EP4379199A1 - Heating device for heating a gas flow - Google Patents
Heating device for heating a gas flow Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP4379199A1 EP4379199A1 EP23212408.1A EP23212408A EP4379199A1 EP 4379199 A1 EP4379199 A1 EP 4379199A1 EP 23212408 A EP23212408 A EP 23212408A EP 4379199 A1 EP4379199 A1 EP 4379199A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- heating element
- electrically conductive
- heating
- conductive heating
- exhaust gas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
- F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
- F01N3/2803—Construction of catalytic reactors characterised by structure, by material or by manufacturing of catalyst support
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/16—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an electric heater, i.e. a resistance heater
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
- F01N3/027—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using electric or magnetic heating means
Definitions
- the invention relates to a heating device for heating a gas stream, in particular an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine.
- Catalysts are used for exhaust gas aftertreatment in vehicles. Catalysts convert pollutants such as nitrogen oxides into harmless substances and are used to clean the exhaust gases produced by an internal combustion engine, for example a petrol or diesel engine, through the combustion of a fuel. The conversion or transformation rate of the pollutants into non-harmful substances is temperature-dependent for the catalysts used. Pollutant emissions are only converted into non-harmful substances once a minimum temperature has been reached. In order to reduce pollutant emissions, it is therefore necessary to shorten the time until the minimum temperature is reached. Active heating measures are used for this purpose, particularly with a view to future exhaust gas standards (EU7). Active heating measures include, for example, an electrically operated heating system (electric heater). The heating effect of electrical heating systems is based on the law of electrical heat transfer ("Ohmic heating”), i.e. the supply of current to a metallic heating matrix.
- heating element structures are limited in their geometric design, i.e. in their volume, mass, surface and structure, due to manufacturing processes as well as thermomechanical and structural dynamic considerations.
- thermodynamic and structural dynamic properties can be achieved compared to known devices from the prior art and thus a faster reaching of the minimum temperature, for example of a catalyst or a cleaning unit of another type, can be achieved.
- the heating device for heating a gas flow, in particular an exhaust gas flow of an internal combustion engine, comprises an electrically conductive heating element and a carrier device with at least one electrically insulating carrier element for the electrically conductive heating element.
- the heating device is characterized in that the electrically conductive heating element is designed as a three-dimensional structure, the surface of which is formed at least in sections from triply periodic minimal surfaces.
- the internal combustion engine can be designed as an internal combustion engine, for example as a gasoline engine or diesel engine.
- the internal combustion engine can also implement other combustion processes, for example a Miller combustion process, or use other fuels, for example synthetic fuels or hydrogen.
- pollutants are produced.
- the pollutant concentrations can depend heavily on the operating conditions, for example on the type of fuel, the concentration of the fuel in the fuel-air mixture used, the amount of the fuel-air mixture, the speed of the internal combustion engine and/or the operating temperature of the internal combustion engine.
- the exhaust gases produced by the combustion of a fuel in the internal combustion engine form a gas stream, in particular an exhaust gas stream.
- the exhaust gases are conducted to the outside via an exhaust system connected to the internal combustion engine through an exhaust gas treatment device, i.e. are released into the ambient air of the vehicle.
- the exhaust gas treatment device can comprise a catalyst, wherein the gas flow is cleaned by a catalytic reaction in the catalyst when the gas flow flows through the catalyst.
- the exhaust gases still have a comparatively low temperature.
- the catalyst, or a catalyst unit, through which the exhaust gas flows is also comparatively cool, so that a threshold temperature or minimum temperature at which efficient cleaning of the exhaust gas can take place is often not yet reached. This means that the exhaust gases are not completely cleaned. Only with increasing heating of the exhaust gases and the associated heating of the catalyst does the system reach a temperature range in which the desired catalytic reactions take place efficiently.
- One measure for improving the cold start behavior of a corresponding exhaust system can be to provide a heating device in front of the catalyst or in front of the exhaust treatment unit, by means of which the incoming exhaust gas is heated.
- the heating device can comprise a heating element that supplies additional heat to the exhaust gas flow in order to bring the system as quickly as possible into a temperature range in which efficient exhaust gas aftertreatment can take place.
- the heating device can be used to preheat combustion air in an intake tract of an internal combustion engine or, more generally, to heat any gas flow.
- the heating element can be made of an electrically conductive material, in particular metal, so that the heating element is also electrically conductive.
- the heating device can comprise a carrier device that carries the heating element.
- the carrier device can, for example, hold the heating element in front of the exhaust gas treatment unit in the flow direction of the exhaust gas.
- the At least one carrier element of the carrier device can be designed in a ring-like manner or have a basic geometry of a circular segment.
- the at least one carrier element is a ring or a ring section that is applied to one of the end faces of the heating element if it has a circular contour.
- the carrier element is designed to complement the basic geometry of the heating element.
- the at least one carrier element is made of an electrically insulating material, for example of a temperature-resistant plastic and/or of ceramic.
- the surface of the three-dimensional structure of the heating element has characteristics that can be described mathematically as minimal surfaces.
- a minimal surface describes a surface in three-dimensional space that has a minimal surface area locally for a specified edge curve.
- Minimal surfaces are characterized by the fact that they are essentially stress-free surfaces.
- a minimal surface can be constructed using a closed wire or wire ring by pulling the wire ring through a soap solution.
- the resulting surface of soap solution which is bordered by the wire ring, has a minimal surface area and represents a minimal surface. If these minimal surfaces repeat in all spatial directions, triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are created.
- TPMS triply periodic minimal surfaces
- the electrically conductive heating element can have a substantially circular basic geometry.
- the basic geometry of the heating element can describe the geometry of a surface of the heating element that a gas flow encounters when entering the heating device.
- the heating element can have any suitable basic geometry.
- the basic geometry can be adapted to a geometry of a downstream exhaust gas treatment unit, for example a catalyst. It can prove advantageous if if the heating element and the catalyst have the same or essentially the same basic geometry. Essentially in this context can mean that minor deviations are possible.
- an essentially circular basic geometry does not have to be exactly circular.
- a slightly oval-shaped basic geometry can therefore still be described as an essentially circular basic geometry.
- the three-dimensional structure of the electrically conductive heating element can have a uniform thickness.
- the heating element is designed as a three-dimensional structure that has a basic geometry. Starting from the two-dimensional basic geometry, the heating element extends in a third spatial direction. The thickness of the heating element can be described by the extension in the third spatial direction. The heating element has a uniform thickness if the extension of the heating element in the third spatial direction is constantly the same over the entire area of the basic geometry.
- a uniform thickness of the heating element can offer advantages with regard to heating the heating element in that all areas of the heating element can be heated evenly by energizing the heating element according to the current heat law.
- the three-dimensional structure of the electrically conductive heating element can have a different thickness at least in sections.
- the thickness of the heating element can vary over the range of the basic geometry of the heating element, i.e. the thickness of the heating element does not have to be constantly the same.
- the heating element can have a different thickness in some sections or areas than in other sections or areas.
- individual sections or areas of the heating element can be heated more or less.
- areas in the middle of the heating element can have a greater thickness than edge areas of the Heating element, whereby the areas in the middle of the heating element would heat up less when the heating element is energized than the edge areas with a smaller thickness.
- the three-dimensional structure of the electrically conductive heating element can be made of a temperature-resistant material.
- the material or a substance from which the electrically conductive heating element or the surface of the electrically conductive heating element is made can be a temperature-resistant or heat-resistant and/or corrosion-resistant material, in particular a metallic material, or a temperature-resistant or heat-resistant and/or corrosion-resistant alloy.
- a thick, stable oxide layer can form that protects the surface of the electrically conductive heating element. The strength can be maintained over a wide temperature range, which makes such materials particularly suitable for high-temperature applications.
- the three-dimensional structure of the electrically conductive heating element can comprise a plurality of gyroid cells and/or a plurality of black diamond cells. Both a gyroid cell and a black diamond cell form a minimal area. A cell can have a represent the smallest unit of the minimal area.
- a three-dimensional structure can be formed whose surface is made up of minimal areas.
- the multitude of cells lined up in space can have different wall thicknesses, in particular between 0.05 mm and 3 mm, different cell sizes and/or different cell types.
- the cell size describes a spatial extension in three dimensions of a cell.
- a cell can extend between 0.5 mm and 10 mm in each of the three spatial dimensions, in particular independently of one another.
- a cell can also be cuboid-shaped.
- the three-dimensional structure of the electrically conductive heating element can also, alternatively or additionally, have a variety of Schwarz-Primitive (Schwarz P) cells, Schwarz-Hexagonal (Schwarz H) cells, Schwarz crossed layers of parallels (Schwarz CLP) cells, Fischer-Koch S cells, Fischer-Koch CY cells, Schoen I-WP cells, Neovius cells or a combination thereof.
- Schwarz-Primitive Schwarz-Primitive
- Schwarz-Hexagonal (Schwarz H) cells Schwarz-Hexagonal (Schwarz H) cells
- Schwarz crossed layers of parallels Rosen I-WP cells
- Neovius cells Neovius cells or a combination thereof.
- all known minimal surfaces are suitable as the three-dimensional structure of the electrically conductive heating element.
- the electrically conductive heating element can be traversed by the gas flow.
- the gas flow penetrates into the three-dimensional structure of the heating element on one side, an inlet side of the heating element, penetrates the heating element in the flow direction of the gas flow and exits completely from the heating element on another side, an outlet side of the heating element.
- the gas flow can be deflected in its flow direction within the heating element. The deflection or a Turbulence of the gas flow can be caused by designing the three-dimensional structure of the heating element.
- the electrically conductive heating element can have at least two heating segments, which are separated from one another in sections by a gap that is open on one side in particular.
- the heating segments are formed from a three-dimensional structure, the surface of which is formed at least in sections from triply periodic minimal surfaces.
- the gas flow can preferably flow through the heating segments themselves.
- the gas flow can flow both through the at least one gap and through the heating segments themselves. This means that not the entire gas flow flows through the at least one gap during operation, but also through the heating segments.
- the heating segments can have channels, the walls of which enable efficient transfer of heat from the conductive material of the heating element to the gas.
- the electrically conductive heating element can comprise at least two partial bodies which are arranged in such a way that the gas flow can flow through the at least two partial bodies one after the other or in parallel.
- the at least two partial bodies can have an identical basic geometry, for example a substantially circular basic geometry.
- Each of the at least two partial bodies has a three-dimensional structure, the surface of which is formed at least in sections from triply periodic minimal surfaces.
- the at least two partial bodies are made of electrically conductive material and are each electrically connected to electrodes, so that when energized by means of a control device, a potential difference can be formed between the electrodes in order to heat each of the at least two partial bodies.
- a sequential arrangement of the at least two partial bodies can be advantageous.
- the at least two partial bodies can be arranged in an axial direction that essentially corresponds to a flow direction of the gas flow, so that the gas flow first flows through the first partial body before the gas flow enters and flows through the second partial body.
- An outer contour of the first partial body and an outer contour of the second partial body can be identical and completely overlap.
- the at least two partial bodies can also be arranged in parallel. In such an arrangement, part of the gas flow can flow through a first partial body and another part of the gas flow can flow through a second partial body.
- the partial bodies arranged in parallel can be arranged in the same plane or arranged parallel but spatially offset.
- the at least two partial bodies of the electrically conductive heating element can be electrically controlled separately from one another by means of a control device.
- the at least two partial bodies can be electrically controlled in such a way that each partial body forms its own heating element. This makes it possible to heat the at least two partial bodies differently.
- the at least two partial bodies of the electrically conductive heating element can be electrically connected by means of a series connection or a parallel connection. If the at least two electrically conductive partial bodies are electrically connected in series, an electrical output of the first partial body is directly connected to an electrical input of the second A single current path is formed, which first leads through the first partial body and then through the second partial body.
- At least two partial bodies are electrically connected in parallel, the electrical inputs of the at least two partial bodies and the electrical outputs of the at least two partial bodies are electrically connected to one another. At least two current paths are formed, with the first current path leading through the first partial body and the second current path leading through the second partial body. The current path is therefore split.
- the at least one carrier element can cover an edge region of the electrically conductive heating element at least in sections.
- the at least one carrier element can be connected to the heating element in a form-fitting manner.
- the carrier device can comprise a first carrier element and a second carrier element, each of which surrounds at least part of the circumference of the heating element and/or each of which covers at least part of an edge region of at least one end face of the heating element. It is possible, for example, for the first carrier element and the second carrier element to be ring-shaped and each to cover an outer edge region of the two end faces. Carrier elements of the same or different construction or dimensions can be combined to form a carrier device suitable for the respective application. Cost savings in terms of production and assembly result when the first and second carrier elements are identical parts.
- the at least one carrier element can have at least two openings through which the electrically conductive heating element can be electrically contacted.
- the at least one carrier element can have a first and a second opening through which the heating element can be electrically contacted.
- Corresponding connections or electrodes are connected to a control device for operating the heating device.
- each of the carrier elements can have (partial) openings. The (partial) openings can be designed to hold the connections or electrodes.
- the electrically conductive heating element can be electrically connected to at least two electrodes, wherein an electrical potential difference can be formed between the at least two electrodes by means of a control device.
- an electrical potential difference By applying an external voltage to the at least two electrodes, an electrical potential difference builds up between the electrodes, so that an electrical current flows.
- the electrically conductive heating element represents an electrical resistance, which leads to heating of the heating element.
- the control device can be used to control the current flow between the electrodes and thus the heating of the heating element. The greater this current flow, the greater the heating of the electrically conductive heating element and the faster a catalyst unit arranged downstream of the heating element can heat up.
- the at least two electrodes can be arranged in an insulating manner against the at least one carrier element.
- the at least one carrier element is made of electrically insulating material, wherein the at least one carrier element is arranged in a housing.
- the housing can be made of metal, for example.
- the at least two electrodes extend both through the housing and through the at least one carrier element in order to energize the heating element or supply it with electrical energy.
- the electrodes are also connected to the control device, with which can control a current flow and thus the energization of the heating element. In order to enable the current flow from the control device to the electrodes and through the heating element, the at least two electrodes are arranged in an insulating manner both against the housing and against the at least one carrier element.
- the present invention further relates to an exhaust gas treatment device with an inlet and an outlet and with at least one exhaust gas treatment unit for treating an exhaust gas flow, in particular with a catalyst unit, wherein a heating device according to at least one of the embodiments described above is arranged between the inlet and the exhaust gas treatment unit, in particular directly in the flow direction of the exhaust gas upstream of the exhaust gas treatment unit.
- the exhaust gas treatment device can have a one-piece housing component that accommodates the exhaust gas treatment unit and the heating device.
- the housing section of the heating device forms part of a housing of the exhaust gas treatment device, in particular wherein an inlet of the exhaust gas treatment device is connected to a component of the housing section.
- the present invention also relates to an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine with an exhaust gas treatment device according to at least one of the embodiments described above.
- the present invention also relates to a vehicle having an internal combustion engine connected to an exhaust system as described above.
- Heating elements in the automotive sector can consist of explicitly (constructively) generated geometries or of stochastic foam structures.
- the manufacturing process for such heating elements can be based on a joining and assembly technique for sheet metal, foam or 3D printing.
- a heating element for example a heating disk
- the effectiveness of a heating element can depend on how much energy can be transferred in the form of heat to a downstream substrate, for example a catalyst substrate.
- the surface of the heating element and the flow situation within a structure of the heating element can be decisive for the heat transfer from the heating element to the substrate.
- the heating device according to the invention represents an optimization and further development of known electrical heating systems.
- the heating device described herein leads to an optimization of a heating element or a Heating disc or a heating matrix, i.e. a core part of an electrical heating system.
- This optimization can be achieved by means of a mathematically implicit geometry formulation of a surface of the heating element.
- a reduction of the thermal mass of the heating element can be achieved while simultaneously increasing a heat transfer surface and/or improving an increase of turbulent flows in the heat transfer area of the heating element.
- Fig.1 shows a perspective view of an embodiment of the heating device 100 according to the invention.
- the heating device 100 comprises an electrically conductive heating element 102 and a carrier device 104.
- the electrically conductive heating element 102 is designed as a heating disk, wherein the heating disk has a circular basic geometry with respect to a flow axis A.
- both the basic geometry, or an outer contour, of the heating element 102, and an axial thickness of the heating element 102 can be freely selected and can be adapted to the respective requirements.
- the carrier device 104 carries or holds the electrically conductive heating element 102.
- the carrier device 104 is also circular in shape according to this embodiment of the heating element 102.
- the carrier device 104 is basically adapted to the geometry of the outer contour of the heating element 102 and comprises at least one carrier element 106.
- the carrier element 106 is arranged in an electrically insulating manner between a housing part 103 and the heating element 102 on an end face of the heating element 102.
- the embodiment of the heating device 100 in Fig.1 has two separate support elements 106, 108, which are formed from circular segments, adapted to the geometry of the outer contour of the heating disc and each on one end face of the heating element 102 are arranged in an electrically insulating manner between the heating element 102 and the housing part 103.
- the carrier elements 106, 108 are essentially covered by the housing part 103. In addition, the carrier elements 106, 108 surround the heating element 102 almost completely in the circumferential direction. Gaps are only provided in the area of the connections, which are designed as electrodes 110. Deviating from the exemplary embodiment shown, the at least one carrier element 106, 108 can cover an edge area of the electrically conductive heating element 102 at least in sections.
- the electrically conductive heating element 102 is also insulated in the radial direction with respect to the flow axis A.
- the carrier elements 106, 108 are made of electrically insulating material, for example corundum, glass ceramic, mica and/or another ceramic material.
- At least one of the carrier elements 106, 108 or both carrier elements 106, 108 have openings through which the electrically conductive heating element 102 can be electrically contacted by means of the electrodes 110.
- the electrodes 110 can be passed through the openings and are arranged in an electrically insulating manner with respect to the carrier elements 106, 108. Furthermore, the electrodes 110 are electrically connected to the heating element 102.
- the heating element 102 can be electrically controlled and energized via the electrodes 110 by means of a control device (not shown). By applying a potential difference between the two electrodes 110, a current flow is formed between the two electrodes 110, whereby the heating element 102 heats up due to its electrical resistance (resistance heating). It is fundamentally possible to energize the heating element 102 with a surface formed from triply periodic minimal surfaces.
- the heating element 102 is designed as a three-dimensional structure such that the heating element 102 or the three-dimensional structure of the heating element 102 can be flowed through by a gas flow 112, in particular by an exhaust gas flow of an internal combustion engine.
- the gas flow 112 enters the heating element 102 on an inlet side 114, flows through the three-dimensional structure of the heating element 102 essentially in a flow direction parallel to the flow axis A and exits the heating element 102 again on an outlet side 116.
- the gas flow 112 is in Fig.1 indicated schematically by two arrows.
- Fig. 2A shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the heating element 102, wherein the heating element 102 has a circular basic geometry.
- the heating element 102 is at least partially, in particular completely, formed from an electrically conductive material and/or is at least partially coated with such a material.
- the heating element 102 has parallel gaps 204 which separate individual heating segments 202 from one another in sections. The gaps 204 are alternately open on one side.
- the lateral openings of the column 204 are shown alternately on a right edge 206 and on a left edge 208 with respect to an axis of symmetry B of the heating element 102. In figurative terms, this creates a meandering or serpentine structure of the heating element 102.
- the heating segments 202 do not represent an impenetrable flow resistance, but have a plurality of fine channels (not shown) through which the gas flow 112 (see Fig.1 ) can flow.
- the gas flow 112 can also flow through the gap 204 of the heating element 102.
- a current can flow through the meandering structure of the heating element 102, and the heating element 102 can heat up.
- Fig. 2B shows a schematic representation of another embodiment of the heating element 102.
- the heating element 102 can also have a three-dimensional structure which has at least in sections a plurality of fine channels 210 through which the gas stream 112 can flow.
- the channels 210 are shown schematically greatly enlarged.
- the basic geometry of the heating element 102 or the heating matrix in this embodiment is also (as in the embodiment of Fig. 2A ) is circular.
- the shape of the basic geometry of the heating element 102 can be designed as desired.
- the Fig. 2B The alternative embodiment of the heating element 102 shown can be heated by suitable contacting, for example by two or more spaced-apart large-area electrodes on an outer surface of the heating element 102, and by current supply.
- the basic geometry and in particular a surface of the basic geometry of the heating element 102 can be described by any triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS).
- TPMS triply periodic minimal surface
- the three-dimensional structure of the electrically conductive heating element 102 can have a plurality of gyroid cells and/or a plurality of black diamond cells, as described below with reference to Fig. 3A to 3D
- the three-dimensional structure of the heating element 102, formed from triply periodic minimal surfaces, can have advantages over known structures of heating elements 102.
- the electrically conductive heating element 102 according to the invention can have advantageous properties with regard to deformation and energy absorption.
- the density, surface and rigidity of the three-dimensional structure of the heating element 102 can be suitably determined depending on the application.
- Fig. 3A and 3C show perspective representations of embodiments of the heating element 102 with triply periodic minimal surfaces.
- Triply periodic minimal surfaces are surface structures known from nature (for example soap films). Minimal surfaces have an average curvature of 0 at every point. Furthermore, minimal surfaces can be formulated implicitly.
- TPMS structures There are various formulations for TPMS structures. The TPMS structures described below represent only a part of suitable TPMS structures and are to be understood as examples.
- the TPMS structure of the electrically conductive heating element 102 is made of an electrically conductive and thermally stable material, for example of a temperature-resistant material, in particular of a metallic material.
- the surface, or at least sections thereof, of the heating element 102 can be formed from any suitable or any suitable combination of triply periodic minimal surfaces.
- a gyriod cell 302 (see Fig. 3B ) represents a suitable TPMS structure.
- the three-dimensional structure of the heating element 102 of Fig. 3A is formed from a plurality of gyroid cells 302.
- a perspective view of a single gyroid cell 302 is shown in Fig. 3B shown.
- the gyroid cell 302 has a three-dimensional structure 304 with a wall thickness 310 that separates a space into two oppositely congruent labyrinths of channels 210.
- the heating element 102 has a meandering structure (see Fig. 2A ), but may also have any other suitable structure, for example a circular structure without gap 204 as in Fig. 2B
- the surface of the three-dimensional structure 304 of the heating element 102 has a plurality of triply periodic minimal surfaces.
- the three-dimensional structure 304 formed from a plurality of gyroid cells 302 can have a uniform thickness or a different thickness, at least in sections.
- TPMS structures can be described by an addition of trigonometric functions.
- the gyroid cell 302 is particularly advantageous because it is relatively easy to manufacture using 3D printing.
- the design of the channels 210 of the gyroid cell 302 can also influence the flow direction of a gas flow 112 flowing through the cell and, for example, lead to turbulence in the gas flow 112, which can have a positive effect on the heat transfer from the heating element 102 to the gas flow 112 and/or from the gas flow 112 to an exhaust gas treatment unit arranged downstream of the heating element 102.
- Fig. 3C shows a perspective view of another embodiment of the heating element 102 with triply periodic minimal surfaces.
- the triply periodic minimal surfaces are formed in this embodiment by a plurality of black diamond cells 306.
- a perspective view of a black diamond cell 306 is shown in Fig.3D
- the black diamond cell 306 has a three-dimensional structure 308 with wall thickness 310, which comprises two intertwined congruent labyrinths of channels 210, each of which has the shape of an inflated tubular version of a diamond structure.
- the heating element 102 comprises heating segments 202 and gaps 204, which form a meandering basic geometry of the heating element 102.
- the heating element 102 whose three-dimensional structure 308 is formed from black diamond cells 306.
- the three-dimensional structure 308 formed from a plurality of black diamond cells 306 can have a uniform thickness or a different thickness, at least in sections.
- Black diamond cells 306 are characterized by a relatively large surface area compared to other minimal surfaces with the same volume. This can promote the heating of a gas stream 112 that flows through a heating element 102 whose structure is formed from black diamond cells 306.
- Fig. 4A shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of an electrical control of the heating element 102.
- the electrically conductive heating element 102 is electrically connected to a first electrode 406 and a second electrode 408. Both the first electrode 406 and the second electrode 408 are electrically connected to a control device 404 via an electrical line 402.
- an electrical voltage can be applied to the first electrode 406 and to the second electrode 408 in such a way that a potential difference (voltage difference) is formed between the first electrode 406 and the second electrode 408.
- the first electrode 406 is subjected to a positive voltage potential and the second electrode 408 to a negative voltage potential, or vice versa.
- the electrically conductive heating element 102 arranged between the first electrode 406 and the second electrode 408 has an electrical resistance.
- a current flow is created between the first electrode 406 and the second electrode 408, whereby the heating element 102 heats up due to the electrical resistance of the heating element 102 according to the current heat law (Ohmic heating).
- Fig. 4B shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of an electrical control of the heating element 102 with two partial bodies 410, wherein the electrical control is designed as a series circuit.
- the electrically conductive heating element 102 is electrically connected to a first electrode 406 and a second electrode 408. Both the first electrode 406 and the second electrode 408 are electrically connected to a control device 404 via an electrical line 402.
- an electrical voltage can be applied to the first electrode 406 and to the second electrode 408 in such a way that a potential difference (voltage difference) is formed between the first electrode 406 and the second electrode 408.
- the first electrode 406 is subjected to a positive voltage potential and the second electrode 408 to a negative voltage potential, or vice versa.
- the electrically conductive heating element 102 arranged between the first electrode 406 and the second electrode 408 comprises two electrically conductive partial bodies 410 which are electrically conductively connected to one another.
- the two partial bodies 410 can - spatially speaking - be arranged in the direction of the flow axis A (see Fig.1 ) spaced apart from one another, i.e. one after the other, or spaced apart from one another in the direction of the axis of symmetry B, i.e. above or below one another, so that the two partial bodies 410 can be flowed through by a gas flow 112.
- the two partial bodies 410 are electrically connected in series (series connection), so that the electrical resistance of the respective partial bodies 410 adds up to a total resistance of the heating element 102.
- each partial body 410 heats up due to the electrical resistance of the partial bodies 410 and as a result the heating element 102 also heats up according to the current heat law (ohmic heating). It is also possible to connect the - at least - two partial bodies 410 of the Heating elements 102 can be electrically controlled separately by means of a control device 404.
- Fig. 4C shows a schematic representation of another embodiment of an electrical control of the heating element 102 with two partial bodies 410, wherein the electrical control is designed as a parallel circuit.
- the heating element 102 is formed from two electrically conductive parts 410.
- the parts 410 can - spatially speaking - be arranged in the direction of the flow axis A (see Fig.1 ) spaced apart from one another, i.e. one after the other, or spaced apart from one another in the direction of the axis of symmetry B, i.e. one above or one below the other, so that the two partial bodies 410 can be flowed through by a gas stream 112.
- the two partial bodies 410 are electrically connected in parallel (parallel connection).
- Each of the two partial bodies 410 is electrically connected to a first electrode 406 and a second electrode 408.
- the heating element 102 thus comprises four electrodes 406, 408, two first electrodes 406 and two second electrodes 408 for each partial body 410.
- Both the first electrode 406 and the second electrode 408 are electrically connected to a control device 404 via an electrical line 402.
- an electrical voltage can be applied to the first electrode 406 and the second electrode 408 in such a way that a potential difference (voltage difference) is formed between the first electrode 406 of a partial body 410 and the second electrode 408 of a partial body 410, which results in a current flow between the first electrode 406 and the second electrode 408.
- the first electrode 406 is subjected to a positive voltage potential and the second electrode 408 to a negative voltage potential, or vice versa.
- a current flow is created between the each first electrode 406 and the respective second electrode 408, whereby each partial body 410 heats up due to the electrical resistance of the partial bodies 410 and thus the heating element 102 also heats up according to the current heat law (ohmic heating).
- the surface of an electrically conductive heating element 102 which is formed from triply periodic minimal surfaces, at least in sections, can be further optimized according to the criteria of surface, resistance, counterpressure and strength.
- the potential of the heating device 100 according to the invention can be determined using measuring technology for temperature - thermography and thermocouples - and measuring technology for pressure.
- Fig.5 shows a perspective view of an exhaust gas treatment device 500 with an inlet 506 and an outlet 508.
- the exhaust gas treatment device 500 comprises a heating device 100 and a catalyst unit 502 (shown in dashed lines).
- the heating device 100 and the catalyst unit 502 are held in a housing 504, wherein the catalyst unit 502 is reliably fixed in the housing 504 by at least one bearing mat (not shown).
- the heating device 100 comprises two electrodes 110 which are electrically connected to a heating element 102.
- the heating element 102 can be designed according to one of the embodiments described herein.
- the electrodes 110 are arranged in an electrically insulating manner against the housing 504, wherein the electrodes 110 extend through the housing 504 and contact the heating element 102 in an electrically conductive manner.
- a control device (not shown) can be connected to the electrodes 110 in order to form a potential difference between the electrodes 110.
- the catalyst unit 502 is arranged directly adjacent to the heating device 100 in the axial direction of a flow
- a gas flow 112, in particular an exhaust gas flow, flowing into the housing 504 through the inlet 506 in the axial direction of the flow axis A is heated by the heating device 100 so that the catalyst unit 502 reaches its operating temperature as quickly as possible.
- the heating device 100 is arranged between the inlet 506 and the catalyst unit 502, in particular directly in the flow direction of the exhaust gas along the flow axis A in front of the catalyst unit 502.
- the triply periodic minimal surfaces of the electrically conductive heating element 102 can be produced by a 3D printing process; in particular, TPMS structures are mainly produced by 3D printing processes due to their complex structures.
- TPMS structures in heating elements 102 can offer potential in the areas of thermal heating behavior, heat transfer - surface area - and weight with regard to regulatory emission standards, for example EU7.
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Abstract
Eine Heizeinrichtung (100) zum Beheizen eines Gasstroms, insbesondere eines Abgasstroms einer Brennkraftmaschine, umfasst ein elektrisch leitfähiges Heizelement (102) und eine Trägereinrichtung (104) mit zumindest einem elektrisch isolierenden Trägerelement (106) für das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement. Die Heizeinrichtung ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement (102) als dreidimensionale Struktur (TPMS) ausgebildet ist, deren Oberfläche zumindest abschnittsweise aus dreifach periodischen Minimalflächen, wie z.B. Gyroid (302) oder Black-Diamond-Struktur (BDS) gebildet ist. Weiterhin kann die Heizeinrichtung (100) aus zwei Heizsegmenten oder zwei Teilkörpern nacheinander oder parallel angeordnet bestehen, die in elektrischer Reihen- oder Parallelschaltung getrennt elektrisch angesteuert werden können.A heating device (100) for heating a gas flow, in particular an exhaust gas flow of an internal combustion engine, comprises an electrically conductive heating element (102) and a carrier device (104) with at least one electrically insulating carrier element (106) for the electrically conductive heating element. The heating device is characterized in that the electrically conductive heating element (102) is designed as a three-dimensional structure (TPMS), the surface of which is formed at least in sections from triply periodic minimal surfaces, such as gyroid (302) or black diamond structure (BDS). Furthermore, the heating device (100) can consist of two heating segments or two partial bodies arranged one after the other or in parallel, which can be separately electrically controlled in electrical series or parallel connection.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Heizeinrichtung zum Beheizen eines Gasstroms, insbesondere eines Abgasstroms einer Brennkraftmaschine.The invention relates to a heating device for heating a gas stream, in particular an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine.
Zur Abgasnachbehandlung in Fahrzeugen werden u.a. Katalysatoren eingesetzt. Katalysatoren wandeln Schadstoffe wie beispielsweise Stickoxide in unschädliche Stoffe um und dienen so zur Reinigung der von einer Brennkraftmaschine, beispielsweise eines Benzin- oder Dieselmotors, durch Verbrennung eines Kraftstoffes erzeugten Abgase. Die Konvertierungs- oder Umwandlungsrate der Schadstoffe in nicht schädliche Stoffe ist bei den eingesetzten Katalysatoren temperaturabhängig. Schadstoffemissionen werden erst nach einem Erreichen einer Mindesttemperatur in nicht schädliche Stoffe umgewandelt. Zur Reduzierung der Schadstoffemissionen ist es daher erforderlich, die Zeitspanne bis zum Erreichen der Mindesttemperatur zu verkürzen. Hierzu werden insbesondere mit Blick auf zukünftige Abgasnormen (EU7) u.a. aktive Heizmaßnahmen eingesetzt. Zu den aktiven Heizmaßnahmen zählt beispielsweise ein elektrisch betriebenes Heizsystem (E-Heizer). Ein Heizeffekt der elektrischen Heizsysteme beruht auf dem Stromwärmegesetz ("Ohmic-Heating"), also der Bestromung einer metallischen Heizmatrix.Catalysts are used for exhaust gas aftertreatment in vehicles. Catalysts convert pollutants such as nitrogen oxides into harmless substances and are used to clean the exhaust gases produced by an internal combustion engine, for example a petrol or diesel engine, through the combustion of a fuel. The conversion or transformation rate of the pollutants into non-harmful substances is temperature-dependent for the catalysts used. Pollutant emissions are only converted into non-harmful substances once a minimum temperature has been reached. In order to reduce pollutant emissions, it is therefore necessary to shorten the time until the minimum temperature is reached. Active heating measures are used for this purpose, particularly with a view to future exhaust gas standards (EU7). Active heating measures include, for example, an electrically operated heating system (electric heater). The heating effect of electrical heating systems is based on the law of electrical heat transfer ("Ohmic heating"), i.e. the supply of current to a metallic heating matrix.
Bekannte Heizelementstrukturen sind aufgrund von Herstellungsprozessen sowie thermomechanischer und strukturdynamischer Belange in ihrer geometrischen Ausführung, das heißt in deren Volumen, Masse, Oberfläche und Struktur, beschränkt.Known heating element structures are limited in their geometric design, i.e. in their volume, mass, surface and structure, due to manufacturing processes as well as thermomechanical and structural dynamic considerations.
Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, eine Vorrichtung zu schaffen, mit der eine Verbesserung der thermodynamischen und strukturdynamischen Eigenschaften gegenüber bekannten Vorrichtungen aus dem Stand der Technik erzielt und somit ein schnelleres Erreichen der Mindesttemperatur beispielsweise eines Katalysators oder einer Reinigungseinheit anderer Bauart erreicht werden kann.It is an object of the invention to provide a device with which an improvement in the thermodynamic and structural dynamic properties can be achieved compared to known devices from the prior art and thus a faster reaching of the minimum temperature, for example of a catalyst or a cleaning unit of another type, can be achieved.
Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe erfolgt durch eine Heizeinrichtung mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1.This object is achieved by a heating device having the features of claim 1.
Die erfindungsgemäße Heizeinrichtung zum Beheizen eines Gasstroms, insbesondere eines Abgasstroms einer Brennkraftmaschine, umfasst ein elektrisch leitfähiges Heizelement und eine Trägereinrichtung mit zumindest einem elektrisch isolierenden Trägerelement für das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement. Die Heizeinrichtung ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement als dreidimensionale Struktur ausgebildet ist, deren Oberfläche zumindest abschnittsweise aus dreifach periodischen Minimalflächen gebildet ist.The heating device according to the invention for heating a gas flow, in particular an exhaust gas flow of an internal combustion engine, comprises an electrically conductive heating element and a carrier device with at least one electrically insulating carrier element for the electrically conductive heating element. The heating device is characterized in that the electrically conductive heating element is designed as a three-dimensional structure, the surface of which is formed at least in sections from triply periodic minimal surfaces.
Die Brennkraftmaschine kann als ein Verbrennungsmotor, beispielsweise als Ottomotor oder Dieselmotor, ausgebildet sein. Die Brennkraftmaschine kann auch andere Brennverfahren umsetzen, beispielsweise ein Miller-Brennverfahren, oder andere Brennstoffe verwenden, beispielsweise synthetische Brennstoffe oder Wasserstoffe. Bei einem Betrieb solch einer Maschine entstehen Schadstoffe. Die Schadstoffkonzentrationen können stark von den Betriebsbedingungen abhängen, beispielsweise von der Art des Kraftstoffs, der Konzentration des Kraftstoffs im verwendeten Kraftstoff-Luft-Gemisch, der Menge des Kraftstoff-Luft-Gemischs, der Drehzahl des Verbrennungsmotors und/oder der Betriebstemperatur des Verbrennungsmotors.The internal combustion engine can be designed as an internal combustion engine, for example as a gasoline engine or diesel engine. The internal combustion engine can also implement other combustion processes, for example a Miller combustion process, or use other fuels, for example synthetic fuels or hydrogen. When such a machine is operated, pollutants are produced. The pollutant concentrations can depend heavily on the operating conditions, for example on the type of fuel, the concentration of the fuel in the fuel-air mixture used, the amount of the fuel-air mixture, the speed of the internal combustion engine and/or the operating temperature of the internal combustion engine.
Die durch die Verbrennung eines Kraftstoffs in der Brennkraftmaschine entstehenden Abgase bilden einen Gasstrom, insbesondere einen Abgasstrom. Die Abgase werden über eine an die Brennkraftmaschine angeschlossene Abgasanlage durch eine Abgasbehandlungseinrichtung nach außen geleitet, d.h. an die Umgebungsluft des Fahrzeugs abgegeben. Die Abgasbehandlungseinrichtung kann einen Katalysator umfassen, wobei der Gasstrom durch eine katalytische Reaktion in dem Katalysator gereinigt wird, wenn der Gasstrom durch den Katalysator strömt. Bei einem Kaltstart der Brennkraftmaschine weisen die Abgase noch eine vergleichsweise geringe Temperatur auf. Der Katalysator, bzw. eine Katalysatoreinheit, durch den das Abgas strömt ist ebenfalls vergleichsweise kühl, so dass eine Schwellentemperatur oder Mindesttemperatur bei der eine effiziente Reinigung des Abgases stattfinden kann oftmals noch nicht erreicht wird. Dies hat zur Folge, dass die Abgase nicht vollständig gereinigt werden. Erst mit einer zunehmenden Erwärmung der Abgase und der damit einhergehenden Erwärmung des Katalysators kommt das System in einen Temperaturbereich, in dem die gewünschten katalytischen Reaktionen effizient ablaufen.The exhaust gases produced by the combustion of a fuel in the internal combustion engine form a gas stream, in particular an exhaust gas stream. The exhaust gases are conducted to the outside via an exhaust system connected to the internal combustion engine through an exhaust gas treatment device, i.e. are released into the ambient air of the vehicle. The exhaust gas treatment device can comprise a catalyst, wherein the gas flow is cleaned by a catalytic reaction in the catalyst when the gas flow flows through the catalyst. When the internal combustion engine is cold started, the exhaust gases still have a comparatively low temperature. The catalyst, or a catalyst unit, through which the exhaust gas flows is also comparatively cool, so that a threshold temperature or minimum temperature at which efficient cleaning of the exhaust gas can take place is often not yet reached. This means that the exhaust gases are not completely cleaned. Only with increasing heating of the exhaust gases and the associated heating of the catalyst does the system reach a temperature range in which the desired catalytic reactions take place efficiently.
Eine Maßnahme zur Verbesserung des Kaltstartverhaltens einer entsprechenden Abgasanlage kann darin bestehen, vor dem Katalysator bzw. vor die Abgasbehandlungseinheit eine Heizeinrichtung vorzusehen, mittels derer das anströmende Abgas erwärmt wird. Die Heizeinrichtung kann ein Heizelement umfassen, das dem Abgasstrom zusätzlich Wärme zuführt, um das System möglichst schnell in einen Temperaturbereich zu bringen, in der eine effiziente Abgasnachbehandlung erfolgen kann. Es sind jedoch auch weitere Einsatzgebiete der Heizeinrichtung möglich. Beispielsweise kann die Heizeinrichtung zur Vorwärmung von Verbrennungsluft in einem Ansaugtrakt einer Brennkraftmaschine oder ganz allgemein zur Erwärmung eines beliebigen Gasstroms eingesetzt werden. Das Heizelement kann aus einem elektrisch leitfähigen Material, insbesondere aus Metall ausgebildet sein, sodass das Heizelement ebenfalls elektrisch leitfähig ausgebildet ist. Zusätzlich kann die Heizeinrichtung eine Trägereinrichtung umfassen, die das Heizelement trägt. Die Trägereinrichtung kann das Heizelement beispielsweise in Strömungsrichtung des Abgases vor der Abgasbehandlungseinheit halten. Das zumindest eine Trägerelement der Trägereinrichtung kann ringartig ausgestaltet sein oder eine Grundgeometrie eines Kreissegments aufweisen. Beispielsweise ist das zumindest eine Trägerelement ein Ring oder ein Ringabschnitt, der auf eine der Stirnseiten des Heizelements aufgebracht wird, falls dieser eine kreisförmige Kontur aufweist. Das Trägerelement ist komplementär zu der Grundgeometrie des Heizelements ausgestaltet. Im Gegensatz zu dem elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelement ist das zumindest eine Trägerelement aus einem elektrisch isolierenden Material, beispielsweise aus einem temperaturfesten Kunststoff und/oder aus Keramik, gebildet.One measure for improving the cold start behavior of a corresponding exhaust system can be to provide a heating device in front of the catalyst or in front of the exhaust treatment unit, by means of which the incoming exhaust gas is heated. The heating device can comprise a heating element that supplies additional heat to the exhaust gas flow in order to bring the system as quickly as possible into a temperature range in which efficient exhaust gas aftertreatment can take place. However, other areas of application for the heating device are also possible. For example, the heating device can be used to preheat combustion air in an intake tract of an internal combustion engine or, more generally, to heat any gas flow. The heating element can be made of an electrically conductive material, in particular metal, so that the heating element is also electrically conductive. In addition, the heating device can comprise a carrier device that carries the heating element. The carrier device can, for example, hold the heating element in front of the exhaust gas treatment unit in the flow direction of the exhaust gas. The At least one carrier element of the carrier device can be designed in a ring-like manner or have a basic geometry of a circular segment. For example, the at least one carrier element is a ring or a ring section that is applied to one of the end faces of the heating element if it has a circular contour. The carrier element is designed to complement the basic geometry of the heating element. In contrast to the electrically conductive heating element, the at least one carrier element is made of an electrically insulating material, for example of a temperature-resistant plastic and/or of ceramic.
Die Oberfläche der dreidimensionalen Struktur des Heizelements weist Charakteristiken auf, die mathematisch als Minimalflächen beschrieben werden können. Eine Minimalfläche beschreibt dabei eine Fläche im dreidimensionalen Raum, die zu einer festgelegten Randkurve lokal einen minimalen Flächeninhalt aufweist. Minimalflächen zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass es sich um im Wesentlichen spannungsfreie Flächen handelt. Beispielhaft kann eine Minimalfläche durch einen geschlossenen Draht oder Drahtring konstruiert werden, indem man den Drahtring durch eine Seifenlauge zieht. Die dadurch entstehende Fläche aus Seifenlauge, die von dem Drahtring berandet ist, weist einen minimalen Flächeninhalt auf und stellt eine Minimalfläche dar. Wiederholen sich diese Minimalflächen in alle Raumrichtungen, entstehen dreifach periodische Minimalflächen (engl.: triply periodic minimal surface, TPMS).The surface of the three-dimensional structure of the heating element has characteristics that can be described mathematically as minimal surfaces. A minimal surface describes a surface in three-dimensional space that has a minimal surface area locally for a specified edge curve. Minimal surfaces are characterized by the fact that they are essentially stress-free surfaces. For example, a minimal surface can be constructed using a closed wire or wire ring by pulling the wire ring through a soap solution. The resulting surface of soap solution, which is bordered by the wire ring, has a minimal surface area and represents a minimal surface. If these minimal surfaces repeat in all spatial directions, triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are created.
Gemäß einer Ausführungsform kann das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement eine im Wesentlichen kreisrunde Grundgeometrie aufweisen. Die Grundgeometrie des Heizelements kann die Geometrie einer Fläche des Heizelements beschreiben, auf die ein Gasstrom beim Eintritt in die Heizeinrichtung trifft. Das Heizelement kann eine beliebig geeignete Grundgeometrie aufweisen. Die Grundgeometrie kann an eine Geometrie einer nachgelagerten Abgasbehandlungseinheit, beispielsweise ein Katalysator, angepasst sein. Als vorteilhaft kann es sich erweisen, wenn das Heizelement und der Katalysator eine gleiche oder eine im Wesentlichen gleiche Grundgeometrie aufweisen. Im Wesentlichen kann in diesem Zusammenhang bedeuten, dass geringfügige Abweichungen möglich sind. Beispielsweise muss eine im Wesentlichen kreisrunde Grundgeometrie nicht exakt kreisrund ausgebildet sein. Eine leicht oval förmige Grundgeometrie kann demnach immer noch als eine im Wesentlichen kreisrunde Grundgeometrie bezeichnet werden.According to one embodiment, the electrically conductive heating element can have a substantially circular basic geometry. The basic geometry of the heating element can describe the geometry of a surface of the heating element that a gas flow encounters when entering the heating device. The heating element can have any suitable basic geometry. The basic geometry can be adapted to a geometry of a downstream exhaust gas treatment unit, for example a catalyst. It can prove advantageous if if the heating element and the catalyst have the same or essentially the same basic geometry. Essentially in this context can mean that minor deviations are possible. For example, an essentially circular basic geometry does not have to be exactly circular. A slightly oval-shaped basic geometry can therefore still be described as an essentially circular basic geometry.
Nach einer Ausführungsform kann die dreidimensionale Struktur des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements eine gleichmäßige Dicke aufweisen. Das Heizelement ist als dreidimensionale Struktur ausgebildet, die eine Grundgeometrie aufweist. Ausgehend von der zweidimensionalen Grundgeometrie erstreckt sich das Heizelement in eine dritte Raumrichtung. Die Dicke des Heizelements kann durch die Erstreckung in die dritte Raumrichtung beschrieben werden. Das Heizelement weist eine gleichmäßige Dicke auf, wenn die Erstreckung des Heizelements in die dritte Raumrichtung über den ganzen Bereich der Grundgeometrie konstant gleich groß ist. Eine gleichmäßige Dicke des Heizelements kann Vorteile bezüglich der Erwärmung des Heizelements bieten, indem alle Bereiche des Heizelements gleichmäßig durch Bestromung des Heizelements nach dem Stromwärmegesetz erwärmt werden können.According to one embodiment, the three-dimensional structure of the electrically conductive heating element can have a uniform thickness. The heating element is designed as a three-dimensional structure that has a basic geometry. Starting from the two-dimensional basic geometry, the heating element extends in a third spatial direction. The thickness of the heating element can be described by the extension in the third spatial direction. The heating element has a uniform thickness if the extension of the heating element in the third spatial direction is constantly the same over the entire area of the basic geometry. A uniform thickness of the heating element can offer advantages with regard to heating the heating element in that all areas of the heating element can be heated evenly by energizing the heating element according to the current heat law.
Nach einer anderen Ausführungsform kann die dreidimensionale Struktur des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements zumindest abschnittsweise eine unterschiedliche Dicke aufweisen. Die Dicke des Heizelements kann über den Bereich der Grundgeometrie des Heizelements variieren, d.h. die Dicke des Heizelements muss nicht konstant gleich groß sein. Das Heizelement kann in einigen Abschnitten oder Bereichen eine andere Dicke aufweisen als in anderen Abschnitten oder Bereichen. Dadurch können einzelne Abschnitte oder Bereiche des Heizelements stärker oder schwächer erwärmt werden. Beispielsweise können Bereiche in der Mitte des Heizelements eine größere Dicke aufweisen als Randbereiche des Heizelements, wodurch sich die Bereiche in der Mitte des Heizelements bei Bestromung des Heizelements weniger stark erwärmen würden als die Randbereiche mit einer kleineren Dicke. Bei Bereichen des Heizelements mit unterschiedlicher Dicke handelt es sich vereinfacht dargestellt um eine Reihenschaltung von Einzelwiderständen. Nach der Gesetzmäßigkeit einer elektrischen Reihenschaltung ist die Stromstärke in allen Einzelwiderständen gleich groß, wohingegen die Gesamtspannung die Summe der einzelnen Spannungen ist, welche an den Einzelwiderständen abfällt. Nach der Formel P=I2*R, wobei P die Leistung, I die Stromstärke und R den Widerstand bezeichnet, führt ein Bereich mit kleinerem Querschnitt zu einem größeren Einzelwiderstand, an dem somit eine größere Leistung abfällt als in einem Bereich mit größerem Querschnitt und somit kleinerem Widerstand.According to another embodiment, the three-dimensional structure of the electrically conductive heating element can have a different thickness at least in sections. The thickness of the heating element can vary over the range of the basic geometry of the heating element, i.e. the thickness of the heating element does not have to be constantly the same. The heating element can have a different thickness in some sections or areas than in other sections or areas. As a result, individual sections or areas of the heating element can be heated more or less. For example, areas in the middle of the heating element can have a greater thickness than edge areas of the Heating element, whereby the areas in the middle of the heating element would heat up less when the heating element is energized than the edge areas with a smaller thickness. Areas of the heating element with different thicknesses are, in simplified terms, a series connection of individual resistors. According to the law of an electrical series connection, the current in all individual resistors is the same, whereas the total voltage is the sum of the individual voltages dropped across the individual resistors. According to the formula P=I 2 *R, where P is the power, I is the current and R is the resistance, an area with a smaller cross-section leads to a larger individual resistor, across which a greater power is dropped than in an area with a larger cross-section and therefore smaller resistance.
Nach einer weiteren Ausführungsform kann die dreidimensionale Struktur des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements aus einem temperaturfesten Material ausgebildet sein. Bei dem Material oder einem Werkstoff, aus dem das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement bzw. die Oberfläche des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements ausgebildet ist, kann es sich um ein temperaturbeständiges bzw. hitzebeständiges und/oder korrosionsbeständiges Material, insbesondere ein metallisches Material, oder um eine temperaturbeständige bzw. hitzebeständige und/oder korrosionsbeständige Legierung handeln. Beim Erhitzen eines solchen Materials oder einer solchen Legierung kann sich eine dicke, stabile Oxidschicht bilden, die die Oberfläche des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements schützt. Die Festigkeit kann dabei über einen breiten Temperaturbereich erhalten bleiben, wodurch solche Materialien insbesondere für Hochtemperaturanwendungen geeignet sind.According to a further embodiment, the three-dimensional structure of the electrically conductive heating element can be made of a temperature-resistant material. The material or a substance from which the electrically conductive heating element or the surface of the electrically conductive heating element is made can be a temperature-resistant or heat-resistant and/or corrosion-resistant material, in particular a metallic material, or a temperature-resistant or heat-resistant and/or corrosion-resistant alloy. When such a material or alloy is heated, a thick, stable oxide layer can form that protects the surface of the electrically conductive heating element. The strength can be maintained over a wide temperature range, which makes such materials particularly suitable for high-temperature applications.
Nach noch einer Ausführungsform kann die dreidimensionale Struktur des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements eine Vielzahl von Gyroid-Zellen und/oder eine Vielzahl von Schwarz-Diamond Zellen aufweisen. Sowohl eine Gyroid-Zelle als auch eine Schwarz-Diamond Zelle bildet eine Minimalfläche. Eine Zelle kann eine kleinste Einheit der Minimalfläche darstellen. Durch eine Aneinanderreihung der Vielzahl von Gyroid- und/oder Schwarz-Diamond Zellen, also einer Wiederholung der durch die Gyroid-Zelle oder durch die Schwarz-Diamond Zelle gebildeten Minimalfläche, kann eine dreidimensionale Struktur ausgebildet werden, deren Oberfläche aus Minimalflächen gebildet ist. Des Weiteren kann die Vielzahl aneinandergereihter Zellen im Raum eine unterschiedliche Wandstärke bzw. Wanddicke, insbesondere zwischen 0,05 mm und 3 mm, unterschiedliche Zellgrößen und/oder unterschiedliche Zelltypen aufweisen. Die Zellgröße beschreibt dabei eine räumliche Erstreckung in drei Dimensionen einer Zelle. Eine Zelle kann sich zwischen 0,5 mm und 10 mm in jede der drei Raumdimensionen erstrecken, insbesondere unabhängig voneinander. Neben einer würfelförmigen Ausgestaltung der Zelle, beispielsweise durch eine gleichmäßige Erstreckung in alle drei Raumdimensionen, kann eine Zelle auch quaderförmig ausgebildet sein. Neben den bereits beschriebenen Zelltypen einer Gyroid- und/oder einer Schwarz-Diamond Zelle kann die dreidimensionale Struktur des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements auch, alternativ oder zusätzlich, eine Vielzahl von Schwarz-Primitive (Schwarz P) Zellen, Schwarz-Hexagonal (Schwarz H) Zellen, Schwarz crossed layers of parallels (Schwarz CLP) Zellen, Fischer-Koch S Zellen, Fischer-Koch CY Zellen, Schoen I-WP Zellen, Neovius Zellen oder eine Kombination daraus aufweisen. Grundsätzlich sind alle bekannten Minimalflächen als dreidimensionale Struktur des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements geeignet.According to another embodiment, the three-dimensional structure of the electrically conductive heating element can comprise a plurality of gyroid cells and/or a plurality of black diamond cells. Both a gyroid cell and a black diamond cell form a minimal area. A cell can have a represent the smallest unit of the minimal area. By lining up the multitude of gyroid and/or black diamond cells, i.e. a repetition of the minimal area formed by the gyroid cell or the black diamond cell, a three-dimensional structure can be formed whose surface is made up of minimal areas. Furthermore, the multitude of cells lined up in space can have different wall thicknesses, in particular between 0.05 mm and 3 mm, different cell sizes and/or different cell types. The cell size describes a spatial extension in three dimensions of a cell. A cell can extend between 0.5 mm and 10 mm in each of the three spatial dimensions, in particular independently of one another. In addition to a cube-shaped design of the cell, for example by extending uniformly in all three spatial dimensions, a cell can also be cuboid-shaped. In addition to the cell types of a gyroid and/or a Schwarz-Diamond cell already described, the three-dimensional structure of the electrically conductive heating element can also, alternatively or additionally, have a variety of Schwarz-Primitive (Schwarz P) cells, Schwarz-Hexagonal (Schwarz H) cells, Schwarz crossed layers of parallels (Schwarz CLP) cells, Fischer-Koch S cells, Fischer-Koch CY cells, Schoen I-WP cells, Neovius cells or a combination thereof. In principle, all known minimal surfaces are suitable as the three-dimensional structure of the electrically conductive heating element.
Nach einer weiteren Ausführungsform kann das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement von dem Gasstrom durchströmbar sein. Der Gasstrom dringt dabei auf einer Seite, einer Einlassseite des Heizelements, in die dreidimensionale Struktur des Heizelements ein, durchdringt das Heizelement in Strömungsrichtung des Gasstroms und tritt auf einer anderen Seite, einer Auslassseite des Heizelements, wieder vollständig aus dem Heizelement aus. Innerhalb des Heizelements kann der Gasstrom in seiner Strömungsrichtung abgelenkt werden. Die Ablenkung oder eine Verwirbelung des Gasstroms können durch eine Ausgestaltung der dreidimensionalen Struktur des Heizelements hervorgerufen werden.According to a further embodiment, the electrically conductive heating element can be traversed by the gas flow. The gas flow penetrates into the three-dimensional structure of the heating element on one side, an inlet side of the heating element, penetrates the heating element in the flow direction of the gas flow and exits completely from the heating element on another side, an outlet side of the heating element. The gas flow can be deflected in its flow direction within the heating element. The deflection or a Turbulence of the gas flow can be caused by designing the three-dimensional structure of the heating element.
Nach noch einer Ausführungsform kann das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement zumindest zwei Heizsegmente aufweisen, die abschnittsweise durch einen Spalt voneinander getrennt sind, der insbesondere einseitig offen ist. Die Heizsegmente sind aus einer dreidimensionale Struktur ausgebildet, deren Oberfläche zumindest abschnittsweise aus dreifach periodischen Minimalflächen gebildet ist. Die Heizsegmente sind dabei selbst bevorzugt von dem Gasstrom durchströmbar. Der Gasstrom kann sowohl durch den zumindest einen Spalt, als auch durch die Heizsegmente selbst strömen. Das heißt, nicht der gesamte Gasstrom strömt bei Betrieb durch den zumindest einen Spalt, sondern auch durch die Heizsegmente. Zu diesem Zweck können die Heizsegmente Kanäle aufweisen, deren Wandungen einen effizienten Übertrag von Wärme von dem leitfähigen Material des Heizelements auf das Gas ermöglichen.According to another embodiment, the electrically conductive heating element can have at least two heating segments, which are separated from one another in sections by a gap that is open on one side in particular. The heating segments are formed from a three-dimensional structure, the surface of which is formed at least in sections from triply periodic minimal surfaces. The gas flow can preferably flow through the heating segments themselves. The gas flow can flow both through the at least one gap and through the heating segments themselves. This means that not the entire gas flow flows through the at least one gap during operation, but also through the heating segments. For this purpose, the heating segments can have channels, the walls of which enable efficient transfer of heat from the conductive material of the heating element to the gas.
Nach einer weiteren Ausführungsform kann das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement zumindest zwei Teilkörper umfassen, die derart angeordnet sind, dass die zumindest zwei Teilkörper nacheinander oder parallel von dem Gasstrom durchströmbar sind. Die zumindest zwei Teilkörper können eine identische Grundgeometrie aufweisen, beispielsweise eine im Wesentlichen kreisrunde Grundgeometrie. Jeder der zumindest zwei Teilkörper weist eine dreidimensionale Struktur auf, deren Oberfläche zumindest abschnittsweise aus dreifach periodischen Minimalflächen gebildet ist. Die zumindest zwei Teilkörper sind aus elektrisch leitfähigem Material ausgebildet und jeweils mit Elektroden elektrisch leitend verbunden, sodass bei einer Bestromung mittels einer Steuereinrichtung eine Potentialdifferenz zwischen den Elektroden gebildet werden kann, um jeden der zumindest zwei Teilkörper zu erwärmen.According to a further embodiment, the electrically conductive heating element can comprise at least two partial bodies which are arranged in such a way that the gas flow can flow through the at least two partial bodies one after the other or in parallel. The at least two partial bodies can have an identical basic geometry, for example a substantially circular basic geometry. Each of the at least two partial bodies has a three-dimensional structure, the surface of which is formed at least in sections from triply periodic minimal surfaces. The at least two partial bodies are made of electrically conductive material and are each electrically connected to electrodes, so that when energized by means of a control device, a potential difference can be formed between the electrodes in order to heat each of the at least two partial bodies.
Vorteilhaft kann eine nacheinander gelagerte Anordnung der zumindest zwei Teilkörper sein. Dabei können die zumindest zwei Teilkörper in einer axialen Richtung, die im Wesentlichen einer Strömungsrichtung des Gasstroms entspricht, angeordnet sein, sodass der Gasstrom zunächst den ersten Teilkörper durchströmt bevor der Gasstrom in den zweiten Teilkörper eintritt und diesen durchströmt. Eine Außenkontur des ersten Teilkörpers und eine Außenkontur des zweiten Teilkörpers können identisch sein und sich vollständig überdecken. Durch eine derartige Anordnung der zumindest zwei Teilkörper kann die Strömungsrichtung des durch die zumindest zwei Teilkörper strömenden Gasstroms beeinflusst werden, um beispielsweise gezielte Verwirbelungen des Gasstroms zu erzeugen die vorteilhaft für die Erwärmung eines nachgelagert angeordneten Katalysators sein können.A sequential arrangement of the at least two partial bodies can be advantageous. The at least two partial bodies can be arranged in an axial direction that essentially corresponds to a flow direction of the gas flow, so that the gas flow first flows through the first partial body before the gas flow enters and flows through the second partial body. An outer contour of the first partial body and an outer contour of the second partial body can be identical and completely overlap. By arranging the at least two partial bodies in this way, the flow direction of the gas flow flowing through the at least two partial bodies can be influenced, for example to generate targeted turbulence in the gas flow, which can be advantageous for heating a catalyst arranged downstream.
Die zumindest zwei Teilkörper können auch parallel angeordnet sein. Bei einer derartigen Anordnung kann ein Teil des Gasstroms durch einen ersten Teilkörper und ein anderer Teil des Gasstroms durch einen zweiten Teilkörper strömen. Die parallel angeordnete Teilkörper können in einer gleichen Ebene angeordnet oder parallel, räumlich versetzt angeordnet sein.The at least two partial bodies can also be arranged in parallel. In such an arrangement, part of the gas flow can flow through a first partial body and another part of the gas flow can flow through a second partial body. The partial bodies arranged in parallel can be arranged in the same plane or arranged parallel but spatially offset.
Bei einer derartigen Ausführungsform können die zumindest zwei Teilkörper des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements getrennt voneinander mittels einer Steuereinrichtung elektrisch ansteuerbar sein. Die zumindest zwei Teilkörper können derart elektrisch ansteuerbar sein, dass jeder Teilkörper für sich ein eigenes Heizelement ausbildet. Dadurch kann eine unterschiedliche Erwärmung der zumindest zwei Teilkörper ermöglicht werden.In such an embodiment, the at least two partial bodies of the electrically conductive heating element can be electrically controlled separately from one another by means of a control device. The at least two partial bodies can be electrically controlled in such a way that each partial body forms its own heating element. This makes it possible to heat the at least two partial bodies differently.
Bei einer derartigen Ausführungsform können die zumindest zwei Teilkörper des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements mittels einer Reihenschaltung oder einer Parallelschaltung elektrisch verbunden sein. Werden die zumindest zwei elektrisch leitfähigen Teilkörper in Reihe elektrisch verbunden, so ist ein elektrischer Ausgang des ersten Teilkörpers direkt mit einem elektrischen Eingang des zweiten Teilkörpers elektrisch verbunden. Es bildet sich ein einziger Strompfad, der zunächst durch den ersten Teilkörper und dann durch den zweiten Teilkörper führt. Durch eine solche Reihenschaltung von zumindest zwei Teilkörpern kann ein elektrischer Widerstand des Heizelements und somit eine Heizleistung für das Heizelement eingestellt werden.In such an embodiment, the at least two partial bodies of the electrically conductive heating element can be electrically connected by means of a series connection or a parallel connection. If the at least two electrically conductive partial bodies are electrically connected in series, an electrical output of the first partial body is directly connected to an electrical input of the second A single current path is formed, which first leads through the first partial body and then through the second partial body. By connecting at least two partial bodies in series in this way, an electrical resistance of the heating element and thus a heating power for the heating element can be set.
Sind die zumindest zwei Teilkörper elektrisch parallelgeschaltet, so sind jeweils die elektrischen Eingänge der zumindest zwei Teilkörper und jeweils die elektrischen Ausgänge der zumindest zwei Teilkörper miteinander elektrisch verbunden. Es bilden sich zumindest zwei Strompfade, wobei der erste Strompfad durch den ersten Teilkörper und der zweite Strompfad durch den zweiten Teilkörper führt. Der Strompfad teilt sich folglich auf.If the at least two partial bodies are electrically connected in parallel, the electrical inputs of the at least two partial bodies and the electrical outputs of the at least two partial bodies are electrically connected to one another. At least two current paths are formed, with the first current path leading through the first partial body and the second current path leading through the second partial body. The current path is therefore split.
Nach einer weiteren Ausführungsform kann das zumindest eine Trägerelement zumindest abschnittsweise einen Randbereich des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements abdecken. Das zumindest eine Trägerelement kann formschlüssig mit dem Heizelement verbunden sein. Beispielsweise kann die Trägereinrichtung ein erstes Trägerelement und ein zweites Trägerelement umfassen, die jeweils zumindest einen Teil des Umfangs des Heizelements umgeben und/oder die jeweils zumindest einen Teil eines Randbereichs zumindest einer Stirnseite des Heizelements abdecken. Es ist beispielsweise möglich, dass das erste Trägerelement und das zweite Trägerelement jeweils ringförmig sind und jeweils einen äußeren Randbereich der beiden Stirnseiten abdecken. Trägerelemente gleicher oder unterschiedlicher Bauweise oder Dimensionierung können kombiniert werden, um eine für den jeweiligen Anwendungsfall geeignete Trägereinrichtung zu bilden. Kosteneinsparungen hinsichtlich Herstellung und Montage ergeben sich, wenn das erste und das zweite Trägerelement Gleichteile sind.According to a further embodiment, the at least one carrier element can cover an edge region of the electrically conductive heating element at least in sections. The at least one carrier element can be connected to the heating element in a form-fitting manner. For example, the carrier device can comprise a first carrier element and a second carrier element, each of which surrounds at least part of the circumference of the heating element and/or each of which covers at least part of an edge region of at least one end face of the heating element. It is possible, for example, for the first carrier element and the second carrier element to be ring-shaped and each to cover an outer edge region of the two end faces. Carrier elements of the same or different construction or dimensions can be combined to form a carrier device suitable for the respective application. Cost savings in terms of production and assembly result when the first and second carrier elements are identical parts.
Nach noch einer Ausführungsform kann das zumindest eine Trägerelement zumindest zwei Öffnungen aufweisen, durch die das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement elektrisch kontaktierbar ist. Zum Zwecke einer Versorgung des Heizelements mit elektrischer Energie kann das zumindest eine Trägerelement eine erste und eine zweite Öffnung aufweisen, durch die das Heizelement elektrisch kontaktierbar ist. Entsprechende Anschlüsse oder Elektroden sind mit einer Steuereinrichtung zum Betrieb der Heizeinrichtung verbunden. Bei Ausführungsformen mit mehreren Trägerelementen kann jedes der Trägerelemente (Teil-)Öffnungen aufweisen. Die (Teil-)Öffnungen können ausgebildet sein, um die Anschlüsse oder Elektroden zu halten.According to another embodiment, the at least one carrier element can have at least two openings through which the electrically conductive heating element can be electrically contacted. For the purpose of supplying the heating element with electrical energy, the at least one carrier element can have a first and a second opening through which the heating element can be electrically contacted. Corresponding connections or electrodes are connected to a control device for operating the heating device. In embodiments with several carrier elements, each of the carrier elements can have (partial) openings. The (partial) openings can be designed to hold the connections or electrodes.
Nach einer weiteren Ausführungsform kann das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement mit zumindest zwei Elektroden elektrisch verbunden sein, wobei zwischen den zumindest zwei Elektroden eine elektrische Potentialdifferenz mittels einer Steuereinrichtung ausbildbar ist. Durch das Anlegen einer äußeren Spannung an den zumindest zwei Elektroden baut sich eine elektrische Potentialdifferenz zwischen den Elektroden auf, so dass ein elektrischer Strom fließt. Das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement stellt dabei einen elektrischen Widerstand dar, der zu einer Erwärmung des Heizelements führt. Mit Hilfe der Steuereinrichtung kann der Stromfluss zwischen den Elektroden und somit die Erwärmung des Heizelements gesteuert werden. Je größer dieser Stromfluss ist, desto größer ist die Erwärmung des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements bzw. desto schneller kann sich eine Katalysatoreinheit erwärmen, die nachgelagert zu dem Heizelement angeordnet ist.According to a further embodiment, the electrically conductive heating element can be electrically connected to at least two electrodes, wherein an electrical potential difference can be formed between the at least two electrodes by means of a control device. By applying an external voltage to the at least two electrodes, an electrical potential difference builds up between the electrodes, so that an electrical current flows. The electrically conductive heating element represents an electrical resistance, which leads to heating of the heating element. The control device can be used to control the current flow between the electrodes and thus the heating of the heating element. The greater this current flow, the greater the heating of the electrically conductive heating element and the faster a catalyst unit arranged downstream of the heating element can heat up.
Bei einer derartigen Ausführungsform können die zumindest zwei Elektroden isolierend gegen das zumindest eine Trägerelement angeordnet sein. Das zumindest eine Trägerelement ist aus elektrisch isolierendem Material ausgebildet, wobei das zumindest eine Trägerelement in einem Gehäuse angeordnet ist. Das Gehäuse kann beispielsweise aus Metall gebildet sein. Die zumindest zwei Elektroden erstrecken sich sowohl durch das Gehäuse, als auch durch das zumindest eine Trägerelement, um das Heizelement zu bestromen bzw. mit elektrischer Energie zu versorgen. Die Elektroden sind zudem mit der Steuereinrichtung verbunden, mit der ein Stromfluss und damit die Bestromung des Heizelements gesteuert werden kann. Um den Stromfluss von der Steuereinrichtung zu den Elektroden und durch das Heizelement zu ermöglichen, sind die zumindest zwei Elektroden sowohl gegen das Gehäuse, als auch gegen das zumindest eine Trägerelement isolierend angeordnet.In such an embodiment, the at least two electrodes can be arranged in an insulating manner against the at least one carrier element. The at least one carrier element is made of electrically insulating material, wherein the at least one carrier element is arranged in a housing. The housing can be made of metal, for example. The at least two electrodes extend both through the housing and through the at least one carrier element in order to energize the heating element or supply it with electrical energy. The electrodes are also connected to the control device, with which can control a current flow and thus the energization of the heating element. In order to enable the current flow from the control device to the electrodes and through the heating element, the at least two electrodes are arranged in an insulating manner both against the housing and against the at least one carrier element.
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ferner eine Abgasbehandlungseinrichtung mit einem Einlass und einem Auslass und mit zumindest einer Abgasbehandlungseinheit zur Behandlung eines Abgasstroms, insbesondere mit einer Katalysatoreinheit, wobei eine Heizeinrichtung gemäß zumindest einer der vorstehend beschriebenen Ausführungsformen zwischen dem Einlass und der Abgasbehandlungseinheit angeordnet ist, insbesondere unmittelbar in Strömungsrichtung des Abgases vor der Abgasbehandlungseinheit. Die Abgasbehandlungseinrichtung kann ein einstückiges Gehäusebauteil aufweisen, das die Abgasbehandlungseinheit und die Heizeinrichtung aufnimmt. Alternativ bildet der Gehäuseabschnitt der Heizeinrichtung einen Teil eines Gehäuses der Abgasbehandlungseinrichtung, insbesondere wobei ein Einlass der Abgasbehandlungseinrichtung mit einem Bauteil des Gehäuseabschnitts verbunden ist.The present invention further relates to an exhaust gas treatment device with an inlet and an outlet and with at least one exhaust gas treatment unit for treating an exhaust gas flow, in particular with a catalyst unit, wherein a heating device according to at least one of the embodiments described above is arranged between the inlet and the exhaust gas treatment unit, in particular directly in the flow direction of the exhaust gas upstream of the exhaust gas treatment unit. The exhaust gas treatment device can have a one-piece housing component that accommodates the exhaust gas treatment unit and the heating device. Alternatively, the housing section of the heating device forms part of a housing of the exhaust gas treatment device, in particular wherein an inlet of the exhaust gas treatment device is connected to a component of the housing section.
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft außerdem eine Abgasanlage einer Brennkraftmaschine mit einer Abgasbehandlungseinrichtung gemäß zumindest einer der vorstehend beschriebenen Ausführungsformen.The present invention also relates to an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine with an exhaust gas treatment device according to at least one of the embodiments described above.
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft außerdem ein Fahrzeug mit einer Brennkraftmaschine, die mit einer vorstehend beschriebenen Abgasanlage verbunden ist.The present invention also relates to a vehicle having an internal combustion engine connected to an exhaust system as described above.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend rein beispielhaft anhand vorteilhafter Ausführungsformen unter Bezugnahme auf die beigefügten Zeichnungen erläutert.
- Fig. 1
- zeigt eine perspektivische Darstellung einer Ausführungsform der Heizeinrichtung,
- Fig. 2A
- zeigt eine schematische Darstellung einer Ausführungsform des Heizelements,
- Fig. 2B
- zeigt eine schematische Darstellung einer weiteren Ausführungsform des Heizelements,
- Fig. 3A
- zeigt eine perspektivische Darstellung einer Ausführungsform des Heizelements mit dreifach periodischen Minimalflächen,
- Fig. 3B
- zeigt eine perspektivische Darstellung einer Gyroid-Zelle,
- Fig. 3C
- zeigt eine perspektivische Darstellung einer weiteren Ausführungsform des Heizelements mit dreifach periodischen Minimalflächen,
- Fig. 3D
- zeigt eine perspektivische Darstellung einer Schwarz-Diamond Zelle,
- Fig. 4A
- zeigt eine schematische Darstellung einer Ausführungsform einer elektrischen Ansteuerung des Heizelements,
- Fig. 4B
- zeigt eine schematische Darstellung einer Ausführungsform einer elektrischen Ansteuerung des Heizelements mit zwei Teilkörpern, als Reihenschaltung ausgebildet,
- Fig. 4C
- zeigt eine schematische Darstellung einer weiteren Ausführungsform einer elektrischen Ansteuerung des Heizelements mit zwei Teilkörpern, als Parallelschaltung ausgebildet,
- Fig. 5
- zeigt eine perspektivische Darstellung einer Abgasbehandlungseinrichtung.
- Fig.1
- shows a perspective view of an embodiment of the heating device,
- Fig. 2A
- shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the heating element,
- Fig. 2B
- shows a schematic representation of another embodiment of the heating element,
- Fig. 3A
- shows a perspective view of an embodiment of the heating element with triply periodic minimal surfaces,
- Fig. 3B
- shows a perspective view of a gyroid cell,
- Fig. 3C
- shows a perspective view of another embodiment of the heating element with triply periodic minimal surfaces,
- Fig.3D
- shows a perspective view of a black diamond cell,
- Fig. 4A
- shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of an electrical control of the heating element,
- Fig. 4B
- shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of an electrical control of the heating element with two partial bodies, designed as a series connection,
- Fig. 4C
- shows a schematic representation of another embodiment of an electrical control of the heating element with two partial bodies, designed as a parallel circuit,
- Fig.5
- shows a perspective view of an exhaust gas treatment device.
Heizelemente im Automotive-Sektor können aus explizit (konstruktiv) erzeugten Geometrien oder aus stochastischen Schaumstrukturen bestehen. Ein Herstellprozess solcher Heizelemente kann dabei auf einer Füge- und Montagetechnik von Blechen, Schäumen oder einem 3D-Druck basieren.Heating elements in the automotive sector can consist of explicitly (constructively) generated geometries or of stochastic foam structures. The manufacturing process for such heating elements can be based on a joining and assembly technique for sheet metal, foam or 3D printing.
Die Effektivität eines Heizelements, zum Beispiel einer Heizscheibe, kann davon abhängen, wie viel Energie in Form von Wärme auf ein nachgelagertes Substrat, beispielsweise ein Katalysatorsubstrat, übertragen werden kann. Entscheidend für die Wärmeübertragung von dem Heizelement auf das Substrat kann die Oberfläche des Heizelements und die Strömungssituation innerhalb einer Struktur des Heizelements sein.The effectiveness of a heating element, for example a heating disk, can depend on how much energy can be transferred in the form of heat to a downstream substrate, for example a catalyst substrate. The surface of the heating element and the flow situation within a structure of the heating element can be decisive for the heat transfer from the heating element to the substrate.
Fahrprofile und somit Betriebszeiten und/oder Betriebsanforderungen an ein Heizelement können hochdynamisch sein. Eine geringe thermische Masse, große wärmeübertragende Oberflächen und eine Erzeugung von hoch turbulenten Strömungsformen sollten von einem Heizelement zur Erfüllung eines dynamischen Anforderungsprofils bestmöglich abgebildet sein. Aufgrund von geometrieseitigen Einschränkungen können jedoch bekannte Heizelemente nicht alle gewünschten Eigenschaften abbilden.Operating profiles and thus operating times and/or operating requirements for a heating element can be highly dynamic. A low thermal mass, large heat-transfer surfaces and the generation of highly turbulent flow forms should be represented as best as possible by a heating element in order to meet a dynamic requirement profile. However, due to geometric limitations, known heating elements cannot represent all the desired properties.
Die erfindungsgemäße Heizeinrichtung stellt eine Optimierung und Weiterentwicklung von bekannten elektrischen Heizsystemen dar. Insbesondere führt die hierin beschriebene Heizeinrichtung zu einer Optimierung eines Heizelements bzw. einer Heizscheibe oder einer Heizmatrix, also einem Kernstück eines elektrischen Heizsystems. Diese Optimierung kann mittels einer mathematisch impliziten Geometrieformulierung einer Oberfläche des Heizelements erreicht werden.The heating device according to the invention represents an optimization and further development of known electrical heating systems. In particular, the heating device described herein leads to an optimization of a heating element or a Heating disc or a heating matrix, i.e. a core part of an electrical heating system. This optimization can be achieved by means of a mathematically implicit geometry formulation of a surface of the heating element.
Mit implizit erzeugten Strukturen kann eine Reduzierung der thermischen Masse des Heizelements bei gleichzeitiger Erhöhung einer wärmeübertragenden Oberfläche erreicht und/oder eine Erhöhung von turbulenten Strömungen im wärmeübertragenden Bereich des Heizelements verbessert werden.With implicitly generated structures, a reduction of the thermal mass of the heating element can be achieved while simultaneously increasing a heat transfer surface and/or improving an increase of turbulent flows in the heat transfer area of the heating element.
Das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement 102 ist in dieser Ausführungsform als Heizscheibe ausgebildet, wobei die Heizscheibe bezüglich einer Strömungsachse A eine kreisförmige Grundgeometrie aufweist. Grundsätzlich ist sowohl die Grundgeometrie, beziehungsweise eine Außenkontur, des Heizelements 102, als auch eine axiale Dicke des Heizelements 102 frei wählbar und können an die jeweils vorliegenden Anforderungen angepasst werden.In this embodiment, the electrically
Die Trägereinrichtung 104 trägt oder hält das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement 102. Die Trägereinrichtung 104 ist entsprechend dieser Ausführungsform des Heizelements 102 auch kreisförmig ausgebildet. Die Trägereinrichtung 104 ist grundsätzlich an die Geometrie der Außenkontur des Heizelements 102 angepasst und umfasst zumindest ein Trägerelement 106. Das Trägerelement 106 ist elektrisch isolierend zwischen einem Gehäuseteil 103 und dem Heizelement 102 auf einer Stirnseite des Heizelements 102 angeordnet. Die Ausführungsform der Heizeinrichtung 100 in
Durch eine fast vollständige Umfassung des Heizelements 102 durch die Trägerelemente 106, 108, wobei lediglich im Bereich der Elektroden 110 Lücken vorgesehen sind, wird das elektrisch leifähige Heizelement 102 auch in radialer Richtung bezüglich der Strömungsachse A isoliert. Um eine gute elektrische Isolierung zu erzielen, sind die Trägerelemente 106, 108 aus elektrisch isolierendem Material ausgebildet, beispielsweise aus Korund, Glaskeramik, Glimmer und/oder einem anderen keramischen Werkstoff.By almost completely enclosing the
Im Bereich der Elektroden 110 weist zumindest eines der Trägerelemente 106, 108 oder beide Trägerelemente 106, 108 Öffnungen auf, durch die das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement 102 mittels der Elektroden 110 elektrisch kontaktierbar ist. Die Elektroden 110 sind durch die Öffnungen durchführbar und elektrisch isolierend gegen die Trägerelemente 106, 108 angeordnet. Ferner sind die Elektroden 110 mit dem Heizelement 102 elektrisch leitend verbunden. Das Heizelement 102 ist mittels einer Steuereinrichtung (nicht dargestellt) über die Elektroden 110 elektrisch ansteuerbar und bestrombar. Durch das Anlegen einer Potentialdifferenz zwischen den zwei Elektroden 110 bildet sich ein Stromfluss zwischen den zwei Elektroden 110, wodurch sich das Heizelement 102 aufgrund seines elektrischen Widerstands erwärmt (Widerstandsheizung). Eine Bestrombarkeit des Heizelements 102 mit aus dreifach periodischen Minimalflächen gebildeter Oberfläche ist grundsätzlich möglich.In the area of the
Das Heizelement 102 ist als dreidimensionale Struktur derart ausgebildet, dass das Heizelement 102 bzw. die dreidimensionale Struktur des Heizelements 102 von einem Gasstrom 112, insbesondere von einem Abgasstrom einer Brennkraftmaschine, durchströmbar ist. Der Gasstrom 112 tritt auf einer Einlassseite 114 in das Heizelement 102 ein, durchströmt die dreidimensionale Struktur des Heizelements 102 im Wesentlichen in einer Strömungsrichtung parallel zu der Strömungsachse A und tritt auf einer Auslassseite 116 wieder aus dem Heizelement 102 aus. Der Gasstrom 112 ist in
Die Grundgeometrie und insbesondere eine Oberfläche der Grundgeometrie des Heizelements 102 kann durch beliebige dreifach periodische Minimalflächen (engl.: triply periodic minimal surface, TPMS) beschrieben werden. Beispielsweise kann die dreidimensionale Struktur des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements 102 eine Vielzahl von Gyroid-Zellen und/oder eine Vielzahl von Schwarz-Diamond Zellen aufweisen, wie nachfolgend anhand von
Die TPMS-Struktur des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements 102 ist aus einem elektrisch leitfähigen und thermisch beständigen Werkstoff, beispielsweise aus einem temperaturfesten Material, insbesondere aus einem metallischen Material ausgebildet. Die Oberfläche, oder zumindest Abschnitte davon, des Heizelements 102 kann aus einer beliebig geeigneten oder einer beliebig geeigneten Kombination von dreifach periodischen Minimalfläche gebildet sein. Eine Gyriod-Zelle 302 (siehe
Die dreidimensionale Struktur des Heizelements 102 aus
Allgemein können TPMS-Strukturen aus einer Addition von Winkelfunktionen beschrieben werden. Die Gyroid-Zelle 302 kann beispielsweise durch folgende implizite Gleichung approximiert werden:
Besonders vorteilhaft ist die Gyroid-Zelle 302, da sie mittels 3D-Druck relativ einfach fertigbar ist. Die Ausgestaltung der Kanäle 210 der Gyroid-Zelle 302 kann zudem die Strömungsrichtung eines die Zelle durchströmenden Gasstroms 112 beeinflussen und beispielsweise zu Turbulenzen des Gasstroms 112 führen, was sich positiv auf die Wärmeübertragung von dem Heizelement 102 auf den Gasstrom 112 und/oder von dem Gasstrom 112 auf eine dem Heizelement 102 nachgelagert angeordnete Abgasbehandlungseinheit auswirken kann.The
Die Schwarz-Diamond Zelle 306 kann beispielsweise durch folgende Winkelfunktion beschrieben werden:
Schwarz-Diamond Zellen 306 zeichnen sich durch eine relativ große Oberfläche im Vergleich zu anderen Minimalflächen bei gleichem Volumen aus. Dies kann die Erwärmung eines Gasstroms 112, der durch ein Heizelement 102 strömt, dessen Struktur aus Schwarz-Diamond Zellen 306 ausgebildet ist, begünstigen.
Die zwei Teilkörper 410 können - räumlich gesehen - in Richtung der Strömungsachse A (siehe
Jeder der zwei Teilkörper 410 ist mit einer ersten Elektrode 406 und einer zweiten Elektrode 408 elektrisch leitend verbunden. Das Heizelement 102 umfasst somit vier Elektroden 406, 408, für jeden Teilkörper 410 jeweils zwei erste Elektroden 406 und zwei zweite Elektroden 408. Sowohl die jeweils erste Elektrode 406, also auch die jeweils zweite Elektrode 408 ist über eine elektrische Leitung 402 mit einer Steuereinrichtung 404 elektrisch verbunden. Mittels der Steuereinrichtung 404 kann eine elektrische Spannung an die jeweils erste Elektrode 406 und an die jeweils zweite Elektrode 408 derart angelegt werden, dass sich zwischen der jeweils ersten Elektrode 406 eines Teilkörpers 410 und der jeweils zweiten Elektrode 408 eines Teilkörpers 410 eine Potentialdifferenz (Spannungsdifferenz) bildet, woraus ein Stromfluss zwischen der jeweils ersten Elektrode 406 und der jeweils zweiten Elektrode 408 resultiert. Beispielsweise wird die jeweils erste Elektrode 406 mit einem positiven Spannungspotential und die jeweils zweite Elektrode 408 mit einem negativen Spannungspotential beaufschlagt, oder umgekehrt. Durch das Anlegen zweier unterschiedlicher Spannungspotentiale an der jeweils ersten Elektrode 406 und der jeweils zweiten Elektrode 408 entsteht ein Stromfluss zwischen der jeweils ersten Elektrode 406 und der jeweils zweiten Elektrode 408, hierdurch erwärmt sich jeder Teilkörper 410 aufgrund der elektrischen Widerstände der Teilkörper 410 und dadurch erwärmt sich auch das Heizelement 102 nach dem Stromwärmegesetz (Ohmic-Heating). Es ist auch möglich, die - zumindest - zwei Teilkörper 410 des Heizelements 102 getrennt voneinander mittels einer Steuereinrichtung 404 elektrisch anzusteuern.Each of the two
Die aus dreifach periodischen Minimalflächen, zumindest abschnittsweise, gebildete Oberfläche eines elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements 102 kann nach den Kriterien Oberfläche, Widerstand, Gegendruck und Festigkeit noch weiter optimiert werden. Dabei kann ein Potential der erfindungsgemäßen Heizeinrichtung 100 mittels Messtechnik für Temperatur - Thermografie und Thermoelemente - und Messtechnik für Druck ermittelt werden.The surface of an electrically
Ein in axialer Richtung der Strömungsachse A durch den Einlass 506 in das Gehäuse 504 einströmender Gasstrom 112, insbesondere ein Abgasstrom, wird durch die Heizeinrichtung 100 erhitzt, sodass die Katalysatoreinheit 502 möglichst schnell ihre Betriebstemperatur erreicht. Die Heizeinrichtung 100 ist zwischen dem Einlass 506 und der Katalysatoreinheit 502 angeordnet, insbesondere unmittelbar in Strömungsrichtung des Abgases entlang der Strömungsachse A vor der Katalysatoreinheit 502.A
Um komplexe Flächengebilde mittels TPMS-Strukturen darstellen zu können, können die dreifach periodischen Minimalflächen des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements 102 durch ein 3D-Druckverfahren hergestellt werden, insbesondere werden TPMS-Strukturen aufgrund ihrer komplexen Strukturen hauptsächlich mittels 3D-Druckverfahren hergestellt.In order to be able to represent complex surface structures using TPMS structures, the triply periodic minimal surfaces of the electrically
Der Einsatz von TPMS-Strukturen in Heizelementen 102 kann hinsichtlich regulatorischer Abgasnormen, beispielsweise EU7, Potentiale in den Bereichen thermisches Aufheizverhalten, Wärmeübertragung - Oberfläche - und Gewicht bieten.The use of TPMS structures in
- 100100
- HeizeinrichtungHeating device
- 102102
- HeizelementHeating element
- 103103
- GehäuseteilHousing part
- 104104
- TrägereinrichtungCarrier device
- 106106
- TrägerelementSupport element
- 108108
- TrägerelementSupport element
- 110110
- Elektrodeelectrode
- 112112
- GasstromGas flow
- 114114
- EinlassseiteInlet side
- 116116
- AuslassseiteExhaust side
- 202202
- HeizsegmentHeating segment
- 204204
- Spaltgap
- 206206
- rechter Randright edge
- 208208
- linker Randleft edge
- 210210
- Kanalchannel
- 302302
- Gyroid-ZelleGyroid cell
- 304304
- dreidimensionale Strukturthree-dimensional structure
- 306306
- Schwarz-Diamond ZelleBlack Diamond Cell
- 308308
- dreidimensionale Strukturthree-dimensional structure
- 310310
- WandstärkeWall thickness
- 402402
- elektrische Leitungelectrical line
- 404404
- SteuereinrichtungControl device
- 406406
- erste Elektrodefirst electrode
- 408408
- zweite Elektrodesecond electrode
- 410410
- TeilkörperPartial body
- 500500
- AbgasbehandlungseinrichtungExhaust gas treatment device
- 502502
- KatalysatoreinheitCatalyst unit
- 504504
- GehäuseHousing
- 506506
- Einlassinlet
- 508508
- AuslassOutlet
- AA
- StrömungsachseFlow axis
- BB
- SymmetrieachseAxis of symmetry
Claims (15)
dass das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement (102) als dreidimensionale Struktur (304, 308) ausgebildet ist, deren Oberfläche zumindest abschnittsweise aus dreifach periodischen Minimalflächen gebildet ist.Heating device (100) for heating a gas flow (112), in particular an exhaust gas flow of an internal combustion engine, comprising
that the electrically conductive heating element (102) is designed as a three-dimensional structure (304, 308) whose surface is formed at least in sections from triply periodic minimal surfaces.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement (102) eine im Wesentlichen kreisrunde Grundgeometrie aufweist.Heating device (100) according to claim 1,
characterized,
that the electrically conductive heating element (102) has a substantially circular basic geometry.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die dreidimensionale Struktur (304, 308) des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements (102) eine gleichmäßige Dicke aufweist.Heating device (100) according to at least one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the three-dimensional structure (304, 308) of the electrically conductive heating element (102) has a uniform thickness.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die dreidimensionale Struktur (304, 308) des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements (102) zumindest abschnittsweise eine unterschiedliche Dicke aufweist.Heating device (100) according to at least one of claims 1 or 2,
characterized,
that the three-dimensional structure (304, 308) of the electrically conductive heating element (102) has a different thickness at least in sections.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die dreidimensionale Struktur (304, 308) des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements (102) aus einem temperaturfesten Material ausgebildet ist.Heating device (100) according to at least one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the three-dimensional structure (304, 308) of the electrically conductive heating element (102) is made of a temperature-resistant material.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die dreidimensionale Struktur (304, 308) des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements (102) eine Vielzahl von Gyroid-Zellen (302) und/oder eine Vielzahl von Schwarz-Diamond Zellen (306) aufweist.Heating device (100) according to at least one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the three-dimensional structure (304, 308) of the electrically conductive heating element (102) has a plurality of gyroid cells (302) and/or a plurality of black diamond cells (306).
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement (102) von dem Gasstrom (112) durchströmbar ist.Heating device (100) according to at least one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the electrically conductive heating element (102) can be flowed through by the gas stream (112).
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass das elektrisch leitfähige Heizelement (102) zumindest zwei Heizsegmente (202) aufweist, die abschnittsweise durch einen Spalt (204) voneinander getrennt sind, der insbesondere einseitig offen ist.Heating device (100) according to at least one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the electrically conductive heating element (102) has at least two heating segments (202) which are partially separated from one another by a gap (204) which is in particular open on one side.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
characterized,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die zumindest zwei Teilkörper (410) des elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelements (102) mittels einer Reihenschaltung oder einer Parallelschaltung elektrisch verbunden sind.Heating device (100) according to claim 9,
characterized,
that the at least two partial bodies (410) of the electrically conductive heating element (102) are electrically connected by means of a series connection or a parallel connection.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
characterized,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
characterized,
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WO2017192508A1 (en) * | 2016-05-03 | 2017-11-09 | Masdar Institute Of Science And Technology | Catalytic converter substrates comprising triply periodic minimal surfaces |
DE102020130657A1 (en) * | 2019-11-22 | 2021-05-27 | Faurecia Systemes D'echappement | Exhaust gas heating device with a heating element made of metal foam |
WO2021176203A1 (en) * | 2020-03-02 | 2021-09-10 | Diesekt3 Limited | Components and assemblies for treating exhaust emissions |
US20220287155A1 (en) * | 2021-03-05 | 2022-09-08 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | Resistive heating reactors for high temperature co2 upgrading |
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US5597503A (en) | 1995-06-02 | 1997-01-28 | Corning Incorporated | Axially assembled enclosure for electrical fluid heater having a peripheral compression ring producing a diametrically balanced force |
US11643959B2 (en) | 2021-02-04 | 2023-05-09 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Additively manufactured catalytic converter substrates |
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- 2022-11-29 DE DE102022131601.7A patent/DE102022131601A1/en active Pending
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- 2023-11-17 CN CN202311537446.3A patent/CN118110593A/en active Pending
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2017192508A1 (en) * | 2016-05-03 | 2017-11-09 | Masdar Institute Of Science And Technology | Catalytic converter substrates comprising triply periodic minimal surfaces |
DE102020130657A1 (en) * | 2019-11-22 | 2021-05-27 | Faurecia Systemes D'echappement | Exhaust gas heating device with a heating element made of metal foam |
WO2021176203A1 (en) * | 2020-03-02 | 2021-09-10 | Diesekt3 Limited | Components and assemblies for treating exhaust emissions |
US20220287155A1 (en) * | 2021-03-05 | 2022-09-08 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | Resistive heating reactors for high temperature co2 upgrading |
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