los niveles de tension. Ademas, es necesario destacar la baja frecuencia de oscilacion del navlo.Keep in mind that the selection of a generator based on piezoelectric sheets (14a, 14b) is not arbitrary, since they are more difficult to acquire and build. However, they offer the advantage that they generate voltage peaks of the order of volts, not like the magnetic ones, which are in the order of hundreds of millivolts and it would be necessary to use a transformer to increase the voltage levels. In addition, it is necessary to highlight the low frequency of oscillation of the ship.
La energla generada por las laminas piezoelectricas (14a, 14b) es de corriente alterna, de elevada tension y poca corriente, por lo que no puede ser utilizada directamente para alimentar ningun dispositivo. Es por ello que, como se aprecia en la Fig. 4, el sistema cuenta con un rectificador CA/CC (10) de baja calda en conduction, buscando reducir las perdidas. En una realization particular, el rectificador (10) emplea un puente completo de diodos Schottky. Debido al bajo nivel de tension generado, es necesario emplear diodos Schottky de baja tension en conduccion, e incluso emplear antes un transformador para elevar la tension de salida.The energy generated by the piezoelectric sheets (14a, 14b) is alternating current, high voltage and low current, so it cannot be used directly to power any device. That is why, as seen in Fig. 4, the system has a low-conduction AC / DC rectifier (10), seeking to reduce losses. In a particular embodiment, the rectifier (10) employs a complete Schottky diode bridge. Due to the low level of voltage generated, it is necessary to use low voltage Schottky diodes in conduction, and even before using a transformer to raise the output voltage.
Como se aprecia en la Fig. 4 que muestra con mayor detalle el circuito (8) de adaptation, dicha energla, ademas, es almacenada en un primer condensador (11) conectado en paralelo con el rectificador (10) y cuya carga es constantemente monitorizada. Cuando se detecta que la carga en dicho condensador (11) alcanza un determinado nivel, se activa un convertidor conmutado CC/CC (12) que carga el sistema de almacenamiento. De esta forma, se realiza la adaptacion energetica de la forma mas eficiente posible.As can be seen in Fig. 4, which shows in greater detail the adaptation circuit (8), said energy, moreover, is stored in a first capacitor (11) connected in parallel with the rectifier (10) and whose load is constantly monitored . When it is detected that the charge in said capacitor (11) reaches a certain level, a switched DC / DC converter (12) that charges the storage system is activated. In this way, the energy adaptation is carried out in the most efficient way possible.
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| ES201331935A ES2543896B1 (en) | 2013-12-30 | 2013-12-30 | Microgeneration and energy storage system on on-board devices |
| PCT/ES2014/070990 WO2015101691A1 (en) | 2013-12-30 | 2014-12-29 | System for the microgeneration and storage of energy in on-board devices |
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| US6528928B1 (en) * | 2001-08-20 | 2003-03-04 | Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. | Switched resonant power conversion electronics |
| GB201000346D0 (en) * | 2010-01-11 | 2010-02-24 | Jogia Paresh | Headphones |
| CN201839098U (en) * | 2010-06-08 | 2011-05-18 | 达建工业股份有限公司 | Micro-generation power supply control tube device of bicycle |
| US8432071B2 (en) * | 2010-08-05 | 2013-04-30 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd. | Method and apparatus for energy harvest from ambient sources |
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