ES2149874T3 - Dispositivos osmoticos con revestimientos permeables al vapor. - Google Patents

Dispositivos osmoticos con revestimientos permeables al vapor.

Info

Publication number
ES2149874T3
ES2149874T3 ES94914528T ES94914528T ES2149874T3 ES 2149874 T3 ES2149874 T3 ES 2149874T3 ES 94914528 T ES94914528 T ES 94914528T ES 94914528 T ES94914528 T ES 94914528T ES 2149874 T3 ES2149874 T3 ES 2149874T3
Authority
ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
beneficial agent
pct
aqueous medium
osmotic
vapor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
ES94914528T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Edward L Cussler
Scott M Herbig
Kelly L Smith
Eikeren Paul Van
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Pfizer Inc
Original Assignee
Pfizer Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Pfizer Inc filed Critical Pfizer Inc
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ES2149874T3 publication Critical patent/ES2149874T3/es
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C205/00—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C205/07—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by halogen atoms
    • C07C205/11—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by halogen atoms having nitro groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0002—Galenical forms characterised by the drug release technique; Application systems commanded by energy
    • A61K9/0004—Osmotic delivery systems; Sustained release driven by osmosis, thermal energy or gas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C205/00—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C205/13—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by hydroxy groups
    • C07C205/19—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by hydroxy groups having nitro groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings and hydroxy groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C205/00—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C205/13—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by hydroxy groups
    • C07C205/26—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by hydroxy groups and being further substituted by halogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C215/00—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C215/02—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C215/04—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being saturated
    • C07C215/06—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being saturated and acyclic
    • C07C215/14—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being saturated and acyclic the nitrogen atom of the amino group being further bound to hydrocarbon groups substituted by amino groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C323/00—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups
    • C07C323/23—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C323/24—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C323/25—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/30—Low-molecular-weight compounds
    • C08G18/38—Low-molecular-weight compounds having heteroatoms other than oxygen
    • C08G18/3819—Low-molecular-weight compounds having heteroatoms other than oxygen having nitrogen
    • C08G18/384—Low-molecular-weight compounds having heteroatoms other than oxygen having nitrogen containing nitro groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
    • C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
    • C08G59/40—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
    • C08G59/50—Amines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
    • C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
    • C08G59/40—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
    • C08G59/50—Amines
    • C08G59/504—Amines containing an atom other than nitrogen belonging to the amine group, carbon and hydrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/68—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
    • C08G63/685—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen containing nitrogen
    • C08G63/6854—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen containing nitrogen derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
    • C08G63/6856—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D163/00—Coating compositions based on epoxy resins; Coating compositions based on derivatives of epoxy resins
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
    • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
    • G03F7/004—Photosensitive materials
    • G03F7/0045—Photosensitive materials with organic non-macromolecular light-sensitive compounds not otherwise provided for, e.g. dissolution inhibitors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
    • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
    • G03F7/004—Photosensitive materials
    • G03F7/039—Macromolecular compounds which are photodegradable, e.g. positive electron resists
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
    • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
    • G03F7/16—Coating processes; Apparatus therefor
    • G03F7/164—Coating processes; Apparatus therefor using electric, electrostatic or magnetic means; powder coating

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • External Artificial Organs (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)

Abstract

UN DISPOSITIVO OSMOTICO QUE, DESPUES DE LA ABSORCION DEL VAPOR DE AGUA, PROPORCIONA LA LIBERACION CONTROLADA DE UN AGENTE BENEFICIAL A UN AMBIENTE ACUOSO.EL DISPOSITIVO CONSTA DE UNA FORMULACION HIDROFILICA QUE INCLUYE UN AGENTE BENEFICIAL, Y SI ES NECESARIO, UN OSMAGENTE, RODEADO DE UNA PARED. LA PARED ESTA FORMADA, AL MENOS EN PARTE, DE UNA MEMBRANA HIDROFOBICA SEMIPERMEABLE CON TAMAÑO DE POROS MEDIO ENTRE APROXIMADAMENTE 0.1 Y 30 MICRAS. LOS POROS ESTAN SUSTANCIALMETE RELLENOS DE UN FASE GASEOSA. LA MEMBRANA HIDROFOBICA ES PERMEABLE AL GAS EN LA FASE VAPOROSA E IMPERMEABLE A UN MEDIO ACUOSO A UN PRESION MENOR A 100 PA. EL AGENTE BENEFICIAL SE LIBERA, POR EJEMPLO, MEDIANTE EL BOMBEO O EXPLOSION OSMOTICA AL PRODUCIRSE LA ABSORCION DE SUFICIENTE VAPOR DE AGUA EN EL NUCLEO DEL DISPOSITIVO. ESTOS DISPOSITIVOS MINIMIZAN LAS INCOMPATIBILIDADES ENTRE EL AGENTE BENEFICIAL E IONES (TALES COMO HIDROGENO O HIDROXI) U OTROS MATERIALES DISUELTOS O SUSPENDIDOS EN EL MEDIO ACUOSO, PUESTO QUE EL CONTACTOENTRE EL AGENTE BENEFICIAL Y EL MEDIO ACUOSO NO SE PRODUCE HASTA DESPUES DE QUE EL AGENTE BENEFICIAL HA SIDO LIBERADO. ESTO RESULTA DE LA PERMEABILIDAD SELECTIVA DE LA MEMBRANA SEMIPERMEABLE AL VAPOR DE AGUA. ADEMAS, LOS FLUIDIFICANTES CON ALTO CONTENIDO DE AGUA UTILIZADOS CON ESTAS MEMBRANAS PERMEABLES AL VAPOR FACILITAN EL ENVIO DE AGENTES BENEFICIALES CON SOLUBILIDADES REDUCIDAS, Y EL ENVIO DE DOSIFICACIONES ELEVADAS DE AGENTES BENEFICIALES.
ES94914528T 1993-07-22 1994-05-19 Dispositivos osmoticos con revestimientos permeables al vapor. Expired - Lifetime ES2149874T3 (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US9614493A 1993-07-22 1993-07-22

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ES2149874T3 true ES2149874T3 (es) 2000-11-16

Family

ID=22255760

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ES94914528T Expired - Lifetime ES2149874T3 (es) 1993-07-22 1994-05-19 Dispositivos osmoticos con revestimientos permeables al vapor.

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (1) US5827538A (es)
EP (1) EP0711146B1 (es)
JP (1) JP2853903B2 (es)
AT (1) ATE196077T1 (es)
CA (1) CA2167395C (es)
DE (1) DE69425828T2 (es)
DK (1) DK0711146T3 (es)
ES (1) ES2149874T3 (es)
FI (1) FI960265A0 (es)
GR (1) GR3034362T3 (es)
PT (1) PT711146E (es)
WO (1) WO1995003033A1 (es)

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US5798119A (en) * 1995-06-13 1998-08-25 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Osmotic-delivery devices having vapor-permeable coatings
AU721653B2 (en) * 1996-10-25 2000-07-13 Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Soluble form osmotic dose delivery system
ZA9710342B (en) * 1996-11-25 1998-06-10 Alza Corp Directional drug delivery stent and method of use.
US6793824B2 (en) 1998-02-05 2004-09-21 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Water purification apparatus
ES2254603T5 (es) * 1998-02-05 2013-07-31 Design Technology And Innovation Limited Uso de un aparato para aumentar la humedad
AU770828B2 (en) * 1999-08-18 2004-03-04 Microdose Therapeutx, Inc. Metering and packaging of controlled release medication
US6428809B1 (en) 1999-08-18 2002-08-06 Microdose Technologies, Inc. Metering and packaging of controlled release medication
AU2004200545B2 (en) * 1999-08-18 2007-05-17 Microdose Therapeutx, Inc. Metering and packaging of controlled release medication
AU767812B2 (en) 2000-02-04 2003-11-27 Depomed, Inc. Shell-and-core dosage form approaching zero-order drug release
US6464688B1 (en) 2000-02-15 2002-10-15 Microsolutions, Inc. Osmotic pump delivery system with flexible drug compartment
US7130822B1 (en) * 2000-07-31 2006-10-31 Cognos Incorporated Budget planning
EP1372614A4 (en) * 2001-03-16 2007-10-31 Andrx Pharmaceuticals Llc SULPHONYL UREA FORMULATION WITH CONTROLLED RELEASE
US6632217B2 (en) * 2001-04-19 2003-10-14 Microsolutions, Inc. Implantable osmotic pump
US20070087048A1 (en) * 2001-05-31 2007-04-19 Abrams Andrew L Oral dosage combination pharmaceutical packaging
US6682759B2 (en) * 2002-02-01 2004-01-27 Depomed, Inc. Manufacture of oral dosage forms delivering both immediate-release and sustained-release drugs
WO2003096968A2 (en) * 2002-05-15 2003-11-27 Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited Oral osmotic controlled drug delivery system
US20040052844A1 (en) * 2002-09-16 2004-03-18 Fang-Hsiung Hsiao Time-controlled, sustained release, pharmaceutical composition containing water-soluble resins
CA2532344A1 (en) * 2003-07-19 2005-02-17 Warren Ward Compositions comprising components coated with a liquid impermeable but gas permeable layer, use thereof for treating cutaneous and other exocrine gland diseases
US7611728B2 (en) * 2003-09-05 2009-11-03 Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Osmotic delivery of therapeutic compounds by solubility enhancement
US20070191319A1 (en) * 2003-12-17 2007-08-16 Pfizer Inc. Treatment of conditions that present with low bone mass by continuous combination therapy with selective prostaglandin ep4 receptor agonists and an estrogen
US20070015834A1 (en) * 2005-07-18 2007-01-18 Moshe Flashner-Barak Formulations of fenofibrate containing PEG/Poloxamer
US20070163968A1 (en) * 2006-01-17 2007-07-19 Johnsondiversey, Inc. Method and apparatus for providing treatment chemicals to process water systems
US8747897B2 (en) 2006-04-27 2014-06-10 Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Osmotic drug delivery system
US20090087483A1 (en) * 2007-09-27 2009-04-02 Sison Raymundo A Oral dosage combination pharmaceutical packaging
US8439033B2 (en) 2007-10-09 2013-05-14 Microdose Therapeutx, Inc. Inhalation device
TW201016761A (en) * 2008-10-30 2010-05-01 Univ Nat Taiwan Microporous film and preparation and use thereof
US8652332B2 (en) * 2009-01-09 2014-02-18 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Liquid filtration using pressure difference across a hydrophobic membrane
US8991390B2 (en) 2010-01-05 2015-03-31 Microdose Therapeutx, Inc. Inhalation device and method
US9186642B2 (en) 2010-04-28 2015-11-17 The Procter & Gamble Company Delivery particle
US9993793B2 (en) 2010-04-28 2018-06-12 The Procter & Gamble Company Delivery particles
EP2694017B1 (en) 2011-04-07 2019-05-22 The Procter and Gamble Company Personal cleansing compositions with increased deposition of polyacrylate microcapsules
EP2694016B1 (en) 2011-04-07 2017-05-24 The Procter and Gamble Company Shampoo compositions with increased deposition of polyacrylate microcapsules
JP2014510140A (ja) 2011-04-07 2014-04-24 ザ プロクター アンド ギャンブル カンパニー ポリアクリレートマイクロカプセルの付着が増大したコンディショナー組成物
CN110087657A (zh) 2016-09-28 2019-08-02 阿托莎遗传股份有限公司 过继细胞治疗的方法

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US982815A (en) 1910-03-28 1911-01-31 Rush L Hobbs Valve.
US3832252A (en) 1970-09-29 1974-08-27 T Higuchi Method of making a drug-delivery device
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH08507087A (ja) 1996-07-30
US5827538A (en) 1998-10-27
CA2167395C (en) 1999-07-27
WO1995003033A1 (en) 1995-02-02
DE69425828D1 (de) 2000-10-12
DK0711146T3 (da) 2000-10-16
GR3034362T3 (en) 2000-12-29
EP0711146B1 (en) 2000-09-06
FI960265A (fi) 1996-01-19
JP2853903B2 (ja) 1999-02-03
FI960265A0 (fi) 1996-01-19
CA2167395A1 (en) 1995-02-02
DE69425828T2 (de) 2001-02-08
ATE196077T1 (de) 2000-09-15
PT711146E (pt) 2001-01-31
EP0711146A1 (en) 1996-05-15

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