EP4150068A1 - Behandlung von retinitis pigmentosa mit verbesserten manipulierten meganukleasen - Google Patents
Behandlung von retinitis pigmentosa mit verbesserten manipulierten meganukleasenInfo
- Publication number
- EP4150068A1 EP4150068A1 EP21729188.9A EP21729188A EP4150068A1 EP 4150068 A1 EP4150068 A1 EP 4150068A1 EP 21729188 A EP21729188 A EP 21729188A EP 4150068 A1 EP4150068 A1 EP 4150068A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cell
- rho
- seq
- recombinant
- engineered meganuclease
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of molecular biology and recombinant nucleic acid technology.
- the invention relates to recombinant meganucleases engineered to bind and cleave a recognition sequence found in a human rhodopsin gene allele.
- the invention further relates to the use of such recombinant meganucleases in methods for treating retinitis pigmentosa.
- Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited degenerative eye disease that causes severe vision impairment due to the progressive degeneration of photoreceptor cells in the retina.
- RP is characterized by an initial decline in rod photoreceptor cells, resulting in compromised peripheral and dim light vision. Progressive rod degeneration is followed by abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium and deterioration of cone photoreceptor cells. As the disease advances, patients experience nyctalopia, progressive tunnel vision, and eventual blindness. RP affects approximately 1 in 3000 people and can occur alone or together with other systemic disorders. Currently, RP has no effective treatment.
- the genetic causes of RP have been identified as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, or maternally acquired.
- the autosomal dominant form of RP represents 30-40% of cases (Ma et al. (2105), Scientific Reports. 18(5:9236): 1-6) and has been associated with mutations in genes expressed in rod photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium.
- the human rhodopsin gene (RHO) was the first gene shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of autosomal dominant RP and remains the most common gene associated with this form of the disease (McWilliam et al. (1989) Genomics. 5:619-622; Dryja et al. (1990) Nature.
- Rhodopsin is an essential photopigment expressed in retinal rod photoreceptor cells that is responsible for the conversion of light stimuli into electrical signals in the first step of phototransduction.
- Rhodopsin is expressed as a light-sensitive G-protein-coupled receptor that consists of an opsin protein moiety bound to an 1 l-c/s -retinal chromophore and represents the main component of the disk membranes of rod photoreceptor cell outer segments.
- the first RHO mutation shown to contribute to autosomal dominant RP was a C to A mutation at position 68 of the RHO gene coding sequence, which confers a proline to histidine substitution at position 23 (P23H) of the encoded protein.
- This mutation is referred to herein as the “RHO P23H mutation,” and a RHO allele comprising the mutation is referred to herein as a “mutant RHO P23H allele.”
- the RHO P23H mutation is the most frequently reported RHO mutation in autosomal dominant RP cases in North America (Mao et al.
- Rhodopsin proteins that contain the P23H substitution fold improperly, accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum of rod photoreceptor cells, and do not reconstitute with the 11 -cis- retinal chromophore.
- misfolded P23H rhodopsin contributes to rod photoreceptor cell degeneration and death.
- Accumulated P23H rhodopsin undergoes proteasomal and lysosomal degradation and has been shown to stimulate the ER- associated unfolded protein response, which can induce ER stress and cellular apoptosis (Lin etal. (2007), Science. 318:944-949; Gorbatyuk et al.
- Gene therapy approaches have adopted either an indirect or a direct strategy for treating autosomal dominant RP.
- Indirect approaches have aimed to promote the survival of rod photoreceptor cells without directly affecting the expression of pathogenic mutant proteins.
- gene therapy has been used to introduce neurotrophic factors, such as GDNF, and anti-apoptotic proteins, such as XIAP, in retinal cells in order to inhibit apoptosis in rod photoreceptor cells.
- RNAi RNA interference
- RNAi approaches are a known complication, and it has been shown that siRNAs greater than 21 base pairs in length can induce retinal degeneration in animal models (Kleinman et al. (2012) Mol. Ther. 20(1): 101-108).
- the present invention provides a recombinant meganuclease that is engineered to bind and cleave the P23H recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO:7), which is present in the mutant RHO P23H allele but not in the wild-type RHO allele.
- the present invention further provides the use of such a recombinant meganuclease in a method for treating RP, preferably autosomal dominant RP, wherein the mutant RHO P23H allele is preferentially targeted and cleaved.
- the invention requires the use of site-specific, rare-cutting, homing endonucleases (also called “meganucleases”) that are engineered to recognize specific DNA sequences in a locus of interest.
- Homing endonucleases are a group of naturally-occurring nucleases which recognize 15-40 base pair cleavage sites commonly found in the genomes of plants and fungi. They are frequently associated with parasitic DNA elements, such as group 1 self-splicing introns and inteins. They naturally promote homologous recombination or gene insertion at specific locations in the host genome by producing a double-stranded break in the chromosome, which recruits the cellular DNA-repair machinery (Stoddard (2006), Q.
- Homing endonucleases are commonly grouped into four families: the LAGLIDADG (SEQ ID NO:2) family, the GIY-YIG family, the His-Cys box family and the HNH family. These families are characterized by structural motifs, which affect catalytic activity and recognition sequence. For instance, members of the LAGLIDADG (SEQ ID NO:2) family are characterized by having either one or two copies of the conserved LAGLIDADG (SEQ ID NO:2) motif (Chevalier el al. (2001), Nucleic Acids Res. 29(18): 3757-3774).
- LAGLIDADG (SEQ ID NO:2) homing endonucleases with a single copy of the LAGLIDADG (SEQ ID NO:2) motif form homodimers, whereas members with two copies of the LAGLIDADG (SEQ ID NO:2) motif are found as monomers.
- I-Crel is a member of the LAGLIDADG (SEQ ID NO:2) family of homing endonucleases which recognizes and cuts a 22 base pair recognition sequence in the chloroplast chromosome of the algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Genetic selection techniques have been used to modify the wild-type I-Crel cleavage site preference (Sussman et al. (2004), J. Mol. Biol. 342: 31-41; Chames et al. (2005), Nucleic Acids Res. 33: el78; Seligman et al.
- I-Crel and its engineered derivatives are normally dimeric but can be fused into a single polypeptide using a short peptide linker that joins the C-terminus of a first subunit to the N-terminus of a second subunit (Li, et al. (2009) Nucleic Acids Res. 37:1650-62; Grizot, et al. (2009) Nucleic Acids Res. 37:5405-19.)
- a functional “single-chain” meganuclease can be expressed from a single transcript.
- Such engineered meganucleases exhibit an extremely low frequency of off-target cutting.
- engineered nucleases for cleaving DNA targets in the human RHO gene was previously disclosed in U.S. Application No. 13/367,216 (the ‘216 application).
- the authors of the ‘216 application disclosed several approaches for targeting and modulating the expression of mutant RHO alleles.
- the authors discussed the use of engineered DNA binding domains, such as zinc finger proteins (ZFP) and TAL effector (TALE) proteins, as repressors of RHO gene expression.
- ZFP zinc finger proteins
- TALE TAL effector
- the authors also described fusion proteins comprising a ZFP or TALE binding domain operably linked to a regulatory or functional domain.
- the functional domain could be a transcriptional repressor domain that downregulates RHO gene expression.
- the functional domain could be a transcriptional activation domain.
- the functional domain could comprise a nuclease domain.
- the resulting fusion proteins include zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and TALE-nucleases (TALENs).
- the ‘216 application discusses the use of meganucleases for targeting and inhibiting the expression of wild-type and/or mutant RHO alleles.
- the ‘216 application describes the use of such meganucleases for disrupting RHO gene expression via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) at the recognition sequence, and for introducing a replacement wild-type RHO gene sequence to express the wild-type rhodopsin protein.
- NHEJ non-homologous end joining
- the recognition sequences in the RHO gene that are identified by the ‘216 application are limited to three pairs of ZFN target sites found in the wild-type RHO gene (see, ‘216 application at Table 2).
- the use of engineered meganucleases for cleaving DNA targets in the RHO gene was also disclosed in U.S. Application No. 13/697,614 (the ‘614 application).
- the authors of the ‘614 application disclosed meganucleases designed to target various regions of the RHO gene for use in one of three gene therapy strategies.
- the first strategy is gene correction, wherein the engineered meganucleases are specific for a recognition sequence in the vicinity of a specified mutation, induce a double-strand break at that site, and rely on homologous recombination of a corresponding non-mutant allelic sequence into the genome.
- the second strategy disclosed in the ‘614 application is exon knock-in, wherein a functional protein is reconstituted by using a meganuclease to introduce a synthetic wild-type coding sequence into the genome while preventing the expression of the pathologic mutation.
- the third strategy disclosed in the ‘614 application is gene inactivation by mutagenesis, which relies a meganuclease to induce a double- strand break at a target recognition sequence in the genome, and NHEJ at the cleavage site to induce a mutation.
- the present invention improves upon the methods disclosed in the ‘216 application and the ‘614 application.
- the present inventors identified a 22 base pair meganuclease recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO:7), referred to herein as the “P23H recognition sequence,” that is present in the mutant RHO P23H allele.
- the P23H recognition sequence spans nucleotides 49-70 of the mutant RHO P23H coding sequence (SEQ ID NO:4), and includes the C68A mutation (see, Figure 1A). As such, the P23H recognition sequence is not present in the wild-type RHO allele, which comprises C at position 68.
- the present invention provides recombinant meganucleases engineered to bind and cleave this recognition sequence.
- the recombinant meganucleases of the invention bind and cleave the P23H recognition sequence, leading to mutagenesis at the cut site and inactivation of the mutant RHO P23H allele.
- recombinant meganucleases of the invention preferentially bind and cleave the P23H recognition sequence relative to the corresponding recognition sequence present in the wild-type RHO allele (SEQ ID NO: 9). As a result, only the functional wild-type RHO allele remains intact to express wild-type rhodopsin in rod photoreceptor cells of the retina.
- the ‘216 application nor the ‘614 application identified the P23H recognition sequence, nor did they disclose recombinant meganucleases capable of cleaving the P23H recognition sequence.
- neither the ‘216 application nor the ‘614 application disclose any recognition sequences that, when cleaved, could specifically inactivate the mutant RHO P23H allele but not the wild-type RHO allele.
- the ZFN recognition sequences include the C68 nucleotide of the wild-type RHO allele.
- the ZFNs of the ‘216 application could not target the mutant RHO P23H allele, which comprises the C68A mutation.
- the RHO gene recognition sequences taught by the ‘614 application e.g ., Rho34, Rho_7, Rho36, Rho31, and their derived targets) are positioned at regions of the RHO gene which could be found on either the wild-type RHO allele or the mutant RHO P23H allele.
- the ‘614 application also does not describe any recombinant meganucleases that can specifically target the RHO P23H allele.
- the present invention improves upon the engineered meganucleases previously described in the ‘809 application in a number of aspects.
- Applicants have developed second-generation engineered meganucleases that target the RHO 1-2 recognition sequence (SED ID NO: 7).
- the meganucleases of the present invention have novel and unique sequences, which were generated through extensive experimentation. Additionally, these second-generation meganucleases have a significant reduction in off- target cutting in the host cell genome.
- the meganucleases of the invention advance the art that is necessary for development of a clinical product that preferentially targets and inactivates the RHO P23H allele for treatment of RP.
- the present invention provides second-generation engineered meganucleases engineered to bind and cleave the P23H recognition sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7.
- the present invention further provides a method comprising the delivery of an engineered meganuclease, or a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered meganuclease, to the cells of a patient having RP, such that the engineered meganuclease preferentially targets and cleaves the RHO P23H recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7) present on the mutant RHO P23H allele.
- Cleavage at the recognition sequence by an engineered meganuclease disclosed herein can modify expression of a RHO P23H allele due to non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) at the cleavage site.
- NHEJ non-homologous end joining
- NHEJ can result in insertions, deletions, or result in a frameshift mutation that can interfere with gene expression.
- a sequence of interest can be introduced into a RHO P23H gene allele via homologous recombination.
- NHEJ occurs at the cleavage site, resulting in mutagenesis and disruption of the mutant RHO P23H allele, while the functional wild-type RHO allele remains intact to express wild-type rhodopsin in rod photoreceptor cells of the retina.
- Preferential inactivation of the mutant RHO P23H allele, and disruption of P23H rhodopsin expression is expected to delay, prevent, or reverse the progression of RP in patients.
- the invention provides an engineered meganuclease that binds and cleaves a recognition sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 7 in a rhodopsin (RHO) gene, wherein the engineered meganuclease comprises a first subunit and a second subunit, wherein the first subunit binds to a first recognition half-site of the recognition sequence and comprises a first hypervariable (HVR1) region, and wherein the second subunit binds to a second recognition half-site of the recognition sequence and comprises a second hypervariable (HVR2) region.
- RHO rhodopsin
- the invention provides an engineered meganuclease that binds and cleaves a recognition sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 7 in a rhodopsin (RHO) gene, wherein the engineered meganuclease comprises a first subunit and a second subunit, wherein the first subunit binds to a first recognition half-site of the recognition sequence and comprises a first hypervariable (HVR1) region, and wherein the second subunit binds to a second recognition half-site of the recognition sequence and comprises a second hypervariable (HVR2) region, wherein the HVR2 has at least 93% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 24-79 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- RHO rhodopsin
- the HVR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more or more sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 215-270 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the HVR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 215-270 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acid substitutions
- the HVR1 region comprises one or more residues corresponding to residues 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 259, 261, 266, and 268 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14. In some embodiments, the HVR1 region comprises residues corresponding to residues 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 259, 261, 266, and 268 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the HVR1 region comprises Y, R, K, or D at a residue corresponding to residue 257 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14. In some embodiments, the HVR1 region comprises residues 215-270 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the first subunit comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more sequence identity to residues 198-344 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the first subunit comprises an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 198-344 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 amino acid substitutions.
- the first subunit comprises G, S, or A at a residue corresponding to residue 210 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the first subunit comprises E, Q, or K at a residue corresponding to residue 271 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the first subunit comprises residues 198-344 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the HVR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more, sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 24-79 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the HVR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 24-79 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acid substitutions
- the HVR2 region comprises one or more residues corresponding to residues 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 68, 70, 75, and 77 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14. In some embodiments, the HVR2 region comprises residues corresponding to residues 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 68, 70, 75, and 77 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14. In some embodiments, the HVR2 region comprises residues corresponding to residues 29 and 39 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the HVR2 region comprises Y, R, K, or D at a residue corresponding to residue 66 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the HVR2 region comprises residues 24-79 of any one of SEQ
- the second subunit comprises an amino acid sequence having at least at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more sequence identity to residues 7-153 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the second subunit comprises an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 7-153 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 amino acid substitutions.
- the second subunit comprises G, S, or A at a residue corresponding to residue 19 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the second subunit comprises E, Q, or K at a residue corresponding to residue 80 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the second subunit comprises residues 7-153 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the engineered meganuclease is a single-chain meganuclease comprising a linker, wherein the linker covalently joins the first subunit and the second subunit.
- the engineered meganuclease comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% or more sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the engineered meganuclease comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- an engineered meganuclease that binds and cleaves a recognition sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 7 in a RHO gene, wherein the engineered meganuclease comprises a first subunit and a second subunit, wherein the first subunit binds to a first recognition half-site of the recognition sequence and comprises: (a) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to residues 198-344 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14; and (b) a first hypervariable (HVR1) region, wherein the HVR1 region has at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 215-270 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14; and wherein the second subunit binds to a second recognition half-
- the engineered meganuclease is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more, sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 25-28.
- the engineered meganuclease is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 25-28.
- the engineered meganuclease comprises a nuclear localization signal (NLS).
- NLS nuclear localization signal
- the NLS is positioned at the N-terminus of the engineered meganuclease.
- the NLS is positioned at the C-terminus of the engineered meganuclease.
- the engineered meganuclease comprises a first NLS at the N-terminus and a second NLS at the C-terminus. In some such embodiments, the first NLS and the second NLS are identical. In other such embodiments, the first NLS and the second NLS are not identical.
- the NLS comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more, sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29.
- the NLS comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.
- the invention provides a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered meganuclease described herein.
- the polynucleotide is an mRNA.
- the invention provides a recombinant DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered meganuclease described herein.
- the recombinant DNA construct encodes a recombinant vims comprising the polynucleotide comprising the nucleic acid sequence encoding the engineered meganuclease.
- the recombinant virus is a recombinant adenovirus, a recombinant lentivirus, a recombinant retrovirus, or a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV).
- the recombinant virus is a recombinant AAV.
- the recombinant AAV has an AAV5 serotype. In some embodiments, the recombinant AAV has an AAV2 serotype.
- the nucleic acid sequence comprises a promoter sequence operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the engineered meganuclease. In some embodiments, the promoter is an eye specific promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a retina cell-specific promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a rod photoreceptor cell-specific promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a human G-protein-coupled receptor protein kinase 1 (GRK1) promoter.
- GRK1 human G-protein-coupled receptor protein kinase 1
- the invention provides a recombinant virus comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered meganuclease described herein.
- the recombinant virus is a recombinant adenovirus, a recombinant lentivirus, a recombinant retrovirus, or a recombinant AAV.
- the recombinant virus is a recombinant AAV.
- the invention provides a lipid nanoparticle composition
- lipid nanoparticles comprising a polynucleotide
- the polynucleotide comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered meganuclease described herein.
- the polynucleotide is an mRNA described herein.
- the invention provides a genetically-modified eukaryotic cell comprising a polynucleotide described herein.
- the genetically- modified eukaryotic cell is a genetically-modified mammalian cell.
- the genetically-modified eukaryotic cell is a genetically-modified human cell.
- the recombinant AAV has an AAV5 serotype. In some embodiments, the recombinant AAV has an AAV2 serotype.
- the nucleic acid sequence comprises a promoter sequence operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the engineered meganuclease. In some embodiments, the promoter is an eye specific promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a retina cell- specific promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a rod photoreceptor cell-specific promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a human G-protein-coupled receptor protein kinase 1 (GRK1) promoter.
- GRK1 human G-protein-coupled receptor protein kinase 1
- the invention provides a method for producing a genetically- modified eukaryotic cell having a disrupted target sequence in a chromosome of the genetically-modified eukaryotic cell, the method comprising: introducing into a eukaryotic cell a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered meganuclease described herein wherein the engineered meganuclease is expressed in the eukaryotic cell; wherein the engineered meganuclease produces a cleavage site in the chromosome at a recognition sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 7 and generates a modified RHO gene.
- the cleavage site is repaired by non-homologous end joining, and wherein the modified RHO gene comprises an insertion or deletion that disrupts expression of the encoded RHO protein.
- the invention provides a method for producing a genetically- modified eukaryotic cell having a disrupted target sequence in a chromosome of the genetically-modified eukaryotic cell, the method comprising introducing into a eukaryotic cell a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding any engineered meganuclease of the invention, wherein the engineered meganuclease is expressed in the eukaryotic cell; wherein the engineered meganuclease produces a cleavage site in the chromosome at a recognition sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 7; and wherein the target sequence is modified by non-homologous end-joining at the cleavage site.
- the method produces a modified RHO gene that does not encode a full-length endogenous RHO polypeptide.
- the genetically- modified eukaryotic cell comprises the recognition sequence in a RHO P23H gene allele.
- the RHO P23H gene allele comprises SEQ ID NO: 4.
- the engineered meganuclease does not produce a cleavage site within SEQ ID NO: 9.
- the method is effective to reduce levels of an endogenous RHO P23H polypeptide in the cell by at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, or at least about 80% relative to a reference level.
- the RHO P23H polypeptide levels are reduced by about 1-5%, 5%-10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, 40%-50%, 50%-60%, 60%-70%, or 70%-80%, relative to a reference level.
- the eukaryotic cell is a mammalian cell.
- the mammalian cell is selected from a human cell, a non-human primate cell, a mouse cell, or a pig cell.
- the mammalian cell is a cell within the eye.
- the mammalian cell is a rod photoreceptor cell.
- the polynucleotide is introduced into the eukaryotic cell by an mRNA or a recombinant vims.
- the mRNA is packaged within a lipid nanoparticle.
- the recombinant virus is a recombinant adenovirus, a recombinant lentivirus, a recombinant retrovirus, or a recombinant AAV.
- the recombinant virus is a recombinant AAV.
- the invention provides a method for producing a genetically- modified eukaryotic cell having a disrupted target sequence in a chromosome of the eukaryotic cell, the method comprising: introducing into a eukaryotic cell an engineered meganuclease described herein; wherein the engineered meganuclease produces a cleavage site in the chromosome at a recognition sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 7.
- the cleavage site is repaired by non-homologous end joining, and wherein the modified RHO gene comprises an insertion or deletion that disrupts expression of the encoded RHO protein.
- the invention provides a method for producing a genetically- modified eukaryotic cell having a disrupted target sequence in a chromosome of the eukaryotic cell, the method comprising: introducing into a eukaryotic cell an engineered meganuclease described herein; wherein the engineered meganuclease produces a cleavage site in the chromosome at a recognition sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 7, and wherein the target sequence is disrupted by non-homologous end-joining at the cleavage site.
- the method produces a modified RHO gene that does not encode a full-length endogenous RHO polypeptide.
- the genetically- modified eukaryotic cell comprises the recognition sequence in a RHO P23H gene allele.
- the RHO P23H gene allele comprises SEQ ID NO: 4.
- the engineered meganuclease does not produce a cleavage site within SEQ ID NO: 9.
- the method is effective to reduce levels of an endogenous RHO P23H polypeptide in the cell by at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, or at least about 80% relative to a reference level.
- the RHO P23H polypeptide levels are reduced by about 1-5%, 5%-10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, 40%-50%, 50%-60%, 60%-70%, or 70%-80%, relative to a reference level.
- the eukaryotic cell is a mammalian cell.
- the mammalian cell is selected from a human cell, a non-human primate cell, a mouse cell, or a pig cell.
- the mammalian cell is a cell within the eye.
- the mammalian cell is a rod photoreceptor cell.
- the invention provides a method for producing a genetically- modified eukaryotic cell comprising an exogenous sequence of interest inserted into a chromosome of the genetically-modified eukaryotic cell, the method comprising introducing into a eukaryotic cell one or more polynucleotides including: a first nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered meganuclease described herein, wherein the engineered meganuclease is expressed in the eukaryotic cell; and a second nucleic acid sequence including the sequence of interest; wherein the engineered meganuclease produces a cleavage site in the chromosome at a recognition sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 7; and wherein the sequence of interest is inserted into the chromosome at the cleavage site.
- the second nucleic acid sequence further comprises nucleic acid sequences homologous to nucleic acid sequences flanking the cleavage site and the sequence of interest is inserted at the cleavage site by homologous recombination.
- the method produces a modified RHO gene that does not encode a full-length endogenous RHO polypeptide.
- the genetically- modified eukaryotic cell comprises the recognition sequence in a RHO P23H gene allele.
- the RHO P23H gene allele comprises SEQ ID NO: 4.
- the engineered meganuclease does not produce a cleavage site within SEQ ID NO: 9.
- the method is effective to reduce levels of an endogenous RHO P23H polypeptide in the cell by at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, or at least about 80% relative to a reference level.
- the RHO P23H polypeptide levels are reduced by about 1-5%, 5%-10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, 40%-50%, 50%-60%, 60%-70%, or 70%-80%, relative to a reference level.
- the eukaryotic cell is a mammalian cell.
- the mammalian cell is selected from a human cell, a non-human primate cell, a mouse cell, or a pig cell.
- the mammalian cell is a cell within the eye.
- the mammalian cell is a rod photoreceptor cell.
- the polynucleotide is introduced into the eukaryotic cell by an mRNA or a recombinant vims.
- the mRNA is packaged within a lipid nanoparticle.
- the recombinant virus is a recombinant adenovirus, a recombinant lentivirus, a recombinant retrovirus, or a recombinant AAV.
- the recombinant virus is a recombinant AAV.
- the invention provides a method for producing a genetically- modified eukaryotic cell comprising an exogenous sequence of interest inserted into a chromosome of the eukaryotic cell, the method comprising: introducing an engineered meganuclease described herein into a eukaryotic cell; and introducing a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence including the sequence of interest into the eukaryotic cell; wherein the engineered meganuclease produces a cleavage site in the chromosome at a recognition sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 7; and wherein the sequence of interest is inserted into the chromosome at the cleavage site.
- the polynucleotide further comprises nucleic acid sequences homologous to nucleic acid sequences flanking the cleavage site and the sequence of interest is inserted at the cleavage site by homologous recombination.
- the method produces a modified RHO gene that does not encode a full-length endogenous RHO polypeptide.
- the genetically- modified eukaryotic cell comprises the recognition sequence in a RHO P23H gene allele.
- the RHO P23H gene allele comprises SEQ ID NO: 4.
- the engineered meganuclease does not produce a cleavage site within SEQ ID NO: 9.
- the method is effective to reduce levels of an endogenous RHO P23H polypeptide in the cell by at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, or at least about 80% relative to a reference level.
- the RHO P23H polypeptide levels are reduced by about 1-5%, 5%-10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, 40%-50%, 50%-60%, 60%-70%, or 70%-80%, relative to a reference level.
- the eukaryotic cell is a mammalian cell.
- the mammalian cell is selected from a human cell, a non-human primate cell, a mouse cell, or a pig cell.
- the mammalian cell is a cell within the eye.
- the mammalian cell is a rod photoreceptor cell.
- the nucleic acid polynucleotide is introduced into the eukaryotic cell by an mRNA or a recombinant virus.
- the mRNA is packaged within a lipid nanoparticle.
- the recombinant vims is a recombinant adenovirus, a recombinant lentivirus, a recombinant retrovirus, or a recombinant AAV.
- the recombinant virus is a recombinant AAV.
- the invention provides a genetically-modified eukaryotic cell prepared by any method of the invention.
- the invention provides, a genetically-modified eukaryotic cell comprising a modified RHO gene, wherein the modified RHO gene comprises an insertion or deletion at an engineered meganuclease cleavage site within SEQ ID NO: 7, but not in SEQ ID NO: 9, and wherein the modified RHO gene does not encode a full-length endogenous RHO P23H polypeptide.
- the genetically-modified eukaryotic cell has reduced levels of an endogenous RHO P23H polypeptide in the cell of at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, or at least about 80% relative to a reference level.
- the RHO P23H polypeptide levels are reduced by about 1-5%, 5%-10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, 40%-50%, 50%-60%, 60%-70%, or 70%-80%, relative to a reference level.
- the eukaryotic cell is a mammalian cell.
- the mammalian cell is selected from a human cell, a non-human primate cell, a mouse cell, or a pig cell.
- the mammalian cell is a cell within the eye.
- the mammalian cell is a rod photoreceptor cell.
- the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier and an engineered meganuclease described herein, or a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered meganuclease described herein.
- the polynucleotide is an mRNA.
- the mRNA is packaged within a lipid nanoparticle.
- the pharmaceutical composition comprises a recombinant DNA construct comprising the polynucleotide.
- the pharmaceutical composition comprises a recombinant vims comprising the polynucleotide.
- the recombinant vims is a recombinant adenovirus, a recombinant lentivims, a recombinant retrovims, or a recombinant AAV.
- the recombinant vims recombinant AAV.
- the pharmaceutical composition is for the treatment of a subject having retinitis pigmentosa (RP).
- RP retinitis pigmentosa
- the invention provides a method for treating retinitis pigmentosa in a subject, the method comprising delivering to a target cell in the subject the engineered meganuclease, or a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the engineered meganuclease described herein.
- the invention provides a method for treating RP in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject: (a) a therapeutically-effective amount of a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered meganuclease described herein, wherein the polynucleotide is delivered to a target cell in the subject, wherein the engineered meganuclease is expressed in the target cell; or (b) a therapeutically- effective amount of an engineered meganuclease described herein, wherein the engineered meganuclease is delivered to a target cell in the subject; wherein the engineered meganuclease produces a cleavage site at a recognition sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 7, wherein the method produces a modified RHO gene in the target cell.
- the cleavage site is repaired by non-homologous end joining, such that the modified RHO gene comprises an insertion or deletion.
- the method is for treating autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa.
- the eukaryotic cell is a mammalian cell.
- the mammalian cell is selected from a human cell, a non-human primate cell, a mouse cell, or a pig cell.
- the mammalian cell is a cell within the eye.
- the mammalian cell is a rod photoreceptor cell.
- the polynucleotide is an mRNA. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is DNA.
- the polynucleotide is encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle and the lipid nanoparticle is delivered to the target cell in the subject.
- the polynucleotide is delivered to the target cell using a recombinant vims comprising the polynucleotide.
- the recombinant vims is a recombinant adenovims, a recombinant lentivims, a recombinant retrovirus, or a recombinant AAV.
- the recombinant virus is a recombinant AAV.
- levels of a RHO P23H gene are reduced in one or more tissues of an eye of the subject relative to a reference level. In some embodiments, the levels of RHO P23H gene are reduced by about 10% to about 80% relative to a reference level. In some embodiments, the level of RHO P23H is reduced by about 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, 40%-50%, 50%-60%, 60%-70%, 70%-80%, or more, relative to a reference level.
- the level of RHO P23H is reduced by at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, or more, relative to a reference level.
- the invention provides a method for treating retinitis pigmentosa in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition described herein.
- the method is effective to reduce levels of a RHO P23H gene in the subject relative to a reference level.
- the RHO P23H gene levels are reduced in one or more tissues of an eye of the subject relative to a reference level.
- the RHO P23H levels are reduced by about 10% to about 80% relative to a reference level.
- the level of RHO P23H is reduced by about 10%- 20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, 40%-50%, 50%-60%, 60%-70%, 70%-80%, or more, relative to a reference level.
- the level of RHO P23H is reduced by at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, or more, relative to a reference level.
- the subject is a human subject.
- the invention provides an engineered meganuclease described herein for use as a medicament.
- the medicament is useful for treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, such as a subject having retinitis pigmentosa.
- the invention provides an engineered meganuclease described herein for use in manufacturing a medicament for reducing levels of RHO P23H in a subject.
- the invention provides a method for modifying a RHO P23H gene in a target cell in a subject, the method comprising delivering to the target cell: (a) a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered meganuclease described herein, wherein the engineered meganuclease is expressed in the target cell; or (b) an engineered meganuclease described herein; wherein the engineered meganuclease produces a cleavage site in the RHO P23H gene at a recognition sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 7 and generates a modified RHO P23H gene in the target cell.
- the cleavage site is repaired by non-homologous end joining, and wherein the modified RHO P23H gene comprises an insertion or deletion that disrupts expression of the encoded RHO P23H protein.
- the modified RHO P23H gene does not encode a full-length endogenous RHO P23H protein.
- the expression of a full-length endogenous RHO P23H protein by the target cell is reduced compared to a control cell.
- the expression of full-length endogenous RHO P23H protein are reduced in the subject relative to a control subject.
- the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the target cell is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the mammalian cell is selected from a human cell, a non-human primate cell, a mouse cell, or a pig cell. In some embodiments, the mammalian cell is a cell within an eye of the subject. In some embodiments, the mammalian cell is a rod photoreceptor cell.
- the polynucleotide is an mRNA. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is an mRNA described herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is a recombinant DNA construct described herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is a recombinant DNA construct described herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is delivered to the target cell by a lipid nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is delivered to the target cell by a recombinant virus. In some embodiments, the recombinant vims is a recombinant described herein.
- the levels of a RHO P23H gene are reduced in one or more tissues of an eye of the subject relative to a reference level. In some embodiments, the levels of RHO P23H gene are reduced by about 10% to about 80% relative to a reference level. In some embodiments, the level of RHO P23H is reduced by about 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%- 40%, 40%-50%, 50%-60%, 60%-70%, 70%-80%, or more, relative to a reference level.
- the level of RHO P23H is reduced by at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, or more, relative to a reference level.
- the eukaryotic cell can be a pluripotent cell.
- the pluripotent cell can be an induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell.
- the iPS cell can be a human iPS cell.
- the invention provides a genetically-modified cell, wherein the genetically-modified cell comprises a wild-type RHO allele and a disrupted P23H allele, wherein the genetically-modified cell expresses a wild-type RHO protein and does not express a RHO P23H protein, and wherein the genetically-modified cell is produced according to the methods of the invention described herein.
- the genetically-modified cell is a pluripotent cell, an iPS cell, or a human iPS cell.
- the genetically-modified cell is a genetically- modified iPS cell.
- the genetically-modified iPS cell differentiates into a cell that expresses wild-type RHO protein when it is delivered to the target tissue.
- the genetically-modified iPS cell differentiates into a retinal cell, and particularly into a rod photoreceptor cell, which expresses the wild-type rhodopsin protein but not the RHO P23H protein.
- Figures 1A and IB RHO P23H recognition sequence.
- Figure 1A is an alignment of the 22 base pair RHO P23H recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7) with the corresponding 22 base pair recognition sequence present in the wild-type human RHO gene allele (SEQ ID NO: 9). These sequences span nucleotides 49 to 70 of the P23H mutant or wild-type RHO gene coding sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 3, respectively).
- the C68A mutation within the P23H recognition sequence is underlined.
- the P23H recognition sequence comprises two recognition half-sites, referred to as RHOl and RH02. Each recognition half site comprises 9 base pairs as shown. Half-sites in the recognition sequence are separated by a 4 base pair central region.
- the recombinant meganucleases described herein comprise two subunits, wherein the first subunit comprising the HVR1 region binds to a first recognition half- site (e.g., RHOl-2 (1)) and the second subunit comprising the HVR2 region binds to a second recognition half-site (e.g., RHOl-2 (2)).
- the first subunit comprising the HVR1 region can be positioned as either the N-terminal or C-terminal subunit.
- the second subunit comprising the HVR2 region can be positioned as either the N-terminal or C-terminal subunit.
- FIG. 3 Schematic of reporter assay in CHO cells for evaluating recombinant meganucleases targeting the mutant recognition sequence found in the RHO P23H gene (SEQ ID NO: 4), the wild type gene (SEQ ID NO: 3), or an off-target recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO: 23).
- a CHO cell line was produced in which a reporter cassette was integrated stably into the genome of the cell.
- the reporter cassette comprised, in 5' to 3' order: an SV40 Early Promoter; the 5' 2/3 of the GFP gene; the recognition sequence for an engineered meganuclease described herein (e.g., the RHO 1-2 recognition sequence); the recognition sequence for the CHO-23/24 meganuclease (WO/2012/167192); and the 3' 2/3 of the GFP gene.
- Cells stably transfected with this cassette did not express GFP in the absence of a DNA break-inducing agent.
- Meganucleases were introduced by transduction of an mRNA encoding each meganuclease. When a DNA break was induced at either of the meganuclease recognition sequences, the duplicated regions of the GFP gene recombined with one another to produce a functional GFP gene.
- the percentage of GFP-expressing cells could then be determined by flow cytometry as an indirect measure of the frequency of genome cleavage by the meganucleases.
- Figure 4 Is a multi- sequence alignment between the RHO 1-2L.609, RHO 1-2L.664, RHO 1-2L.687, and RHO 1-2L.692 meganucleases. Asterisks indicate conserved residues amongst all aligned nucleases, and a space indicates that at least one amino acid differed amongst the meganucleases.
- FIG. 5 Efficiency of engineered RHO 1-2 meganucleases described herein for binding and cleaving the recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7) in the RHO P23H gene (SEQ ID NO: 4), or the corresponding recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO: 9) in the RHO WT gene (SEQ ID NO: 3), and an identified off target sequence (SEQ ID NO: 23) in a CHO cell reporter assay.
- the activity index represents %GFP positive cells for each cell line expressing the test meganuclease normalized to the cell line expressing the CHO-23/24 meganuclease accounting for the toxicity of the meganuclease.
- Figures 6A-6D Time-dependent effects of the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease vs. DPBS control on rod-driven scotopic visual function by electroretinography (ERG) 0.001 cd/m 2 in a mini swine model of RP that carries transgenic (Tg) P23H human rhodopsin (hRho).
- Figures 6A-6D are the average of the first five ERG readings from a dim (0.001 cd/m2) flash after dark adapting the animals.
- Figure 6A- Figure 6D shows the Scotopic ERG 0.001 cd/m 2 at the following weeks post injection (WPI): 6 WPI ( Figure 6 A), 9 WPI (Figure 6B), 15WPI ( Figure 6C), and 26WPI ( Figure 6D).
- the gray trace shows the right (OD) injected with the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease and the black trace shows the left (OS) control injected with DPBS.
- Figures 7A-7F Time dependent effects of the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease vs.
- Panels 7A-7F are the average of 15 ERG readings from a dim (0.001 cd/m2) flash, with these 15 readings taken after an initial 5 ERG readings from the same intensity flash.
- the baseline ERG was evaluated at postnatal day 2 (PND2) in untreated right (OD) and left (OS) eyes; grey and black traces, respectively.
- Figure 7B- Figure 7F shows the Scotopic ERG 0.001 cd/m 2 at the following WPI: 6 WPI (Figure 7B), 9 WPI (Figure 7C), 15WPI (Figure 7D), 26WPI (Figure 7E), and 40WPI ( Figure 7F), respectively.
- the gray trace shows the right (OD) injected with the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease and the black trace shows the left (OS) control injected with DPBS.
- FIGs 8A and 8B Time-dependent effects of the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease vs. DPBS control on rod-driven scotopic visual function by electroretinography (ERG) 0.001 cd/m 2 in a mini swine model of RP that carries transgenic (Tg) P23H human rhodopsin (hRho).
- ERG electroretinography
- Tg transgenic
- hRho transgenic P23H human rhodopsin
- FIG 8A the ERG was evaluated at 40 WPI in meganuclease injected right (OD) and control PBS injected left (OS) eyes; grey and black traces, respectively.
- Figure 8B shows the cone cell response to a photopic 30Hz flicker at 40 WPI in meganuclease injected right (OD) and control PBS injected left (OS) eyes; grey and black traces, respectively.
- Figures 9A-9C In-vivo imaging by fundoscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) from eyes injected with 2el0 viral genomes (vg) of the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease.
- Figure 9A is a fundus image from a Tg P23H hRHO pig injected with the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease.
- Figure 9B provides OCT imaging of the fundus with dotted line showing the site of retinotomy and a horizontal line indicating the position of optical cross-sectioning.
- FIG. 10A depicts 11-12 WPI averaged data of dark adapted, scotopic ERG responses, to a low-intensity (0.001 cd/m 2 ) flash for pig eyes injected with varying titers of the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease, as well as untreated eyes.
- the b-wave and a-wave is indicated by the labelled brackets.
- Figure 10B depicts data from figure 10A but extended to the study terminal timepoint of approximately 140 days post injection.
- Figures 11A and 1 IB show data similar to Figure 8 but is 11-12 WPI averaged data of light adapted, photopic ERG responses, to a high intensity (3 cd/m 2 ) flash for pig eyes injected with varying titers of RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease, as well as untreated eyes.
- Figure 1 IB shows data from Figure 11 A but extended to the study terminal timepoint of approximately 140 days post injection.
- Figure 12 Provides a 11-12 WPI OCT optical cross-section of two retinas- one eye injected with 6el0 vg RHO 1-2L.609 (OD) and the other uninjected (OS).
- the outer nuclear layer (ONL) is shown as dashed lines and the breakdown of the outer segment (OS) and inner segment (IS) is shown with the arrow.
- Figures 13A-13C provides 40 WPI histological data for a pig eye injected with RHO 1-2 L.609 meganuclease compared to PBS injected eye.
- the meganuclease is represented by GFP expression (AAV5.GFP co-injected with meganuclease)
- rhodopsin staining is indicated by the top white arrow
- nuclei are stained with DAPI.
- the white arrow on the left side of figure 13A depicts areas of little to no meganuclease expression and areas of little to no rhodopsin expression.
- the white arrow on the right side of figure 13A depicts areas of meganuclease expression and concomitant rhodopsin expression.
- the large white arrow at the bottom of figure 13 A provides the transition zone of meganuclease and rhodopsin expression.
- Figure 13B provides a zoomed in image of the retina showing localization of the rhodopsin protein in a meganuclease injected (OD) eye (indicated by the black arrow on the right side of the figure).
- Figure 13C shows residual mis- localized rhodopsin expression indicated by white arrows in PBS treated eyes.
- Figure 14 provides visual acuity data for a mini swine model of RP that carries transgenic (Tg) P23H human rhodopsin (hRho)Tg (animal IDs: 66275-4 and 66276-1) and wild type pigs (66277-2 and 66275-6) that were treated with the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease at either 2el0 or 6el0 viral genomes (vg) in one eye. The other eye of each animal was not injected and served as a control.
- the Y axis indicates the time for each animal to navigate through a maze and the X axis indicates each individual pig with an average of three runs through the maze.
- SEQ ID NO: 1 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the wild-type I-Crel meganuclease from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
- SEQ ID NO: 2 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the LAGLIDADG motif.
- SEQ ID NO: 3 sets forth the nucleic acid sequence of the human rhodopsin gene sequence (NCBI GENE ID: 6010).
- SEQ ID NO: 4 sets forth sets forth the nucleic acid sequence of the human rhodopsin gene comprising a C68A mutation that encodes a P23H substitution in rhodopsin.
- SEQ ID NO: 5 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the wild type human rhodopsin protein sequence.
- SEQ ID NO: 6 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the human rhodopsin gene comprising a C68A mutation that encodes a P23H substitution in rhodopsin.
- SEQ ID NO: 7 sets forth the nucleic acid sequence of the sense strand of the RHO 1-2 recognition sequence, which has the C68A mutation that results in a P23H mutation in the human rhodopsin gene.
- SEQ ID NO: 8 sets forth the nucleic acid sequence of the antisense strand of the RHO 1-2 recognition sequence, which has the C68A mutation that results in a P23H mutation in the human rhodopsin gene.
- SEQ ID NO: 9 sets forth the nucleic acid sequence of the sense strand of a 22 base pair region of the wild type human rhodopsin gene, which corresponds positionally to the RHO 1-2 recognition sequence, which does not have the C68A mutation that results in a P23H mutation in the human rhodopsin gene.
- SEQ ID NO: 10 sets forth the nucleic acid sequence of the antisense strand of a 22 base pair region of the wild type human rhodopsin gene, which corresponds positionally to the RHO 1-2 recognition sequence, which does not have the C68A mutation that results in a P23H mutation in the human rhodopsin gene.
- SEQ ID NO: 11 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease.
- SEQ ID NO: 12 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the RHO 1-2L.664 meganuclease.
- SEQ ID NO: 13 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the RHO 1-2L.687 meganuclease.
- SEQ ID NO: 14 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the RHO 1-2L.692 meganuclease.
- SEQ ID NO: 15 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease RHO 1 -binding subunit.
- SEQ ID NO: 16 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the RHO 1-2L.664 meganuclease RHO 1 -binding subunit.
- SEQ ID NO: 17 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the RHO 1-2L.687 meganuclease RHO 1 -binding subunit.
- SEQ ID NO: 18 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the RHO 1-2L.692 meganuclease RHO 1 -binding subunit.
- SEQ ID NO: 19 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease RH02-binding subunit.
- SEQ ID NO: 20 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the RHO 1-2L.664 meganuclease RH02-binding subunit.
- SEQ ID NO: 21 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the RHO 1-2L.687 meganuclease RH02-binding subunit.
- SEQ ID NO: 22 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the RHO 1-2L.692 meganuclease RH02-binding subunit.
- SEQ ID NO: 23 sets for the nucleic acid sequence of the sense strand an identified off-target recognition sequence for the RHO 2-L5-14 meganuclease of PCT/US2016/050809.
- SEQ ID NO: 24 sets for the nucleic acid sequence of the antisense strand an identified off-target recognition sequence for the RHO 2-L5-14 meganuclease of PCT/US2016/050809.
- SEQ ID NO: 25 sets forth the nucleic acid sequence encoding an RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease.
- SEQ ID NO: 26 sets forth the nucleic acid sequence encoding an RHO 1-2L.664 meganuclease.
- SEQ ID NO: 27 sets forth the nucleic acid sequence encoding an RHO 1-2L.687 meganuclease.
- SEQ ID NO: 28 sets forth the nucleic acid sequence encoding an RHO 1-2L.692 meganuclease.
- SEQ ID NO: 29 sets forth the amino acid sequence of an SV40 nuclear localization sequence. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
- a can mean one or more than one.
- a cell can mean a single cell or a multiplicity of cells.
- nuclease and “endonuclease” are used interchangeably to refer to naturally-occurring or engineered enzymes, which cleave a phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain.
- Engineered nucleases can include, without limitation, engineered meganucleases such as those described herein.
- cleavage refers to the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds within the backbone of a recognition sequence within a target sequence that results in a double- stranded break within the target sequence, referred to herein as a “cleavage site”.
- the term “meganuclease” refers to an endonuclease that binds double- stranded DNA at a recognition sequence that is greater than 12 base pairs. In some embodiments, the recognition sequence for a meganuclease of the present disclosure is 22 base pairs.
- a meganuclease can be an endonuclease that is derived from I-Crel (SEQ ID NO: 1), and can refer to an engineered variant of I-Crel that has been modified relative to natural I-Crel with respect to, for example, DNA-binding specificity, DNA cleavage activity, DNA- binding affinity, or dimerization properties.
- a meganuclease as used herein binds to double- stranded DNA as a heterodimer.
- a meganuclease may also be a “single-chain meganuclease” in which a pair of DNA-binding domains is joined into a single polypeptide using a peptide linker.
- homing endonuclease is synonymous with the term “meganuclease.”
- Meganucleases of the present disclosure are substantially non-toxic when expressed in the targeted cells as described herein such that cells can be transfected and maintained at 37°C without observing deleterious effects on cell viability or significant reductions in meganuclease cleavage activity when measured using the methods described herein.
- single-chain meganuclease refers to a polypeptide comprising a pair of nuclease subunits joined by a linker.
- a single-chain meganuclease has the organization: N-terminal subunit - Linker - C-terminal subunit.
- the two meganuclease subunits will generally be non-identical in amino acid sequence and will bind non-identical DNA sequences.
- single-chain meganucleases typically cleave pseudo-palindromic or non-palindromic recognition sequences.
- a single-chain meganuclease may be referred to as a “single-chain heterodimer” or “single-chain heterodimeric meganuclease” although it is not, in fact, dimeric.
- the term “meganuclease” can refer to a dimeric or single-chain meganuclease.
- linker refers to an exogenous peptide sequence used to join two nuclease subunits into a single polypeptide.
- a linker may have a sequence that is found in natural proteins or may be an artificial sequence that is not found in any natural protein.
- a linker may be flexible and lacking in secondary structure or may have a propensity to form a specific three-dimensional structure under physiological conditions.
- a linker can include, without limitation, those encompassed by U.S. Patent Nos. 8,445,251, 9,340,777, 9,434,931, and 10,041,053, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- a linker may have at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100 sequence identity to residues 154-195 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- a linker may have an amino acid sequence comprising residues 154- 195 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- the terms “recombinant” or “engineered,” with respect to a protein means having an altered amino acid sequence as a result of the application of genetic engineering techniques to nucleic acids that encode the protein and cells or organisms that express the protein.
- the term “recombinant” or “engineered” means having an altered nucleic acid sequence as a result of the application of genetic engineering techniques. Genetic engineering techniques include, but are not limited to, PCR and DNA cloning technologies; transfection, transformation, and other gene transfer technologies; homologous recombination; site-directed mutagenesis; and gene fusion.
- a protein having an amino acid sequence identical to a naturally-occurring protein but produced by cloning and expression in a heterologous host is not considered recombinant or engineered.
- Exemplary transfection techniques of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, electroporation and lipofection using Lipofectamine (e.g., Lipofectamine® MessengerMax (ThermoFisher)).
- wild-type refers to the most common naturally occurring allele (i.e., polynucleotide sequence) in the allele population of the same type of gene, wherein a polypeptide encoded by the wild-type allele has its original functions.
- wild-type also refers to a polypeptide encoded by a wild-type allele. Wild-type alleles (i.e., polynucleotides) and polypeptides are distinguishable from mutant or variant alleles and polypeptides, which comprise one or more mutations and/or substitutions relative to the wild- type sequence(s).
- Wild-type nucleases are distinguishable from recombinant or non- naturally-occurring nucleases.
- the term “wild-type” can also refer to a cell, an organism, and/or a subject which possesses a wild-type allele of a particular gene, or a cell, an organism, and/or a subject used for comparative purposes.
- the term “genetically-modified” refers to a cell or organism in which, or in an ancestor of which, a genomic DNA sequence has been deliberately modified by recombinant technology. As used herein, the term “genetically-modified” encompasses the term “transgenic.”
- modification means any insertion, deletion, or substitution of an amino acid residue in the recombinant sequence relative to a reference sequence (e.g., a wild-type or a native sequence).
- a recognition sequence or “recognition site” refers to a DNA sequence that is bound and cleaved by a nuclease.
- a recognition sequence comprises a pair of inverted, 9 basepair “half sites” which are separated by four basepairs.
- the N-terminal domain of the protein contacts a first half-site and the C-terminal domain of the protein contacts a second half-site. Cleavage by a meganuclease produces four basepair 3' overhangs.
- “Overhangs,” or “sticky ends” are short, single- stranded DNA segments that can be produced by endonuclease cleavage of a double-stranded DNA sequence.
- the overhang comprises bases 10-13 of the 22 basepair recognition sequence.
- the term “disrupted” or “disrupts” or “disrupts expression” or “disrupting a target sequence” refers to the introduction of a mutation (e.g., frameshift mutation) that interferes with the gene function and prevents expression and/or function of the polypeptide/expression product encoded thereby.
- a mutation e.g., frameshift mutation
- nuclease-mediated disruption of a gene can result in the expression of a truncated protein and/or expression of a protein that does not retain its wild-type function.
- introduction of a donor template into a gene can result in no expression of an encoded protein, expression of a truncated protein, and/or expression of a protein that does not retain its wild-type function.
- target site or “target sequence” refers to a region of the chromosomal DNA of a cell comprising a recognition sequence for a nuclease. This term embraces chromosomal DNA duplexes as well as single- stranded chromosomal DNA.
- DNA-binding affinity or “binding affinity” means the tendency of a nuclease to non-covalently associate with a reference DNA molecule (e.g., a recognition sequence or an arbitrary sequence). Binding affinity is measured by a dissociation constant, Kd. As used herein, a nuclease has “altered” binding affinity if the Kd of the nuclease for a reference recognition sequence is increased or decreased by a statistically significant percent change relative to a reference nuclease.
- the term “specificity” refers to the ability of a nuclease to bind and cleave double-stranded DNA molecules only at a particular sequence of base pairs referred to as the recognition sequence, or only at a particular set of recognition sequences.
- the set of recognition sequences will share certain conserved positions or sequence motifs, but may be degenerate at one or more positions.
- a highly-specific nuclease is capable of cleaving only one or a very few recognition sequences. Specificity can be determined by any method known in the art, such as unbiased identification of DSBs enabled by sequencing (GUIDE- seq), oligonucleotide (oligo) capture assay, whole genome sequencing, and long-range next generation sequencing of the recognition sequence.
- specificity is measured using GUIDE-seq.
- “specificity” is synonymous with a low incidence of cleavage of sequences different from the target sequences (non-target sequences), i.e., off-target cutting.
- a low incidence of off-target cutting may comprise an incidence of cleavage of non-target sequences of less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 18%, less than 15%, less than 12.5%, less than 10%, less than 9%, less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 6%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2.5%, less than 2%, less than 1.5%, less than 1%, less than 0.75%, less than 0.5%, or less than 0.25%.
- altered specificity when referencing to a nuclease, means that a nuclease binds to and cleaves a recognition sequence, which is not bound to and cleaved by a reference nuclease (e.g., a wild-type) under physiological conditions, or that the rate of cleavage of a recognition sequence is increased or decreased by a biologically significant amount (e.g., at least 2x, or 2x-10x) relative to a reference nuclease.
- a biologically significant amount e.g., at least 2x, or 2x-10x
- the presently disclosed engineered meganucleases have improved (i.e., increased) specificity for the recognition sequence that comprises SEQ ID NO: 7 (i.e., RHO 1-2) as compared to the RHO 2-L5-14 meganuclease of PCT/US2016/050809.
- the presently disclosed engineered meganucleases exhibit reduced off- target cleavage as compared to the RHO 2-L5-14 meganuclease.
- Off-target cleavage by a meganuclease can be measured using any method known in the art, including for example, oligo capture analysis, a T7 endonuclease (T7E) assay, digital PCR, targeted sequencing of particular off-target sites, exome sequencing, whole genome sequencing, direct in situ breaks labeling enrichment on streptavidin and next-generation sequencing (BLESS), genome-wide, unbiased identification of DSBs enabled by sequencing (GUIDE-seq), and linear amplification-mediated high-throughput genome- wide translocation sequencing (LAM- HTGTS) (see, e.g., Zischewski et al. (2017), Biotechnology Advances 35(1):95-104, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety).
- the term “efficiency of cleavage” refers to the incidence by which a meganuclease cleaves a recognition sequence in a double- stranded DNA molecule relative to the incidence of all cleavage events by the meganuclease on the DNA molecule. “Efficiency of cleavage” is synonymous with DNA editing efficiency or on-target editing.
- Efficiency of cleavage and/or indel formation by a meganuclease can be measured using any method known in the art, including T7E assay, digital PCR (ddPCR), mismatch detection assays, mismatch cleavage assay, high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA), heteroduplex mobility assay, sequencing, and fluorescent PCR capillary gel electrophoresis (see, e.g., Zischewski et al. (2017) Biotechnology Advances 35(1):95-104, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety).
- efficiency of cleavage is measured by ddPCR.
- the disclosed meganucleases generate efficiencies of cleavage of at least about 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% at the recognition sequence.
- an “indel”, as used herein, refers to the insertion or deletion of a nucleobase within a nucleic acid, such as DNA.
- efficiency of indel formation refers to the incidence by which a meganuclease generates one or more indels through cleavage of a recognition sequence relative to the incidence of all cleavage events by the meganuclease on the DNA molecule. In some embodiments, efficiency of indel formation is measured by ddPCR.
- the disclosed meganucleases generate efficiencies of indel formation of at least about 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% at the recognition sequence.
- the disclosed meganucleases may generate efficiencies of cleavage and/or efficiencies of indel formation of at least about 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, or 75% at the recognition sequence.
- the term “homologous recombination” or “HR” refers to the natural, cellular process in which a double- stranded DNA-break is repaired using a homologous DNA sequence as the repair template (see, e.g. Cahill et al. (2006), Front. Biosci. 11:1958-1976).
- the homologous DNA sequence may be an endogenous chromosomal sequence or an exogenous nucleic acid that was delivered to the cell.
- a “template nucleic acid” or “donor template” refers to a nucleic acid sequence that is desired to be inserted into a cleavage site within a cell’s genome.
- Such template nucleic acids or donor templates can comprise, for example, a transgene, such as an exogenous transgene, which encodes a protein of interest.
- the template nucleic acid or donor template can comprise 5’ and 3’ homology arms having homology to 5’ and 3’ sequences, respectively, that flank a cleavage site in the genome where insertion of the template is desired. Insertion can be accomplished, for example, by homology-directed repair (HDR).
- HDR homology-directed repair
- non-homologous end-joining refers to the natural, cellular process in which a double-stranded DNA-break is repaired by the direct joining of two non-homologous DNA segments (see, e.g. Cahill et al. (2006), Front. Biosci. 11:1958-1976). DNA repair by non-homologous end-joining is error-prone and frequently results in the untemplated addition or deletion of DNA sequences at the site of repair. In some instances, cleavage at a target recognition sequence results in NHEJ at a target recognition site.
- Nuclease-induced cleavage of a target site in the coding sequence of a gene followed by DNA repair by NHEJ can introduce mutations into the coding sequence, such as frameshift mutations, that disrupt gene function.
- engineered nucleases can be used to effectively knock-out a gene in a population of cells.
- homology arms or “sequences homologous to sequences flanking a nuclease cleavage site” refer to sequences flanking the 5' and 3' ends of a nucleic acid molecule, which promote insertion of the nucleic acid molecule into a cleavage site generated by a nuclease.
- homology arms can have a length of at least 50 base pairs, preferably at least 100 base pairs, and up to 2000 base pairs or more, and can have at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, or more, sequence homology to their corresponding sequences in the genome. In some embodiments, the homology arms are about 500 base pairs.
- the term with respect to both amino acid sequences and nucleic acid sequences refers to a measure of the degree of similarity of two sequences based upon an alignment of the sequences that maximizes similarity between aligned amino acid residues or nucleotides, and which is a function of the number of identical or similar residues or nucleotides, the number of total residues or nucleotides, and the presence and length of gaps in the sequence alignment.
- a variety of algorithms and computer programs are available for determining sequence similarity using standard parameters.
- sequence similarity is measured using the BLASTp program for amino acid sequences and the BLASTn program for nucleic acid sequences, both of which are available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), and are described in, for example, Altschul et al. (1990), J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410; Gish and States (1993), Nature Genet. 3:266-272; Madden et al. (1996), Meth. Enzymol.266:131-141; Altschul et al. (1997), Nucleic Acids Res. 25:33 89-3402); Zhang et al. (2000), J. Comput. Biol.
- the term "corresponding to" with respect to modifications of two proteins or amino acid sequences is used to indicate that a specified modification in the first protein is a substitution of the same amino acid residue as in the modification in the second protein, and that the amino acid position of the modification in the first protein corresponds to or aligns with the amino acid position of the modification in the second protein when the two proteins are subjected to standard sequence alignments (e.g., using the BLASTp program).
- the modification of residue “X” to amino acid “A” in the first protein will correspond to the modification of residue “Y” to amino acid “A” in the second protein if residues X and Y correspond to each other in a sequence alignment and despite the fact that X and Y may be different numbers.
- the term “recognition half-site,” “recognition sequence half-site,” or simply “half-site” means a nucleic acid sequence in a double- stranded DNA molecule that is recognized and bound by a monomer of a homodimeric or heterodimeric meganuclease or by one subunit of a single-chain meganuclease.
- a recombinant meganuclease of the invention may preferentially bind and cleave the P23H recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO:7) with greater efficiency than it binds and cleaves the corresponding wild-type recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO:9), as determined by methods known in the art, including those methods provided in the examples herein.
- a recombinant meganuclease of the invention may bind and cleave the P23H recognition sequence with greater than about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% more efficiency than it binds and cleaves the corresponding wild-type recognition sequence.
- a recombinant meganuclease of the invention may bind and cleave the P23H recognition sequence with greater than about 1-fold, 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 50-fold, 100-fold, or 1000-fold more efficiency than it binds and cleaves the corresponding wild-type recognition sequence.
- hypervariable region refers to a localized sequence within a meganuclease monomer or subunit that comprises amino acids with relatively high variability.
- a hypervariable region can comprise about 50-60 contiguous residues, about 53- 57 contiguous residues, or preferably about 56 residues.
- the residues of a hypervariable region may correspond to positions 24-79 or positions 215-270 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- a hypervariable region can comprise one or more residues that contact DNA bases in a recognition sequence and can be modified to alter base preference of the monomer or subunit.
- a hypervariable region can also comprise one or more residues that bind to the DNA backbone when the meganuclease associates with a double-stranded DNA recognition sequence. Such residues can be modified to alter the binding affinity of the meganuclease for the DNA backbone and the target recognition sequence.
- a hypervariable region may comprise between 1-20 residues that exhibit variability and can be modified to influence base preference and/or DNA-binding affinity.
- a hypervariable region comprises between about 15-20 residues that exhibit variability and can be modified to influence base preference and/or DNA-binding affinity.
- variable residues within a hypervariable region correspond to one or more of positions 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 68,
- variable residues within a hypervariable region correspond to one or more of positions 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 259, 261, 266, and 268 of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14.
- RHO Ras, RHO gene, rhodopsin gene, and wild-type RHO allele
- wild-type RHO allele refers to the human rhodopsin gene, preferably the gene identified by NCBI Reference Sequence NG_009115.1 or Gene ID No. 6010 (SEQ ID NOG).
- mutant RHO allele and “mutant RHO P23H allele” are used interchangeably and refer to a RHO allele sequence comprising a C68A mutation (SEQ ID NO:4), which results in a P23H substitution in the encoded protein.
- rhodopsin and “wild-type rhodopsin” are used interchangeably and refer to the protein encoded by the wild-type rhodopsin gene, particularly the protein identified by NCBI Reference Sequence NP_000530.1 (SEQ ID NO:5).
- P23H rhodopsin refers to the mutant rhodopsin protein comprising a P23H substitution, particularly the protein set forth in SEQ ID NO:6.
- a “decrease” or “reduction” in RHO P23H levels refers to any decrease in the levels of RHO P23H expression relative to a reference level including a reduction of RHO P23H expression of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% when compared to a reference level or control.
- a decrease in RHO P23H levels refers to a decrease in full-length RHO P23H polypeptide expression relative to a reference level including a reduction of full- length RHO P23H polypeptide expression of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% when compared to a reference level or control.
- modified RHO gene refers to any modification to a RHO gene, such as an insertion, deletion, or substitution within the RHO gene.
- modified RHO gene refers to any modification to a RHO gene, such as an insertion, deletion, or substitution within the RHO gene.
- the modification to a RHO gene alters (e.g., decreases) RHO levels.
- a RHO P23H gene allele is modified and the wild type RHO allele is not modified.
- the modification to a RHO gene alters (e.g., decreases) RHO levels.
- a RHO P23H gene allele is modified and the wild type RHO allele is not modified.
- the term “reference level” refers to a level of RHO or RHO P23H as measured in, for example, a control cell, control cell population or a control subject, at a previous time point in the control cell, the control cell population or the subject undergoing treatment (e.g., a pre-dose baseline level obtained from the control cell, control cell population or subject), or a pre-defined threshold level of RHO or RHO P23H (e.g., a threshold level identified through previous experimentation).
- gc/kg or “gene copies/kilogram” refers to the number of copies of a nucleic acid encoding an engineered nuclease or the number of copies of a template nucleic acid described herein per weight in kilograms of a subject that is administered the nucleic acid encoding the engineered nuclease and/or the template nucleic acid.
- a “control cell,” “control cell population,” or “a control subject” refers to a cell, cell population, or a control subject that provides a reference point for measuring changes in genotype or phenotype of a genetically-modified cell, genetically-modified cell population, or genetically-modified subject.
- a control cell or cell population may comprise, for example: (a) a wild-type cell or cell population, i.e., of the same genotype as the starting material for the genetic alteration which resulted in the genetically-modified cell; (b) a cell or cell population of the same genotype as the genetically-modified cell or cell population but which has been transformed with a null construct (i.e., with a construct which has no known effect on the trait of interest); or, (c) a cell or cell population genetically identical to the genetically-modified cell but which is not exposed to conditions or stimuli or further genetic modifications that would induce expression of altered genotype or phenotype.
- a control subject may comprise, for example: a wild-type subject, i.e., of the same genotype as the starting subject for the genetic alteration which resulted in the genetically-modified subject (e.g., a subject having the same mutation in a RHO gene), which is not exposed to conditions or stimuli or further genetic modifications that would induce expression of altered genotype or phenotype in the subject.
- a wild-type subject i.e., of the same genotype as the starting subject for the genetic alteration which resulted in the genetically-modified subject
- a subject having the same mutation in a RHO gene which is not exposed to conditions or stimuli or further genetic modifications that would induce expression of altered genotype or phenotype in the subject.
- recombinant DNA construct As used herein, the term “recombinant DNA construct,” “recombinant construct,” “expression cassette,” “expression construct,” “chimeric construct,” “construct,” and “recombinant DNA fragment” are used interchangeably herein and are single or double- stranded polynucleotides.
- a recombinant construct comprises an artificial combination of nucleic acid fragments, including, without limitation, regulatory and coding sequences that are not found together in nature.
- a recombinant DNA construct may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source and arranged in a manner different than that found in nature. Such a construct may be used by itself or may be used in conjunction with a vector.
- vector or “recombinant DNA vector” may be a construct that includes a replication system and sequences that are capable of transcription and translation of a polypeptide-encoding sequence in a given host cell. If a vector is used, then the choice of vector is dependent upon the method that will be used to transform host cells as is well known to those skilled in the art.
- Vectors can include, without limitation, plasmid vectors and recombinant AAV vectors, or any other vector known in the art suitable for delivering a gene to a target cell. The skilled artisan is well aware of the genetic elements that must be present on the vector in order to successfully transform, select and propagate host cells comprising any of the isolated nucleotides or nucleic acid sequences of the invention.
- a “vector” also refers to a viral vector.
- Viral vectors can include, without limitation, retroviral vectors, lentiviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, and adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV).
- a “self-cleaving” recombinant DNA construct refers to a DNA construct that comprises at least one coding sequence for a nuclease and at least one recognition sequence.
- a “target cell” refers to a cell that comprises at least one RHO allele comprising the RHO P23H recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO:7).
- a “target cell” refers to a cell that comprises at least one RHO allele comprising the RHO P23H recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO:7).
- Such target cells can express mutant RHO P23H protein.
- Target cells can include, without limitation, cells of the eye, preferably cells in the posterior segment of the eye, and even more preferably cells of the retina, including rod photoreceptor cells comprising the RHO P23H recognition sequence in at least one RHO gene allele.
- operably linked is intended to mean a functional linkage between two or more elements.
- an operable linkage between a nucleic acid sequence encoding a nuclease as disclosed herein and a regulatory sequence is a functional link that allows for expression of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the nuclease.
- Operably linked elements may be contiguous or non-contiguous.
- treatment refers to the administration of an engineered nuclease of the invention, or a nucleic acid encoding engineered nuclease of the invention, to a subject having RP for the purpose of providing partial or complete relief of one or more symptoms of RP.
- engineered nuclease of the invention, or a nucleic acid encoding the same is administered during treatment in the form of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention.
- the term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount sufficient to effect beneficial or desirable biological and/or clinical results.
- the therapeutically effective amount will vary depending on the formulation or composition used, the disease and its severity and the age, weight, physical condition and responsiveness of the subject to be treated.
- an effective amount of a nucleic acid encoding an engineered meganuclease comprises about lxlO 10 gc/kg to about lxlO 14 gc/kg (e.g., lxlO 10 gc/kg, lxlO 11 gc/kg, lxlO 12 gc/kg, lxlO 13 gc/kg, or lxlO 14 gc/kg) of a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid encoding the engineered nuclease or of a template polynucleotide.
- an effective amount of a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered nuclease and/or a template polynucleotide, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered nuclease and/or a template polynucleotide disclosed herein reduces at least one symptom of a disease in a subject.
- an effective amount of the engineered meganuclease or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein reduces the level of rhodopsin P23H in a subject (e.g., in the eyes of a subject).
- lipid nanoparticle refers to a lipid composition having a typically spherical structure with an average diameter between 10 and 1000 nanometers.
- lipid nanoparticles can comprise at least one cationic lipid, at least one non-cationic lipid, and at least one conjugated lipid.
- Lipid nanoparticles known in the art that are suitable for encapsulating nucleic acids, such as mRNA, are contemplated for use in the invention.
- variable can be equal to any integer value within the numerical range, including the end-points of the range.
- variable can be equal to any real value within the numerical range, including the end-points of the range.
- a variable which is described as having values between 0 and 2 can take the values 0, 1 or 2 if the variable is inherently discrete, and can take the values 0.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, or any other real values 30 and £2 if the variable is inherently continuous.
- the present invention is based, in part, on the hypothesis that autosomal dominant RP can be corrected or prevented by targeting, cleaving, and inactivating a mutant RHO P23H allele, which encodes the pathogenic P23H rhodopsin protein.
- second generation recombinant meganucleases have been engineered to bind and cleave the P23H recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO:7) present in the mutant RHO P23H allele with reduced off-targeting.
- Such recombinant meganucleases can preferentially target and cleave the mutant RHO P23H allele relative to the corresponding sequence present in the wild-type allele (SEQ ID NO:9).
- NHEJ at the cleavage site results in mutagenesis and disruption of the mutant RHO P23H allele, while the functional wild-type RHO allele remains intact to express wild-type rhodopsin in rod photoreceptor cells of the retina.
- Preferential inactivation of the mutant RHO P23H allele, and disruption of P23H rhodopsin expression is expected to prevent, delay, or reverse the progression of RP in patients. Indeed, as described further herein, this reversal of RP symptoms was demonstrated in a swine model of RP.
- nucleases to induce a double-strand break in a target locus is known to stimulate homologous recombination, particularly of transgenic DNA sequences flanked by sequences that are homologous to the genomic target. In this manner, exogenous nucleic acid sequences can be inserted into a target locus.
- NHEJ can produce mutagenesis at the cleavage site, resulting in inactivation of the allele.
- NHEJ-associated mutagenesis may inactivate an allele via generation of early stop codons, frameshift mutations producing aberrant non-functional proteins, or could trigger mechanisms such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.
- nucleases to induce mutagenesis via NHEJ can be used to target a specific mutation or a sequence present in a wild-type allele. Further, the use of nucleases to induce a double-strand break in a target locus is known to stimulate homologous recombination, particularly of transgenic DNA sequences flanked by sequences that are homologous to the genomic target. In this manner, exogenous nucleic acid sequences can be inserted into a target locus. Such exogenous nucleic acids can encode any sequence or polypeptide of interest.
- the nucleases used to practice the invention are meganucleases.
- the nucleases used to practice the invention are single-chain meganucleases.
- a single-chain meganuclease comprises an N-terminal subunit and a C-terminal subunit joined by a linker peptide.
- Each of the two domains recognizes and binds to half of the recognition sequence (i.e., a recognition half-site) and the site of DNA cleavage is at the middle of the recognition sequence near the interface of the two subunits.
- DNA strand breaks are offset by four base pairs such that DNA cleavage by a meganuclease generates a pair of four base pair, 3' single-strand overhangs.
- engineered meganucleases of the invention have been engineered to bind and cleave the P23H recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO:7). Such meganucleases preferentially cleave the P23H recognition sequence on the mutant RHO P23H allele relative to the corresponding wild-type RHO recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO:9). Such engineered meganucleases are collectively referred to herein as “RHO 1-2 meganucleases.”
- Engineered meganucleases of the invention comprise a first subunit, comprising a first hypervariable (HVR1) region, and a second subunit, comprising a second hypervariable (HVR2) region. Further, the first subunit binds to a first recognition half-site in the P23H recognition sequence (i.e., the RHOl half- site), and the second subunit binds to a second recognition half-site in the P23H recognition sequence (i.e., the RH02 half-site).
- HVR1 hypervariable
- HVR2 hypervariable region
- the first and second subunits can be oriented such that the first subunit, which comprises the HVR1 region and binds the first half-site, is positioned as the N-terminal subunit, and the second subunit, which comprises the HVR2 region and binds the second half-site, is positioned as the C-terminal subunit.
- the first and second subunits can be oriented such that the first subunit, which comprises the HVR1 region and binds the first half-site, is positioned as the C-terminal subunit, and the second subunit, which comprises the HVR2 region and binds the second half-site, is positioned as the N-terminal subunit.
- Exemplary RHO 1-2 meganucleases of the invention are provided in SEQ ID NOs: 11-14 and summarized in Table 1. Table 1.
- Table 1 Exemplary engineered meganucleases engineered to bind and cleave the RHO P23H recognition sequence (SEQ ID NOs: 11-14).
- RHOl Subunit % and RH02 Subunit % represent the amino acid sequence identity between the RHOl -binding and RH02-binding subunit regions of each meganuclease and the RHOl -binding and RH02-binding subunit regions, respectively, of the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease.
- the engineered meganuclease binds and cleaves a recognition sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 7 within a RHO gene, wherein the engineered meganuclease comprises a first subunit and a second subunit, wherein the first subunit binds to a first recognition half- site of the recognition sequence and comprises a first hypervariable (HVR1) region, and wherein the second subunit binds to a second recognition half-site of the recognition sequence and comprises a second hypervariable (HVR2) region.
- HVR1 hypervariable
- HVR2 hypervariable hypervariable
- the HVR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 215-270 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the HVR1 region comprises one or more residues corresponding to residues 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 259, 261, 266, and 268 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the HVR1 region comprises residues corresponding to residues 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 259, 261, 266, and 268 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the HVR1 region comprises Y, R, K, or D at a residue corresponding to residue 257 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the HVR1 region comprises residues 215-270 of SEQ ID NO: 11 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acid substitutions.
- the HVR1 region comprises residues 215-270 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the HVR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 24-79 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the HVR2 region comprises one or more residues corresponding to residues 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 68, 70, 75, and 77 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the HVR2 region comprises residues corresponding to residues 29 and 39 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the HVR2 region comprises residues corresponding to residues 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 68, 70, 75, and 77 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the HVR2 region comprises Y, R, K, or D at a residue corresponding to residue 66 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the HVR2 region comprises residues 24-79 of SEQ ID NO: 11 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the HVR2 region comprises residues 24-79 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the first subunit comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the first subunit comprises G, S, or A at a residue corresponding to residue 210 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the first subunit comprises E, Q, or K at a residue corresponding to residue 271 of SEQ ID NO: 11. .
- the first subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 11 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
- the first subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the second subunit comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to residues 7-153 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the second subunit comprises G, S, or A at a residue corresponding to residue 19 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the second subunit comprises E, Q, or K at a residue corresponding to residue 80 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the second subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 11 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
- the second subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the engineered meganuclease is a single-chain meganuclease comprising a linker, wherein the linker covalently joins said first subunit and said second subunit.
- the engineered meganuclease comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the engineered meganuclease comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the engineered meganuclease is encoded by a nucleic sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the engineered meganuclease is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25.
- the HVR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 215-270 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the HVR1 region comprises one or more residues corresponding to residues 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 259, 261, 266, and 268 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the HVR1 region comprises residues corresponding to residues 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 259, 261, 266, and 268 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the HVR1 region comprises Y, R, K, or D at a residue corresponding to residue 257 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the HVR1 region comprises residues 215-270 of SEQ ID NO: 12 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acid substitutions.
- the HVR1 region comprises residues 215-270 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the HVR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 24-79 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the HVR2 region comprises one or more residues corresponding to residues 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 68, 70, 75, and 77 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the HVR2 region comprises residues corresponding to residues 29 and 39 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the HVR2 region comprises residues corresponding to residues 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 68, 70, 75, and 77 of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the HVR2 region comprises Y, R, K, or D at a residue corresponding to residue 66 of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the HVR2 region comprises residues 24-79 of SEQ ID NO: 12 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the HVR2 region comprises residues 24-79 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the first subunit comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the first subunit comprises G, S, or A at a residue corresponding to residue 210 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the first subunit comprises E, Q, or K at a residue corresponding to residue 271 of SEQ ID NO: 12. .
- the first subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 12 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
- the first subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the second subunit comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to residues 7-153 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the second subunit comprises G, S, or A at a residue corresponding to residue 19 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the second subunit comprises E, Q, or K at a residue corresponding to residue 80 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the second subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 12 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
- the second subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the engineered meganuclease is a single-chain meganuclease comprising a linker, wherein the linker covalently joins said first subunit and said second subunit.
- the engineered meganuclease comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the engineered meganuclease comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the engineered meganuclease is encoded by a nucleic sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the engineered meganuclease is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 26.
- the HVR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 215-270 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the HVR1 region comprises one or more residues corresponding to residues 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 259, 261, 266, and 268 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the HVR1 region comprises residues corresponding to residues 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 259, 261, 266, and 268 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the HVR1 region comprises Y, R, K, or D at a residue corresponding to residue 257 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the HVR1 region comprises residues 215-270 of SEQ ID NO: 13 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acid substitutions.
- the HVR1 region comprises residues 215-270 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the HVR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 24-79 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the HVR2 region comprises one or more residues corresponding to residues 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 68, 70, 75, and 77 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the HVR2 region comprises residues corresponding to residues 29 and 39 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the HVR2 region comprises residues corresponding to residues 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 68, 70, 75, and 77 of SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the HVR2 region comprises Y, R, K, or D at a residue corresponding to residue 66 of SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the HVR2 region comprises residues 24-79 of SEQ ID NO: 13 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the HVR2 region comprises residues 24-79 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the first subunit comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the first subunit comprises G, S, or A at a residue corresponding to residue 210 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the first subunit comprises E, Q, or K at a residue corresponding to residue 271 of SEQ ID NO: 13. .
- the first subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 13 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
- the first subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the second subunit comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to residues 7-153 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the second subunit comprises G, S, or A at a residue corresponding to residue 19 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the second subunit comprises E, Q, or K at a residue corresponding to residue 80 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the second subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 13 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the second subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the engineered meganuclease is a single-chain meganuclease comprising a linker, wherein the linker covalently joins said first subunit and said second subunit.
- the engineered meganuclease comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the engineered meganuclease comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the engineered meganuclease is encoded by a nucleic sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the engineered meganuclease is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27.
- the HVR1 region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 215-270 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the HVR1 region comprises one or more residues corresponding to residues 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 259, 261, 266, and 268 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the HVR1 region comprises residues corresponding to residues 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 259, 261, 266, and 268 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the HVR1 region comprises Y, R, K, or D at a residue corresponding to residue 257 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the HVR1 region comprises residues 215-270 of SEQ ID NO: 14 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acid substitutions.
- the HVR1 region comprises residues 215-270 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the HVR2 region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 24-79 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the HVR2 region comprises one or more residues corresponding to residues 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 68, 70, 75, and 77 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the HVR2 region comprises residues corresponding to residues 29 and 39 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the HVR2 region comprises residues corresponding to residues 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 68, 70, 75, and 77 of SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the HVR2 region comprises Y, R, K, or D at a residue corresponding to residue 66 of SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the HVR2 region comprises residues 24-79 of SEQ ID NO: 14 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the HVR2 region comprises residues 24-79 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the first subunit comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the first subunit comprises G, S, or A at a residue corresponding to residue 210 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the first subunit comprises E, Q, or K at a residue corresponding to residue 271 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the first subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 14 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
- the first subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the second subunit comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to residues 7-153 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the second subunit comprises G, S, or A at a residue corresponding to residue 19 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the second subunit comprises E, Q, or K at a residue corresponding to residue 80 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the second subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 14 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
- the second subunit comprises residues 198-344 of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the engineered meganuclease is a single-chain meganuclease comprising a linker, wherein the linker covalently joins said first subunit and said second subunit.
- the engineered meganuclease comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the engineered meganuclease comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
- the engineered meganuclease is encoded by a nucleic sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the engineered meganuclease is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28. 2.3 Methods for Delivering and Expressing Recombinant Meganucleases
- the invention provides methods for producing genetically-modified cells, both in vitro and in vivo, using engineered nucleases that bind and cleave recognition sequences found within a RHO gene and specifically within a mutant RHO P23H allele (e.g., SEQ ID NO:7). Cleavage at such recognition sequences can allow for NHEJ at the cleavage site and/or insertion of an exogenous sequence via homologous recombination, thereby disrupting expression of the endogenous RHO P23H polypeptide in the genetically-modified cell. .
- the invention further provides methods for treating retinitis pigmentosa in a subject by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a nucleic acid encoding an engineered nuclease or the engineered nuclease polypeptide.
- a subject having RP or a subject who may be particularly receptive to treatment with the engineered meganucleases described herein may be identified by ascertaining the presence or absence of one or more risk factors, diagnostic, or prognostic indicators including for example, performing a dilated eye exam, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, a visual field test, or an electroretinogram as is known in the art.
- RHO and RHO P23H in a genetically-modified cell or subject can be detected using standard methods in the art.
- levels of RHO and RHO P23H may be assessed based on the level of any variable associated with RHO and RHO P23H gene expression, e.g., mRNA level or protein level, retina sensitivity and functionality (e.g., rod cell function), fundus autofluorescence levels, structural abnormalities of the retina (e.g., as assessed through optical coherence tomography).
- a reduction in the levels of RHO or RHO P23H or expression may be assessed by a change in an absolute or relative level of one or more of these variables compared with a reference level.
- RHO or RHO P23H levels may be measured in a biological sample isolated from a subject, such as a tissue biopsy from an eye, or a bodily fluid that contains RHO or RHO P23H, such the peripheral blood.
- RHO or RHO P23H levels are normalized to a standard protein or substance in the sample. Further, RHO or RHO P23H levels can be assessed any time before, during, or after treatment in accordance with the methods herein.
- the methods include administration of any of the engineered meganucleases described herein, or nucleic acids encoding the meganucleases, to reduce RHO P23H levels in a genetically-modified cell or a subject (e.g., as measured in a cell, a tissue, an organ, or a biological sample obtained from the subject), e.g., by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% relative to a reference level.
- the methods herein are effective to reduce the level of RHO P23H by about 10% to about 80% (e.g., 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, 40%-50%, 50%-60%, 60%-70%, 70%-80%, or more) relative to a reference level.
- a decrease in RHO P23H levels refers to a decrease in full-length RHO P23H polypeptide expression relative to a reference level including a reduction of full-length RHO P23H polypeptide expression of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% when compared to a reference level or control.
- a RHO P23H polypeptide that is not the full-length polypeptide has reduced activity of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%,
- the invention includes that an engineered nuclease of the invention, or a nucleic acid encoding the engineered nuclease, can be delivered (i.e., introduced) into cells that would typically be involved in the transduction of signal from the eye to the brain for vision.
- Such cells include without limitation rod cells and/or cone cells of the eye.
- Engineered nucleases of the invention can be delivered into a cell in the form of protein or, preferably, as a nucleic acid encoding the engineered nuclease.
- Such nucleic acid can be DNA (e.g., circular or linearized plasmid DNA or PCR products) or RNA (e.g., mRNA).
- the engineered nuclease coding sequence is delivered in DNA form, it should be operably linked to a promoter to facilitate transcription of the nuclease gene.
- Mammalian promoters suitable for the invention include constitutive promoters such as the cytomegalovirus early (CMV) promoter (Thomsen et al. (1984), Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 81(3):659-63) or the SV40 early promoter (Benoist and Chambon (1981), Nature. 290(5804):304-10) as well as inducible promoters such as the tetracycline- inducible promoter (Dingermann et al. (1992), Mol Cell Biol. 12(9):4038-45).
- CMV cytomegalovirus early
- SV40 early promoter SV40 early promoter
- inducible promoters such as the tetracycline- inducible promoter (Dingermann et al. (1992), Mol Cell Biol. 12(
- An engineered nuclease of the invention can also be operably linked to a synthetic promoter.
- Synthetic promoters can include, without limitation, the JeT promoter (WO 2002/012514).
- a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered nuclease of the invention is operably linked to a tissue- specific promoter, such as an eye specific promoter.
- eye specific promoters include, without limitation, the human rhodopsin kinase promoter, the proximal mouse opsin promoter (mOP), the human G- protein-coupled receptor protein kinase 1 promoter (hGRKl), and the human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) promoter.
- mOP proximal mouse opsin promoter
- hGRKl human G- protein-coupled receptor protein kinase 1 promoter
- IRBP human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein
- a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one engineered nuclease is delivered on a recombinant DNA construct or expression cassette.
- the recombinant DNA construct can comprise an expression cassette (i.e., “cassette”) comprising a promoter and a nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered nuclease described herein.
- mRNA encoding the engineered nuclease is delivered to a cell because this reduces the likelihood that the gene encoding the engineered nuclease will integrate into the genome of the cell.
- mRNA encoding an engineered nuclease can be produced using methods known in the art such as in vitro transcription.
- the mRNA is 5' capped using 7-methyl-guanosine, anti-reverse cap analogs (ARCA) (US 7,074,596), CleanCap® analogs such as Cap 1 analogs (Trilink, San Diego, CA), or enzymatically capped using vaccinia capping enzyme or similar.
- the mRNA may be polyadenylated.
- the mRNA may contain various 5’ and 3’ untranslated sequence elements to enhance expression the encoded engineered nuclease and/or stability of the mRNA itself.
- Such elements can include, for example, posttranslational regulatory elements such as a woodchuck hepatitis vims posttranslational regulatory element.
- the mRNA may contain nucleoside analogs or naturally-occurring nucleosides, such as pseudouridine, 5-methylcytidine, N6- methyladenosine, 5-methyluridine, or 2-thiouridine. Additional nucleoside analogs include, for example, those described in US 8,278,036.
- Purified nuclease proteins can be delivered into cells to cleave genomic DNA, which allows for homologous recombination or non-homologous end-joining at the cleavage site with an exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide of interest as described herein, by a variety of different mechanisms known in the art, including those further detailed herein.
- a nucleic acid encoding a nuclease of the invention is introduced into the cell using a single- stranded DNA template.
- the single-stranded DNA can further comprise a 5' and/or a 3' AAV inverted terminal repeat (ITR) upstream and/or downstream of the sequence encoding the engineered nuclease.
- the single-stranded DNA can further comprise a 5' and/or a 3' homology arm upstream and/or downstream of the sequence encoding the engineered nuclease.
- genes encoding a nuclease of the invention is introduced into a cell using a linearized DNA template.
- Such linearized DNA templates can be produced by methods known in the art.
- a plasmid DNA encoding a nuclease can be digested by one or more restriction enzymes such that the circular plasmid DNA is linearized prior to being introduced into a cell.
- Treating RP using the invention requires that a recombinant meganuclease be expressed in cells in the appropriate tissues.
- the target tissue(s) for delivery of recombinant meganucleases of the invention are cells of the eye, preferably cells in the posterior segment of the eye, and even more preferably cells of the retina, including rod photoreceptor cells.
- Recombinant meganucleases can be delivered as purified protein or as RNA or DNA encoding the meganucleases.
- recombinant meganuclease proteins, or mRNA or vector encoding recombinant meganucleases are supplied to target cells (e.g., cells in the retina) via injection directly to the target tissue.
- RNA, DNA, or recombinant AAVs to the eye via subretinal or intravitreal injection
- delivery of RNA, DNA, or recombinant AAVs to the eye via subretinal or intravitreal injection is described in the art (see for example, Martin et al. (2002) Methods. 28:267-275; Hauswirth et al. (2008) Human Gene Therapy. 19(10):979-990; Johnson et al. (2008) Molecular Vision. 14:2211-2226).
- meganuclease protein, mRNA, DNA or cells expressing meganucleases can be delivered systemically via the circulatory system.
- Purified engineered nuclease proteins, or nucleic acids encoding engineered nucleases can be delivered into cells to cleave genomic DNA by a variety of different mechanisms known in the art, including those further detailed herein below.
- nuclease proteins, DNA/mRNA encoding nucleases, or cells expressing nuclease proteins are formulated for systemic administration, or administration to target tissues, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in accordance with known techniques. See, e.g., Remington, The Science And Practice of Pharmacy (21st ed., Philadelphia, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2005).
- proteins/RNA/mRNA/cells are typically admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the carrier must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with any other ingredients in the formulation and must not be deleterious to the patient.
- the carrier can be a solid or a liquid, or both, and can be formulated with the compound as a unit-dose formulation.
- the nuclease proteins, or DNA/mRNA encoding the nuclease are coupled to a cell penetrating peptide or targeting ligand to facilitate cellular uptake.
- cell penetrating peptides known in the art include poly-arginine (Jearawiriyapaisarn, et al. (2008) Mol Ther. 16:1624-9), TAT peptide from the HIV vims (Hudecz et al. (2005), Med. Res. Rev. 25: 679-736), MPG (Simeoni, et al. (2003) Nucleic Acids Res. 31:2717-2724), Pep-1 (Deshayes et al.
- engineered nucleases are coupled covalently or non-covalently to an antibody that recognizes a specific cell- surface receptor expressed on target cells such that the nuclease protein/DNA/mRNA binds to and is internalized by the target cells.
- engineered nuclease protein/DNA/mRNA can be coupled covalently or non-covalently to the natural ligand (or a portion of the natural ligand) for such a cell-surface receptor.
- Examples of targeting ligands to direct delivery to cells in the eye include RGD (Pollinger et al. (2013) PNAS. 110(15): 6115-6120), transferrin (Lajunen et al. (2014) Eur J Pharm Sci. 62: 23-32), and hyaluronic acid (Martens et al. (2015) J Control Release. 202: 83- 92).
- nuclease proteins are encapsulated within biodegradable hydrogels for injection or implantation within the desired region of the eye (e.g ., intravitreal or subconjunctival injection).
- Hydrogels can provide sustained and tunable release of the therapeutic payload to the desired region of the eye without the need for frequent injections, and stimuli-responsive materials (e.g., temperature- and pH-responsive hydrogels) can be designed to release the payload in response to environmental or externally applied cues (Kang Derwent et al. (2008) Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 106:206-214).
- nuclease proteins, or DNA/mRNA encoding nucleases are coupled covalently or, preferably, non-covalently to a nanoparticle or encapsulated within such a nanoparticle using methods known in the art (Sharma, et al. (2014) Biomed Res Int. 2014).
- a nanoparticle is a nanoscale delivery system whose length scale is ⁇ 1 pm, preferably ⁇ 100 nm.
- Such nanoparticles may be designed using a core composed of metal, lipid, polymer, or biological macromolecule, and multiple copies of the nuclease proteins, mRNA, or DNA can be attached to or encapsulated with the nanoparticle core.
- Nanoparticles may be further modified with polymers or lipids (e.g., chitosan, cationic polymers, or cationic lipids) to form a core shell nanoparticle whose surface confers additional functionalities to enhance cellular delivery and uptake of the payload (Jian et al. (2012) Biomaterials. 33(30): 7621-30).
- Nanoparticles may additionally be advantageously coupled to targeting molecules to direct the nanoparticle to the appropriate cell type and/or increase the likelihood of cellular uptake. Examples of such targeting molecules include antibodies specific for cell- surface receptors and the natural ligands (or portions of the natural ligands) for cell surface receptors.
- nuclease proteins or DNA/mRNA encoding the nucleases are encapsulated within liposomes or complexed using cationic lipids (see, e.g.,
- the liposome and lipoplex formulations can protect the payload from degradation, enhance accumulation and retention at the target site, and facilitate cellular uptake and delivery efficiency through fusion with and/or disruption of the cellular membranes of the target cells.
- nuclease proteins are encapsulated within polymeric scaffolds (e.g., PLGA) or complexed using cationic polymers (e.g., PEI, PLL) (Tamboli et al. (2011) Ther Deliv. 2(4): 523-536).
- polymeric scaffolds e.g., PLGA
- cationic polymers e.g., PEI, PLL
- Polymeric carriers can be designed to provide tunable drug release rates through control of polymer erosion and drug diffusion, and high drug encapsulation efficiencies can offer protection of the therapeutic payload until intracellular delivery to the desired target cell population.
- nuclease proteins are combined with amphiphilic molecules that self-assemble into micelles (Tong et al. (2007) J Gene Med. 9(11): 956-66).
- Polymeric micelles may include a micellar shell formed with a hydrophilic polymer (e.g., polyethyleneglycol) that can prevent aggregation, mask charge interactions, and reduce nonspecific interactions.
- a hydrophilic polymer e.g., polyethyleneglycol
- nuclease proteins or DNA/mRNA encoding nucleases, are formulated into an emulsion or a nanoemulsion (i.e., having an average particle diameter of ⁇ lnm) for administration and/or delivery to the target cell.
- a nanoemulsion i.e., having an average particle diameter of ⁇ lnm
- emulsion refers to, without limitation, any oil-in-water, water-in-oil, water-in-oil-in-water, or oil-in-water-in-oil dispersions or droplets, including lipid structures that can form as a result of hydrophobic forces that drive apolar residues (e.g., long hydrocarbon chains) away from water and polar head groups toward water, when a water immiscible phase is mixed with an aqueous phase.
- lipid structures include, but are not limited to, unilamellar, paucilamellar, and multilamellar lipid vesicles, micelles, and lamellar phases.
- Emulsions are composed of an aqueous phase and a lipophilic phase (typically containing an oil and an organic solvent). Emulsions also frequently contain one or more surfactants. Nanoemulsion formulations are well known, e.g., as described in US Pat. Nos. 6,015,832, 6,506,803, 6,635,676, 6,559,189, and 7,767,216, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- nuclease proteins or DNA/mRNA encoding nucleases, are covalently attached to, or non-covalently associated with, multifunctional polymer conjugates, DNA dendrimers, and polymeric dendrimers (Mastorakos et al. (2015)
- the dendrimer generation can control the payload capacity and size, and can provide a high payload capacity. Moreover, display of multiple surface groups can be leveraged to improve stability, reduce nonspecific interactions, and enhance cell-specific targeting and drug release.
- genes encoding a nuclease are introduced into a cell using a recombinant virus (e.g., a recombinant viral vector).
- a recombinant virus e.g., a recombinant viral vector.
- recombinant viruses include retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) (reviewed in Vannucci, et al. (2013 New Microbiol. 36:1-22).
- Recombinant AAVs useful in the invention can have any serotype that allows for transduction of the recombinant virus into a target cell type and expression of the nuclease gene in the target cell.
- recombinant AAVs have a serotype of AAV2, AAV5, AAV8, or AAV9.
- the recombinant viruses are injected directly into target tissues (e.g., the eye).
- the recombinant viruses are delivered systemically via the circulatory system. It is known in the art that different AAVs tend to localize to different tissues. In retinal target tissues, effective transduction of retinal photoreceptor cells has been shown, for example, with AAV serotypes 1, 2, 5, 8, and 9 (Petrs- Silva et al. (2014) Clinical Ophthalmology . 8:127-136). Sands (2011) Methods Mol. Biol. 807:141-157).
- the AAV serotype is AAV1.
- the AAV serotype is AAV2.
- the AAV serotype is AAV5.
- the AAV serotype is AAV8.
- the AAV serotype is AAV9.
- AAVs can also be self-complementary such that they do not require second-strand DNA synthesis in the host cell (McCarty, et al. (2001) Gene Ther. 8:1248-54). Nucleic acid molecules delivered by recombinant AAVs can include left (5') and right (3') inverted terminal repeats.
- a recombinant virus used for meganuclease gene delivery is a self-limiting recombinant virus.
- a self-limiting recombinant virus can have limited persistence time in a cell or organism due to the presence of a recognition sequence for an engineered meganuclease within the vector.
- a self-limiting recombinant virus can be engineered to provide coding for a promoter, a meganuclease described herein, and a meganuclease recognition site within the ITRs.
- the self-limiting recombinant virus delivers the meganuclease gene to a cell, tissue, or organism, such that the meganuclease is expressed and able to cut the genome of the cell at an endogenous recognition sequence within the genome.
- the delivered meganuclease will also find its target site within the self-limiting viral genome, and cut the viral genome at this target site. Once cut, the 5' and 3' ends of the viral genome will be exposed and degraded by exonucleases, thus killing the virus and ceasing production of the meganuclease.
- nuclease genes are delivered in DNA form (e.g. plasmid) and/or via a recombinant virus (e.g., an AAV) they can be operably linked to a promoter.
- a promoter such as endogenous promoters from the viral vector (e.g. the LTR of a lentivirus) or the well-known cytomegalovirus- or SV40 virus-early promoters.
- nuclease genes are operably linked to a promoter that drives gene expression preferentially in the target cells.
- retina and/or rod photoreceptor cell-specific promoters include, without limitation, the human rhodopsin kinase promoter, the proximal mouse opsin promoter (mOP), the human G-protein-coupled receptor protein kinase 1 promoter (hGRKl), and the human interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) promoter (Khani el al. (2007) Invest. Ophthamol. Vis. Sci. 48(9):3954-3961); Beltran et al. (2010) Gene Therapy. 17(9): 1162- 1174); Yokoyama et al. (1992) Exp. Eye Res. 55(2):225-233), as well as rod photoreceptor cell-specific promoters disclosed in US 2014/0287510.
- mOP proximal mouse opsin promoter
- hGRKl human G-protein-coupled receptor protein kinase 1 promoter
- IRBP human interphotoreceptor retinoid binding
- a subject is administered a pharmaceutical composition at a dose of about lxlO 10 gc/kg to about lxlO 14 gc/kg (e.g., lxlO 10 gc/kg, lxlO 11 gc/kg, lxlO 12 gc/kg, lxlO 13 gc/kg, or lxlO 14 gc/kg) of a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic sequence encoding an engineered nuclease.
- lxlO 10 gc/kg e.g., lxlO 10 gc/kg, lxlO 11 gc/kg, lxlO 12 gc/kg, lxlO 13 gc/kg, or lxlO 14 gc/kg
- a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic sequence encoding an engineered nuclease.
- a subject is administered a pharmaceutical composition at a dose of at least about lxlO 10 gc/kg, at least about lxlO 11 gc/kg, at least about lxlO 12 gc/kg, at least about lxlO 13 gc/kg, or at least about lxlO 14 gc/kg of a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic sequence encoding an engineered nuclease.
- a subject is administered a pharmaceutical composition at a dose of about lxlO 10 gc/kg to about lxlO 11 gc/kg, about lxlO 11 gc/kg to about lxlO 12 gc/kg, about lxlO 12 gc/kg to about lxlO 13 gc/kg, or about lxlO 13 gc/kg to about lxlO 14 gc/kg of a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic sequence encoding an engineered nuclease.
- a subject is administered a pharmaceutical composition at a dose of about lxlO 12 gc/kg to about 9xl0 13 gc/kg (e.g., about lxlO 12 gc/kg, about 2xl0 12 gc/kg, about 3xl0 12 gc/kg, about 4xl0 12 gc/kg, about 5xl0 12 gc/kg, about 6xl0 12 gc/kg, about 7xl0 12 gc/kg, about 8xl0 12 gc/kg, about 9xl0 12 gc/kg, about lxlO 13 gc/kg, about 2xl0 13 gc/kg, about 3xl0 13 gc/kg, about 4xl0 13 gc/kg, about 5xl0 13 gc/kg, about 6xl0 13 gc/kg, about 7xl0 13 gc/kg, about 8xl0 13 gc/kg,
- a subject is administered a lipid nanoparticle formulation at a dose of about 0.1 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg of ruRNA encoding an engineered nuclease.
- the subject is administered a lipid nanoparticle formulation at a dose of at least about 0.1 mg/kg, at least about 0.25 mg/kg, at least about 0.5 mg/kg, at least about 0.75 mg/kg, at least about 1.0 mg/kg, at least about 1.5 mg/kg, at least about 2.0 mg/kg, at least about 2.5 mg/kg, or at least about 3.0 mg/kg of ruRNA encoding an engineered nuclease.
- the subject is administered a lipid nanoparticle formulation at a dose of within about 0.1 mg/kg to about 0.25 mg/kg, about 0.25 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg to about 0.75 mg/kg, about 0.75 mg/kg to about 1.0 mg/kg, about 1.0 mg/kg to about 1.5 mg/kg, about 1.5 mg/kg to about 2.0 mg/kg, about 2.0 mg/kg to about 2.5 mg/kg, or about 2.5 mg/kg to about 3.0 mg/kg of ruRNA encoding an engineered nuclease.
- target tissue(s) for delivery of engineered nucleases of the invention, or nucleic acids encoding engineered nucleases of the invention include without limitation, tissues of the eye including, without limitation, rod photoreceptor cells and cone photoreceptor cells.
- a retrovirus, pseudotype, or recombinant AAV is constructed, which encodes the engineered nuclease and is administered to the subject.
- Administration of a recombinant vims encoding the engineered nuclease can occur, for example, with administration of a recombinant AAV that encodes a secretion- impaired hepatotoxin, or encodes tPA, which stimulates hepatocyte regeneration without acting as a hepatotoxin.
- the one or more engineered nucleases, polynucleotides encoding such engineered nucleases, or viruses comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding such engineered nucleases, as described herein can be administered via any suitable route of administration known in the art.
- the one or more engineered nucleases, polynucleotides comprising nucleic acid sequences encoding such engineered nucleases, or recombinant virus comprising one or more polynucleotides comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding such engineered nucleases, as described herein may be administered by an administration route comprising intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intrahepatic, transmucosal, transdermal, intraarterial, intravitreal, and sublingual.
- nuclease proteins, or mRNA, or DNA vectors encoding nucleases are supplied to target cells (e.g., cells in the eye) via injection directly to the target tissue.
- engineered nucleases suitable routes of administration of the engineered nucleases, polynucleotides encoding such engineered nucleases, or recombinant viruses comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding such engineered nucleases may be readily determined by the treating physician as necessary.
- a therapeutically effective amount of an engineered nuclease described herein is administered to a subject in need thereof.
- the dosage or dosing frequency of the engineered nuclease may be adjusted over the course of the treatment, based on the judgment of the administering physician. Appropriate doses will depend, among other factors, on the specifics of any AAV chosen (e.g., serotype, etc.), on the route of administration, on the subject being treated (i.e., age, weight, sex, and general condition of the subject), and the mode of administration. Thus, the appropriate dosage may vary from patient to patient. An appropriate effective amount can be readily determined by one of skill in the art. Dosage treatment may be a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule. Moreover, the subject may be administered as many doses as appropriate. One of skill in the art can readily determine an appropriate number of doses. The dosage may need to be adjusted to take into consideration an alternative route of administration or balance the therapeutic benefit against any side effects.
- the methods comprise delivering an engineered meganuclease described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding the same) and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a sequence of interest and sequences homologous to sequences flanking the meganuclease cleavage site, wherein the engineered meganuclease binds and cleaves a recognition sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 7 within a RHO P23H gene, thus cleaving the RHO P23H gene, wherein the sequence of interest is inserted at the cleavage site by homologous recombination.
- Exogenous nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be introduced into a cell and/or delivered to a subject by any of the means previously discussed.
- exogenous nucleic acid molecules are introduced by way of a recombinant virus, such as a recombinant lentivirus, recombinant retrovirus, recombinant adenovirus, or a recombinant AAV.
- Recombinant AAVs useful for introducing an exogenous nucleic acid molecule can have any serotype that allows for transduction of the vims into the cell and insertion of the exogenous nucleic acid molecule sequence into the cell genome.
- recombinant AAVs have a serotype of AAV2, AAV5, AAV8, or AAV9.
- the recombinant AAVs can also be self-complementary such that they do not require second-strand DNA synthesis in the host cell.
- Exogenous nucleic acid molecules introduced using a recombinant AAV can be flanked by a 5' (left) and 3' (right) inverted terminal repeat.
- an exogenous nucleic acid molecule can be introduced into a cell using a single-stranded DNA template.
- the single- stranded DNA can comprise the exogenous nucleic acid molecule and, in particular embodiments, can comprise 5' and 3' homology arms to promote insertion of the nucleic acid sequence into the nuclease cleavage site by homologous recombination.
- the single- stranded DNA can further comprise a 5' AAV inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequence 5' upstream of the 5' homology arm, and a 3' AAV ITR sequence 3' downstream of the 3' homology arm.
- ITR inverted terminal repeat
- genes encoding a nuclease of the invention and/or an exogenous nucleic acid molecule of the invention can be introduced into a cell by transfection with a linearized DNA template.
- a plasmid DNA encoding an engineered nuclease and/or an exogenous nucleic acid molecule can, for example, be digested by one or more restriction enzymes such that the circular plasmid DNA is linearized prior to transfection into the cell.
- an exogenous nucleic acid of the invention When delivered to a cell, an exogenous nucleic acid of the invention can be operably linked to any promoter suitable for expression of the encoded polypeptide in the cell, including those mammalian promoters and inducible promoters previously discussed.
- An exogenous nucleic acid of the invention can also be operably linked to a synthetic promoter.
- Synthetic promoters can include, without limitation, the JeT promoter (WO 2002/012514).
- the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and engineered nuclease of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid encoding an engineered nuclease of the invention.
- pharmaceutical compositions are provided that comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of a nucleic acid encoding an engineered nuclease or an engineered nuclease, wherein the engineered nuclease has specificity for a recognition sequence within a RHO gene and in particular a RHO P23H gene such as RHO 1-2 (SEQ ID NO: 7).
- compositions of the invention can be useful for treating retinitis pigmentosa and reducing the level of RHO P23H, or reducing the symptoms associated with retinitis pigmentosa in a subject.
- a subject having retinitis pigmentosa or a subject who may be particularly receptive to treatment with the engineered meganucleases herein may be identified by ascertaining the presence or absence of one or more risk factors, diagnostic, or prognostic indicators, such as indicators including for example, performing a dilated eye exam, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, a visual field test, or an electroretinogram as is known in the art.
- RHO P23H levels can be assessed any time before, during, or after treatment in accordance with the methods herein using any methods known in the art.
- RHO P23H levels may be assessed based on the level of any variable associated with RHO P23H gene expression, e.g., mRNA level or protein level, retina sensitivity and functionality (e.g., rod cell function), fundus autofluorescence levels, structural abnormalities of the retina (e.g., as assessed through optical coherence tomography).
- a reduction in the levels of RHO or RHO P23H or expression may be assessed by a change in an absolute or relative level of one or more of these variables compared with a reference level.
- RHO or RHO P23H levels may be measured in a biological sample isolated from a subject, such as a tissue biopsy from an eye, or a bodily fluid that contains RHO or RHO P23H, such the peripheral blood.
- RHO or RHO P23H levels are normalized to a standard protein or substance in the sample. Further, RHO or RHO P23H levels can be assessed any time before, during, or after treatment in accordance with the methods herein.
- the claimed methods include administration of any of the engineered meganucleases described herein, or nucleic acids encoding the meganucleases, to reduce RHO P23H levels in a subject, by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% relative to a reference level.
- compositions of the invention can be useful for treating a subject having retinitis pigmentosa by modifying a mutant RHO P23H allele in accordance with the present invention.
- Such pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared in accordance with known techniques. See, e.g., Remington, The Science And Practice of Pharmacy (21st ed., Philadelphia, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2005).
- nuclease polypeptides or DNA/RNA encoding the same or cells expressing the same
- the resulting composition is administered to a subject.
- compositions of the invention can further comprise one or more additional agents or biological molecules useful in the treatment of a disease in the subject.
- additional agent(s) and/or biological molecule(s) can be co-administered as a separate composition.
- the pharmaceutical composition comprises a recombinant virus comprising a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered nuclease described herein.
- recombinant viruses are known in the art and include recombinant retroviruses, recombinant lentiviruses, recombinant adenoviruses, and recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAVs) (reviewed in Vannucci, et al. (2013 New Microbiol. 36:1-22).
- Recombinant AAVs useful in the invention can have any serotype that allows for transduction of the virus into a target cell type and expression of the nuclease gene by the target cell.
- recombinant AAVs have a serotype of AAV2, AAV5, AAV8, or AAV9.
- the recombinant viruses are injected directly into target tissues.
- the recombinant viruses are delivered systemically via the circulatory system. It is known in the art that different AAVs tend to localize to different tissues. In liver target tissues, effective transduction of hepatocytes has been shown, for example, with AAV serotypes 2, 8, and 9 (Sands (2011) Methods Mol. Biol.
- the AAV serotype is AAV2.
- the AAV serotype is AAV5.
- the AAV serotype is AAV8.
- the AAV serotype is AAV9.
- AAVs can also be self-complementary such that they do not require second- strand DNA synthesis in the host cell (McCarty, et al. (2001) Gene Ther. 8:1248-54). Nucleic acid molecules delivered by recombinant AAVs can include left (5') and right (3') inverted terminal repeats.
- the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more mRNAs described herein (e.g., mRNAs encoding engineered nucleases) formulated within lipid nanoparticles.
- cationic lipids, non-cationic lipids and/or lipid conjugates which comprise the lipid nanoparticle, as well as the relative molar ratio of such lipids to each other is based upon the characteristics of the selected lipid(s), the nature of the intended target cells, and the characteristics of the mRNA to be delivered. Additional considerations include, for example, the saturation of the alkyl chain, as well as the size, charge, pH, pKa, fusogenicity and toxicity of the selected lipid(s). Thus, the molar ratios of each individual component may be adjusted accordingly.
- lipid nanoparticles for use in the method of the invention can be prepared by various techniques which are presently known in the art. Nucleic acid-lipid particles and their method of preparation are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20040142025 and 20070042031, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
- the lipid nanoparticles will have a size within the range of about 25 to about 500 nm. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles have a size from about 50 nm to about 300 nm, or from about 60 nm to about 120 nm. The size of the lipid nanoparticles may be determined by quasi-electric light scattering (QELS) as described in Bloomfield, Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng., 10:421 L 150 (1981), incorporated herein by reference.
- QELS quasi-electric light scattering
- lipid nanoparticles contemplated for use in the invention comprise at least one cationic lipid, at least one non-cationic lipid, and at least one conjugated lipid.
- lipid nanoparticles can comprise from about 50 mol % to about 85 mol % of a cationic lipid, from about 13 mol % to about 49.5 mol % of a non-cationic lipid, and from about 0.5 mol % to about 10 mol % of a lipid conjugate, and are produced in such a manner as to have a non-lamellar (i.e., non-bilayer) morphology.
- lipid nanoparticles can comprise from about 40 mol % to about 85 mol % of a cationic lipid, from about 13 mol % to about 49.5 mol % of a non-cationic lipid, and from about 0.5 mol % to about 10 mol % of a lipid conjugate, and are produced in such a manner as to have a non-lamellar (i.e., non-bilayer) morphology.
- Cationic lipids can include, for example, one or more of the following: palmitoyi- oleoyl-nor-arginine (PONA), MPDACA, GUADACA, ((6Z,9Z,28Z,3 lZ)-heptatriaconta- 6,9,28,3 l-tetraen-19-yl 4-(dimethylamino)butanoate) (MC3), LenMC3, CP-LenMC3, g- LenMC3, CP-y-LenMC3, MC3MC, MC2MC, MC3 Ether, MC4 Ether, MC3 Amide, Pan- MC3, Pan-MC4 and Pan MC5, l,2-dilinoleyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DLinDMA),
- DLin-EG-DMA N,N-dioleyl- N,N-dimethylammonium chloride
- DODAC N,N-dioleyl- N,N-dimethylammonium chloride
- DODMA l,2-dioleyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane
- DMDMA l,2-distearyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane
- DOTMA N,N-distearyl-N,N- dimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), N-(l-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N- trimethylammonium chloride (DOTAP), 3-(N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)- carbamoyl)
- the cationic lipid can also be DLinDMA, DLin-K-C2-DMA (“XTC2”), MC3, LenMC3, CP-LenMC3, y-LenMC3, CP-g- LenMC3, MC3MC, MC2MC, MC3 Ether, MC4 Ether, MC3 Amide, Pan-MC3, Pan-MC4, Pan MC5, or mixtures thereof.
- XTC2 DLin-K-C2-DMA
- the cationic lipid comprises from about 50 mol % to about 90 mol %, from about 50 mol % to about 85 mol %, from about 50 mol % to about 80 mol %, from about 50 mol % to about 75 mol %, from about 50 mol % to about 70 mol %, from about 50 mol % to about 65 mol %, or from about 50 mol % to about 60 mol % of the total lipid present in the particle.
- the cationic lipid comprises from about 40 mol % to about 90 mol %, from about 40 mol % to about 85 mol %, from about 40 mol % to about 80 mol %, from about 40 mol % to about 75 mol %, from about 40 mol % to about 70 mol %, from about 40 mol % to about 65 mol %, or from about 40 mol % to about 60 mol % of the total lipid present in the particle.
- the non-cationic lipid may comprise, e.g., one or more anionic lipids and/or neutral lipids.
- the non-cationic lipid comprises one of the following neutral lipid components: (1) cholesterol or a derivative thereof; (2) a phospholipid; or (3) a mixture of a phospholipid and cholesterol or a derivative thereof.
- Examples of cholesterol derivatives include, but are not limited to, cholestanol, cholestanone, cholestenone, coprostanol, cholesteryl-2 '-hydroxy ethyl ether, cholesteryl-4'-hydroxybutyl ether, and mixtures thereof.
- the phospholipid may be a neutral lipid including, but not limited to, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC), palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), palmitoyloleyol-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG), dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), dimyristoyl- phosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), distearoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE), monomethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, dimethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, dielaidoyl- phosphatidylethanolamine (DEPE), stearoyloleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (SOPE), egg phosphat
- the non-cationic lipid (e.g ., one or more phospholipids and/or cholesterol) comprises from about 10 mol % to about 60 mol %, from about 15 mol % to about 60 mol %, from about 20 mol % to about 60 mol %, from about 25 mol % to about 60 mol %, from about 30 mol % to about 60 mol %, from about 10 mol % to about 55 mol %, from about 15 mol % to about 55 mol %, from about 20 mol % to about 55 mol %, from about 25 mol % to about 55 mol %, from about 30 mol % to about 55 mol %, from about 13 mol % to about 50 mol %, from about 15 mol % to about 50 mol % or from about 20 mol % to about 50 mol % of the total lipid present in the particle.
- the non-cationic lipid is a mixture of a phospholipid
- the conjugated lipid that inhibits aggregation of particles may comprise, e.g., one or more of the following: a polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-lipid conjugate, a polyamide (ATTA)- lipid conjugate, a cationic-polymer-lipid conjugates (CPLs), or mixtures thereof.
- the nucleic acid-lipid particles comprise either a PEG-lipid conjugate or an ATTA-lipid conjugate.
- the PEG-lipid conjugate or ATTA-lipid conjugate is used together with a CPL.
- the conjugated lipid that inhibits aggregation of particles may comprise a PEG-lipid including, e.g., a PEG-diacylglycerol (DAG), a PEG dialkyloxypropyl (DAA), a PEG-phospholipid, a PEG-ceramide (Cer), or mixtures thereof.
- the PEG-DAA conjugate may be PEG-di lauryloxypropyl (C12), a PEG- dimyristyloxypropyl (C14), a PEG-dipalmityloxypropyl (C16), a PEG-distearyloxypropyl (Cl 8), or mixtures thereof.
- Additional PEG-lipid conjugates suitable for use in the invention include, but are not limited to, mPEG2000-l,2-di-0-alkyl-sn3-carbomoylglyceride (PEG-C-DOMG).
- PEG-C-DOMG mPEG2000-l,2-di-0-alkyl-sn3-carbomoylglyceride
- additional PEG-lipid conjugates suitable for use in the invention include, without limitation, l-[8'-(l,2-dimyristoyl-3-propanoxy)-carboxamido-3',6'-dioxaoctanyl]carbamoyl-co-methyl- poly(ethylene glycol) (2KPEG-DMG).
- 2KPEG-DMG The synthesis of 2KPEG-DMG is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,404,969.
- the conjugated lipid that inhibits aggregation of particles may comprise from about 0.1 mol % to about 2 mol %, from about 0.5 mol % to about 2 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 2 mol %, from about 0.6 mol % to about 1.9 mol %, from about 0.7 mol % to about 1.8 mol %, from about 0.8 mol % to about 1.7 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 1.8 mol %, from about 1.2 mol % to about 1.8 mol %, from about 1.2 mol % to about 1.8 mol %, from about 1.2 mol % to about 1.7 mol %, from about 1.3 mol % to about 1.6 mol %, from about 1.4 mol % to about 1.5 mol %, or about 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, E4, 1.5, E6, E7, 1.8, E9, or 2 mol % (or any fraction thereof or range
- the PEG moiety has an average molecular weight of about 2,000 Daltons.
- the conjugated lipid that inhibits aggregation of particles may comprise from about 5.0 mol % to about 10 mol %, from about 5 mol % to about 9 mol %, from about 5 mol % to about 8 mol %, from about 6 mol % to about 9 mol %, from about 6 mol % to about 8 mol %, or about 5 mol %, 6 mol %, 7 mol %, 8 mol %, 9 mol %, or 10 mol % (or any fraction thereof or range therein) of the total lipid present in the particle.
- the PEG moiety has an average molecular weight of about 750 Daltons.
- the composition comprises amphoteric liposomes, which contain at least one positive and at least one negative charge carrier, which differs from the positive one, the isoelectric point of the liposomes being between 4 and 8. This objective is accomplished owing to the fact that liposomes are prepared with a pH-dependent, changing charge.
- Liposomal structures with the desired properties are formed, for example, when the amount of membrane-forming or membrane-based cationic charge carriers exceeds that of the anionic charge carriers at a low pH and the ratio is reversed at a higher pH. This is always the case when the ionizable components have a pKa value between 4 and 9. As the pH of the medium drops, all cationic charge carriers are charged more and all anionic charge carriers lose their charge.
- Cationic compounds useful for amphoteric liposomes include those cationic compounds previously described herein above.
- strongly cationic compounds can include, for example: DC-Chol 3-b-[N-(N',N '-dimethyl methane) carbamoyl] cholesterol, TC-Chol 3-b-[N-(N', N', N'-trimethylaminoethane) carbamoyl cholesterol, BGSC bisguanidinium-spermidine-cholesterol, BGTC bis-guadinium-tren-cholesterol, DOTAP (l,2-dioleoyloxypropyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride, DOSPER (l,3-dioleoyloxy-2- (6-carboxy-spermyl)-propylamide, DOTMA ( 1 ,2-dioleoyloxypropyl)-N,N,N- trimethylamronium chloride) (Lipofectin®
- weakly cationic compounds include, without limitation: His-Chol (histaminyl-cholesterol hemisuccinate), Mo-Chol (morpholine-N-ethylamino-cholesterol hemisuccinate), or histidinyl-PE.
- neutral compounds include, without limitation: cholesterol, ceramides, phosphatidyl cholines, phosphatidyl ethanolamines, tetraether lipids, or diacyl glycerols.
- Anionic compounds useful for amphoteric liposomes include those non-cationic compounds previously described herein.
- examples of weakly anionic compounds can include: CHEMS (cholesterol hemisuccinate), alkyl carboxylic acids with 8 to 25 carbon atoms, or diacyl glycerol hemisuccinate.
- Additional weakly anionic compounds can include the amides of aspartic acid, or glutamic acid and PE as well as PS and its amides with glycine, alanine, glutamine, asparagine, serine, cysteine, threonine, tyrosine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid or other amino acids or aminodicarboxylic acids.
- the esters of hydroxycarboxylic acids or hydroxydicarboxylic acids and PS are also weakly anionic compounds.
- amphoteric liposomes contain a conjugated lipid, such as those described herein above.
- conjugated lipids include, without limitation, PEG-modified phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid, PEG-ceramide conjugates (e.g., PEG-CerC14 or PEG-CerC20), PEG-modified dialkylamines and PEG- modified l,2-diacyloxypropan-3-amines.
- PEG-modified diacylglycerols and dialky lglycerols are examples of useful conjugated lipids.
- the neutral lipids comprise from about 10 mol % to about 60 mol %, from about 15 mol % to about 60 mol %, from about 20 mol % to about 60 mol %, from about 25 mol % to about 60 mol %, from about 30 mol % to about 60 mol %, from about 10 mol % to about 55 mol %, from about 15 mol % to about 55 mol %, from about 20 mol % to about 55 mol %, from about 25 mol % to about 55 mol %, from about 30 mol % to about 55 mol %, from about 13 mol % to about 50 mol %, from about 15 mol % to about 50 mol % or from about 20 mol % to about 50 mol % of the total lipid present in the particle.
- the conjugated lipid that inhibits aggregation of particles comprises from about 0.1 mol % to about 2 mol %, from about 0.5 mol % to about 2 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 2 mol %, from about 0.6 mol % to about 1.9 mol %, from about 0.7 mol % to about 1.8 mol %, from about 0.8 mol % to about 1.7 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 1.8 mol %, from about 1.2 mol % to about 1.8 mol %, from about 1.2 mol % to about 1.8 mol %, from about 1.2 mol % to about 1.7 mol %, from about 1.3 mol % to about 1.6 mol %, from about 1.4 mol % to about 1.5 mol %, or about 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, or 2 mol % (or any fraction
- the PEG moiety has an average molecular weight of about 2,000 Daltons.
- the conjugated lipid that inhibits aggregation of particles may comprise from about 5.0 mol % to about 10 mol %, from about 5 mol % to about 9 mol %, from about 5 mol % to about 8 mol %, from about 6 mol % to about 9 mol %, from about 6 mol % to about 8 mol %, or about 5 mol %, 6 mol %, 7 mol %, 8 mol %, 9 mol %, or 10 mol % (or any fraction thereof or range therein) of the total lipid present in the particle.
- the PEG moiety has an average molecular weight of about 750 Daltons.
- the remaining balance of the amphoteric liposome can comprise a mixture of cationic compounds and anionic compounds formulated at various ratios.
- the ratio of cationic to anionic lipid may selected in order to achieve the desired properties of nucleic acid encapsulation, zeta potential, pKa, or other physicochemical property that is at least in part dependent on the presence of charged lipid components.
- the lipid nanoparticles have a composition that specifically enhances delivery and uptake in the eye or a particular cell type of the eye (e.g., a rod photoreceptor cell or a cone photoreceptor cell).
- compositions of the invention can further comprise one or more additional agents useful in the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa in the subject.
- the present disclosure also provides engineered meganucleases described herein (or nucleic acids encoding the same or cells expressing the engineered meganucleases) for use as a medicament.
- the present disclosure further provides the use of an engineered meganuclease described herein (or a nucleic acid encoding the same or cells expressing an engineered meganuclease) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating retinitis pigmentosa or reducing the symptoms associated with retinitis pigmentosa.
- the invention provides recombinant viruses (i.e., recombinant viral vectors; e.g., recombinant AAVs) for use in the methods of the invention.
- Recombinant AAVs are typically produced in mammalian cell lines such as HEK-293. Because the viral cap and rep genes are removed from the recombinant virus to prevent its self-replication to make room for the therapeutic gene(s) to be delivered (e.g. the nuclease gene), it is necessary to provide these in trans in the packaging cell line. In addition, it is necessary to provide the “helper” (e.g. adenoviral) components necessary to support replication (Cots et al. (2013), Curr. Gene Ther.
- helper e.g. adenoviral
- recombinant AAVs are produced using a triple transfection in which a cell line is transfected with a first plasmid encoding the “helper” components, a second plasmid comprising the cap and rep genes, and a third plasmid comprising the viral ITRs containing the intervening DNA sequence to be packaged into the vims.
- Viral particles comprising a genome (ITRs and intervening gene(s) of interest) encased in a capsid are then isolated from cells by freeze-thaw cycles, sonication, detergent, or other means known in the art. Particles are then purified using cesium-chloride density gradient centrifugation or affinity chromatography and subsequently delivered to the gene(s) of interest to cells, tissues, or an organism such as a human patient.
- any nuclease expressed in the packaging cell line may be capable of cleaving the viral genome before it can be packaged into viral particles. This will result in reduced packaging efficiency and/or the packaging of fragmented genomes.
- Several approaches can be used to prevent nuclease expression in the packaging cells.
- the nuclease can be placed under the control of a tissue-specific promoter that is not active in the packaging cells.
- a tissue-specific promoter that is not active in the packaging cells.
- a muscle-specific promoter can be used.
- muscle- specific promoters include C5-12 (Liu, et al. (2004) Hum Gene Ther. 15:783-92), the muscle-specific creatine kinase (MCK) promoter (Yuasa, et al. (2002) Gene Ther. 9:1576- 88), or the smooth muscle 22 (SM22) promoter (Haase, et al. (2013) BMC Biotechnol. 13:49- 54).
- CNS (neuron) -specific promoters include the NSE, Synapsin, and MeCP2 promoters (Lentz, et al. (2012) Neurobiol Dis. 48:179-88).
- liver-specific promoters include, for example, albumin promoters (such as Palb), human al-antitrypsin (such as Pal AT), and hemopexin (such as Phpx) (Kramer et al., (2003) Mol.
- hybrid liver- specific promoter hepatic locus control region from ApoE gene (ApoE- HCR) and a liver- specific alpha 1- antitrypsin promoter
- human thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) promoter human thyroxine binding globulin
- apolipoprotein A-II promoter examples include eye- specific promoters include opsin, and corneal epithelium- specific K12 promoters (Martin et al. (2002) Methods (28): 267-75) (Tong et al., (2007) J Gene Med, 9:956-66).
- tissue-specific promoters are not highly-active in HEK-293 cells and, thus, will not be expected to yield significant levels of nuclease gene expression in packaging cells when incorporated into viral vectors of the present invention.
- the recombinant viruses of the present invention contemplate the use of other cell lines with the use of incompatible tissue specific promoters (i.e., the well-known HeLa cell line (human epithelial cell) and using the liver- specific hemopexin promoter).
- tissue specific promoters include: synovial sarcomas PDZD4 (cerebellum), C6 (liver), ASB5 (muscle), PPP1R12B (heart), SLC5A12 (kidney), cholesterol regulation APOM (liver), ADPRHL1 (heart), and monogenic malformation syndromes TP73L (muscle).
- synovial sarcomas PDZD4 cerebellum
- the recombinant vims can be packaged in cells from a different species in which the nuclease is not likely to be expressed.
- viral particles can be produced in microbial, insect, or plant cells using mammalian promoters, such as the well- known cytomegalovirus- or SV40 virus-early promoters, which are not active in the non mammalian packaging cells.
- mammalian promoters such as the well- known cytomegalovirus- or SV40 virus-early promoters, which are not active in the non mammalian packaging cells.
- viral particles are produced in insect cells using the baculovirus system as described by Gao, et al. (Gao et al. (2007), J.
- insect cells utilize different mRNA splicing motifs than mammalian cells.
- a mammalian intron such as the human growth hormone (HGH) intron or the SV40 large T antigen intron, into the coding sequence of a nuclease. Because these introns are not spliced efficiently from pre-mRNA transcripts in insect cells, insect cells will not express a functional nuclease and will package the full-length genome.
- HGH human growth hormone
- mammalian cells to which the resulting recombinant AAV particles are delivered will properly splice the pre-mRNA and will express functional nuclease protein.
- Haifeng Chen has reported the use of the HGH and SV40 large T antigen introns to attenuate expression of the toxic proteins barnase and diphtheria toxin fragment A in insect packaging cells, enabling the production of recombinant AAV vectors carrying these toxin genes (Chen, H (2012) Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 1(11): e57).
- the nuclease gene can be operably linked to an inducible promoter such that a small- molecule inducer is required for nuclease expression.
- inducible promoters include the Tet-On system (Clontech; Chen et al. (2015), BMC Biotechnol. 15(1):4)) and the RheoSwitch system (Intrexon; Sowa et al. (2011), Spine, 36(10): E623-8). Both systems, as well as similar systems known in the art, rely on ligand-inducible transcription factors (variants of the Tet Repressor and Ecdysone receptor, respectively) that activate transcription in response to a small-molecule activator (Doxycycline or Ecdysone, respectively).
- Practicing the current invention using such ligand-inducible transcription activators includes: 1) placing the nuclease gene under the control of a promoter that responds to the corresponding transcription factor, the nuclease gene having (a) binding site(s) for the transcription factor; and 2) including the gene encoding the transcription factor in the packaged viral genome.
- the latter step is necessary because the nuclease will not be expressed in the target cells or tissues following recombinant AAV delivery if the transcription activator is not also provided to the same cells.
- the transcription activator then induces nuclease gene expression only in cells or tissues that are treated with the cognate small-molecule activator.
- This approach is advantageous because it enables nuclease gene expression to be regulated in a spatio- temporal manner by selecting when and to which tissues the small-molecule inducer is delivered.
- the requirement to include the inducer in the viral genome which has significantly limited carrying capacity, creates a drawback to this approach.
- recombinant AAV particles are produced in a mammalian cell line that expresses a transcription repressor that prevents expression of the nuclease.
- Transcription repressors are known in the art and include the Tet-Repressor, the Lac-Repressor, the Cro repressor, and the Lambda-repressor.
- Many nuclear hormone receptors such as the ecdysone receptor also act as transcription repressors in the absence of their cognate hormone ligand.
- packaging cells are transfected/transduced with a vector encoding a transcription repressor and the nuclease gene in the viral genome (packaging vector) is operably linked to a promoter that is modified to comprise binding sites for the repressor such that the repressor silences the promoter.
- the gene encoding the transcription repressor can be placed in a variety of positions. It can be encoded on a separate vector; it can be incorporated into the packaging vector outside of the ITR sequences; it can be incorporated into the cap/rep vector or the adenoviral helper vector; or it can be stably integrated into the genome of the packaging cell such that it is expressed constitutively.
- Chang and Roninson modified the strong, constitutive CMV and RSV promoters to comprise operators for the Lac repressor and showed that gene expression from the modified promoters was greatly attenuated in cells expressing the repressor (Chang and Roninson (1996), Gene 183:137-42).
- the use of a non human transcription repressor ensures that transcription of the nuclease gene will be repressed only in the packaging cells expressing the repressor and not in target cells or tissues transduced with the resulting recombinant AAV.
- Embodiments of the invention encompass the engineered meganucleases described herein, and variants thereof. Further embodiments of the invention encompass polynucleotides comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the meganucleases described herein, template nucleic acids described herein, the exogenous nucleic acid molecules described herein, and variants thereof.
- variants is intended to mean substantially similar sequences.
- a “variant” polypeptide is intended to mean a polypeptide derived from the “native” polypeptide by deletion or addition of one or more amino acids at one or more internal sites in the native protein and/or substitution of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native polypeptide.
- a “native” polynucleotide or polypeptide comprises a parental sequence from which variants are derived.
- Variant polypeptides encompassed by the embodiments are biologically active.
- biologically active variants of a native polypeptide of the embodiments will have at least about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%, sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of the native polypeptide, native subunit, native HVR1, or native HVR2 as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described elsewhere herein.
- a biologically active variant of a polypeptide or subunit of the embodiments may differ from that polypeptide or subunit by as few as about 1-40 amino acid residues, as few as about 1- 20, as few as about 1-10, as few as about 5, as few as 4, 3, 2, or even 1 amino acid residue.
- polypeptides of the embodiments may be altered in various ways including amino acid substitutions, deletions, truncations, and insertions. Methods for such manipulations are generally known in the art. For example, amino acid sequence variants can be prepared by mutations in the DNA. Methods for mutagenesis and polynucleotide alterations are well known in the art. See, for example, Kunkel (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488-492; Kunkel et al. (1987) Methods in Enzymol. 154:367-382; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983) Techniques in Molecular Biology (MacMillan Publishing Company,
- engineered meganucleases of the invention can comprise variants of the HVR1 and HVR2 regions disclosed herein.
- Parental HVR regions can comprise, for example, residues 24-79 or residues 215-270 of the exemplified engineered meganucleases.
- variant HVRs can comprise an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more, sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 24-79 or residues 215-270 of the engineered meganucleases exemplified herein, such that the variant HVR regions maintain the biological activity of the engineered meganuclease (i.e., binding to and cleaving the recognition sequence).
- a variant HVR1 region or variant HVR2 region can comprise residues corresponding to the amino acid residues found at specific positions within the parental HVR.
- “corresponding to” means that an amino acid residue in the variant HVR is the same amino acid residue (i.e., a separate identical residue) present in the parental HVR sequence in the same relative position (i.e., in relation to the remaining amino acids in the parent sequence).
- a parental HVR sequence comprises a serine residue at position 26
- a variant HVR that “comprises a residue corresponding to” residue 26 will also comprise a serine at a position that is relative (i.e., corresponding) to parental position 26.
- engineered meganucleases of the invention comprise an HVR1 that has at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 215-270 of any one of SEQ ID NO: 11-14.
- engineered meganucleases of the invention comprise an HVR2 that has 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more sequence identity to an amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 24-79 of any one of SEQ ID NO: 11-14.
- Bold entries are wild-type contact residues and do not constitute “modifications” as used herein.
- An asterisk indicates that the residue contacts the base on the antisense strand.
- an engineered meganuclease monomer or subunit described herein can comprise a G, S, or A at a residue corresponding to position 19 of I-Crel or any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14 (WO 2009001159), a Y, R, K, or D at a residue corresponding to position 66 of I-Crel or any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14, and/or an E, Q, or K at a residue corresponding to position 80 of I-Crel or any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-14. (US8021867).
- a “variant” comprises a deletion and/or addition of one or more nucleotides at one or more sites within the native polynucleotide.
- variants of the nucleic acids of the embodiments will be constructed such that the open reading frame is maintained.
- conservative variants include those sequences that, because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, encode the amino acid sequence of one of the polypeptides of the embodiments.
- Variant polynucleotides include synthetically derived polynucleotides, such as those generated, for example, by using site- directed mutagenesis but which still encode an engineered meganuclease, or an exogenous nucleic acid molecule, or template nucleic acid of the embodiments.
- variants of a particular polynucleotide of the embodiments will have at least about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99% or more sequence identity to that particular polynucleotide as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described elsewhere herein.
- Variants of a particular polynucleotide of the embodiments can also be evaluated by comparison of the percent sequence identity between the polypeptide encoded by a variant polynucleotide and the polypeptide encoded by the reference polynucleotide.
- deletions, insertions, and substitutions of the protein sequences encompassed herein are not expected to produce radical changes in the characteristics of the polypeptide. However, when it is difficult to predict the exact effect of the substitution, deletion, or insertion in advance of doing so, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the effect will be evaluated by screening the polypeptide for its ability to preferentially bind and cleave recognition sequences found within a RHO gene (e.g., RHO P23H).
- RHO gene e.g., RHO P23H
- RHO 1-2 meganucleases Second generation recombinant meganucleases, collectively referred to herein as “RHO 1-2 meganucleases,” were engineered to bind and cleave the P23H recognition sequence (e.g., meganucleases according to SEQ ID NOs: 11-14), which is present in the mutant RHO P23H allele (see, Figure 1A).
- Each RHO 1-2 recombinant meganuclease comprises an N-terminal nuclease-localization signal derived from SV40, a first meganuclease subunit, a linker sequence, and a second meganuclease subunit.
- a first subunit in each RHO 1-2 meganuclease binds to the RHOl recognition half-site of SEQ ID NO:l, while a second subunit binds to the RH02 recognition half- site (see, Figure IB).
- the RHOl-2 binding subunits each comprise a 56 base pair hypervariable region, referred to as HVR1 and HVR2, respectively.
- HVR1 region of the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease consists of residues 215-270 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the HVR2 region of the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease consists of residues 24-79 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the RHO 1-2 binding regions of SEQ ID NO: 11 are provided as SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 19.
- a first-generation RHO 1-2 targeting meganuclease RHO 2-L5-14 disclosed in PCT/US2016/050809 was evaluated for sequence specificity using a method very similar to GUIDE-seq (Tsai et al. (2015), Nat Biotechnology 33:187-197) but adjusted to find potential off-target sites for meganucleases.
- potential off-target sites were identified by capturing a probe oligonucleotide in the double strand DNA break.
- the RHO meganucleases described herein generate a four base pair 3’ overhang so the probe oligo also contains randomized four base pair overhangs to improve ligation efficiency at sites more likely created by the nuclease cleavage.
- a principle off-target sequence was identified in the following sequence: 5 ’ -CCGGGCGAAGGGTGTGGTGAGTGGCCACTTG-3 ’ (SEQ ID NO: 23). Specificity analysis of RHO 2-L5-14 in HEK 293 cells highlighted a number of positions within the protein-DNA interface that were not discriminating the correct sequence adequately. A group of second-generation nucleases were prepared to potentially minimize off target binding. These second generation RHO 1-2 meganucleases were evaluated using an integrated iGFFP assay (as described below) to determine on versus off target cleavage. 3, _ Cleavage of RHQ 1-2 recognition sequences in a CHQ cell reporter assay
- each recombinant meganuclease was evaluated using the CHO cell reporter assay previously described (see, WO/2012/167192 and Figure 3).
- the second generation RHO meganucleases were also tested to determine if reduced off-targeting of the identified off target sequence (SEQ ID NO: 23) was achieved and if selectivity of the RHO P23H gene allele over wild type allele was maintained.
- CHO cell reporter lines were produced, which carried a non-functional Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) gene expression cassette integrated into the genome of the cells.
- the GFP gene in each cell line was interrupted by a pair of recognition sequences such that intracellular cleavage of either recognition sequence by a meganuclease would stimulate a homologous recombination event resulting in a functional GFP gene (see Figure 3).
- one recognition sequence inserted into the GFP gene was the RHO P23H gene allele recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7), the identified off target sequence (SEQ ID NO: 23), or the WT RHO sequence (SEQ ID NO: 9), which corresponds positionally to the RHO P23H gene allele recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7; see schematic in Figure 1A and IB).
- the second recognition sequence inserted into the GFP gene was a CHO-23/24 recognition sequence, which is recognized and cleaved by a control meganuclease called “CHO-23/24.”
- CHO reporter cells were transfected with mRNA encoding the test RHO 1-2 meganucleases. CHO reporter cells were also transfected with mRNA encoding the CHO- 23/24 meganuclease. In each assay, 5e4 CHO reporter cells were transfected with 90 ng of mRNA in a 96-well plate using Fipofectamine® MessengerMax (ThermoFisher) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The CHO reporter cells were evaluated by flow cytometry at 2 days, 5 days, and 7 days post transfection to determine the percentage of GFP-positive cells compared to an untransfected negative control.
- a group of second generation engineered RHO 1-2 meganucleases were tested for on target cutting of the RHO 1-2 c68a/P23H gene allele (SEQ ID NO: 7) compared to off target cutting at the identified off target site (SEQ ID NO: 23) or at the RHO 1-2 WT site (SEQ ID NO: 9).
- Each of the meganucleases retained the one nucleotide specificity for the RHOl-2 c68a/p23h site over the corresponding wild type site.
- RHO1-2L.609 Four of the meganucleases in the tested set, RHO1-2L.609, RH01-2L.664, RH01-2L.687, and RH01-2L.692 showed significantly reduced off-target cutting while maintaining high levels of on target cutting of the RHO 1-2 c68a/P23H recognition sequence.
- the RHOl- 2L.609 meganuclease demonstrated the best cutting specificity out of this group.
- RHO1-2L.609, RH01-2L.664, RH01-2L.687, and RH01-2L.692 RHO meganucleases which was prepared from a library of second generation meganucleases, had significantly reduced off target binding and cutting compared to a previously described meganuclease RHO 2-L5-14.
- these meganucleases had unexpectedly better off targeting than many other prepared second generation meganucleases.
- the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease (SEQ ID NO: 11) was analyzed in vivo in an inbred miniature pig model of retinitis pigmentosa as previously described (Ross et al., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(1), pp. 501-507 (2012)).
- the pigs were injected in the eyes with either DPBS or 2el0 VG (viral genomes) of an AAV5 vector encoding the RHO 1- 2L.609 meganuclease and GFP.
- Figure 6A-6D provides the dark adapted, scotopic ERG response, to a low-intensity (0.001 cd/m 2 ) flash, directly after dark adaptation, for OS and OD at various days post- RHO1-2L.609 treatment. These represent the average of five ERG responses to the low- intensity flash after dark adapting the animals. Any amount of light exposure has the potential to stimulate the cone response to some degree, therefore the ERG separation and measurement of rod responses recorded in Figure 6A-6D are even more sensitive than those of Figure 7, but the average of the readings may be more variable. These data indicate that rod-driven visual function is absent without treatment of RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease.
- Figure 7 A provides the dark adapted, scotopic ERG response, to a low-intensity (0.001 cd/m 2 ) flash for OS and OD at post-natal day 2 (PND2). There is an absence of a- wave or b-wave responses. These data indicate that rod-driven visual function is absent in both eyes prior to treatment. All responses are the average of 15 ERG recordings taken after the recordings shown in Figure 6.
- WPI post injection
- Figure 8 extends the findings of Figure 7.
- the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease injected OD shows a pronounced a-wave and b-wave under photopic (light- adapted) conditions (Figure 8A).
- the photoreceptor response is driven primarily from cone cells.
- cones progressively die off over time.
- Figure 8A the eye treated with the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease has a large cone response, while the PBS-treated eye has a greatly diminished cone cell response.
- Figure 8B supports these results. Response to a photopic 30Hz Flicker is driven by cone activity as rods cannot recover quickly enough to respond to this light cycling.
- Figure 8B shows robust cone activity in the RHO 1-2L.609 treated eye, while the PBS-treated eye has little cone function and no rod function (Figure 8B) at this timepoint.
- a fundus image from a pig injected with the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease shows that no inflammation is observed aside from the site of retinotomy, which is an incision into the retina (dotted line; Figure 9A).
- the OCT imaging of the fundus is shown in Figure 9B.
- the OCT optical cross-section of the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease injected pig retina showed retinal damage at the retinotomy site (dotted line) while the adjacent retinal architecture appeared normal ( Figure 9C).
- Figures 6 and 7 demonstrates a time dependent rescue of rod -driven visual function in the RHO 1-2L.609 injected OD as evaluated by scotopic ERG 0.001 cd/m 2 .
- the vehicle treated OS did not develop an ERG signal to indicate rod-driven visual function.
- Figure 8 shows preservation of cone-driven visual function in the pig model at an age where cone death progresses following rod death.
- data provided in Figure 9 shows no detectable atrophy, inflammation, or loss of retinal architecture aside from the mechanical damage caused by the retinotomy.
- the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease (SEQ ID NO: 11) was analyzed in vivo in an inbred miniature pig model of retinitis pigmentosa as previously described (Ross et al.,
- Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(1), pp. 501-507 (2012) Pig eyes were left uninjected or were injected with varying titers of an AAV5 vector encoding the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease. Titers of the meganuclease ranged from 2e9 vg to 6el0 vg.
- the analysis of rod function was determined according to methods known in the art ( see e.g., Ross et al., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(1), pp. 501-507 (2012) and Scott et al., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 55(4), pp. 2452-2459 (2014)).
- Figure 10A provides 11-12 WPI averaged data of dark adapted, scotopic ERG responses, to a low-intensity (0.001 cd/m 2 ) flash for pig eyes injected with varying titers of RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease, as well as untreated eyes.
- Figure 10 shows a dose-dependent rod-driven ERG response. As the injected dose of RHO 1-2 L.609 increases, there is an increased b-wave response compared to uninjected eyes.
- the P140 data is comprised of 2 animals at the doses depicted. At these higher doses of RHO1-2L.609, an increased visual response is indicated by a b-wave amplitude higher than untreated eyes and this was maintained out to P140.
- Figure 11 shows the maintenance of a cone-driven ERG response in a dose-dependent manner.
- Figure 11A provides 11-12 WPI averaged data of light adapted, photopic ERG responses to a high-intensity (3 cd/m2) flash for pig eyes injected with varying titers of RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease, as well as untreated eyes. In untreated Tg animals, the cone response decreases over time. In eyes treated with higher doses of RHO1-2L.609, the cone-driven ERG response is increased over the untreated eyes.
- Figure 12 is a 11-12 WPI OCT optical cross-section of two retinas; one eye injected with 6el0 vg RHO 1-2F.609 and the other uninjected.
- the OCT shows retinal degeneration differences between the two eyes.
- the uninjected eye has a thinner outer nuclear layer (ONE, dashed white lines) and shows breakdown of the outer segment (OS)/ inner segment (IS) doublet (arrow).
- Photoreceptor cell bodies make up the ONE and the OS/IS contains rhodopsin. As photoreceptors die, these retinal layers would be expected to degenerate.
- the OCT of the RHO 1-2L.609 injected eye shows preservation of these layers.
- Figures 10A and 10B demonstrate a dose-dependent rescue of rod-driven visual function in the RHO 1-2L.609 injected eyes as evaluated at 11-12 WPI by scotopic ERG 0.001 cd/m 2 .
- ERG ERG 0.001 cd/m 2
- Figures 11 A and 1 IB show that treated eyes also exhibit clear maintenance of cone-driven visual response at this same and later time points.
- data provided in Figure 12 shows an eye treated with RHO 1-2L.609 maintains ONL, OS/IS thickness compared to an untreated eye.
- the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease (SEQ ID NO: 11) was analyzed in vivo in an inbred miniature pig model of retinitis pigmentosa as previously described (Ross et al.,
- Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(1), pp. 501-507 (2012) The pigs were injected in the eyes with either DPBS or 2el0 VG (viral genomes) of an AAV5 vector encoding the RHO 1- 2L.609 meganuclease and an AAV5 encoding GFP. Histological analysis of retina structure was determined according to methods known in the art.
- Figures 13A-13C provides 40 WPI histological data for a pig eye injected with RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease, compared to PBS injected eye.
- the meganuclease is represented by GFP expression (AAV5.GFP co-injected with meganuclease), rhodopsin is stained red and cell nuclei are blue (DAPI).
- Figure 13A shows a clear transition where upon injection, part of the retina received meganuclease and another part did not.
- Figure 13C shows some residual rhodopsin in a PBS-treated eye, but this is disorganized and not localized to the correct OS/IS layer as seen in the meganuclease-treated eye (Figure 13A).
- Figure 13B is a higher magnification of a RHO 1-2L.609 treated area of the retina; organized and properly localized rhodopsin is clearly evident (black arrows).
- the photoreceptor, ONL layer thickness has been preserved within the meganuclease (green) area, as indicated by white arrows and brackets. The ONL is clearly thinner where no nuclease present (areas lacking a GFP signal).
- Figure 13 shows a correlation between presence of RHOl-2 L.609 meganuclease and presence of organized, properly localized rhodopsin. Additionally, where there is meganuclease, the ONL layer remains thicker and the retina architecture has been preserved. These data indicate that an engineered meganuclease according to the invention is capable of preserving retina structure and rescuing rods, and those rods are able to produce the rhodopsin needed for rod visual function.
- the RHO 1-2L.609 meganuclease (SEQ ID NO: 11) was analyzed in vivo in an inbred miniature pig model of retinitis pigmentosa as previously described (Ross et ah,
- Figure 14 provides averaged data of time for a dark- adapted pig to navigate a maze in dim light with the RHOl-2 L.609 treated eye uncovered and covered. Both the pig treated with 2el0vg and 6el0vg show shorter navigation times when the treated eye is left uncovered. As expected, the navigation times of wild type animals is not improved with RHO1-2L.609 treatment.
- Figure 14 shows a correlation between treating an eye with the RHO 1-2 L.609 meganuclease in Tg hP23H pigs and improved ability to navigate through an obstacle maze under dim conditions. Under these conditions, rod photoreceptors are expected to be active if they are present and functional. The data shown here indicates an improvement in visual acuity, as determined by shortened maze navigation times, when Tg hP23H pigs are treated with the RHO 1-2 L.609 meganuclease.
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WO2011141825A1 (en) * | 2010-05-12 | 2011-11-17 | Cellectis | Meganuclease variants cleaving a dna target sequence from the rhodopsin gene and uses thereof |
US20120204282A1 (en) * | 2011-02-04 | 2012-08-09 | Sangamo Biosciences, Inc. | Methods and compositions for treating occular disorders |
EP3489366B1 (de) | 2011-06-01 | 2019-12-25 | Precision Biosciences, Inc. | Produktionsmethoden für rekombinante säugetier-zellinien mit amplifizierten transgenen |
WO2013068413A1 (en) | 2011-11-08 | 2013-05-16 | Novartis Forschungsstiftung, Zweigniederlassung, Friedrich Miescher Institute For Biomedical Research | Rod cell-specific promoter |
AU2016321244B2 (en) * | 2015-09-08 | 2020-09-24 | Precision Biosciences, Inc. | Treatment of retinitis pigmentosa using engineered meganucleases |
-
2021
- 2021-05-11 WO PCT/US2021/031867 patent/WO2021231495A1/en unknown
- 2021-05-11 EP EP21729188.9A patent/EP4150068A1/de active Pending
- 2021-05-11 CA CA3172171A patent/CA3172171A1/en active Pending
- 2021-05-11 US US17/924,352 patent/US20230193230A1/en active Pending
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WO2021231495A1 (en) | 2021-11-18 |
CA3172171A1 (en) | 2021-11-18 |
US20230193230A1 (en) | 2023-06-22 |
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