EP4139089A1

EP4139089A1 - Abrasive articles and methods for forming same

Info

Publication number: EP4139089A1
Application number: EP21792947.0A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Brahmanandam V. Tanikella; William F. LANG; Brian P. Rutkiewicz; Christopher Arcona; David Martin GEBB II; Anna MAASSEL; Nilanjan Sarangi; Rajappa Tadepalli; Laurent Tellier; William C. O'ROURKE; Robrecht Moerkerke; Christy De Meyer; Sharvanti Pinglay; Alicia M. CASTAGNA; Katherine M. Sahlin
Original assignee: Saint Gobain Abrasifs SA; Saint Gobain Abrasives Inc
Current assignee: Saint Gobain Abrasifs SA; Saint Gobain Abrasives Inc
Priority date: 2020-04-23
Filing date: 2021-04-23
Publication date: 2023-03-01
Also published as: WO2021217046A1; CA3180802A1; BR112022021400A2; MX2022013289A

Abstract

An abrasive article including a body having abrasive particles contained in a bond material and an antiviral layer or a barrier layer overlying at least a portion of the body. The barrier layer can include an antiviral thin film.

Description

ABRASIVE ARTICLES AND METHODS FOR FORMING SAME

TECHNICAL FIELD

The following is directed to a system or article, and in particular, a system or article including an antimicrobial property.

BACKGROUND ART

Abrasive articles are manufactured and distributed across the world. The industry continues to demand improved articles and systems relying on such articles.

SUMMARY

According to one aspect, an abrasive article includes a body including abrasive particles contained in a bond material and an antiviral layer overlying at least a portion of an exterior surface of the body.

In another aspect, an abrasive article includes a body including abrasive particles contained in a bond material and an antiviral agent integrated into at least a portion of the abrasive article

In still another aspect, a method for treating an abrasive article can include obtaining an abrasive article, and treating the abrasive article with an antiviral treatment selected from the group consisting of applying an antiviral layer to at least a portion of the abrasive article, integrating an antiviral agent into at least a portion of the abrasive article, directing electromagnetic radiation at the abrasive article, or a combination thereof.

According to another aspect, an abrasive article includes a body including abrasive particles contained in a bond material and an antimicrobial data source coupled to the body, wherein the antimicrobial data source is configured to provide or access antimicrobial safety data of the abrasive article.

According to another aspect, an abrasive system includes an abrasive article having a body including abrasive particles contained in a bond material and a package containing the abrasive article, wherein the package comprises at least one antimicrobial data source configured to provide antimicrobial safety data.

According to another aspect, an abrasive system includes an abrasive article having a body including abrasive particles contained in a bond material and a package containing the abrasive article, wherein at least a portion of the package includes a designated region including an antimicrobial property.

In yet another aspect, an abrasive system includes a package containing an abrasive article having a body including abrasive particles contained in a bond material and antimicrobial handling equipment contained on or within the package, wherein the antimicrobial handling equipment includes an antimicrobial cleaner and/or antimicrobial clothing.

According to another aspect, a method for manufacturing an abrasive system includes providing a package including an abrasive article, treating the package with an antimicrobial treatment, and recording at least one aspect of the antimicrobial treatment during the treating.

According to another aspect, a system includes a personal electronic device and an article comprising at least one antimicrobial data source (ADS), wherein the article is communicatively coupled to the personal electronic device (PED) and is configured to provide antimicrobial safety data to the personal electronic device.

According to another aspect, an article includes at least one antimicrobial data source (ADS), wherein the ADS comprises an interface device configure to present antimicrobial status data.

In another aspect, an article includes a body including a woven or non- woven material; and at least one antimicrobial data source (ADS) on the body, wherein the ADS comprises at least one of: i) a machine-readable code; ii) at least one electronic device selected from an electronic tag, electronic memory, a sensor, an analog-to-digital converter, a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modulator circuit, a multiplexer, an antenna, a near field communication device, a power source, a display, an optical device, a global positioning system, a data transponder, a secure data storage device, a secure logic device, a vertically polarized antenna, a booster antenna, a 3D polarized antenna, or any combination thereof; or iii) any combination thereof.

In yet another aspect, a system includes a database including information on a plurality of articles, wherein the information includes antimicrobial safety data; and a plurality of antimicrobial data sources (ADSs) communicatively coupled to the database, wherein each ADS of the plurality of ADSs is configured to provide real-time antimicrobial safety data. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure may be better understood, and its numerous features and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings.

FIGs. 1A-1D include illustrations of bonded abrasive articles according to embodiments.

FIGs. 2A-2D include illustrations of coated abrasive articles according to embodiments.

FIG. 3 includes a flow chart including a method for forming an abrasive article according to an embodiment.

FIGs. 4A-4J include illustrations of abrasive articles including one or more antimicrobial data sources according to embodiments herein.

FIGs. 5A-5D include cross-sectional illustrations of portions of antiviral layers according to embodiments herein.

FIGs. 6A-6D include illustrations of antiviral layers according to embodiments herein.

FIGs. 7A-7D includes illustrations of abrasive articles including integrated antiviral agents according to embodiments herein.

FIGs. 8A-8C include illustrations of one or more antimicrobial data sources coupled to a bonded abrasive article.

FIGs. 9A-9C include illustrations of one or more antimicrobial data sources coupled to a coated abrasive article.

FIG. 10 includes a flow chart for treating an abrasive system according to an embodiment.

FIGs. 11A-11B include cross-sectional illustrations of abrasive systems according to embodiments herein.

FIG. 12A-12C include cross-sectional illustrations of abrasive systems according to embodiments herein.

FIG. 13A-13C include perspective view illustrations of abrasive systems according to embodiments herein.

FIG. 14 includes a cross-sectional illustration of an abrasive system according to an embodiment.

FIG. 15 includes a schematic illustration of a system according to an embodiment.

FIG. 16 includes a schematic illustration of a system according to an embodiment. FIG. 17 includes a schematic illustration of different relationships between one or more articles and one or more ADSs according to an embodiment.

FIG. 18 includes an illustration of a digital twin according to an embodiment.

FIG. 19A includes an illustration of a system according to an embodiment.

FIG. 19B includes an illustration of an ADS according to an embodiment.

FIG. 20 includes an illustration of an article according to an embodiment.

FIG. 21 includes an illustration of an article according to an embodiment.

FIG. 22 includes a block diagram of a personal electronic device according to an embodiment.

FIG. 23 includes an illustration of a personal electronic device according to an embodiment.

FIGs. 24A-24B include illustrations of a portion of a non-woven material including an antiviral property according to embodiments.

FIG. 25 includes an illustration of a non-woven abrasive according to an embodiment.

FIG. 26A includes a cross-sectional view of a portion of an abrasive tool including an abrasive layer, a reinforcement layer, and a barrier layer in accordance with an embodiment

FIG. 26B includes a cross-sectional view of a portion of an abrasive tool including an abrasive layer and a barrier layer in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 26C includes a cross-sectional view of a portion of an abrasive tool including an abrasive layer and a barrier layer in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 26D includes a cross-sectional view of a portion of an abrasive tool including an abrasive layer and a barrier layer in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 27A includes a cross-sectional view of a portion of an abrasive tool including a barrier layer overlying an abrasive layer in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 27B includes a cross-sectional view of a portion of an abrasive tool including a barrier layer overlying an abrasive layer in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 27C includes a cross-sectional view of a portion of an abrasive tool including a barrier layer overlying an abrasive layer in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 28A includes a cross-sectional view of a portion of a barrier layer including a metal-containing film and a polymer containing film in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 28B includes a cross-sectional view of a portion of a barrier layer including more than one polymer-containing films and a polymer-containing film in accordance with an embodiment. FIG. 28C includes a cross-sectional view of a portion of a barrier layer including more than one polymer-containing films and a polymer-containing film in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 28D includes a cross-sectional view of a portion of a barrier layer including a metal-containing film, an antiviral or antimicrobial film, and a polymer containing film in accordance with an embodiment.

FIGs. 29A-29G includes a cross-sectional illustration of an abrasive article including a portion of a bonded abrasive body and a barrier layer according to an embodiment.

FIG. 30 includes a cross-sectional illustration of an abrasive article including a portion of a bonded abrasive body, a barrier layer, and a coating layer according to an embodiment.

FIG. 31 includes a plot of moisture uptake of bonded abrasive wheel samples over a period of time.

FIG. 32 includes a plot of G-ratios of bonded abrasive wheel samples.

FIG. 33 includes a plot of moisture uptake of bonded abrasive wheel samples over a period of time.

FIG. 34 includes a plot of G-ratios of bonded abrasive wheel samples.

FIG. 35 includes an illustration showing a diagram of an antiviral thin film layer according to embodiments described herein.

FIG. 36 includes a flow chart showing a method for forming an antiviral thin film layer according to embodiments described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMB ODIMENT (S )

The following is directed to methods of forming abrasive articles, such as fixed abrasive articles, including but not limited to, bonded abrasives, coated abrasives and single layered abrasive articles, abrasive thin wheels, non-woven abrasive articles, convolute abrasives, unified abrasives, or any combination thereof. The abrasive articles may be used in a variety of material removal operations for a variety of work.

ABRASIVE ARTICLES

FIGs. 1A, IB and 1C include illustrations of bonded abrasive articles according to an embodiment. FIG. 1A includes a top-down view of an abrasive article according to an embodiment. FIG. IB includes a side view illustration of the abrasive article of FIG. 1A. In one embodiment, the abrasive article 100 can be a bonded abrasive article having a body 101 including a first surface 102, a second surface 103 and a side surface 104 extending between the first surface 102 and the second surface 103. In an alternative embodiment, the abrasive article 100 can be a coated abrasive article, such as a non-woven abrasive fiber disc. The depicted embodiment is that of a cylinder or disk, but it will be appreciated that bonded abrasive articles can have any number of shapes, including for example, but not limited to cones, cups, hones, mounted point tools, and the like. The body 101 further includes a central opening 107 and a bushing or core 106 configured to facilitate coupling of the abrasive article to a spindle or other device for use in an abrasive operation.

Bonded abrasive articles may generally include a body made of a three-dimensional volume of bond material to contain a volume of abrasive particles and optionally some porosity. In some instances, the bonded abrasive articles may be self-supporting and do not necessarily need a substrate to support the abrasive portion. However, bonded abrasive articles may include non-abrasive portions in the form of cores, hubs, bushings, shanks, or the like to facilitate joining the article to a machine for operation.

The body 101 may further include an abrasive portion 105 and a non-abrasive portion 106. As used herein, an abrasive portion includes abrasive particles and may be configured to conduct a material removal operation on a workpiece. A non-abrasive portion is free of abrasive particles and may not be intended for abrasive operations. The non-abrasive portion may include a bond material or other components or phases present in the abrasive portion. The non-abrasive portion of the body 106 includes the bushing or core 106 that is coupled to the abrasive portion 105. It will be appreciated that the abrasive portion or non-abrasive portion of any of the fixed abrasive articles can include any of the antiviral features of the embodiments herein.

In one embodiment, the abrasive portion 105 can include a bond material, abrasive particles contained in the bond material, and optionally, some porosity within the bond material and/or extending through the bond material. In one embodiment, the bond material can include an organic material, inorganic material, and a combination thereof. Suitable organic materials can include polymers, such as epoxies, resins, thermosets, thermoplastics, polyimides, polyamides, and a combination thereof. Certain suitable inorganic materials can include metals, metal alloys, vitreous phase materials, crystalline phase materials, ceramics, and a combination thereof.

In one non-limiting aspect, the bond material may be present in a majority amount (at least 50 vol%) based on the total volume of the abrasive portion 105 of the body 101. Alternatively, in another optional embodiment, the bond material can be present in a minor amount (e.g., less than 50 vol%) based on the total volume of the abrasive portion 105 of the body 101. The abrasive particles can include an inorganic material. In one embodiment, the abrasive particles can include a polycrystalline and/or amorphous phase material. In another embodiment, the abrasive particles can include at least one material from the group of oxides, carbides, nitrides, borides, oxycarbides, oxynitrides, oxyborides, natural minerals, synthetic materials, carbon-based materials, diamond, or any combination thereof. In another non limiting embodiment, the abrasive particles may be randomly shaped abrasive particles, shaped abrasive particles, or a combination thereof. In some instances, the abrasive particles may include a blend of different types of abrasive particles, which may differ in chemistry, microstmcture, average size, particle size distribution, two-dimensional shape, three- dimensional shape or any combination thereof.

In one non-limiting aspect, the content of abrasive particles in the abrasive portion 105 may be a majority amount, such as at least 50 vol% based on the total volume of the abrasive portion 105 of the body 101. Alternatively, in another optional embodiment, the abrasive particles can be present in a minor amount (e.g., less than 50 vol%) based on the total volume of the abrasive portion 105 of the body 101.

In some instances, the body 101, and more particularly, the abrasive portion 105 of the body may include pores. The porosity can be open porosity, closed porosity or any combination thereof. In one non-limiting embodiment, the porosity may be present in a minor amount, such as less than 50 vol% based on the total volume of the abrasive portion 105 of the body 101. In another embodiment, the porosity may be present in a majority amount, such as at least 50 vol% for the total volume of the abrasive portion 105 of the body 101.

FIG. 1C includes a side view of an abrasive article according to an embodiment. The abrasive article 120 can be a bonded abrasive article having a body 121 including a first surface 124, a second surface 125 and a side surface 126 extending between the first surface 124 and the second surface 126. The body 121 further includes a non-abrasive portion 128 in the form of a core or hub for containing the abrasive thereon. The non-abrasive portion 128 may include a central opening 127 configured to facilitate coupling of the abrasive article 120 to a spindle or other device for use in an abrasive operation. In another embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 1C, the body includes a peripheral groove 123 along the side surface including a bonded abrasive 122 disposed in the peripheral groove. Such an embodiment illustrates another configuration of a bonded abrasive article according to embodiments herein. Notably, a significant portion of the body 121 is a core material, which in some instances, may be a metal or metal alloy material. The bonded abrasive 122 represents a small discrete volume relative to the core of the body 121, which is not used in an abrasive operation. Such embodiments may also utilize any of the antiviral features of the embodiments herein.

FIG. ID includes a cross-sectional view of an abrasive article according to an embodiment. The abrasive article 150 can be a bonded abrasive article, such as a thin wheel that may be used for grinding and/or cutting operations. In one aspect, the abrasive article 150 includes a body 151 including a first surface 152, a second surface 153 and a side surface 154 extending between the first surface 152 and the second surface 153. The body 151 may further include a central opening 160 configured to facilitate coupling of the abrasive article 150 to a spindle or other device for use in an abrasive operation.

As further illustrated, the body 151 may include a plurality of abrasive portions 156 and 158 that are separated from each other by one or more reinforcing portions 155, 157 and 159. The abrasive portions 156 and 158 may include bonded abrasive material, including for example, abrasive particles contained in a three-dimensional matrix of bond material. The abrasive portions 156 and 158 can have any of the attributes of abrasive portions and/or bonded abrasives as described in embodiments herein.

In one aspect, the reinforcing portions 155, 157 and 159 may be non-abrasive portions. In one embodiment, the reinforcing portions 155, 157 and 159 may include an organic material, inorganic material, or any combination thereof. According to one embodiment, the reinforcing portions 155, 157 and 159 may include a woven material, non- woven material, monolithic conformal layer, discontinuous layer, or any combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the reinforcing portions 155, 157 and 159 may comprise a glass, such as a glass fiber. However, in other embodiments, the reinforcing portions 155, 157 and 159 may comprise synthetic or natural fibers (e.g., chopped strand fibers), a non-woven mat, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the reinforcing portions may include fibers or material that can have a coating, such as a coating including a thermoplastic, thermoplastic phenolic, phenoxy, polyurethane, novolac, or any combination thereof.

FIG. 2A includes a cross-sectional illustration of a portion of a coated abrasive article according to an embodiment. The coated abrasive article 200 may also be referred to generically as a single-layered abrasive article. Single-layered abrasive articles typically include approximately one layer of abrasive particles bonded to a substrate, core, hub or other object to support the layer of abrasive material. The abrasive article 200 may include a body 201 including a substrate 202 and an abrasive layer 203 overlying the substrate, wherein the abrasive layer 203 may further include abrasive particles 206 contained in an adhesive layer. According to one embodiment, the substrate 202 can include an organic material, inorganic material, and a combination thereof. In certain instances, the substrate 202 can include a woven material, a non- woven material, a non-porous layer of material, a monolithic and continuous layer of material, a composite laminate, or any combination thereof. Particularly suitable substrate materials can include organic materials, including polymers, and particularly, polyester, polyurethane, polypropylene, polyimides such as KAPTON from DuPont, paper. Some suitable inorganic materials can include metals, metal alloys, and particularly, foils of copper, aluminum, steel, silver, and a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the substrate may be a non-abrasive portion. In another embodiment, the substrate may include any of the antiviral features of the embodiments herein.

In one aspect, the abrasive layer 203 can include one or more adhesive materials that may facilitate joining the abrasive particles 206 to the substrate 202. For example, the abrasive layer 203 may include a make coat 204 overlying the substrate. The make coat 204 may be bonded directly to a surface of the substrate 202. In one embodiment, the make coat 204 may be applied to the surface of the substrate 202 in a single process, or alternatively, the abrasive particles 205 can be combined with a make coat 204 material and applied as a mixture to the surface of the substrate 202. The abrasive layer 203, such as the make coat 204 may include any of the antiviral features of the embodiments herein.

In one embodiment, some suitable materials of the make coat 204 can include organic materials, particularly polymeric materials, including for example, polyesters, epoxy resins, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, poly vinyl chlorides, polyethylene, polysiloxane, silicones, cellulose acetates, nitrocellulose, natural rubber, starch, shellac, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the make coat 204 can include a polyester resin. The coated substrate can then be heated in order to cure the resin and the abrasive particulate material to the substrate. In general, the coated substrate 202 can be heated to a temperature of between about 100 °C to less than about 250 °C during the curing process.

It will be appreciated that the abrasive article 200 may include one or more different types of abrasive particles. The different types of abrasive particles can differ from each other in composition, two-dimensional shape, three-dimensional shape, average particle size, hardness, friability, placement on the substrate, orientation on the substrate, and a combination thereof.

After sufficiently forming the make coat 204 to adhere the abrasive particles 206 to the substrate 202, a size coat 205 may be formed to overlie and further hold the abrasive particles 206 to the substrate 202. In one embodiment, the size coat 205 may include an organic material. For example, the size coat 205 may be made essentially of a polymeric material, and notably, can use polyesters, epoxy resins, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyvinyl chlorides, polyethylene, polysiloxane, silicones, cellulose acetates, nitrocellulose, natural rubber, starch, shellac, and mixtures thereof.

In certain instances, the size coat 205 can include a plurality of layers overlying each other. For example, in one embodiment, the size coat 205 may include an upper layer, which may be referred to as a supersize coat. The size coat 205 or any portion of the size coat (e.g., supersize coat) may have any of the antiviral features of the embodiments herein.

FIG. 2B includes a cross-sectional illustration of a coated abrasive article according to an embodiment. The abrasive article 210 includes a body 211 defined by a core 212 having a flange 214, and an abrasive layer 215 bonded to the flange. In one embodiment, the core is a non-abrasive portion. The abrasive layer 215 may be a conformal abrasive layer or a series of discrete coated abrasive articles, such as flaps of fabric with an abrasive coating to form a flap disc. In certain instances, such as provided in FIG. 2B, the core can have a depressed center region 213 around the central opening 216. It will be understood, that the coated abrasive article of FIG. 2B is one embodiment, and is not limiting to the types of coated abrasive articles that are relevant to the embodiments herein.

FIG. 2C includes a perspective view illustration of a nonwoven abrasive article according to an embodiment. The nonwoven abrasive article 220 comprises a substrate comprising an open web 221 of lofty nonwoven fibers 222 and an abrasive layer 223 disposed on at least a portion of the nonwoven fibers 222. According to one embodiment, the abrasive layer 223 may include abrasive particles 225 adhered to the surface of the nonwoven fibers 222 via a bond material 226, which is shown in more detail in the view 224 of FIG.

2D. The bond material 226 can include any bond material as described in any of the embodiments herein, and in particular, may include a bond material similar or the same as that of a make coat or size coat. The nonwoven fibers 222, bond material 226, and/or abrasive particles 225 may include any of the antiviral features of the embodiments herein. ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND/OR MATERIALS

The abrasive articles of the embodiments herein may include abrasive portions and non-abrasive portions. The abrasive articles of the embodiments herein may include one or more antimicrobial properties associated with the abrasive portion and/or non-abrasive portions. The manner in which the antimicrobial property is used or associated with a portion of an abrasive article may vary and is described in more detail in the embodiments herein. Antimicrobial properties can include antibacterial properties, antifungal properties, antiparasitic properties, antiviral properties, or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the antimicrobial property may be in the form of an antimicrobial layer and/or integrated antimicrobial agent. Some suitable examples of antimicrobial agents can include an antibacterial agent, antifungal agent, antiparasitic agent, antiviral agent, of a combination thereof. In one particular embodiment, the antimicrobial agent may be an acidic or acid-releasing compound, a basic or hydroxide-releasing compound a cleansing agent, of any combination thereof.

In one particular embodiment, the antimicrobial properly may be a more targeted property, including for example, an antiviral property. In one non-limiting embodiment, the antiviral property may be obtained by using an antiviral material, which may include one or more antiviral agent can include a material from the group of hydroxide, peroxide, ammonium, chlorine-containing compounds, chlorite, chlorate, carbonate, bicarbonate, ethanol, isopropanol, sulfur, lactic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, citric acid, octanoic acid, hypochlorous acid, phenolic, dischloroisocyanurate, glutaraldehyde, peroxyacetic acid, peroxymonosulfate, a transition metal element, thymol, dichloro-S-triazinetrione, glycolic acid, triethylene glycol, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, some more specific examples of antiviral agents can include ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, chlorine dioxide, quaternary ammonium, hydrogen peroxide, sodium chlorite, sodium hypochlorite, sodium chlorate, chlorine dioxide, phenolic-containing compounds or derivatives of phenolic, peroxyoctanoic acid, potassium peroxymonosulfate, sodium dischloroisocyanurate, sodium dischloroisocyanurate hydrate, sodium dichloro-S- triazinetrione, copper, silver, silver nanoparticles dispersed in an organic material (e.g., Protec-20) copper nanoparticles dispersed in an organic material, or any combination thereof.

According to one aspect, the antiviral agent may have a registered disinfectant efficacy against at least one of Group I double- stranded DNA viruses, Group II single- stranded DNA viruses, Group III double-stranded RNA genomes, Group IV positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes, Group V negative- sense single-stranded RNA genomes, Group VI single- stranded RNA viruses replicating through DNA intermediates, Group VII double-stranded DNA genomes replicating through reverse transcriptase, or any combination thereof. The foregoing is based on the Baltimore classification system. In another embodiment, the antiviral agent may have a registered disinfectant efficacy against any RNA- based viruses. In another non-limiting aspect, the antiviral agent may have a registered disinfectant efficacy against Group IV positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes. In still another embodiment, the antiviral agent may have a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses with an enveloped capsid. According to another embodiment, the antiviral agent may have a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses with helical capsid symmetry. In still another embodiment, the antiviral agent may have a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses of the Nidovirales order. For yet another non-limiting embodiment, the antiviral agent may have a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses of the Coronaviridae family. According to one embodiment, the antiviral agent may have a registered disinfectant efficacy against a virus of the Betacoronavirus genus (e.g., SARS-CoV-2).

TREATMENT AND ABRASIVE ARTICLES

FIG. 3 includes a flow chart for forming an abrasive article according to an embodiment. The process begins at step 301 by obtaining an abrasive article. Obtaining the abrasive article may include sourcing a preformed abrasive article, sourcing a preform and forming a portion of the abrasive article or manufacturing the entire abrasive article. The abrasive article can include any of the fixed abrasive articles of the embodiments herein, including but not limited to bonded abrasives, coated abrasives, and the like.

The process continues at step 302 with treating of the abrasive article. According to an embodiment, treating may include an antimicrobial treatment selected from the group of applying an antimicrobial layer to at least a portion of the abrasive article, integrating an antimicrobial agent into at least a portion of the abrasive article, directing electromagnetic radiation at the abrasive article, or a combination thereof. The process for treating the abrasive article may facilitate formation of an abrasive article that has one or more regions having antimicrobial properties that can reduce or eliminate the transmission of one or more viruses. The particular method of treatment may vary depending upon the type of abrasive article, selective regions to be treated, type of antimicrobial agent, and the like. It will be appreciated that for the embodiments herein, an antimicrobial agent may be suitable for eliminating one or more types of bacteria, fungi, parasite and/or viruses. Furthermore, for the embodiments herein, any disclosure regarding an antimicrobial property, layer, and/or agent is also a disclosure of an antiviral property, layer, and/or agent having a particular efficacy against one or more specific viruses as noted in embodiments herein.

In one particular aspect, the process for applying the antimicrobial layer can include permanently bonding an antimicrobial layer to at least one of an abrasive portion of the abrasive article, a non-abrasive portion of the abrasive article, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial layer is a permanent layer on the abrasive article. In one embodiment, the antimicrobial layer may include a material that can be applied to the abrasive article but positioned in a manner that it will not interfere with an abrasive operation. In other instances, the antimicrobial layer may be applied in a manner where it will be eliminated during a material removal operation but will not negatively impact the operation. In at least one embodiment, the process for applying a permanent antimicrobial layer may include applying the antimicrobial layer in a manner configured to create a permanent physical connection (e.g., a permanent adhesive) and/or permanent chemical connection (e.g., a chemical bond) between the abrasive article and the antimicrobial layer. Such configurations may be suitable to avoid unnecessary tampering of the antimicrobial layer.

Referring in more detail to embodiments utilizing an antimicrobial layer, FIGs. 4A- 4G include abrasive articles including antimicrobial layers in accordance with embodiments. FIG. 4A includes a side-view illustration of an abrasive article of FIG. 1A including an antimicrobial layer according to an embodiment. FIG. 4B includes a top-down view of the abrasive article of FIG. 4A. According to the illustrated embodiment, the abrasive article 400 can include a body 401 including a first surface 402, a second surface 403 and a side surface

404 extending between the first surface 402 and the second surface 403. The body 401 may further include a central opening 407 and a bushing or core 413 configured to facilitate coupling of the abrasive article to a spindle or other device for use in an abrasive operation.

In one embodiment, the abrasive article 400 may include an antimicrobial layer 405 overlying the first surface 402. In another non-limiting embodiment, the abrasive article 400 may include an antimicrobial layer 406 overlying the second surface 403. Notably, in the illustrated embodiment, the side surface is not necessarily covered by the antimicrobial layers

405 or 406. It will be appreciated that other embodiments may have alternative arrangements and coverage of one or more antimicrobial layers.

According to one embodiment, the one or more antimicrobial layers 405 and 406 can be overlying at least 10% of a total exterior surface area of the body 401, such as at least 20% or at least 30% or at least 40% or at least 50% or at least 60% or at least 70% or at least 80% or at least 90% or at least 97%.

In another aspect, the bushing 413 represents a non-abrasive portion and the antimicrobial layers 405 and 406 are at least partially overlying and coupled to the non abrasive portion of the abrasive article 400. Still, in one embodiment, at least a portion of the antimicrobial layers 405 and 406 may be overlying and/or in contact with one or more abrasive portions. Notably, in the illustrated embodiment of FIGs. 4A and 4B, the antimicrobial layers 405 and 406 extend radially outward a sufficient radial distance to overlie a majority of the first and second surfaces 402 and 403 defined by the body of the bonded abrasive (i.e., the abrasive portion). As such, as illustrated, the one or more antimicrobial layers 405 and 406 can be discrete layers that are free of abrasive particles, but the antimicrobial layers 405 and 406 may be contact with at least a portion of the body including the abrasive particles and bond material.

In another aspect, the one or more antimicrobial layers can be selectively disposed on the abrasive article 400. For example, in one embodiment, the antimicrobial layer 405 may include product information 411 related to the abrasive article 400. In still another embodiment, the antimicrobial layer 405 may include one or more markings indicating one or more preferred contact regions on the antimicrobial layer 405. As illustrated in FIG. 4B, the region 412, which may be referred to as a designated region, may provide a marking and description (i.e., “GRIP HERE”) providing instructions for preferred handling of the body 401 of the abrasive article 400 and also conveying the preferred use of the antimicrobial layer 405. Thus, in certain instances, the antimicrobial layer 405 may be a blotter including product information while also including an antimicrobial property.

FIG. 4C includes a cross-sectional illustration of an abrasive article of FIG. 1C including an antimicrobial layer according to an embodiment. As illustrated, the abrasive article 420 includes a body 421 including a core 422 representing a non-abrasive portion having a first surface 425, a second surface 426, and a side surface including a peripheral groove 423 disposed between the first surface 425 and second surface 426. The peripheral groove 423 includes a bonded abrasive 424, which may be suitable for edge grinding workpieces. The abrasive article 420 further includes an antimicrobial layer 427 overlying the body 421. According to one embodiment, the antimicrobial layer 427 can substantially surround the entire body 421 of the abrasive article 420. In another non-limiting embodiment, the antimicrobial layer 427 may be permanently bonded to a majority of the exterior surface area of the body 421 and configured to be removed during an abrasive operation. In still another embodiment, the antimicrobial layer 427 may substantially surround and be in direct contact with an entire exterior surface of the body 421.

FIG. 4D includes a cross-sectional illustration of an abrasive article of FIG. ID including an antimicrobial layer according to an embodiment. As illustrated, the abrasive article 430 includes a body 151 including a plurality of abrasive portions 156 and 158 separated from each other by a plurality of reinforcing portions 155, 157 and 159 representing non-abrasive portions. The abrasive article 430 includes an antimicrobial layer 431 overlying the surfaces 152, 153, and 154. FIG. 4E includes a cross-sectional illustration of an abrasive article of FIG. 2A including an antimicrobial layer according to an embodiment. The coated abrasive article 440 may include a body 201 including a substrate 202 and an abrasive layer 203 overlying the substrate, wherein the abrasive layer 203 may further include abrasive particles 206 contained in an adhesive layer including a make coat 204 and size coat 205. As further illustrated, the abrasive article 440 can include an antimicrobial layer 441 overlying at least a portion of the abrasive layer 203. In at least one embodiment, the abrasive article 440 may further include an antimicrobial layer 442 overlying a bottom surface of the substrate 202.

FIGs. 4F and 4G include top-down illustrations of coated abrasive articles or portions of coated abrasive articles including an antimicrobial layer according to an embodiment. Notably, the embodiment of FIG. 4F includes an illustration of the selective placement of the antimicrobial layer 441 over at least a portion of the abrasive layer 203. In a particular embodiment, the antimicrobial layer 441 can be overlying (e.g., in contact with and/or permanently bonded to) only a portion of the abrasive layer 203. Such a configuration may facilitate the removal of the antimicrobial layer 441 during a grinding operation while still providing a safe handling region that is configured to reduce the transmission of one or more microbes (e.g., bacteria, viruses, etc.). In one non-limiting embodiment, the antimicrobial layer 442 may be a conformal and continuous layer that extends for a majority or even an entirety of the surface of the substrate 202.

FIG. 4G includes an alternative embodiment for selectively placement of the antimicrobial layer 441 for a coated abrasive in the form of a sheet or belt. In such instances, it may be desirable that the antimicrobial layer 441 extend for a certain width from the sides or edges of the body 201 to facilitate handling of the abrasive article 440 at the antimicrobial layer 441 while still providing a suitable exposure of the underlying abrasive layer 203 to facilitate initial grinding and ultimately removal of the antiviral layer 441 during the grinding operation.

FIG. 4H includes a cross-sectional illustration of the abrasive article of FIG. 2B including an antimicrobial layer according to an embodiment. As illustrated, article 450 can include a body 211 defined by a core 212 having a flange 214, and an abrasive layer 215 bonded to the flange 214. In one embodiment, the core 212 can be a non-abrasive portion and may have a depressed center region 213 around the central opening 216. The abrasive article 450 further includes an antimicrobial layer 451 overlying the abrasive layer 215 and the flange 214 of the core 212. FIG. 41 includes an illustration of a portion of a non- woven abrasive article including an antimicrobial layer according to an embodiment. According to one embodiment, application of an antimicrobial layer can include spraying an antimicrobial material onto a substrate, including for example, a non-woven abrasive, such that the antimicrobial material forms a coating or layer overlying at least a portion of the fibers 222. More specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 41, the non-woven abrasive article 460 can include fibers 222 having abrasive particles 25 attached to the fibers 222 via a bond material 226. In one non-limiting embodiment, the non-woven abrasive article 460 can include an antimicrobial layer 461 can be overlying at least a portion of the bond material 226 and abrasive particles 225.

FIG. 4J includes a cross-sectional illustration of a portion of a non-woven abrasive article including an antimicrobial layer according to an embodiment. In one particular embodiment, the non-woven abrasive article 470 includes a body 471 made up of a web of entangled fibers and defining a first surface 472, a second surface 473 and a side surface 474 extending between the first surface 472 and the second surface 473. The abrasive article 470 may include an antimicrobial layer 475 selectively disposed at the surface 472 and substantially closing the porosity at the surface 472 as compared to a central region 477 of the body 471 that does not include the antimicrobial layer 475. The antiviral layer 475 may not necessarily be a conformal layer and may have some porosity.

In another non-limiting embodiment, the abrasive article may further include an antimicrobial layer 476 selectively disposed at the surface 473 and substantially closing the porosity at the surface 473 as compared to a central region 477 of the body 471 that does not include the antimicrobial layer 476. The antimicrobial layer 476 may not necessarily be a conformal layer and may have some porosity.

The antimicrobial layers of the embodiments herein may have various structures.

FIGs. 5A-5D include cross-sectional illustrations of antimicrobial layers according to embodiments herein. In one embodiment, the antimicrobial layer can be a monolithic body made of a material with antimicrobial properties. In a more specific embodiment, such as illustrated in FIG. 5 A, the antimicrobial layer 500 can have a body 501 in the form of a continuous layer of material made of an antimicrobial material. One particular example may include an antimicrobial layer including copper or silver, such as a copper-based metal or metal alloy or silver-based metal or metal alloy. In such an embodiment, the antimicrobial layer 500 may consists essentially of the antimicrobial agent.

According to another embodiment, the antimicrobial layer may have a uniform distribution of one or more antimicrobial agents distributed through the volume of the body of the antimicrobial layer. For example, the embodiment of FIG. 5B includes an antimicrobial layer 510 including a body 511 and an antimicrobial agent 512 homogenously distributed throughout the volume of the body 511.

In one embodiment, the antimicrobial layer may include a matrix material including at least one matrix material and at least one antimicrobial agent. According to one embodiment, the matrix material may include a material selected from the group of organic materials, inorganic materials, natural materials, synthetic materials, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the matrix material may include a woven material, a non- woven material, a continuous layer, a discontinuous layer or any combination thereof.

In another aspect, the antimicrobial layer may include a matrix material and at least one antimicrobial agent physically bonded and/or chemically bonded to the matrix material. For example, the embodiment of FIG. 5B may include a matrix material and an antimicrobial agent uniformly distributed throughout the matrix material, and wherein the antimicrobial agent may be physically bonded to the matrix material. In still another embodiment, the embodiment of FIG. 5B may include a matrix material and an antimicrobial agent uniformly distributed throughout the matrix material, and wherein the antimicrobial agent may be chemically bonded to the matrix material.

According to one non-limiting embodiment, the antimicrobial layer may include a particular content of an antimicrobial agent. For example, the antimicrobial layer may include at least 0.1 wt% of the antimicrobial agent for a total weight of the antimicrobial layer, such as at least 0.2 wt% or at least 0.5 wt% or at least 0.8 wt% or at least 1 wt% or at least 1.5 wt% or at least 2 wt% or at least 3 wt% or at least 4 wt% or at least 5 wt% or at least 8 wt% or at least 10 wt% or at least 15 wt% or at least 20 wt% or at least 25 wt% or at least 30 wt% or at least 35 wt% or at least 40 wt% or at least 50 wt% or at least 55 wt% or at least

60 wt% or at least 65 wt% or at least 70 wt% or at least 75 wt% or at least 80 wt% or at least

85 wt% or at least 90 wt% or at least 95 wt%. Still, in another non-limiting embodiment, the content of the antimicrobial agent in the antimicrobial layer may be not greater than 95 wt%, such as not greater than 90 wt% or not greater than 80 wt% or not greater than 70 wt% or not greater than 60 wt% or not greater than 50 wt% or not greater than 40 wt% or not greater than 30 wt% or not greater than 20 wt% or not greater than 10 wt%. It will be appreciated that the content of the antimicrobial agent in the antimicrobial layer can be within a range including any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.

In another aspect, the antimicrobial layer may include a non-uniform or selectively non-homogeneous distribution of the antimicrobial agent within the antimicrobial layer. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 5C, the antimicrobial layer 520 can have a body 521 including a first region 523 and a second region 524 different than and spaced apart from the first region 523, wherein the first region 523 includes a greater content of the antimicrobial agent 522 as compared to the second region 524. Such embodiments may be particularly suited when the antimicrobial layer 520 defines an exterior surface of the abrasive article, such that the first region 523 substantially defines a portion of the exterior surface of the abrasive article configured to be handled by a user. In one particular aspect, the antimicrobial layer includes at least one marking designating a preferred contact region, wherein the marking designates the first region of the antimicrobial layer. For example, referring again briefly to FIG. 4B, the region 412 can be a first region and the region 411 may be a second region.

In a more particular embodiment, the antimicrobial layer 520 may include a bottom surface 525 and an upper surface 523 separated from the bottom surface 524 by a thickness of the body 521, wherein the upper surface 523 can have a greater content of the antimicrobial agent 522 as compared to the bottom surface 525.

In still another embodiment, the antimicrobial layer may have a multilayered construction. For example, in FIG. 5D, the antiviral layer 530 includes a matrix material 531 that may be in the form of a substrate, and at least one antiviral film 532 overlying the matrix material. In one non-limiting embodiment, the matrix material may be a continuous layer of material. In another instance, the matrix material 531 may be essentially free of an antimicrobial agent and the antiviral film 532 includes at least one antiviral agent or is made of an antimicrobial material. The antimicrobial film can have any of the characteristics of the antimicrobial layers of embodiments herein, which notably includes the features of the embodiments of FIGs. 5A-5C.

In another embodiment, the process for applying the antimicrobial layer can include applying a releasable antimicrobial layer to at least one of an abrasive portion of the abrasive article, a non-abrasive portion of the abrasive article, or a combination thereof. A releasable antimicrobial layer may be applied in a manner configured to allow selective removal of the antimicrobial layer or a portion of the antimicrobial layer by a user. Some exemplary mechanisms to facilitate releasable attachment of the antimicrobial layer to the abrasive article can include a suitable adhesive, electrostatic attraction forces, magnetic forces, a mechanical coupling mechanism (e.g., a cinch, a fastener, etc.) or a combination thereof. In at least one embodiment, at least a portion of the antimicrobial layer can be a peelable layer configured to be removed by a user, and more particularly, configured to be removed prior to use in an abrasive operation. Any of the embodiments herein disclosing an antimicrobial layer will be understood to disclose that such antimicrobial layers may be selectively removable. In at least one embodiment, the antimicrobial layer is a re-useable object configured for multiple applications of selective removal and application to one or more portions of an exterior surface of the body.

In one embodiment, the antimicrobial layer may include at least one release object configured to facilitate selective removal of at least a portion of the antimicrobial layer from the body of the abrasive article. For example, FIG. 6A includes an illustration of a portion of an abrasive article 600 including a body 601 and an antimicrobial layer 602 overlying at least a portion of the body 601. In one embodiment, the antimicrobial layer 602 includes a release object 603, which in one particular aspect, can be in the form of a tab extending from the antimicrobial layer 602. The release object 603 may facilitate selective removal of the antimicrobial layer 602 from the body 601.

FIG. 6B includes an illustration of a portion of an abrasive article 610 including a body 601 and an antimicrobial layer 611 overlying at least a portion of the body 601. In one aspect, the antimicrobial layer 611 can include a release object including a perforated region 612. The release object 612 may also include a tab 613 extending from the perforated region, such that pulling of the tab 613 by a user can facilitate tearing of the antimicrobial layer 611 at the perforated region 612 and separation of the antimicrobial layer 611 from the body 601.

In another embodiment, the antimicrobial layer may include a plurality of films overlying each other. FIG. 6C includes an illustration of a portion of an antimicrobial layer 620 including an optional matrix material 627 and a plurality of antimicrobial films 621,

622, and 623 overlying the matrix material 627. In one particular embodiment, each of the antimicrobial films 621, 622, and 623 may have a release object 624, 625, and 626, respectively. The construction of the antimicrobial layer 620 may facilitate selective removal of at least one antimicrobial film (e.g., antimicrobial film 626) from at least one other underlying film or films (e.g., antimicrobial films 624 and 625).

According to another aspect, the antimicrobial layer may include a micro-textured surface, including a plurality of protrusions separated by ridges. For example, as an alternative to, or in addition to, the use of one antimicrobial agent or material, the antimicrobial layer may utilize a micro-texture that may have certain beneficial antimicrobial effects. FIG. 6D includes a cross-sectional illustration of an antimicrobial layer including a micro-textured surface according to an embodiment. As illustrated, the antimicrobial layer 630 can include a surface 631 including a plurality of protrusions 632 separated by grooves 633. In one particular embodiment, the protrusions may have an average length, width and thickness, and wherein the average length is not greater than 100 microns, the average width is not greater than 100 microns and the average height is not greater than 100 microns. In still another embodiment, the micro-textured surface includes a pattern of protrusions.

Referring again to step 302 of the process of FIG. 3, the process of treating the abrasive article can include integrating an antimicrobial agent into at least a portion of the abrasive article. In one embodiment, integrating the antimicrobial agent into a portion of the abrasive article can include incorporating the antimicrobial agent or precursor of the antimicrobial agent into an abrasive portion of the abrasive article, a non-abrasive portion of the abrasive article, or a combination thereof. Integrating the antimicrobial agent can include processes such as deposition, impregnating, doping, chemically bonding, infiltrating, and the like. The process used for integrating can vary depending upon the target material of the abrasive article, the composition of the antimicrobial agent, and the like. Notably, the process for integrating can occur during the manufacturing of one or more portions of the abrasive article. For example, in at least one embodiment, integrating the antimicrobial agent includes integrating the antimicrobial agent into the raw materials used in manufacturing of the abrasive portion or non-abrasive portion. Still, in another non-limiting embodiment, integrating can occur after partial or complete formation of the component of the abrasive article into which the antimicrobial agent is integrated.

According to one aspect, one or more antimicrobial agents can be incorporated into any portions of the abrasive articles of the embodiments herein, including for example, but not limited to, an abrasive portion, a non-abrasive portion, or a combination thereof. In particular instances, the antimicrobial agent can be incorporated into a portion of the abrasive article in a uniform (i.e., homogenous) or non-uniform (i.e., non-homogenous) manner. For example, in certain instances, the antimicrobial agent can be incorporated with other components during the formation of the portion of the abrasive. In such instances, the antimicrobial agent may be uniformly distributed throughout the portion of the abrasive article. In still other non-limiting examples, the antimicrobial agent may be incorporated into one or more portions of the abrasive article after partial or complete formation of the portions. In such instances, the antimicrobial agent may be non-uniformly distributed throughout the portion.

Depending upon the abrasive article, it may be desirable to selectively distribute the antimicrobial agent in specific locations on an abrasive article. In one particular embodiment, the antimicrobial agent can be selectively distributed on an exterior surface of the abrasive article, which may include an exterior surface of an abrasive portion, non abrasive portion, or a combination thereof.

According to one non-limiting embodiment, any portion of the abrasive article including the antimicrobial agent may include a particular content of an antiviral agent. For example, the portion of the body may include at least 0.1 wt% of the antimicrobial agent for a total weight of the portion including the antimicrobial agent, such as at least 0.2 wt% or at least 0.5 wt% or at least 0.8 wt% or at least 1 wt% or at least 1.5 wt% or at least 2 wt% or at least 3 wt% or at least 4 wt% or at least 5 wt% or at least 8 wt% or at least 10 wt% or at least

15 wt% or at least 20 wt% or at least 25 wt% or at least 30 wt% or at least 35 wt% or at least

40 wt% or at least 50 wt% or at least 55 wt% or at least 60 wt% or at least 65 wt% or at least

70 wt% or at least 75 wt% or at least 80 wt% or at least 85 wt% or at least 90 wt% or at least

95 wt%. Still, in another non-limiting embodiment, the content of the antimicrobial agent in the portion may be not greater than 95 wt%, such as not greater than 90 wt% or not greater than 80 wt% or not greater than 70 wt% or not greater than 60 wt% or not greater than 50 wt% or not greater than 40 wt% or not greater than 30 wt% or not greater than 20 wt% or not greater than 10 wt%. It will be appreciated that the content of the antimicrobial agent in the portion of the body can be within a range including any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.

In the context of bonded abrasive articles defined by abrasive particles contained within a three-dimensional matrix of bond material, the antimicrobial agent may be integrated in certain particular locations. For example, according to one non-limiting embodiment, the antimicrobial agent may be integrated into the bonded abrasive 1) at an exterior surface and extending for a depth into the bond material or overlying exposed surfaces of the abrasive particles; 2) overlying a majority of the surface of all abrasive particles within the bond material; 3) on at least an exterior surface of a core, hub, bushing or shank coupled to the abrasive portion; 4) on a reinforcing portion coupled to the abrasive portion; 5) or any combination thereof.

FIG. 7A includes an illustration of the abrasive article of FIG. IB including an integrated antimicrobial agent according to an embodiment. As illustrated, the antimicrobial agent 701 can be uniformly distributed throughout the abrasive portion 105 of the body 101 of the abrasive article 700. In one embodiment, the antimicrobial agent 701 may be physically and/or chemically bonded to one or more components of the abrasive portion 105, including for example, but not limited to, the bond material, the abrasive particles, additives, or a combination thereof. In one particular embodiment, the antimicrobial agent 701 may be uniformly distributed throughout the bond material of the abrasive portion 105 of the body

101.

FIG. 7B includes an illustration of the abrasive article of FIG. IB including an integrated antimicrobial agent according to an embodiment. As illustrated, the antimicrobial agent 712 can be uniformly distributed throughout the non-abrasive portion 106 (e.g., bushing) of the body 101 of the abrasive article 710. In one embodiment, the antimicrobial agent 712 may be physically and/or chemically bonded to one or more components of the non-abrasive portion 106. It will be appreciated that in an alternative embodiment, the antimicrobial agent may be uniformly distributed throughout the abrasive portion 105 and non-abrasive portion 106.

FIG. 7C includes an illustration of the abrasive article of FIG. IB including an integrated antimicrobial agent according to an embodiment. As illustrated, the antimicrobial agent 721 can be non-uniformly distributed throughout the abrasive portion 105 of the body 101 of the abrasive article 720. In one embodiment, the antimicrobial agent 721 may be physically and/or chemically bonded to one or more components of the abrasive portion 105 including for example, but not limited to, the bond material, the abrasive particles, additives, or a combination thereof. According to one embodiment, the antimicrobial agent 721 can be non-uniformly distributed on the abrasive article including a first region having a higher content of the antimicrobial agent as compared to a second region of the abrasive article. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 7C, the antimicrobial agent 721 can be non-uniformly integrated within the body 101 such that the content of the antimicrobial agent 721 at the exterior surfaces 102, 103 and 104 is greater than a content of the antimicrobial agent 721 at an interior region 722 of the body 101. In a more particular embodiment, the antimicrobial agent 721 may be integrated within a volume of the bond material and at least a portion of the exposed surfaces of the abrasive particles. As described in other embodiments herein, the first region may include at least one marking designating a preferred contact region for handling of the abrasive article.

With respect to coated abrasive articles, as noted in embodiments herein, the antimicrobial agent may be incorporated into any portions of coated abrasives or single layered abrasive articles, including for example, but not limited to, an abrasive portions, a non-abrasive portion, or a combination thereof. In one particular instance, the antimicrobial agent may be integrated into a coated abrasive 1) at an exterior surface and extending for a depth into the bond material; 2) overlying exposed surfaces of the abrasive particles; 3) overlying a majority of the surface of all abrasive particles within the bond material; 4) on at least an exterior surface of the substrate; 5) or any combination thereof.

FIG. 7D includes an illustration of a coated abrasive article including an integrated antimicrobial agent according to an embodiment. As illustrated, the abrasive article 730 can include a substrate 731, an abrasive layer 733 including abrasive particles 732 contained within a make coat 734 and size coat 735. In one embodiment, an antimicrobial agent 736 may be selectively distributed in the abrasive layer 733, and more particularly, primarily distributed in the size coat 735 and optionally a portion of the surfaces of the abrasive particles 732.

In another optional embodiment, the substrate 731 can include an integrated antimicrobial agent 739. It will be appreciated that the antimicrobial agent can be uniformly or non-uniformly distributed throughout the substrate 731. However, in the embodiment of FIG. 7D, the antimicrobial agent 739 is disposed in a non-uniform distribution. Notably, the antimicrobial agent can be selectively distributed in a higher concentration at a bottom surface 738 of the substrate 731 defining an exterior surface of the abrasive article 730 as compared to an interior region 740 of the substrate 731 that is spaced apart from the bottom surface 738.

Referring again to step 302 of FIG. 3, another treatment of the abrasive article can include directing electromagnetic radiation at the abrasive article. According to one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation can have a wavelength suitable to reduce and/or eliminate certain microbes (e.g., bacteria, viruses, etc.). For example, the electromagnetic radiation can have a wavelength of at least 1 nm, such as at least 5 nm or at least 10 nm or at least 20 nm or at least 40 nm or at least 80 nm or at least 100 nm or at least 125 nm or at least 150 nm or at least 175 nm or at least 200 nm. In still another embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation can have a wavelength of not greater than 400 nm or not greater than 375 nm or not greater than 350 nm or not greater than 325 nm or not greater than 300 nm. It will be appreciated that the electromagnetic radiation can have a wavelength within a range including any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.

FIG. 24A includes an illustration of a portion of a non- woven material 2400 that may be a non-abrasive portion. In at least one embodiment, the entirety of the non- woven material can be free of abrasives, such that it consists of a non- woven material including a web of fibers 2401. The nonwoven material 2400 may further include at least one antiviral and/or antimicrobial property as described in the embodiments herein. For example, in one particular embodiment, the non-woven material 2400 can include an antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer 2402 overlying at least a portion of the fibers 2401. The non-woven material may form part of a non-abrasive product, including for example, but not limited to, clothing (e.g., gloves, mask, slippers, shoe covers, gown, etc.) packaging, a drape, or any combination thereof.

In a particular instance, the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer 2402 may overlie a majority of the exterior surfaces of the fibers 2401, and more particularly, may cover at least 80% or 90% or even the entire exterior surfaces of the fibers 2401.

In at least one embodiment, the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer 2402 can include a binder configured to hold the fibers 2401 to each other and including an antiviral and/or antimicrobial agent as described in the embodiments herein. The antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer 2402 may be physically and/or chemically bonded to the fibers 2401 and other portions of the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer 2402 at the intersection of two or more fibers 2401.

The antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer 2402 may include one or more antiviral and/or antimicrobial agents as described in any of the embodiments herein. In one aspect, the antiviral and/or antimicrobial agent may be uniformly or non-uniformly distributed throughout the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer 2402 as described in embodiments herein.

FIG. 24B includes an illustration of a portion of a non-woven material 2410 that may be a non-abrasive portion. In at least one embodiment, the entirety of the non-woven material can be free of abrasives, such that it consists primarily of a non-woven material including a web of fibers 2411. The nonwoven material 2410 may further include at least one antiviral and/or antimicrobial property as described in the embodiments herein. For example, in one particular embodiment, the non-woven material 2410 can include an antiviral and/or antimicrobial agent 2412 integrated into at least a portion of the fibers 2401. The non-woven material 2410 may form part of a non-abrasive product, including for example, but not limited to, clothing (e.g., gloves, mask, slippers, shoe covers, gown, arm band, etc.) packaging, a drape, or any combination thereof.

In a more particular embodiment, the antiviral and/or antimicrobial agent 2412 may be integrated into a majority of the fibers 2401, and more particularly, may be integrated within at least 80%, 90% or even all of the fibers 2401. In at least one embodiment, the antiviral and/or antimicrobial agent 2412 may be physically and/or chemically bonded to the fibers 2401. In another embodiment, one or more features of the embodiments of FIG. 24A and 24B may be combined with each other.

FIG. 9 includes an illustration of a non-woven abrasive article 900. The abrasive article 900 includes a substrate 901 comprising a web of non-woven fibers. In an embodiment, the substrate 901 can consist solely of a web of non-woven fibers. In another embodiment, the substrate 901 comprises polyamide fibers, polyimide fibers, polyester fibers, polypropylene fibers, polyethylene fibers, kenaf fibers, hemp fibers, jute fibers, flax fibers, sisal fibers, nylon fibers, a blend thereof, or any combination thereof.

In at least one embodiment, the substrate 901 can be at least partially coated by an antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer that includes antiviral and/or antimicrobial particulate material 912 contained in a matrix material 911. The antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer can be a continuous antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer, or a discontinuous antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer. The antiviral and/or antimicrobial particulate 912 material can be homogenously distributed throughout the volume of matrix material 911.

In a particular embodiment the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer is applied via roller coating. Specifically, the substrate 901 passes between two or more rollers that are coated with an antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer including antiviral and/or antimicrobial particulate material 912 contained in a matrix material 911 to uniformly coat the substrate 901. In a particular embodiment, the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer is deposited directly onto the substrate 901 without an intervening layer disposed between the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer and the non-woven fibers.

In an embodiment, the antiviral and/or antimicrobial particulate material 912 can include a metal element, metal ion, or metal-containing composition. In a particular embodiment, the antiviral and/or antimicrobial particulate material 912 can include a transition metal element. In another embodiment, the antiviral and/or antimicrobial particulate material 912 can include at least one of copper, silver, zinc, tin, or any combination thereof. In still another embodiment, the antiviral and/or antimicrobial particulate material 912 consists of a metal element, metal ion, or metal-containing composition. In a preferred embodiment, the antiviral and/or antimicrobial particulate material 912 consists of copper, silver, or a combination thereof.

In an embodiment the antiviral and/or antimicrobial particulate material 912 has an average particle size (D50av) of not greater than 900 nm or not greater than 800 nm or not greater than 700 nm or not greater than 600 nm or not greater than 500 nm or not greater than 400 nm or not greater than 300 nm or not greater than 200 nm or not greater than 100 nm or not greater than 90 nm or not greater than 70 nm or not greater than 50 nm. In another embodiment the antiviral and/or antimicrobial particulate material 912 has an average particle size (D50av) of at least 0.1 nm or at least 0.5 nm or at least 1 nm or at least 2 nm or at least 3 nm or at least 5 nm or at least 10 nm. In an embodiment, the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer has an average thickness of (Tav) and that is not greater than 50(D50av), not greater than 40(D50av), or not greater than 30(D50av), or not greater than 20(D50av), or not greater than 15(D50av), or not greater than 10(D50av), or not greater than 8(D50av), or not greater than 6(D50av), or not greater than 5(D50av), or not greater than 4 (D50av). In another embodiment, Tav is at least l(D50av), at least 1.2(D50av), at least 1.5(D50av), at least 2(D50av), at least 3(D50av), at least 5(D50av).

In an embodiment the antiviral and/or antimicrobial particulate material 912 is present in an amount of at least 0.1 wt% for a total weight of the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer or at least 0.5 wt% or at least 0.8 wt% or at least 1 wt% or at least 1.2 wt% or at least 1.5 wt% or at least 2 wt% or at least 4 wt% or at least 6 wt%. In another embodiment the antiviral and/or antimicrobial particulate material 912 is present in an amount of not greater than 25 wt% for a total weight of the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer or not greater than 20 wt% or not greater than 15 wt% or not greater than 12 wt% or not greater than 10 wt% or not greater than 8 wt% or not greater than 5 wt% or not greater than 4 wt%.

In an embodiment, the matrix material 911 includes a binder. The binder can be an organic material like those used in a binder layer (e.g., make coat or size coat) as described in any of the embodiments herein. In a particular embodiment, the matrix material 911 includes a thermoset polymer. Preferably, the matrix material 911 includes or consists of an acrylic.

In an embodiment the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer can overly at least 50% of the total surface area of the nonwoven fibers, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 99%. In another embodiment, the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer is overlying not greater than 99% or the total surface area of the nonwoven fibers or not greater than 98%, or not greater than 97%, or not greater than 96%, or not greater than 95%, or not greater than 93%, or not greater than 90%, or not greater than 80%.

In an embodiment, the substrate 901 is coated with an abrasive layer including abrasive particles 922 contained in abrasive binder such that the abrasive layer at least partially overlies the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer. The abrasive layer can be applied using any known coating techniques (e.g., spray, dip, roller, etc.). The abrasive layer can be applied as a continuous layer, or a discontinuous layer including regions of abrasive coating separated by gaps regions that are absent the abrasive layer and wherein the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer is exposed. In certain embodiments, the abrasive layer is in direct contact with the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer and is separated from the non- woven fibers in certain regions by the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer. In a preferred embodiment, the abrasive layer is applied as a discontinuous abrasive layer in order to maintain and/or control the exposure of the underlying antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer. Notably, the process balances the thickness of the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer, coating % of the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer, thickness of the abrasive layer, and coating % of the abrasive layer to create a product that has a select combination of abrasive capability and antiviral and/or antimicrobial capability.

In an embodiment the abrasive layer overlies at least 5% of the total surface area of the substrate and/or antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer or at least 10% or at least 15% or at least 20% or at least 25% or at least 30 % or at least 35% or at least 40% or at least 45% or at least 50% or at least 55% or at least 60 % or at least 65% or at least 70% or at least 75% or at least 80% or at least 85% or at least 90 % or at least 95%. In another embodiment, the abrasive layer overlies not greater than 99% or the total surface area of the substrate and/or antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer or not greater than 90% or not greater than 85% or not greater than 80% or not greater than 75% or not greater than 70% or not greater than 65% or not greater than 60% or not greater than 55% or not greater than 50% or not greater than 45% or not greater than 40% or not greater than 35% or not greater than 30% or not greater than 25% or not greater than 20% or not greater than 15% or not greater than 10%.

In an embodiment, the abrasive particles 922 have an average particle size (D50ab) that is greater than D50av. In particular embodiments, D50ab/Dav is greater than 1 or at least 1.5 or at least 2 or at least 3 or at least 5 or least 10 or at least 25. In other embodiments D50ab/Dav is not greater than 1000 or not greater than 800 or not greater than 500 or not greater than 300 or not greater than 200 or not greater than 100 or not greater than 80 or not greater than 60 or not greater than 40 or not greater than 20.

In certain embodiments, the antiviral and/or antimicrobial layer covers a percentage of the surface area of the substrate of (Cav) and the abrasive layer covers a percentage of the of the surface area of the substrate of (Cab), and Cav/Cab is greater than 1 or at least 1.2 or least 1.5 or at least 1.8 or at least 2 or at least 3 or at least 4 or at least 5 or at least 6 or at least 8 or at least 10.

ANTIVIRAL THIN FILMS

Any of the antiviral or antimicrobial layers described in this application may include the features of the antiviral thin films described within this section.

Embodiments described within this section are generally directed to an antiviral thin film layer. According to particular embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer may include a metallic material and may have a VLT of at least about 60%. For purposes of illustration, FIG. 35 shows an antiviral thin film layer 3500 according to embodiments described herein.

According to certain embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have a particular VLT as measured according to ASTM D1003. For example, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have a VLT of at least about 60%, such as, at least about 61% or at least about 62% or at least about 63% or at least about 64% or at least about 65% or at least about 66% or at least about 67% or at least about 68% or at least about 69% or at least about 70% or at least about 75% or at least about 80% or at least about 85% or at least about 90% or even at least about 95%. It will be appreciated that the VLT of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be within a range between any of the values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the VLT of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be any value between any of the values noted above.

According to still other embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have a particular H1N1 antiviral rating where the H1N1 antiviral rating is defined as the amount of time required for H1N1 viral activity on a surface of the metallic layer to drop from an initial test concentration placed on the surface of the thin film layer to less than 25.0% of the initial concentration placed on the surface as measured using ISO21702. For example, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have an H1N1 antiviral rating of not greater than about 360 minutes, such as, not greater than about 300 minutes or not greater than about 240 minutes or not greater than about 180 minutes or not greater than about 120 minutes or not greater than about 90 minutes or not greater than about 85 minutes or not greater than about 80 minutes or not greater than about 75 minutes or not greater than about 70 minutes or not greater than about 65 minutes or not greater than about 60 minutes or not greater than about 55 minutes or not greater than about 50 minutes or not greater than about 45 minutes or even not greater than about 40 minutes. It will be appreciated that the H1N1 antiviral rating of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be within a range between any of the values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the H1N1 antiviral rating of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be any value between any of the values noted above.

According to yet other embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have a particular H3N2 antiviral rating where the H3N2 antiviral rating is defined as the amount of time required for H3N2 viral activity on a surface of the metallic layer to drop from an initial test concentration placed on the surface of the thin film layer to less than 25.0 % of the initial concentration placed on the surface as measured using ISO21702. For example, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have an H3N2 antiviral rating of not greater than about 360 minutes, such as, not greater than about 300 minutes or not greater than about 240 minutes or not greater than about 180 minutes or not greater than about 120 minutes or not greater than about 90 minutes or not greater than about 85 minutes or not greater than about 80 minutes or not greater than about 75 minutes or not greater than about 70 minutes or not greater than about 65 minutes or not greater than about 60 minutes or not greater than about 55 minutes or not greater than about 50 minutes or not greater than about 45 minutes or even not greater than about 40 minutes. It will be appreciated that the H3N2 antiviral rating of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be within a range between any of the values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the H3N2 antiviral rating of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be any value between any of the values noted above.

According to yet other embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have a particular FCV antiviral rating where the FCV antiviral rating is defined as the amount of time required for FCV viral activity on a surface of the metallic layer to drop from an initial test concentration placed on the surface of the thin film layer to less than 25.0% of the initial concentration placed on the surface as measured using ISO21702. For example, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have an FCV antiviral rating of not greater than about 360 minutes, such as, not greater than about 300 minutes or not greater than about 240 minutes or not greater than about 180 minutes or not greater than about 120 minutes or not greater than about 90 minutes or not greater than about 85 minutes or not greater than about 80 minutes or not greater than about 75 minutes or not greater than about 70 minutes or not greater than about 65 minutes or not greater than about 60 minutes or not greater than about 55 minutes or not greater than about 50 minutes or not greater than about 45 minutes or even not greater than about 40 minutes. It will be appreciated that the FCV antiviral rating of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be within a range between any of the values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the FCV antiviral rating of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be any value between any of the values noted above.

According to yet other embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have a particular HCoV-229E antiviral rating where the HCoV-229E antiviral rating is defined as the amount of time required for HCoV-229E viral activity on a surface of the metallic layer to drop from an initial test concentration placed on the surface of the thin film layer to less than 25.0 % of the initial concentration placed on the surface as measured using ISO21702. For example, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have an HCoV-229E antiviral rating of not greater than about 360 minutes, such as, not greater than about 300 minutes or not greater than about 240 minutes or not greater than about 180 minutes or not greater than about 120 minutes or not greater than about 90 minutes or not greater than about 85 minutes or not greater than about 80 minutes or not greater than about 75 minutes or not greater than about 70 minutes or not greater than about 65 minutes or not greater than about 60 minutes or not greater than about 55 minutes or not greater than about 50 minutes or not greater than about 45 minutes or even not greater than about 40 minutes. It will be appreciated that the HCoV- 229E antiviral rating of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be within a range between any of the values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the HCoV-229E antiviral rating of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be any value between any of the values noted above.

According to certain embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have a particular Antiviral Activity R (logio/cm ) against human coronavirus HCoV-229E as measured according to ISO 21702 (2019) standard against human coronavirus HCoV-229E. For example, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have an Antiviral Activity R (logio/cm ) of at least 1 or at least 1.1 or at least 1.2 or at least 1.3 or at least 1.4 or at least 1.5 or at least 1.6 or at least 1.7 or at least 1.8 or at least 1.9 or at least 2.0 or at least 2.1 or at least 2.2 or at least 2.3 or at least 2.4 or at least 2.5 or at least 2.6 or at least 2.7 or at least 2.8 or at least 2.9 or at least 3.0. In another embodiment the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have an Antiviral Activity R (logio/cm ) of no greater than 10 or no greater than 9 or no greater than 8 or no greater than 7 or no greater than 6 or no greater than 5 or no greater than 4. It will be appreciated that the Antiviral Activity R (logio/cm ) of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be within a range between any of the values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the Antiviral Activity R (logio/cm ) of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be any value between any of the values noted above.

According to certain embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have a particular Antiviral Activity R (logio/cm ) against human coronavirus HCoV-229E as measured according to ISO 21702 (2019) standard. For example, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have an Antiviral Activity R (logio/cm ) of at least 1 or at least 1.1 or at least 1.2 or at least 1.3 or at least 1.4 or at least 1.5 or at least 1.6 or at least 1.7 or at least 1.8 or at least 1.9 or at least 2.0 or at least 2.1 or at least 2.2 or at least 2.3 or at least 2.4 or at least 2.5 or at least 2.6 or at least 2.7 or at least 2.8 or at least 2.9 or at least 3.0. In another embodiment the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have an Antiviral Activity R (logio/cm ) of no greater than 10 or no greater than 9 or no greater than 8 or no greater than 7 or no greater than 6 or no greater than 5 or no greater than 4. It will be appreciated that the Antiviral Activity R (logio/cm ) of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be within a range between any of the 2 values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the Antiviral Activity R (logio/cm ) of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be any value between any of the values noted above.

According to certain embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have a particular Antiviral Activity (%) against human coronavirus HCoV-229E as measured according to ISO 21702 (2019) standard. For example, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have an Antiviral Activity (%) of at least 90% or at least 91% or at least 92% or at least 93% or at least 94% or at least 95% or at least 96% or at least 97% or at least 97.5% or at least 98% or at least 98.5% or at least 99% or at least 99.1% or at least 99.2% or at least 99.3% or at least 99.4% or at least 99.5% or at least 99.6% or at least 99.7% or at least 99.8% or at least 99.9%. In another embodiment the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have an Antiviral Activity (%) of no greater than 99.99% or no greater than 99.98% or no greater than 99.97% or no greater than 99.96% or no greater than 99.95% or no greater than 99.94%. It will be appreciated that the Antiviral Activity (%) of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be within a range between any of the values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the Antiviral Activity (%) of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be any value between any of the values noted above.

According to yet other embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have a particular average thickness. For example, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have an average thickness of not greater than about 15 nm, such as, not greater than about 14 nm or not greater than about 13 nm or not greater than about 12 nm or not greater than about 11 nm or not greater than about 10 nm or not greater than about 9 nm or not greater than about 8 nm or not greater than about 7 nm or not greater than about 6 nm or even not greater than about 5 nm. According to yet other embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may have an average thickness of at least about 0.1 nm or at least about 0.2 nm or at least about 0.3 nm or at least about 0.4 nm or at least about 0.5 nm or at least about 0.6 nm or at least about 0.7 nm or at least about 0.8 nm or at least about 0.9 nm or at least about 1 nm or at least about 2 nm or at least about 3 nm or even at least about 4 nm. It will be appreciated that the average thickness of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the average thickness of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.

According to still other embodiments, the metallic material of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may include copper, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, zinc, iron, chrome, any combination thereof, or any alloy thereof. According to still other embodiments, the metallic material of the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may consist essentially of copper, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, zinc, iron, chrome, any combination thereof, or any alloy thereof.

According to still other embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be a copper layer, a silver layer, a gold layer, an iron layer, a chrome layer or a platinum layer.

According to yet other embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be a sputtered metallic layer.

According to yet other embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be a continuous metallic layer. According to still other embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may be a non-continuous metallic layer.

According to still other embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may include multiple metallic layers. For example, the antiviral thin film layer 3500 may include at least about 2 metallic layers, such as, at least about 3 metallic layers or at least about 4 metallic layers or at least about 5 metallic layers or at least about 6 metallic layers or at least about 7 metallic layers or at least about 8 metallic layers or at least about 9 metallic layers or even at least about 10 metallic layers. It will be appreciated that any of the multiple metallic layers may have any of the characteristics described herein with regarding to a metallic layer.

Turning to an alternative embodiment, a composite structure may include a substrate, and an antiviral thin film layer overlying a surface of the substrate. According to particular embodiments, the antiviral thin film layer may include a metallic material and may have a VLT of at least about 60%.

For purposes of illustration, FIG. 36 includes a flow chart showing a method 3600 for forming an antiviral thin film layer. According to certain embodiments, the method 3600 may include a first step 3610 of depositing a metallic material on a surface to form an antiviral thin film layer.

It will be appreciated that the antiviral thin film layer formed according to method 3600 may include any of the characteristics or properties of the any embodiment of an antiviral thin film layer described herein.

According to certain embodiments, the first step 3610 of depositing the metallic material on the surface to form an antiviral thin film layer may include any know deposition method that can form the metallic layer as described herein. According to certain embodiments, depositing the metallic material may include a chemical deposition technique, a physical deposition technique, a sputtering deposition technique, an evaporation deposition technique, or a SolGel deposition technique. BARRIER LAYERS

One or more barrier layers may be employed on the body of any of the abrasive articles described herein to facilitate improved performance of the abrasive tool. For example, the one or more barrier layers can be applied to particular surfaces of the body of the abrasive article to limit absorption of certain species (e.g., water) by the body, including for example, the bond material, which may facilitate improved performance of the abrasive tool.

According to an embodiment, the body of the abrasive article can be in close proximity with the barrier layer for construction of the abrasive tool disclosed herein. In particular embodiments, the barrier layer can be in direct contact with (i.e., abutting) at least one major surface including the bond material and abrasive particles of the abrasive article.

In an even more particular embodiment, the barrier layer can be directly bonded to at least one major surface including the bond material and abrasive particles of the abrasive article, such that the barrier layer would not be separated from the abrasive article during operation of the abrasive tool. In a particular, non-limiting embodiment, the barrier layer can bond directly to the major surface of the bonded body without using an adhesive between the bonded body and the barrier layer.

In a non-limiting embodiment, a reinforcement layer can bond to a major surface of the bonded body and define an outermost surface of the bonded body, and the barrier layer can bond to the reinforcement layer. FIG. 26A includes a cross-sectional view of a portion of an abrasive tool 2600. The abrasive tool 2600 includes the barrier layer 2602 overlying the reinforcement layer 2630 that is attached to a major surface of the bonded body 2606. In a particular example, the reinforcement layer 2630 can include fiberglass. More particularly, the reinforcement layer 2630 can consist essentially of fiberglass. In another embodiment, the reinforcement layer can be applied to both major surfaces of the bonded body, and the barrier layer can bond to the reinforcement layer.

In another, non-limiting embodiment, an intermediate layer can be applied between the reinforcement layer and the barrier layer to facilitate formation of the abrasive tool. The intermediate layer can be bonded to the reinforcement layer on one side and to the barrier layer on the opposite side. In a particular yet non-limiting embodiment, the intermediate layer can include a nonwoven material, such as nonwoven fleece.

In other embodiments, the barrier layer can be in direct contact with a major surface, a peripheral surface, or both of the bonded body. FIG. 26B includes a cross-sectional view of a portion of an abrasive tool according to an embodiment. The abrasive tool 2600 includes the barrier layer 2602 overlying the body 2606 of the abrasive article. The body 2606 includes major surfaces 2608 and 2610, among which barrier layer 2602 abuts the major surface 2608. In FIG. 26C, the body 2606 can be on top of the barrier layer 2602, and the major surface 210 is in direct contact with the barrier layer 2602. Alternatively, the abrasive tool 2600 can include more than one barrier layers. Furthermore, the barrier layer can be in direct contact with one or more major surfaces of the body of the abrasive article. FIG. 26D includes a cross-sectional view of a portion of a body of an abrasive article including a barrier layer according to an embodiment. As illustrated, the body 2606 of the abrasive article can be disposed between a first barrier layer 2602 and a second barrier layer 2604. For example, the barrier layer 2602 can be in direct contact with the major surface 2608 and the barrier layer 2604 can be in direct contact with the major surface 2610.

Although the barrier layers 2602 and 2604 are illustrated to be single layers, it will be appreciated that the barrier layers 2602 and 2064 can include more than one layer (i.e., films) as described in embodiments herein

According to one embodiment, the barrier layer can overlie the entire surface area of the major surface of the body. In a further embodiment, the barrier layer may not extend over the peripheral surface that extends between the major surfaces of the body. In FIG. 27 A, the barrier layer 2702 can overly the major surface 2706 of the abrasive article 2712 without extending over the peripheral surface of 2710. In FIG. 27B, the barrier layer 2702 can overlie the major surface 2706 of the body 2712 and extend over to at least a portion of the peripheral surface 2710. Alternatively, in FIG. 27C, the barrier layer 2702 can overlie the major surface 2706 and extend to overlie the entire surface areas of the peripheral surface 2710 of the body 2712. In another non-limiting embodiment, the barrier layer bonded to the major surface 2706 may include a different composition than the barrier layer bonded to the peripheral surface 2710. In accordance with these embodiments, it may not be necessary for the barrier layer to be removed prior to use of the abrasive tool. For example, the barrier layer can be removed during operation of the abrasive tool, such as grinding or cutting, without interfering with the process of operation. For another instance, the barrier layer can be formed such that forces encountered during applications of the abrasive tool can be sufficient to selectively remove at least a portion of the barrier layer to expose at least a portion of the work surface of the abrasive article. Removal of the barrier layer may occur without affecting the abrasive capabilities of the abrasive article.

According to an embodiment, the barrier layer can include a single layer or include more than one layer, wherein each discrete layer may be referred to as a film. According to an embodiment, the barrier layer can include a metal-containing film. The metal-containing film can include a metal or a metal alloy. Particularly, the metal can be selected from the group consisting of aluminum, iron, tin, copper, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, silver, palladium cadmium, tantalum, tungsten, platinum, gold, and a combination thereof. The metal alloy can include an alloy including one or more of the metals disclosed herein. Moreover, the metal- containing film can consist essentially of any one of the metals noted above. Furthermore, the metal-containing film can consist essentially of a metal alloy made of two or more of the metals noted above.

According to another embodiment, the barrier layer can include a polymer-containing film. The polymer-containing film can include a polymer. In a particular embodiment, the polymer-containing film can consist essentially of a polymer. Examples of the polymer can include a thermoplastic, a thermoset, or the like. In a particular embodiment, the polymer can be selected from the group consisting of a thermoplastic and a thermoset. Examples of a thermoplastic can include poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polybenzimidazole, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, a thermoplastic elastomer, ionomers,(e.g., ion-containing polymers and ion-containing copolymers), or any combination thereof. Examples of a thermoset can include polyester, polyurethanes, phenol-formaldehyde resin, an epoxy resin, polyimide, or any combination thereof. In a more particular embodiment, the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyamide, polyolefin, polyester, polypropylene, polyvinyl, an epoxy, a resin, polyurethanes, a rubber, polyimide, phenolic, polybenzimidazole, aromatic polyamide, and a combination thereof. Exemplary ionomers can include an acid group that is partially or completely neutralized with a metal ion, such as zinc, cesium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, or potassium. The acid group can be an acid group of acrylic acid, carboxylic acid, methacrylic acid, sulfonic acid, and copolymers thereof. In a more particular embodiment, the polymer consists essentially of polyethylene terephthalate.

According to another embodiment, the barrier layer can include a biaxially-oriented material. Exemplary biaxially-oriented material can include polyester, such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide, such as Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6, and polyolefin, such as polypropylene. It will be appreciated that the barrier layer can consist essentially of any of the foregoing materials or consists essentially of two or more of the foregoing materials noted above. In a particular embodiment, the barrier layer can be essentially free of epoxy. In another particular embodiment, the barrier layer can be essentially free of paraffin. In still another particular embodiment, the barrier layer can be essentially free of a wax.

According to another embodiment, the barrier layer can include an antiviral and/or antimicrobial films or layers. In an embodiment, an antiviral and/or antimicrobial films or layers can be the outermost layer of the barrier layer. In an embodiment, an antiviral and/or antimicrobial films or layers can be the innermost layer of the barrier layer. In an embodiment, an antiviral and/or antimicrobial films or layers can be between the outermost and innermost layers of the barrier layer. The antiviral and/or antimicrobial films or layers can be the same as the other antiviral layers or films or antimicrobial layers or films described in other sections of this application.

In some instances, the barrier layer can include more than one layer, such as a combination of the films in the embodiments herein. As shown in FIG. 28A, the barrier layer 410 can include the polymer-containing film 2802 overlying the metal-containing film 2804. Particularly, the polymer-containing film may be bonded directly to the metal-containing film, which may help to enhance structure stability of the barrier layer. The barrier layer may also include more than one metal-containing film, polymer-containing film, or a combination of multiple layers of these films. FIG. 28B to 28D include some exemplary configurations of the barrier layer 2810. FIG. 28B depicts the metal-containing film 2804 disposed between two polymer-containing films 2802 and 2806. In FIG. 28C, the polymer-containing film 2802 is disposed between the polymer-containing film 2806 and the metal-containing film 2804, as shown in FIG. 28C. In FIG 28D, the metal-containing film 2804 is between a polymer containing film 2802 and an antimicrobial and/or antiviral film 2808. In a particular embodiment, the polymer-containing film, the metal-containing film, or both can be treated with an agent that can promote adhesion, such as silane, to improve bonding between the bonded body and the barrier layer. In another particular embodiment, the barrier layer can include one or more tie layers disposed between adjacent films. The tie layer can include a polymer, such as an adhesive, to facilitate bonding between dissimilar layers that otherwise may not adhere to each other. For instance, a tie layer can be placed between a PET film and a metal-containing layer or a polymer-containing layer. In another particular embodiment, the barrier layer can include a polymer based sealant layer to facilitate bonding between the barrier layer and the bonded body. In a particular yet non-limiting embodiment, the sealant layer can include a polyethylene based heat sealable material. In another particular yet non limiting embodiment the sealant layer can include an ionomer. In a particular embodiment, the ionomer can include poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) neutralized with an ion including zinc, cesium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, or a combination thereof. It will be appreciated that various combinations of one or more metal-containing films or polymer- containing films is within the scope of the present embodiments, and many other configurations of the barrier layer including one than one layer of the metal-containing films and the polymer-containing films would be possible and within the scope of the embodiments herein.

In accordance with a particular embodiment, the barrier layer can include a polymer- containing film disposed between a plurality of metal-containing layers, including for example, two metal-containing films. The two metal-containing films may include the same metal material, such as aluminum, however this is not always necessary. The polymer can include any of the polymers noted herein, including for example, polyethylene. Particularly, the barrier layer can be a double-sided reflective aluminum with polyethylene woven reinforcement disposed between the two layers of aluminum. The embodiments of this paragraph may additionally include an antiviral and/or antimicrobial film as the outermost film.

In accordance with another particular embodiment, the barrier layer can include a metal-containing film and a polymer-containing film. The polymer-containing film can be placed between the abrasive article and the metal-containing film. In a more particular embodiment, the polymer-containing film can be in direct contact with the metal-containing film. In another more particular embodiment, the metal-containing film can be the outermost layer of the barrier layer. The embodiments of this paragraph may additionally include an antiviral and/or antimicrobial film as the outermost film.

In another particular embodiment, the barrier layer can include a plurality of films.

The barrier layer can include a first polymer-containing film, a second polymer-containing film, a metal-containing film, a third polymer-containing film, and a fourth polymer- containing film. The first polymer-containing film can include biaxially-oriented nylon, PET or polypropylene. The second polymer-containing film can include polyethylene. The metal- containing film can be foil. The third polymer-containing film can include polyethylene.

The fourth polymer-containing film can include polyethylene, such as co-extruded polyethylene. In an even more particular embodiment, the fourth polymer-containing film can be the outermost layer of the barrier layer that is facing away from the abrasive article.

In another more particular body, the metal-containing film can be the outermost layer of the barrier layer. It will be appreciated that any of the foregoing films and the respective materials include films that consist essentially of the corresponding materials as noted above. For example, the fourth polymer-containing film can consist essentially of co-extruded polyethylene. The embodiments of this paragraph may additionally include an antiviral and/or antimicrobial film as the outermost film.

In the embodiments employing barrier layer including the metal-containing film and the polymer-containing film, the average thickness of these films can be similar or different. In some embodiments, the average thickness of the polymer-containing film can be greater than the average thickness of the metal-containing film. In other embodiments, the average thickness of the metal-containing film may be greater than the average thickness of the polymer-containing film. The embodiments of this paragraph may additionally include an antiviral and/or antimicrobial film as the outermost film.

According to an embodiment, the metal-containing film can be bonded to the major surface of the body, such that the metal-containing film can be in direct contact with the major surface including the bond material and abrasive particles of the body. In such an embodiment, the metal-containing film can be disposed between the major surface of the body and another film overlying the metal-containing film (e.g., a polymer-containing film). According to another embodiment, the polymer-containing film can be bonded to the major surface of the body, such that the polymer-containing film can be in direct contact with the major surface including the bond material and abrasive particles of the body. In such an embodiment, the polymer-containing film can be disposed between the major surface of the body and another film overlying the polymer-containing film (e.g., a metal-containing film). In a particular embodiment of the barrier layer including both metal-containing and polymer- containing films, the polymer-containing film can be directly bonded to the major surface of the body. The embodiments of this paragraph may additionally include an antiviral and/or antimicrobial film as the outermost film.

In a further embodiment, the barrier layer can include a film including wax. For instance, the barrier layer can include a film consisting essentially of wax. In another instance, the barrier layer can include a film including wax and a material different than wax, such as a blend of wax and a polymer. In a particular, non-limiting embodiment, a wax- containing film can include a blend of wax and polyethylene. In a more particular, non limiting embodiment, the barrier layer can include a plurality of films including a wax- containing film that is immediately adjacent a major surface of the bonded body. The embodiments of this paragraph may additionally include an antiviral and/or antimicrobial film as the outermost film. In another embodiment, the wax-containing film can be the outermost film of the barrier layer (e.g., farthest from the bonded body). In a particular, non-limiting embodiment, the barrier layer can include a plurality of films, and the outermost film can be the wax- containing film, and more particularly, the outermost film can consist essentially of wax.

In another embodiment, the barrier layer contacting the major surface of the bonded body can include a plurality of films (e.g., a polymer-containing film, a metal-containing film, or a combination thereof) including the wax-containing film. Particularly, the wax- containing film can be the outermost film of the barrier layer on the major surface, and more particularly, the outermost film can consist essentially of wax. In yet another embodiment, the barrier layer contacting the peripheral surface of the bonded body can include wax. In a particular, non-limiting embodiment, the barrier layer contacting the peripheral surface can consist essentially of a wax-containing film. In a more particular, still non-limiting embodiment, the barrier layer contacting the peripheral surface can consist essentially of wax. In another embodiment, there can be an antiviral and/or antimicrobial film on top of the wax such that the antiviral and/or antimicrobial film is the outermost film.

It has been noted that given the particular forming process of the embodiments herein, the barrier layer may be susceptible to damage, such as the formation of perforations that can extend through the thickness of the barrier layer (e.g., partially through the thickness or entirely through the thickness). During the process of forming the abrasive tool, perforations may be formed in the barrier layer. In addition, perforations may be formed during routine handling and shipping. The perforations can have similar or different sizes. For example, the perforations can have various sizes of diameters. In an embodiment, the perforation diameter can be at least 2 pm, such as 8 pm, at leastl3 pm, at least 25 pm, at least 50 pm, at least 75 pm, at least 105 pm, at least 145 pm, at least 220 pm, or even at least 280 pm. In another embodiment, the perforation diameter of the perforations may not be greater than 1000 pm, such as not greater than 950 pm, not greater than 890 pm, not greater than 810 pm, not greater than 750 pm, not greater than 680 pm, not greater than 610 pm, not greater than 520 pm, or even not greater than 420 pm. It will be appreciated that the diameter of the perforations can be within a range including any of the minimum values and maximum values disclosed herein. For example, the can have the diameters of the perforations within a range of 2 pm to 1000 pm, such as within a range of 50 pm to 890 pm.

The perforations can have an average size, such as an average diameter. In an embodiment, the average diameter of the perforations can be at least 200 pm, at least 240 pm, at least 260 pm, at least 285 pm, or even at least 310 pm. In another embodiment, the average diameter may be not greater than 580 mhi, such as not greater than 520 mhi, not greater than 480 mhi, not greater than 430 mhi, or even not greater than 380 mhi. It will be appreciated that the average diameter of the perforations can be within a range including any of the minimum values and maximum values noted above. For example, the perforations can have an average diameter within a range of 200 pm to 580 pm, such as within a range of 285 pm to 430 pm.

Density of perforation may be determined by counting the number of the perforations within randomly selected areas of a surface of the barrier layer that is facing away from the abrasive article. At least 4 areas can be selected. Magnifiers or microscopes with backside illumination can be used to aid identifying the perforations. Perforation density can be the total number of perforations normalized by the total areas examined.

According to another embodiment, the perforation density may be not greater than not greater than 200 perforations/cm , such as not greater than 180 perforations/cm , not greater than 160 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 140 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 120 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 100 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 90 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 80 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 70 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 60 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 50 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 40 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 30 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 20 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 15 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 10 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 9 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 8 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 7 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 6 perforations/cm 2 , or not greater than 5 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 4 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 3 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 2 perforations/cm 2 , not greater than 1 perforation/cm . For at least one embodiment, the barrier layer can be essentially free of perforations. Still, in at least one non-limiting embodiment, some minor content of perforations can exist, such that the perforation density can be at least 0.1 perforations/cm , such as at least 0.5 perforations/cm 2 , at least 1 perforation/cm 2 , at least 1.5 perforations/cm 2 , at least 1.8 perforations/cm 2 , at least 2 perforations/cm 2 , at least 2.3 perforations/cm 2 , at least

2.5 perforations/cm 2 , at least 3 perforations/cm 2 , at least 3.5 perforations/cm 2 , at least 4 perforations/cm 2 , at least 4.5 perforations/cm 2 , at least 5 perforations/cm 2 , at least 5.6 perforations/cm 2 , at least 6 perforations/cm 2 , at least 6.5 perforations/cm 2 , at least 7.2 perforations/cm 2 , at least 8 perforations/cm 2 , at least 9 perforations/cm 2 , or even at least 10 perforations/cm . It will be appreciated that the perforation density can be within a range including any of the minimum values to maximum values noted above. For example, the perforation density can be within a range of 0.1 perforations/cm to 200 perforations/cm , such as within a range of 0.5 perforations/cm 2 to 180 perforations/cm 2 , within a range of 1 perforations/cm 2 to 160 perforations/cm 2 , within a range of 2 perforations/cm 2 to 140 perforations/cm 2 , within a range of 5 perforations/cm 2 to 120 perforations/cm 2 , or within a range of 10 perforations/cm to 100 perforations/cm .

In an embodiment, the barrier layer can prevent or reduce water vapor transmission into the abrasive article, compared to a conventional abrasive tool. In a non-limiting embodiment, water vapor resistance of the barrier layer can be tested by measuring water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), which can be determined using ASTM F1249-01 (Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated Infrared Sensor). In a non-limiting embodiment, the barrier layer may have a WVTR of not greater than about 2.0 g/m -day (i.e., grams per square meter, per 24 hours),

For example, the WVTR may be not greater than about 1.5 g/m -day, such as not greater than about 1 g/m 2 -day, not greater than about 0.1 g/m 2 -day, not greater than about 0.015 g/m 2 -day, not greater than about 0.010 g/m 2 -day, not greater than about 0.005 g/m 2 -day, not greater than about 0.001 g/m 2 -day, or even not greater than about 0.0005 g/m 2 -day. In another non- limiting embodiment, the WVTR of the barrier layer can be greater than 0 g/m -day, such as at least 0.00001 g/ m -day. It is to be appreciated the barrier layer can have a WVTR in a range including any of the minimum and maximum values noted herein. For instance, the

WVTR may be within a range including greater than 0 g/m -day and not greater than 2.0 g/m 2 -day, such as within a range including at least 0.00001 g/ m 2 -day and not greater than 2.0 g/m²-day.

In certain embodiments, orientation of the films of the barrier layer may affect the density of the perforation. It may be desired to have the polymer-containing film as the outermost layer for the barrier layer, as in some instances, depending upon the polymer- containing film material, during processing the material may exhibit a self-sealing capability configured to seal some perforations formed in the barrier layer. Notably, certain polymer- containing films may exhibit flow behaviors during processing that facilitate flowing and sealing of perforations formed during processing. For example, the polymer-containing film that includes co-extruded polyethylene may be disposed as the outmost layer in some embodiments to reduce perforation density of the barrier layer can be obtained.

In at least one other application, the polymer-containing film can be placed between the metal-containing film and the abrasive article, which may help to reduce formation of perforation in the metal-containing film during the process of forming the abrasive tool. For instance, during curing, the material of the polymer-containing film may flow and seal at least some of the perforations formed in the metal- containing film. Additionally or alternatively, during processing, the material may facilitate flowing and sealing of perforations in the metal-containing film. The metal-containing film may be used as the outermost layer for the barrier layer.

Formation of the barrier layer can be carried out in-situ with the formation of the abrasive article (e.g. an abrasive wheel). Notably, the barrier layer can be selected such that it can withstand the forming process of forming the abrasive article. Moreover, the barrier layer may undergo some modification during the forming process, including for example, some physical or chemical changes that facilitate bonding of the barrier layer to one or more surfaces of the abrasive article.

According to one particular forming process, the barrier layer can be disposed within the mold, on top of which an abrasive layer including abrasive particles contained in the bond material can be added in the manner in accordance with the embodiments herein. The abrasive layer can be in the form of the green body, mixture, various layers, or any other form described above. In certain instances, another barrier layer may be laid on top of the abrasive body. In some other embodiments, the barrier layer may be placed only adjacent to the bottom or top of the abrasive body. Moreover, a barrier layer may be placed in the mold such that it is adjacent the peripheral surface of the abrasive layer, such that the barrier layer can be formed on the peripheral surface of the abrasive article.

In the embodiments of utilizing an organic bonding material to form the bond material, during curing of the organic bonding material, the barrier layer can adhere to one or more major surfaces of the body and/or a peripheral surface of the body. In a non-limiting embodiment, the barrier layer can be cure bonded to a major surface and/or a peripheral surface of the body. In another non-limiting embodiment, the barrier layer can be melt bonded to a major surface and/or peripheral surface of the body.

In some embodiments, hot pressing can be used to form the abrasive article and may be utilized for the barrier layer to directly bond to the major surface. The hot pressing operation can include parameters as detailed in the embodiments herein.

In an embodiment, after the barrier layer is applied to one or more major surfaces of the abrasive article, the abrasive tools can be stacked with a metal separator placed between adjacent tools for curing. In another non-limiting embodiment, a spacer can be used between a tool and a metal separator to prevent the tool from adhering to the metal separator during curing. To facilitate separation of tools from metal separators, the spacer can be non-stick.

In a particular embodiment, the space can be a non-stick film including silicone, Teflon, or Kapton. In another particular embodiment, the spacer can include fluoropolymer coated, such as PTFE, coated fiberglass. Use of the spacer can also improve contact between the barrier layer and the major surface of the bonded body, which can be expected to improve moisture resistance of the abrasive tool.

Certain temperature ranges may be particularly suitable to treat the barrier layer. For instance, the temperature can be at least 50°C, at least 100°C, or at least 150°C. In another instance, the temperature may be not greater than 250°C, not greater than 225°C, or not greater than 200°C. The temperature can be within any of the minimum and maximum values disclosed herein. For example, the temperature can be within a similar range of curing the abrasive wheel.

While reference has been made in the foregoing to aspects of the barrier layer and the attachment of the barrier layer to at least a portion of the body of the abrasive article (e.g., a major surface), it will be appreciated that in certain instances, the barrier layer can be a temporary component. For example, according to one embodiment, the barrier layer is a temporary component configured to be applied to at least a portion of the body of the abrasive article for handling and shipment of the body. Temporary barrier layers are configured to be removed prior to use of the abrasive article. Certain prior art approaches of other barrier layers has been directed to permanent constructions that are removed during the use (e.g., grinding or cutting) of the abrasive article. By contrast, a temporary barrier layer is configured to be applied during or after formation of the abrasive article and removed by the user prior to use of the abrasive article.

The temporary barrier layer can include any of the barrier layer materials and features described in embodiments herein. For example, in a non-limiting embodiment, the barrier layer overlying a portion of the body can include a wax, and in some instances, may be made entirely of wax. In at least one embodiment, the barrier layer comprises a film comprising wax. In one particular embodiment, the barrier layer comprising wax can cover the entire surface of the abrasive article, such that the barrier layer consists essentially of wax and surrounds and seals the entire body of the abrasive article.

For the purposes of those embodiments directed to a temporary barrier layer, it will be appreciated that the barrier layer can overlie and be adhered directly to any of the surfaces of the body as described in other embodiments herein. See, for example, the description of embodiments relevant to FIGs. 26A-26C and 27A-27B. For ease of reference, FIG. 29A includes a cross-sectional illustration of an abrasive article 2900 including a portion of a abrasive article 2901 and a barrier layer 2902 according to an embodiment. In at least one embodiment, the barrier layer 2902 can be adhered to at least a portion of the abrasive article, such as at least a portion of the major surface of the body 2901 in a peelable configuration. A peelable configuration is reference to the temporary manner in which the barrier layer 2901 can be attached to the body 901.

For example, in one embodiment, the peelable configuration is defined by a particular peel strength of the barrier layer 2902 relative to the body 2901. For example, the barrier layer 2902 can be adhered to the body 2901 such that the peel strength defining the adhesion of the barrier layer 2902 to the body 2902 can be not greater than 3000 g/in as measured according to ASTM F88 using a 180 degree testing setup. In still other instances, the peel strength can be not greater than 2900 g/in, such as not greater than 2800 g/in or not greater than 2700 g/in or not greater than 2600 g/in or not greater than 2500 g/in or not greater than 2400 g/in or not greater than 2300 g/in or not greater than 2200 g/in or not greater than 2100 g/in or not greater than 2000 g/in or not greater than 1900 g/in or not greater than 1800 g/in or not greater than 1700 g/in or not greater than 1600 g/in or not greater than 1500 g/in or not greater than 1400 g/in or not greater than 1300 g/in or not greater than 1200 g/in or not greater than 1100 g/in or not greater than 1000 g/in or not greater than 900 g/in or not greater than 800 g/in or not greater than 700 g/in or not greater than 600 g/in or not greater than 500 g/in or not greater than 400 g/in. In still another non-limiting embodiment, the peel strength can be at least 10 g/in, such as at least 20 g/in or at least 30 g/in or at least 40 g/in or at least 50 g/in or at least 60 g/in or at least 70 g/in or at least 80 g/in or at least 90 g/in or at least 100 g/in or at least 200 g/in or at least 300 g/in or at least 400 g/in or at least 500 g/in or at least 600 g/in or at least 700 g/in or at least 800 g/in or at least 900 g/in or at least 1000 g/in or at least 1100 g/in or at least 1200 g/in or at least 1300 g/in or at least 1400 g/in or at least 1500 g/in or at least 1600 g/in or at least 1700 g/in or at least 1800 g/in or at least 1900 g/in or at least 2000 g/in. It will be appreciated that the peel strength can be within a range including any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. For example, the peel strength can be within a range including at least 10 g/in and not greater than 3000 g/in, or within a range including at least 10 g/in and not greater than 2000 g/in or within a range including at least 10 g/in and not greater than 1500 g/in or within a range including at least 10 g/in and not greater than 500 g/in or even within a range including at least 10 g/in and not greater than 300 g/in. Such peel strengths have been shown to be suitable for adherence of the barrier layer for shipment and general handling, while also being suitable for peeling and removal of the barrier layer by hand and without the need for aggressive abrasive removal techniques (e.g., grinding of the abrasive article during use). As further illustrated in FIG. 29 and as disclosed in other embodiments herein, the barrier layer 2901 can include one or more films of materials. As illustrated in FIG. 29, the barrier layer 2902 can include a first film 2903 defining the outermost surface of the barrier film, a second film 2904 adjacent and underlying the first film 2903, and a third film 2905 adjacent to and underlying the second film 2904. The third film 2905 can define the innermost layer and be in direct contact with the body 2901 of the abrasive article. In at least one embodiment, the barrier layer 2902 can include a metal-containing film, which may be any one of the first film 2903, second film 2904, and third film 2905. Still, in one particular embodiment, the second film 2904 may be the metal-containing film. It will be appreciated that more or less films may be present within the barrier layer and the depiction of three films in FIG. 9A is for illustration purposes only. The barrier layer 2902 can have any of the constructions of the barrier layer materials disclosed in the embodiments herein.

According to one embodiment, an adhesive layer may be disposed between the barrier layer 2902 and the body 2901. In such instances, the adhesive layer may be considered a separate layer from the barrier layer. Turning briefly to FIG. 29B, a cross-sectional illustration of a portion of an abrasive article is provided. The abrasive article 2920 includes an abrasive article 2921, a barrier layer 2922, and an adhesive layer 2923 disposed between the barrier layer 2922 and the body 2921. The adhesive layer 2923 can be used to temporarily adhere the barrier layer 2922 on the body 2921 with sufficient strength that the abrasive article 2920 can be handled, shipped and stored, and still the adhesive strength of the adhesive layer 2923 is suitable for allowing the barrier layer 2922 to be removed from the body 2921 by hand.

As will be appreciated, the embodiment of FIG. 29B depicts the adhesive layer 2923 disposed between a major surface of the body 2921 and the barrier layer 2923. However, the adhesive layer 2923 can be applied to any surface of the body 2921 to facilitate suitable temporary adhesion of the barrier layer 2922 to any portion of the body 2921. The adhesive layer 2923 may be in direct contact and adhered directly to any component of the abrasive tool, including an abrasive layer, a reinforcing layer, or any combination thereof. In at least one embodiment, any one of the adhesive layers 2923 described herein can be a double- sided adhesive, including adhesive material on both surfaces to facilitate suitable adhesion of the barrier layer 2922 to the body 2921.

According to one embodiment, the adhesive layer 2923 can include a pressure- sensitive adhesive. The pres sure- sensitive adhesive can include an adhesive that adheres to a surface under mechanical force applied to the adhesive layer 2923. In another embodiment, the adhesive layer 2923 can include a water-based adhesive material that facilitates adherence to the barrier layer 2922 and/or the body 2921.

In still another embodiment, the adhesive layer 2923 can include a temperature- sensitive adhesive, which can facilitate suitable bonding and de-bonding of the adhesive to the barrier layer 2922 and/or body 2921 by the application of a particular temperature to the adhesive layer 2923. For example, in certain instances, the adhesive layer 2923 may be applied to the barrier layer 2922 and/or the body 2921 by applying a sufficient pressure to the adhesive layer 2923 to adhere the adhesive layer 2923 to the barrier layer 2922 and/or body 2921.

In yet another embodiment, the adhesive layer 2923 can include an adhesive comprising a solvent-based adhesive. In still another embodiment, the adhesive layer 2923 can include a polymer dispersion adhesive. For certain embodiments, it may be desirable for the adhesive layer 2923 to include a non-reactive adhesive material, which does not chemically interact with the substrate to which it is adhered (e.g., the barrier layer 2922 and/or body 2921). For example, the non-reactive adhesive material can include melt- flowable material that forms a mechanical bond to the substrate to which it is adhere.

Still, in other instances, the adhesive layer 2923 may include a reactive adhesive, which chemically interacts with the substrate to which it is adhered (e.g., the barrier layer 2922 and/or body 2921). In at least one embodiment, the adhesive layer 2923 may include a reactive adhesive that can include a compatible surface coating relative to the surface of the abrasive article 2921. For example, the adhesive layer may include a silane coating that is configured to chemically react with the one or more material components on the surface of the abrasive article.

In certain aspects, the adhesive layer 2923 can include one or more adhesive materials including materials such as starch, casein, a natural gum, a viscoelastic polymer, acrylate polymer, rubber, thermoplastic elastomer, silicone rubber, polybutene, polybutadine, lacquer, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene vinylacetate, ethylene methacrylic acid, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, polyethylene terephthalate, epoxy, ethylene acrylic acid, sulfonated polystyrene, polyamide, or any combination, blend, and/or copolymer thereof.

According to one embodiment, the adhesive layer 2923 can include an adhesive material including an ionomer, which can be a copolymer containing an ion including a group of an acrylic acid, a methacrylic acid, a sulfonic acid, a carboxylic acid, an unneutralized metal ion, a partially neutralized metal ion, a fully neutralized metal ion or a combination thereof. Some suitable examples of metal ions may include at least one of zinc, cesium, magnesium, sodium, calcium, or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the adhesive layer 2923 may include an adhesive material formed from a plasma treated polymer, a plasma deposited polymer, a flame-treated polymer, a corona-treated polymer, a mechanically roughened polymer, a silane treated polymer, a metallized polymer, a fluorinated polymer, a hydrolyzed polymer, a chemically-treated polymer, an etched polymer, an arc and flame-sprayed polymer, a vapor-polished polymer, a printed polymer, a coated polymer, or any combination thereof. Some suitable polymers can include fluorinated polymers (e.g., PTFE), polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polyolefins, polyamides, polystyrene, vinyl, biaxially oriented polymers, or a combination thereof.

According to the embodiment of FIG. 29B the adhesive layer 2923 is a discrete layer separate from the barrier layer 2922 and the body 2921. In other embodiments, the barrier layer 2902 may include a plurality of films, and wherein at least one of the films is an adhesive layer comprising an adhesive material and configured to facilitate adhesion between the barrier layer 2902 and the body 2901. In such embodiments, the inner most layer, such as the third film 2905 as illustrated in FIG. 29 A, can be an adhesive layer including an adhesive material that facilitate adhesion of the other films within the barrier layer 2902 to the body 2901. A barrier layer incorporating at least one film comprising an adhesive layer can have any of the properties and/or characteristics of the adhesive layers described in the embodiments herein.

In another embodiment, the barrier layer 2902 can include at least one film comprising a sacrificial material. In certain instances, the film comprising the sacrificial material is configured to be an impermanent material, which can have one or more characteristics that change due to one or more stimuli that facilitate debonding of the barrier layer 2902 from the body 2901. In certain instances, the film comprising the sacrificial material (i.e., sacrificial film) is placed within the barrier layer 2902 such that upon application of the stimulus the sacrificial material undergoes a mechanical or chemical change and the remaining layers of the barrier layer 2902 are removed from the body 2901.

In such instances, the sacrificial film may be the innermost film of the barrier layer 2902 and in direct contact with the body 2901.

In other instances, the sacrificial material may be located within the barrier layer 2902 such that it facilitates separation of the barrier layer 2902 into two or more portions. For example, the film comprising the sacrificial material may be an interior layer (e.g., the second film 2904) contained within the barrier layer 2902 and disposed between two or more films (e.g., the first film 2903 and the third film 2905) on either surface. In such instance, upon application of a stimulus, the sacrificial film can undergo a change and be configured to separate the barrier layer into two separate portions including the first film 2903 and the third film 2905. Such embodiments may be particular useful if the third film comprises a material that may be suitable for use on the abrasive article during grinding (e.g., a thermal barrier, lubricant layer, etc.).

In another embodiment, the barrier layer 2902 can include a film comprising a sacrificial material configured to mechanically or chemically alter when exposed to electromagnetic radiation. Some non-limiting examples of such alterations can include dissociation of the adhesive material or a weakening sufficient to debond at least a portion of the barrier layer 2902 from other portions of the barrier layer 2902 or the body 2901. The electromagnetic radiation can be selected depending upon the properties of the sacrificial material. For example, in at least one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation can be ultraviolet radiation (400 nm to 10 nm).

In another embodiment, the barrier layer 2902 can include a film comprising a sacrificial material configured to mechanically or chemically alter when exposed to a reactive chemical agent. The chemical reactive agent may be a particular chemical compound or material that facilitates selective dissociation of the sacrificial material while leaving the other components of the abrasive tool intact. Notably, it may be particularly suitable to select a reactive chemical agent that is not reactive with the abrasive article. Some non-limiting examples of suitable reactive chemical agents may include bases, acids, water, alcohol, polar materials (e.g., liquids), non-polar materials, surfactants, and the like. In certain instances, the sacrificial material may be configured to chemically react with the reactive chemical agent in a chemical reaction to form one or more reaction products.

In still another aspect, the barrier layer 2902 can include a film including a sacrificial material configured to mechanically or chemically alter when exposed to a particular temperature. For example, the sacrificial material may be a temperature- sensitive material that is configured to undergo a physical or chemical change at a particular temperature, and such a change can be configured to facilitate separation between a portion of the barrier layer 2902 and the body 2901. For example, the sacrificial material may be configured to mechanically or chemically alter at a transition temperature. Notably, the sacrificial material can be configured to have a transition temperature that is not sufficient to cause significant changes to the abrasive article 2901. For example, the sacrificial material can have a transition temperature that is less than a melting temperature, softening temperature, or transition temperature of the bond material (or any other components) of the abrasive article 2901. Such a relationship between the transition temperature of the sacrificial material and the materials of the abrasive article 2901 can facilitate suitable removal of at least a portion of the barrier layer 2902 without causing damage to the abrasive article 2901 prior to use.

According to one embodiment, the sacrificial material comprises a transition temperature of not greater than 300°C, such as not greater than 250°C or not greater than 200°C or not greater than 180°C or not greater than 150°C or not greater than 120°C or not greater than 100°C. Still, in another non-limiting embodiment, the sacrificial material can have a transition temperature of at least 30°C or at least 50°C or at least 80°C or at least 100°C or at least 150°C or at least 200°C or at least 250°C. It will be appreciated that the transition temperature can be within a range including any of the minimum and maximum temperatures noted above.

In another aspect, the abrasive tool can include certain features associated with the barrier layer to facilitate hand removal of the barrier layer from at least a portion of the body prior to use of the abrasive article. For example, in one embodiment, the abrasive tool can include a tab extending from the barrier layer in a sealed position and configured to be moved from the sealed position to an unsealed position and release at least a portion of the barrier layer from the portion of the body. FIG. 29C includes a cross-sectional illustration of an abrasive tool including a tab in a sealed position according to an embodiment. FIG. 29D includes a cross-sectional illustration of an abrasive tool including a tab in an unsealed position according to an embodiment.

As illustrated in FIG. 29C, the abrasive tool 2930 can include a body 2931 and a barrier layer 2932 adhered to at least a portion of the body 2931, wherein the barrier layer 2932 can include a plurality of films 2933, 2934, and 2934. As noted in other embodiments herein, the barrier layer 2932 does not necessarily include a plurality of films and can be a monolithic material made of a single material. In one aspect, the barrier layer 2932 can include a tab 2936 that is extending from the barrier layer 2932 and extending over a side surface 2937 of the body. The tab 2936 can be extending from body 2931 and spaced apart from the surface of the body 2931 to provide a user a suitable structure to grasp and initiate the removal of the barrier layer 2932 from the body 2931. As illustrated in FIG. 29D, the tab 2936 can be moved in the direction 2938, which can facilitate removal of the barrier layer 2932 from the major surface 2939 of the body 2931. Accordingly, in the unsealed position as illustrated in FIG. 29D, the tab 2936 is spaced apart from the surface 2939 of the body 293 land the portion of the body 2931 that was previously covered by the barrier layer 2932 is exposed and ready for use in a grinding operation.

Other variations of a tab are contemplated and part of the embodiments herein. For example, the tab 2936 may only be formed from a portion of the films making up the barrier layer 2932. In one embodiment, wherein the barrier layer 2932 includes a plurality of films (e.g., films 2933, 2934 and 2935), the tab 2936 may be formed from a portion of the films, including for example, only the film 2935, or only the film 2933. In certain instances, it may be suitable to make the tab 2936 from the innermost film that is closest to the body 2931 to ensure that the barrier layer can be properly removed.

In at least one embodiment, the tab 2936 can be made of the same material as the barrier layer 2932. More particularly, the tab 2936 can include the same material as at least one component material of the barrier layer 2932, such as one of the films of the barrier layer 2932. Still, in another embodiment, the tab 2936 may be made of a different material from the material of the barrier layer 2932. More particularly, the tab 2936 may be made of a different material compared to at least one component material (e.g., a material of one of the films) of the barrier layer 2932.

FIG. 29E includes a cross-sectional illustration of an abrasive tool including a tab in a sealed position according to an embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 29E, the abrasive tool 2940 can include a body 2941 and a barrier layer 2942 adhered to at least a portion of the body 2941. The abrasive tool 2940 can further include a tab 2943 extending from a portion of the barrier layer 2942 over the body 2941 that may facilitate grasping by a user and removal of the barrier layer 2942. In particular instances as illustrated in FIG. 29E, the barrier layer 2942 can have a thickness 2944 and the tab 2943 can have a thickness 2945. Notably, in one embodiment, the thickness 2945 of the tab 2943 can be less than the thickness of the barrier layer 2944. Reference herein to the thicknesses can be reference to an average thickness of such components.

FIG. 9F includes a cross-sectional illustration of an abrasive tool including a tab in a sealed position according to an embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 29F, the abrasive tool 2950 can include a body 2951 and a barrier layer 2952 adhered to at least a portion of the body 2951. The abrasive tool 2950 can further include a tab 2953 extending from a portion of the barrier layer 2952 over the body 2951 that may facilitate grasping by a user and removal of the barrier layer 2952 from the body 2951. In particular instances as illustrated in FIG. 29F, the barrier layer 2952 can have a portion 2954 including perforations 2955. The portion 2954 may be a film or discrete layer within the barrier layer 2952, but does not necessarily need to be in the form of a film or layer. The perforations 2955 can extend partially through the thickness of the barrier layer 2952 and facilitate controlled tearing of the barrier layer 2952, which may facilitate removal of the barrier layer 2952 from the body 2951.

FIG.2 9G includes a cross-sectional illustration of an abrasive tool including a tab in a sealed position according to an embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 29G, the abrasive tool 2960 can include a body 2961 and a barrier layer 2962 adhered to at least a portion of the body 2961. The abrasive tool 2960 can further include a tab 2963. At least a portion of the tab 936 can be disposed between the barrier layer 2962 and the body 2961, such that upon movement of the tab 2963 from the sealed position (as illustrate) to an unsealed position (not shown) at least a portion of the barrier layer 2962 is removed and/or torn. For example, the tab 936 may be a wire or string or other elongated body that can be configured to be pulled from a sealed position to an unsealed position, which will tear a portion of the barrier layer 2962 and facilitate removal of the barrier layer 2962 from the body 2961.

Any aspects and features of the foregoing embodiments may be combined with any other features of other embodiments herein, such that various combinations of features from different illustrations and/or embodiments may be utilized.

In another embodiment, the abrasive tool can include a coating layer overlying the barrier layer. FIG. 30 includes a cross-sectional illustration of an abrasive tool including a barrier layer and a coating layer according to an embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 30, the abrasive tool 3000 can include a body 3001 and a barrier layer 3002 adhered to at least a portion of the body 3001, and a coating layer 3003overlying the barrier layer 3002. In at least one embodiment, the coating layer 3003 can include a material selected from the group consisting of inorganic materials, organic materials, naturally occurring materials, synthetic materials, metals, metal alloys, oxides, carbides, nitrides, borides, elastomers, thermoplastics, thermosets, resins, or any combination thereof. In another aspect, the coating layer 3003 can be bonded directly to the barrier layer 3002. In at least one embodiment, the coating layer 3003 can include wax, and more particularly, the coating layer 3003 can consist essentially of wax.

The coating layer 3003 may provide additional support to the abrasive tool and protection while handling and shipping. The coating layer 3003 may be removed with the barrier layer 3003 using any of the techniques described in the embodiments herein.

It will be appreciated that any of the methods for forming an abrasive article disclosed in other embodiments herein are suitable for forming an abrasive tool including a temporary barrier layer that is configured to be removed before use of the abrasive article. According to one particular embodiment, a suitable method for making the abrasive article includes applying a barrier layer to at least a portion of a body of an abrasive article after the abrasive article is formed. Depending upon the features of the barrier layer, various suitable application processes may be utilized, including but not limited to curing, heating, cooling, reacting, pressing, use of static attraction, adhering, depositing, or any combination thereof.

Moreover, a certain method of using such an abrasive tool can include obtaining a abrasive article having a body including abrasive particles contained within a bond material, wherein the body further includes a barrier layer overlying at least a portion of a body and removing at least a portion of the barrier layer prior to use of the body during a grinding operation. One suitable process for removal of the barrier layer can include peeling of the barrier layer, wherein the barrier layer is attached to the portion of the body at a peel strength of not greater than 3000 g/in. In another aspect, the process of removing the barrier layer can include moving a tab extending from the barrier layer from a sealed position to an unsealed position to remove at least a portion of the barrier layer from the body. Removing of the barrier layer can be conducted by hand, such that removal by grinding or other abrasive techniques is not necessary. Other suitable removal processes can include applying a chemical reactant to the barrier layer, applying electromagnetic radiation to the barrier layer, applying heat to the barrier layer, initiating a tear of the barrier layer along a perforated portion, applying a localized reduction in pressure to at least a portion of the barrier layer, or any combination of the foregoing.

The barrier layer in accordance with the embodiments herein may be substantially impermeable, such as entirely impermeable, to moisture. Utilizing the barrier layers to reduce moisture absorption of the abrasive article may improve the performance of the abrasive tool over time and mitigate aging.

ANTIMICROBIAL DATA SOURCE

According to another aspect, the abrasive articles of the embodiments herein may include one or more antimicrobial data sources. More particularly, in one embodiment, the antimicrobial data source may be coupled to the body of the abrasive article and configured to provide or access antimicrobial safety data of the abrasive article.

The abrasive articles of the embodiments herein may include abrasive portions and non-abrasive portions. The abrasive articles of the embodiments herein may include one or more antimicrobial data sources associated with the abrasive portions and/or non-abrasive portions. The manner in which an antimicrobial data source is used or associated with a portion of an abrasive article may vary depending upon the type of antimicrobial data source, the type of abrasive article, and the like. The embodiments herein provide non-limiting examples for the deployment and use of one or more antimicrobial data sources. In one particular embodiment, the antimicrobial data source can be attached to an exterior surface of the body, including an abrasive portion or non-abrasive portion. Attachment to an exterior surface of the body may facilitate suitable communication of the antimicrobial data to one or more entities.

According to one embodiment, the antimicrobial data source is configured to convey antimicrobial safety data to one or more entities, including for example, but not limited to, a manufacturer, a distributor, a customer, a user, a database or computing system associated with such entities or a combination thereof. In one particular aspect, antimicrobial safety data can include data related to a composition of an antimicrobial agent on the abrasive article, placement of an antimicrobial agent on the abrasive article, handling instructions, date of antimicrobial treatment, date of packaging, type of antimicrobial treatment, duration since the last antimicrobial treatment, recommendations for re-treatment, expiration date of the antimicrobial treatment, number of handlers, time since last being handled, entity last handling the abrasive article, or any combination thereof.

In one aspect, the antimicrobial data source can include at least one electronic device. In one embodiment, the electronic device can include an electronic tag, electronic memory, a sensor, an analog-to-digital converter, a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modulator circuit, a multiplexer, an antenna, a near- field communication device, a power source a display, an optical device, a global positioning system, a data transponder, a secure data storage device, a secure logic device, a vertically polarized antenna, a booster antenna, a 3D polarized antenna, or any combination thereof. In a more particular embodiment, the electronic device may include at least one of a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, an active radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, a sensor, a passive near-field communication device (passive NFC), an active near-field communication device (active NFC), or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the abrasive article may include at least one sensor coupled to the body of the abrasive article, wherein the sensor is configured to be selectively operated by a system and/or individual. According to one embodiment, the sensor may include at least one of an acoustic sensor, force sensor, vibration sensor, temperature sensor, moisture sensor, pressure sensor, gas sensor, timer, accelerometer, gyroscope, or any combination thereof. In certain instances, the sensor may be configured to sense one or more processing conditions during the formation of the abrasive article. For example, the sensor may be configured to sense one or more conditions during formation of the abrasive article. In yet another embodiment, the sensor may be configured to sense one or more conditions associated with an antimicrobial treatment of the abrasive article. The sensor may be further configured to change a state to indicate the treatment or send a signal to an electronic device configured to record the treatment as antimicrobial safety data.

In still another embodiment, the sensor may be configured to sense a condition of the environment of the abrasive article, including for example, but not limited to, the relative humidity, water vapor content, vibrations, electromagnetic radiation exposure, presence of microbes, or a combination thereof.

In one non-limiting embodiment, the electronic device can be a programmable device, configured to store information, such as the antimicrobial safety data. In one particular embodiment, the electronic device can include memory or other local storage for storing the antimicrobial safety data. Accordingly, in one particular embodiment, any entity using or handling the abrasive article may access the antimicrobial safety data.

In still another embodiment, the electronic device may include at least one wireless communication device configure to access the antimicrobial data from a remote storage database. For example, the electronic device can include a wireless communication device that can fetch antimicrobial safety data related to the abrasive article from a known remote location (e.g., secure or unsecure IP address or cloud-based storage). Moreover, the electronic device can be configured to send new antimicrobial safety data to one or more remote storage locations upon a change to the antimicrobial safety data. For example, in one aspect, a change in one or more conditions to the antimicrobial properties of the abrasive article (e.g., exposure to a new antimicrobial treatment or expiration of a previous antimicrobial treatment) may result in a change in the antimicrobial safety data. The change in antimicrobial safety data may prompt the electronic device to automatically update data in one or more storage locations, which may be remote, local or a combination thereof.

In still another embodiment, the electronic device may be configured to send an electronic notification to a designated recipient, which may be a person or data storage associated with one or more entities in the supply chain of the abrasive article. For example, in one embodiment, the electronic notification may be based on a change of one or more conditions of an antimicrobial property of the abrasive article. Some non-limiting examples of such conditions can include expiration of an antimicrobial treatment, application of new antimicrobial treatment, improper handling, undesirable antimicrobial conditions, undesirable environmental conditions, or a combination thereof. In one particular embodiment, the electronic notification may be in the form of an email, text, or application-specific notification that may be sent to one or more users associated with any of the entities in the supply chain of the abrasive article. In still another embodiment, the electronic notification can be an optical notification (e.g., change in state of a light, LED, etc.), an audio notification (e.g., audio alarm), and/or olfactory notification (e.g., desirable or undesirable smell).

In another aspect, the antimicrobial data source may include one or more reactive objects configured to change states with a change in one or more conditions. The reactive object may not necessarily include an electronic device. Some non-limiting examples of such reactive objects may include materials capable of changing physical and/or chemical states, indicium capable of changing states, and the like. Non-limiting examples of such conditions suitable to cause a change in state of the reactive object may include expiration of an antimicrobial treatment, new antimicrobial treatment, improper handling, undesirable antimicrobial conditions, undesirable environmental conditions, or a combination thereof.

According to one embodiment, the reactive object may be configured to change an optical state, an audio state, and/or olfactory states due to a change in one or more conditions. For example, in one instance, the reactive object may be configured to change states from an antimicrobial treatment during manufacturing of the abrasive article. In another embodiment, the reactive object may be configured to change states from an antimicrobial treatment during packaging of the abrasive article. In still another aspect, the reactive object may be configured to change states gradually after an antimicrobial treatment to indicate the time since the last antimicrobial treatment.

In one aspect, the reactive object may be a material configured to change color when subject to a particular antimicrobial treatment. For example, the reactive object may be sensitive to a particular electromagnetic radiation wavelength, such that upon an electromagnetic radiation antimicrobial treatment, the reactive object changes to a color to indicate the treatment. In still another aspect, the color of the reactive object may have a particular duration commensurate with the expiration date of the treatment. In such instance, upon expiration of a given treatment, the color of the reactive object is sufficiently changed to communicate to one or more entities that the expiration date of the treatment has passed. In such instances, such a change in color may further provide data sufficient to indicate re treatment of the article is desired.

In at least one embodiment, certain abrasive articles may include both types of antimicrobial data sources. For example, the abrasive article may include a first antimicrobial data source in the form of an electronic device and a second antimicrobial data source in the form of a reactive object.

According to one particular embodiment, the antimicrobial data source may be coupled to a bonded abrasive article in certain positions. For example, in one aspect, the antimicrobial data source may be coupled to a bonded abrasive at 1) at an exterior surface of an abrasive portion; 2) embedded partially within an abrasive portion; 3) embedded entirely within an abrasive portion; 4) coupled to an exterior surface of a non-abrasive portion; 5) embedded partially within a non-abrasive portion; 6) embedded entirely within the non abrasive portion; 7) or any combination thereof. In one particular embodiment, the antimicrobial data source is coupled to a non-abrasive portion including a core, hub, bushing or shank coupled to the abrasive portion.

FIGs. 8A-8C include illustrations of various bonded abrasives including one or more antimicrobial data sources 851 and 852 according to embodiments. The illustrated embodiments are non-limiting and other variations of the embodiments are possible.

FIG. 8A includes an abrasive article including an antimicrobial data source 851 coupled to the abrasive portion 105. Additionally, or alternatively, the abrasive article of FIG. 8A may include an antimicrobial data source 852 coupled to a non-abrasive portion 106.

As further illustrated in FIG. 8B, the antimicrobial data source 851 can be coupled to a surface 102 of the abrasive surface 105. However, as described herein, other placements of the antimicrobial data source 851 are possible, including for example, partially embedded or fully embedded within the abrasive portion 105.

As further illustrated in FIG. 8B, the antimicrobial data source 852 can be partially embedded in the non-abrasive portion 106, such that at least a portion of the antimicrobial data source 852 is below the exterior surface of the non-abrasive portion 106. It will be appreciated that other placements of the antimicrobial data source 852 are possible, including for example, at the surface or fully embedded within the non-abrasive portion 106. As described herein, the abrasive article of FIG. 8A may be a coated abrasive article, such as a non-woven abrasive disc, which may include one or both of the antimicrobial data sources 851 and 852 in the abrasive portion and non-abrasive portion, respectively.

FIG. 8C includes an abrasive article including an antimicrobial data source 851 coupled to the non-abrasive portion 128 (e.g., a core or hub). Additionally, or alternatively, the abrasive article of FIG. 8C may include an antimicrobial data source 852 also coupled to the non-abrasive portion 128 in a different position as compared to the antimicrobial data source 851. In one embodiment, the antimicrobial data sources 851 and 852 may be positioned in alternative ways relative to each other to ensure suitable communication. In another embodiment, either one of the antimicrobial data sources 851 and 852 may be coupled to the surface, partially embedded or fully embedded in the non-abrasive portion 128.

In another embodiment, the antimicrobial data source may be coupled to a coated abrasive article in certain positions. For example, in one aspect, the antimicrobial data source may be coupled to a coated abrasive 1) at an exterior surface of the abrasive portion; 2) embedded partially within the abrasive portion; 3) embedded entirely within the abrasive portion; 4) coupled to an exterior surface of the substrate; 5) embedded partially within the substrate; 6) embedded entirely within the substrate; 7) or any combination thereof. In one particular embodiment, the antimicrobial data source can be coupled to a non-abrasive portion of a coated abrasive, which may include at least one of a hub, a core, a bushing, a reinforcing portion, or any combination thereof.

FIGs. 9A-9C include illustrations of various coated abrasives including one or more antimicrobial data sources 951 and/or 952 according to embodiments. The illustrated embodiments are non-limiting and other variations of the embodiments are possible.

FIG. 9A includes an abrasive article including an antimicrobial data source 952 coupled to the abrasive layer 203. Additionally, or alternatively, the abrasive article of FIG. 9A includes an antimicrobial data source 951 coupled to a non-abrasive portion, which is the substrate 202. According to one embodiment, the antimicrobial data source 951 can be at least partially embedded, and in a more particularly embodiment, fully embedded within a back surface of the substrate 202 to avoid interference with use of the coated abrasive article. In another embodiment, the antimicrobial data source 952 can be partially embedded below the upper surface of the abrasive layer 203 to avoid interference with use of the coated abrasive article. In a more particular embodiment, the antimicrobial data source 952 can be disposed between the substrate 202 and the abrasive layer 203, and even more particularly, partially embedded in the substrate 202 and the abrasive layer 203, such as the make coat 204. As will be appreciated, other placements of the antimicrobial data sources 951 and 952 are possible.

FIG. 9B includes an abrasive article including an antimicrobial data source 951 coupled to the non-abrasive portion 202 (i.e., substrate). Additionally, or alternatively, the abrasive article of FIG. 9B may also include an antimicrobial data source 952 coupled to the abrasive portion (i.e., abrasive layer 203). As illustrated, the antimicrobial data source 951 may be fully embedded within the substrate 202 and the antimicrobial data source 952 can be at an interface between the substrate 202 and the abrasive layer 203.

FIG. 9C includes an abrasive article including an antimicrobial data source 951 coupled to the non-abrasive portion 212 (i.e., core). Additionally, or alternatively, the abrasive article of FIG. 9C may also include an antimicrobial data source 952 coupled to the non-abrasive portion (i.e., flange 214) in a different position as compared to the antimicrobial data source 951. As illustrated, the antimicrobial data source 951 may be coupled to the surface of the non-abrasive portion 951 in a position that will avoid interfering with the use of the abrasive article. The antimicrobial data source 952 is partially embedded in the flange 214 of the non-abrasive portion 212. It will be appreciated that the antimicrobial data sources 951 and 952 can be placed at other locations on the non-abrasive portion 212 or abrasive portion 215 and may be on the surface, partially embedded or fully embedded.

ABRASIVE SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TREATING

According to one non-limiting aspect, an abrasive article, such as an abrasive article of an embodiment herein, may be disposed in a package for shipment and/or storage. Such abrasive systems can include a package and an abrasive article contained therein. In at least one embodiment, an abrasive system including the package and the abrasive article may have one or more antimicrobial features. More specifically, the package may include one or more antimicrobial features associated with the abrasive articles of the embodiments herein. In some certain instances, the package and the abrasive article may include one or more of the same antimicrobial features as described in embodiments herein.

FIG. 10 includes a flow chart providing a method for manufacturing an abrasive system according to an embodiment. At step 1001, the process begins by providing a package including an abrasive article. The abrasive article may include any one of the abrasive articles of the embodiments herein, including any of the features associated with such abrasive articles as provided in the embodiments herein.

The package may include a container with an enclosed volume suitable for holding the abrasive article. FIG. 11 A includes an illustration of an abrasive system 1100 including one or more abrasive articles 1101 contained within an enclosed interior volume of a package 1102. It will be appreciated that the package 1102 can be closed, and in some embodiments, sealed from the exterior environment. According to one embodiment, the package 1102 can the package can be flexible or self-supporting. A flexible package is generally made of a thin-walled material that will fold easily under its own weight or in an individual’s hand under normal atmospheric conditions. A flexible package generally does not support its weight when positioned on a surface with the smallest dimension against the surface. Some suitable examples of flexible packaging include single-layered or multi-layered packaging including thin films of organic and/o metal materials. In one embodiment, the flexible package can include at least one of an organic material, an inorganic material, a synthetic material, a natural material, or a combination thereof.

A self-supporting package is generally a material that can support its weight when rested on a surface with the smallest dimension of the package abutting the surface. Self- supporting packaging may include natural materials (e.g., wood, cardboard, etc.), synthetic materials, organic materials, inorganic materials, or any combination thereof. Self-supporting materials can be single-layered or multi-layered constructions.

According to an embodiment, the package 1102 may have at least one antimicrobial property. The antimicrobial property may include incorporation of any of the antimicrobial features of the embodiments herein, including for example, an antimicrobial layer, an antimicrobial agent, a textured surface, or a combination thereof.

In a more particular embodiment, the package 1102 may have at least one antiviral property. The antiviral property may include incorporation of any of the antiviral features of the embodiments herein, including for example, an antiviral layer, an antiviral agent, a textured surface, or a combination thereof. It will be understood that an antiviral layer can include an antiviral agent, which may have any of the features of an antimicrobial layer as described herein with the difference that an antiviral agent or antiviral material is used instead of an antimicrobial agent or antimicrobial material. Furthermore, it will be understood that the application and distribution of an antiviral agent can be the same as the application and/or distribution of an antimicrobial agent as described in embodiments herein.

According to one aspect, the package 1102 may include a metal or metal alloy, and more particularly, may include transition metal element or compound including a transition metal element. In one instance, the package 1102 may include at least one region including copper, silver, or a combination thereof. For example, the package 1102 may include an optional handle 1103 that may include copper and/or silver. Other embodiments herein provide examples of other regions that may include selective regions of a package having antimicrobial or antiviral properties.

In one particular embodiment, the package 1102 may include a region including at least 55 vol% copper and/or silver, such as at least 60 vol% or at least 70 vol% or at least 80 vol% or at least 90 vol% copper and/or silver. FIG. 11B includes an illustration of an abrasive system according to an embodiment. The abrasive system 1110 may include one or more abrasive articles 1101 contained within an interior volume of a package 1102. The abrasive system 1110 may further include a secondary package 1111 containing the one or more abrasive articles 1101 and disposed within the interior volume of the package 1102.

According to one embodiment, the secondary package 1111 may be flexible or self- supporting. In another embodiment, the secondary package 1111 may include at least one antimicrobial property in the form of an antimicrobial agent, antimicrobial layer, textured surface, or a combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the secondary package 1111 can have an exterior surface including at least one of an antibacterial agent, antifungal agent, antiparasitic agent, antiviral agent, or a combination thereof.

In a more particular embodiment, the secondary package 1111 may include at least one antiviral property in the form of an antiviral agent, antiviral layer, textured surface, or a combination thereof. Suitable antimicrobial antiviral agents include those described in embodiments herein.

Referring again to FIG. 10, after step 1001, the process may continue at step 1003 including treating the package 1102 with an antimicrobial treatment. Treating of the package 1102 can include any of the antimicrobial treatments described herein, including for example, but not limited to, applying an antimicrobial layer to at least a portion of the package 1102, integrating an antimicrobial agent into at least a portion of the package 1102, directing electromagnetic radiation at the package 1102, or a combination thereof. In more particular instances, treating may include applying an antimicrobial layer to at least a portion of a surface of the package 1102, integrating an antimicrobial agent into at least a portion of a surface of the package 1102, directing electromagnetic radiation at the package 1102, or a combination thereof. Treating the package may further include applying any of the barrier layers or antiviral thin films described in later sections of this application.

In one aspect, applying an antimicrobial layer may include permanently bonding an antimicrobial layer to at least one of an interior surface of the package 1102, an exterior surface of the package 1102, or a combination thereof. In yet another alternative embodiment, applying an antimicrobial layer may include applying a releasable antimicrobial layer to at least one of an interior surface of the package 1102, an exterior surface of the package 1102, or a combination thereof.

According to another embodiment, integrating an antimicrobial agent may include incorporating an additive into a portion of the package 1102. The additive may include an antimicrobial agent or precursor of the antimicrobial agent. According to one embodiment, the portion of the abrasive article may include an interior surface of the package 1102, an exterior surface of the package 1102, or a combination thereof.

In yet another aspect, the process of directing electromagnetic radiation at the package can include impinging radiation of a particular wavelength as provided in embodiments herein. Notably, in one instance, the electromagnetic radiation may have a wavelength of at least 1 nm, such as at least 5 nm or at least 10 nm or at least 20 nm or at least 40 nm or at least 80 nm or at least 100 nm or at least 125 nm or at least 150 nm or at least 175 nm or at least 200 nm. Still, in a non-limiting embodiment the electromagnetic radiation may have a wavelength of not greater than 400 nm, such as not greater than 375 nm or not greater than 350 nm or not greater than 325 nm or not greater than 300 nm. It will be appreciated that the electromagnetic radiation can have a wavelength within a range including any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.

In one particular embodiment, treating may include simultaneous treatment of the package 1102 and the abrasive article 1101 contained therein. In a more particular embodiment, treatment may include simultaneous treatment of the package 1102 and all materials contained on or within the package 1102, including for example, the one or more abrasive articles 1101, secondary package 1111, antimicrobial handling equipment, one or more antimicrobial data sources, or a combination thereof. In some instances, the materials selected for any of the foregoing may be intentionally selected to be substantially transparent or substantially opaque to the select wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation to facilitate simultaneous treatment. In other instances, the treatment can be conducted on the package 1102 with the intended contents inside, but before the package 1102 is closed. After treatment, the package 1102 can be closed and sealed.

Referring again to FIG. 10, after step 1003, the process can continue at step 1105, which can include recording at least one aspect of the antimicrobial treatment while treating. In accordance with one aspect, the package may optionally include one or more antimicrobial data sources, which can record the treatment, and more particularly, may record certain aspects of the treatment. In one embodiment, the aspects of the treatment may include some information related to antimicrobial safety data. For example, the recorded aspects of the treatment may include, but is not limited to, the date and time of the treatment, the type of treatment, the type of antimicrobial agent or material used, the placement of any antimicrobial agent or material, the products treated (e.g., the abrasive articles 1101, the package 1102, secondary package 1111, etc.) an expiration date for the treatment, handling instructions for the package and/or abrasive articles, recommendations for re-treatment of the abrasive article and/or package, duration of treatment, treatment batch number, or a combination thereof.

According to one embodiment, the abrasive systems of the embodiments herein, and more particularly, the packages of the abrasive systems may include at least one antimicrobial data source configured to provide or access antimicrobial safety data. The antimicrobial data source on or within the package can be the same as the antimicrobial data sources of the embodiments herein. For example, the antimicrobial data source may include an electronic device or a reactive object configured to change a state or store information as antimicrobial safety data related to the treatment. The electronic device and/or reactive device can have any of the features of other electronic devices and/or reactive devices as described in embodiments herein.

For example, the electronic device can be configured to store the antimicrobial safety data locally on a memory. Alternatively, or in addition to the local storage, the electronic device can include at least one wireless communication device configure to access the antimicrobial data from a remote storage database.

Furthermore, as noted in embodiments herein, the electronic device may be configured to send a notification to a designated recipient, which may be a person or data storage associated with one or more entities in the supply chain of the abrasive article. For example, in one embodiment, the notification may be based on a change of one or more conditions of an antimicrobial property of the abrasive article. Some non-limiting examples of such conditions can include expiration of an antimicrobial treatment, application of new antimicrobial treatment, improper handling, undesirable antimicrobial conditions, undesirable environmental conditions, or a combination thereof. In one particular embodiment, the electronic notification may be in the form of an email, text, or application-specific notification that may be sent to one or more users associated with any of the entities in the supply chain of the abrasive article. In still another embodiment, the electronic notification can be an optical notification, an audio notification and/or olfactory notification.

In another embodiment, the antimicrobial data source may include an electronic device, which may be in the form of a sensor as described in other embodiments herein. The system may use a sensor in the same manner as described in other embodiments herein. The sensor may include at least one of an acoustic sensor, force sensor, vibration sensor, temperature sensor, moisture sensor, pressure sensor, gas sensor, timer, accelerometer, gyroscope, or any combination thereof. The sensor can be on the package or contained within the interior volume of the package. In one aspect, the sensor can be configured to be selectively operated by a system and/or individual.

According to one non-limiting embodiment, the sensor may be configured to sense one or more processing conditions during the packaging of the abrasive articles or during an antimicrobial treatment of the package. Information related to the processing conditions or aspects of the antimicrobial treatment of the package and/or abrasive articles may be sent to another electronic device and saved locally or remotely. In another non-limiting embodiment, the sensor may be configured to sense a condition of the environment of the package.

FIG. 12A includes an illustration of an abrasive system including one or more antimicrobial data sources. The abrasive system 1200 can include one or more abrasive articles 1201 contained within an interior volume of a package 1202. While not illustrated, it will be appreciated that a secondary package may be included. In one particular embodiment, an antimicrobial data source 1204 can be contained within an interior volume of the package 1202. In one non-limiting embodiment, the package 1202 may include an optional compartment 1205 in the interior of the package 1202, wherein the at least one antimicrobial data source 1204 can be disposed. The compartment 1205 may provide a dedicated and controlled space in the package 1202 that may have suitable characteristics to keep the antimicrobial data source 1204 in working condition. In one particular embodiment, the compartment 1205 may be a secure compartment that needs a mechanical or electronic key to access the interior of the compartment 1205 and access the antimicrobial data source 1204.

In another non-limiting embodiment, the package may include an antimicrobial data source that is coupled to a wall of the package. FIG. 12B includes an illustration of a system 1210 including at least one abrasive article 1211 contained in an interior volume of a package 1212. In one aspect, the package 1212 may include an antimicrobial data source 1213 coupled to a wall 1214 of the package 1212. In one particular embodiment, the antimicrobial data source 1213 can be coupled to an exterior surface 1215 of the wall 1214 of the package 1212. In an alternative embodiment, at least a portion of the antimicrobial data source 1213 may be embedded into a volume of the wall 1214 such that a portion of the antimicrobial data source 1213 extends into the thickness of the wall below the exterior surface 1215. In another non-limiting embodiment, at least a portion of the antimicrobial data source 1213 may extend completely through the wall 1214 of the package into an interior volume. Such an arrangement may create a non-tampering or permanent attachment of the antimicrobial data source 1213 to the package 1212. According to an alternative embodiment, an antimicrobial data source may be coupled to a package in a selectively removable manner. In such embodiments, the antimicrobial data source may be coupled via an adhesive, electrostatic attraction, or secured using fasteners or quick coupling system to allow one or more entities in the supply chain to selectively remove the antimicrobial data source. In one particular embodiment, the antimicrobial data source may be a re-useable object that can be attached to many different packages throughout the lifecycle of the antimicrobial data source.

As described in embodiments herein, the system may also include a package including at least one abrasive article, wherein an antimicrobial data source is coupled to the abrasive article. In one embodiment, the antimicrobial data source of the system can be coupled only to the abrasive article contained in the package. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 12C, the abrasive system 1220 includes at least one abrasive article 1221 contained in an interior volume of a package 1222, and an antimicrobial data source 1223 can be coupled to the at least one abrasive article 1221. Optionally, the system may include an antimicrobial data source 1224 that is separate from the antimicrobial data source 1223. In another non limiting embodiment, the antimicrobial data source 1224 may be coupled to an exterior surface 1225 of the package 1222. In at least one embodiment, the antimicrobial data source 1223 may be an electronic device that can be read remotely through the wall of the package 1222. In a more particular embodiment, the antimicrobial data source 1223 may be a reactive object that may not necessarily be an electronic device, and may be coupled to an exterior surface 1225 of the package 1222 for suitable communication of the state of the antimicrobial data source 1224 to one or more entities. In a more particular embodiment, the antimicrobial data source 1223 can be an electronic device contained within the package 1222 and the antimicrobial data source 1224 can be coupled to the exterior surface 1225 of the package 1222, wherein the antimicrobial data source 1223 is communicatively coupled to the antimicrobial data source 1224 and configured to control a state of the antimicrobial data source 1224 based on antimicrobial safety data. In still another optional embodiment, the antimicrobial data source 1224 can be communicatively coupled to the antimicrobial data source 1223, and the antimicrobial data source 1223 may be configured to control the states of the antimicrobial data source 1224 in response to one or more changes in conditions. The antimicrobial data source 1224 can be communicatively coupled to the antimicrobial data source 1223 via a wired or wireless connection.

In another aspect, an abrasive system can include one or more abrasive articles contained in a package having one or more designated regions. The designated regions on the package can have any one or more features of designated regions described in embodiments herein. Additionally, the designated region can have an antimicrobial property, which may include any of the antimicrobial properties as provided in the embodiments herein. For example, the designated region may have an antimicrobial layer, an antimicrobial agent, an antimicrobial texture, a greater density as compared to a non-designated region or any combination thereof.

FIG. 13 A includes an illustration of an abrasive system according to an embodiment. According to one embodiment, the abrasive system 1300 can include a package 1301 configured to contain at least one abrasive article within the interior volume. In one embodiment, at least a portion of the package includes one or more designated regions 1303 and 1305 including an antimicrobial property. In one embodiment, at least a portion of the package includes one or more designated regions 1303 and 1305 including an antiviral property. While two designated regions are shown, it will be appreciated that a package may include one or more designated regions. According to one embodiment, the designated regions 1303 and 1305 can be on the exterior surface 1302 of the package and may also be identified by markings. The markings can have any suitable form, including for example, but not limited to, a color, an indicium, a feel, written communication, symbols, or any combination thereof. The markings are intended to communicate the antimicrobial regions to a user for the purpose of safe handling. For example, in a particular embodiment, the designated regions 1303 and 1305 may include a marking and written notation configured to guide a user on proper handling of the package 1301 by the designated regions 1303 and 1305.

According to one embodiment, the designated regions 1303 and 1303 may include a material selected from the group of an inorganic material, organic material, synthetic material, natural material, or a combination thereof. In a more particular embodiment, the designated regions 1303 and 1035 may include a transition metal, including for example, but not limited to copper, silver, or any combination thereof.

In a particular embodiment, the designated region 1303 may include a handle 1304 or another ergonomic feature to assist a user in handling the package 1301. In one embodiment, the handle 1304 can be part of the designated region 1303. According to one embodiment, the handle may have an antimicrobial property. In a more particular embodiment, the handle may have an antiviral property. In one non-limiting aspect, the handle 1304 may include a metal, such as a transition metal, including for example, but not limited to, copper, silver, or a combination thereof. In certain non-limiting designs, the designated regions 1303 and 1305 and/or handle 1304, may include a particular content of copper and/or silver, such as at least 55 vol% copper and/or silver for a total volume of the designated region 1303, such as at least 60 vol% or at least 70 vol% or at least 80 vol% or at least 90 vol% copper and/or silver. In one particular embodiment, the designated regions 1303 and 1305 and/or handle 1304 may consist essentially of a metal including copper and/or silver, and more particularly, the designated regions 1303 and 1305 and/or handle 1304 may consist essentially of copper or silver.

In another embodiment, the package 1301 may include a non-designated region 1306, which is may be essentially free of an antimicrobial property or antiviral property. The non- designated regions on a package may be carefully placed relative to the designated regions to ensure that they are not the primary points of contact for handling of the package.

In one particular embodiment, the package 1301 may have a particular area ratio of the area on the exterior surface of the package for the designated regions 1303 and 1305 as compared to the area on the exterior surface of the package for the non-designated region 1306. For example, in one embodiment, the package 1301 may have an area ratio (Ad:And) of at least 1:1000, wherein “Ad” represents the area on the exterior surface of the packaging associated with the designated regions 1303 and 1305 and “And” represent the area on the exterior surface of the package 1301 associate with the non-designated region 1306. In one non-limiting embodiment, the area ratio (Ad: And) may be at least 1:500, such as at least 1:200 or at least 1:100 or at least 1:50 or at least 1:20 or at least 1:10 or at least 1:5 or at least 1:2 or at least 1:1 or at least 2:1 or at least 3:1 or at least 5:1 or at least 8:1 or at least 10:1 or at least 50:1. In still another non-limiting embodiment, the area ratio (Ad: And) may be not greater than 200:1, such as not greater than 100: 1 or not greater than 50: 1 or not greater than least 20:1 or not greater than 10:1 or not greater than 8: 1 or not greater than 5: 1 or not greater than 3 : 1 or not greater than 2: 1 or not greater than 1 : 1 or not greater than 1 :2 or not greater than 1:3 or not greater than 1:4 or not greater than 1:5 or not greater than 1:6 or not greater than 1 :8 or not greater than 1 : 10 or not greater than 1 : 15 or not greater than 1 :20. It will be appreciated that the area ratio may be within a range between any of the values note above, including for example, but not limited to, within a range of at least 1:1000 and not greater than 200: 1 , or within a range of at least 1 : 100 and not greater than 1 : 1 or within a range of at least 1:1 and not greater than 10:1.

FIG. 13B includes an illustration of an alternative abrasive system according to an embodiment. According to one embodiment, the abrasive system 1310 can include a package 1311 configured to contain at least one abrasive article within the interior volume. In one embodiment, at least a portion of the package 1311 includes designated regions 1312 and 1313, each having an antimicrobial property. In one embodiment, the designated regions

1312 and 1313 may each have an antiviral property. While two designated regions are shown, it will be appreciated that a package may include one or more designated regions. According to one embodiment, the designated regions 1312 and 1313 can be on the exterior surface 1314 of the package 1311 and may also be identified by one or more markings. As illustrated in the embodiment of FIG. 13B, the designated region 1312 can be a handle for holding and/or carrying the package 1311. For example, in a particular embodiment, the designated regions 1312 and 1313 may include a marking and written notation configured to guide a user on proper handling of the package 1311 by the designated regions 1312 and 1313. As further illustrated, the package 1311 can include a non-designated region 1315 that does not include an antimicrobial property.

FIG. 13C includes an illustration of an alternative abrasive system according to an embodiment. According to one embodiment, the abrasive system 1320 can include a package 1321 configured to contain at least one abrasive article within the interior volume. In one embodiment, at least a portion of the package 1321 includes a designated region 1322 having an antimicrobial property. In one embodiment, the designated region 1322 may have an antiviral property. According to one embodiment, the designated region 1322 can be on the exterior surface 1323 of the package 1321 and may also be identified by one or more markings. In a particular embodiment, it may be suitable that the designated regions as disposed along and over the edges 1324 of the package 1321, which are regions that are most likely to be handled during movement of the package 1321 by a user.

As further illustrated in the particular embodiment of FIG. 13C, the package may include a plurality of designated regions 1325, 1326, and 1327, which are separate from each other by the continuous designated region 1322 that extends around the exterior surface 1323 proximate the edges 1324 as shown. Depending upon the weight of the package 1321 it may be less likely that a user handles the package in the non-designated regions 1325, 1326, and 1327.

As will be appreciated, the concept of a package including one or more designated regions can be combined with one or more features of any of the other embodiments on abrasive articles or abrasive systems as disclosed herein. In at least one embodiment, one or more antimicrobial data sources may be disposed within a designated region, non-designated region, or a combination thereof. Furthermore, in another embodiment, one or more antimicrobial data sources may be configured to interact with the designated region and obtain information about the designated region and/or monitor information related to the designated region.

In another aspect, an abrasive system may include a package configured to contain an abrasive article, and wherein the package may further include antimicrobial handling equipment. The antimicrobial handling equipment may be contained on the exterior of the package or within the package.

FIG. 14 includes an illustration of an abrasive system according to an embodiment. FIG. 14 includes an abrasive system 1400 including a package 1401 configured to contain abrasive articles 1402 within the interior volume. In one embodiment, the package 1401 can include antimicrobial handling equipment 1403 disposed on an exterior surface 1405 of the package 1401. In a particular embodiment, the antimicrobial handling equipment 1403 may include an antimicrobial cleaner and/or antimicrobial clothing. The antimicrobial handling equipment 1403 may have an antimicrobial property. In a more particular aspect, the antimicrobial handling equipment 1403 may have an antiviral property.

In a particular aspect, the antimicrobial handling equipment 1403 may be contained in pouch or pocket 1404 that may be coupled to the exterior surface 1405 of the package 1401. In at least one embodiment, the pouch or pocket 1404 may be placed in a designated region of the package 1401 having an antimicrobial property. Thus, in one instance, the antimicrobial handling equipment 1403 may also be disposed in a designated region of the package 1401 having an antimicrobial property. The antimicrobial handling equipment 1403 may facilitate safe handling of the package, opening of the package, and/or handling of the contents (e.g., abrasive articles) of the package 1401, while mitigating concerns for transmitting microbes.

According to one particular embodiment, the antimicrobial handling equipment 1403 may include at least one of a mask, gloves, an antimicrobial cleaning article, an antiviral cleaning article, a gown, shoe covers, antimicrobial surface conditioning article, or any combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the antimicrobial cleaning article or antiviral cleaning article may include a material configured to clean and/or exfoliate the surface of the abrasive article. For example, the cleaning article may be an antimicrobial wipe including a woven material or non- woven material impregnated with certain antimicrobial agents.

In another non-limiting embodiment, the antimicrobial cleaning article may include a surface conditioning article having at least one antimicrobial agent. The surface conditioning article may be configured to clean and condition at least a portion of the abrasive article.

That is, a user may scour the surface of the abrasive article, particularly the abrasive portion, with the surface conditioning article to clean the surface and expose the abrasive particles to prepare the abrasive article for use. In another particular embodiment, the surface conditioning article may be used to remove one or more antimicrobial layers from the surface of the abrasive article prior to use.

FIG. 15 includes a schematic illustration of a system according to an embodiment. As illustrated, the system 1500 can include a database 1501, a plurality of antimicrobial data sources (ADSs) 1512 including ADSs 1521, 1522, 1523, and 1524 (1521-1524) communicatively coupled to the database. In one aspect, the database 1501 can include information on a plurality of articles, wherein the information can include antimicrobial safety data. Antimicrobial safety data can include any data as described in any of the embodiments herein. Furthermore, in an additional aspect, the plurality of ADSs 1512 may be configured to provide real-time antimicrobial safety data to one or more environments 1502, 1503, and 1504 and/or the database 1501. The real-time antimicrobial safety data can be associated with one or more articles in the environments 1502.

In one non-limiting embodiment, the plurality of ADSs 1512 may be associated with an environment 1502 in the life cycle of the article. For example, the environment 1502 may be a one or more designated recipients in the supply chain of the one or more articles. In a particular aspect, the environment 1502 may be a manufacturer of articles. The plurality of ADSs may assist the manufacturer in tracking antimicrobial safety data associated with one or more articles within the environment 1502 or within other remote environments 1503 and 1504. In one embodiment, the database 1501 may be remote from the environment 1502 or any of the other environments. In another embodiment, the database 1501 may be local to the one or more environments. It will also be appreciated that the system 1500 may utilized a plurality of databases, including for example, databases that are local to and included within the one or more environments 1502-1504 and a database 1501 that is remote from the one or more environments 1502-1504.

As further illustrated, the system 1500 may include the environment 1503 that may include one or more ADSs 1531 associated with the environment 1503. In an embodiment, the environment 1503 may be associated with a distributor that purchases articles from a manufacturer of environment 1502. The plurality of ADSs 1531 may be associated with one or more articles in the environment 1503. In one instance, the plurality of ADSs can assist with tracking antimicrobial safety data, and more specifically, antimicrobial status data associated with one or more articles in the environment 1503, which may have been transported from the environment 1502. The environments 1502 and 1503 may have direct or indirect communication with each other, and more particularly, may be configured to communicate antimicrobial safety data to each other to limit or reduce transmission of microbes, such as viruses, within the environments 1502 and 1503. In one embodiment, indirect communication between the environments 1502 and 1503 may occur through the database 1501.

The system 1500 may further the environment 1504 that may include one or more ADSs 1541 associated with the environment 1504. In an embodiment, the environment 1504 may be associated with a customer that purchases articles from a manufacturer of environment 1502 or the distributor of the environment 1503. The plurality of ADSs 1541 may be associated with one or more articles in the environment 1504. In one instance, the plurality of ADSs 1541 can assist with tracking antimicrobial safety data, and more specifically, antimicrobial status data associated with one or more articles in the environment 1504, which may have been transported from the environment 1502 and/or environment 1503. The environments 1502, 1503, and/or 1504 may have direct or indirect communication with each other, and more particularly, may be configured to communicate antimicrobial safety data to each other to limit or reduce transmission of microbes, such as viruses, within the environments 1502, 1503 and/or 1504. In one embodiment, indirect communication between the environments 1502 and 1503 and the environment 1504 may occur through the database 1501.

The database 1501 and environments 1502-1504 can be configured to communicate directly and/or indirectly with each other through wired or wireless communication connections and protocols. The communication pathways 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508 and 1509 are intended to illustrate possible communication pathways. It will be appreciated that the communication pathways 1505-1509 can be optional. Furthermore, it will be understood that any environment 1502-1504 can have direct communication to the database 1501. However, in an alternative embodiment, at least one environment or intermediate database may be disposed in the communication pathway between certain select environments and the database 1501. The environments 1502-1504 may be physical locations with mailing addresses. In another non-limiting embodiment, the one or more environments 1502-1504 may be a domain name, internet address or portal that may be linked to a physical address, designated recipient, and/or business. In one embodiment, the database 1501 can be configured to send information to one or more environments and/or ADSs at regular intervals. For example, the database 1501 may actively send antimicrobial safety data to the one or more ADSs at regular intervals, including for example, every minute, every 30 minutes, every hour, every 24 hours, or the like.

In yet another embodiment, the database 1501 may selectively transmit data based on one or more signals (e.g., a request signal) received from one or more ADSs (e.g., 1512) or a device that has read information from the one or more ADSs. Additionally, or alternatively, the database 1501 may selectively transmit the antimicrobial safety data based on a signal (e.g., an instruction) received from one or more ADSs (e.g., 1512) and/or one or more electronic devices reading an ADS or an instruction from a designated recipient. For example, a designated recipient of the environment 1502 may send an instruction to the database 1501 to provide updated real-time antimicrobial safety data to the one or more ADSs 1512.

FIG. 16 includes a schematic illustration of a system in accordance with an embodiment. The system 1600 can include one or more antimicrobial data sources (ADSs) 1512, a node 1603, and the database 1501. In one aspect, the database 1501 and the one or more ADSs 1512 may have direct communication with each other via communication pathway 1605. However, in an alternative embodiment, the communication from the one or more ADSs 1512 and the database 1501 may use one or more intermediate devices, such as a node 1603. In one scenario, the one or more ADSs 1512 and node 1603 may be in the same environment 1621. In another embodiment, the node 1603 may provide a local storage or additional storage of information, including antimicrobial safety data. According to one non limiting embodiment, the node 1603 may include additional data, which the one or more ADSs 1606 may not access, including for example information on users in the environment 1621, such as user identification data, information related to the business of the one or more articles associated with the one or more ADSs, personal records and the like.

In one embodiment, the information at node 1603 may include tracking information related to one or more objects or individuals in the environment. The tracking information may be video-based information for tracing pathways of individuals through the environment 1621. As will be appreciated, each of the pathways 1605 and 1607 may allow for two-way communication between the devices 1512, 1603, and 1501.

In one particular embodiment, the node 1603 may include one or more sensors configured to detect the movement or presence of an object (e.g., forklift) or individual associated with a personal electronic device. The environment 1621 may include one or more nodes 1603 having the capability of monitoring movements and position of objects within a noted field of view. This information may be combined with antimicrobial safety data associated with the one or more ADSs for one or more articles. Using the antimicrobial safety data and the data associated with the movements and positions of objects or individuals may allow for tracking, isolation and limited transmission of microbes within a given environment and/or between environments. For example, if an individual is known to be infected with a microbe, the movements of the individual while they were infected can be tracked. Additionally, the articles and individuals that the infected individual potentially contacted can also be tracked. The identification of an infected person may be a change in antimicrobial status data that is sent to a ADS or received by an electronic device reading the ADS to provide the environment with real-time information on whether to interact (e.g., handle) one or more articles.

FIG. 17 includes a schematic illustration of different relationships between one or more articles and one or more ADSs according to an embodiment. In one embodiment, a single article 1701 may be associated with a single ADS 1702. Such a situation may be important when there are many articles within an environment, or a single ADS is intended to be associated or linked to one particular article, which may be preferably linked to one designated recipient, such as an individual.

In another alternative embodiment, an article can include more than one ADS. For example, the article 1711 can include ADS 1712 and ADS 1713. The ADSs 1712 and 1713 may include the same or different antimicrobial safety data with respect to each other.

In still another embodiment, a plurality of articles can be associated with a single ADS. For example, the articles 1721 and 1722 can be associated with a single ADS 1723. Such situations may be useful in some warehouse or storage locations, where a single ADS can be associated with a designated storage region for a plurality of articles. For example, the ADS may be associated with a shelf or storage region of a warehouse configured to store articles from a same manufacturer or that were given an antimicrobial treatment at the same time.

FIG. 18 includes an illustration of a digital twin according to an embodiment. In one non-limiting embodiment, the information associated with the ADS, and notably the antimicrobial safety data associated with a plurality of ADSs in an environment may be used to create a digital twin of the environment or a portion of the environment. For example,

FIG. 18 can include a digital twin of an environment 1800 that can include a depiction of a region 1800 including a plurality of objects 1810. In one embodiment, the plurality of objects 1810 can include a plurality of ADSs including real-time antimicrobial status data associated with different portion so the region 1810. As will be appreciated according to embodiments herein, one or more of the ADSs of the plurality of ADSs can be associated with one or more articles in the environment 1800. The plurality of ADSs can store, send or relay the real-time antimicrobial data to one or more computing units that may compile the information to create the digital twin of the environment 1800.

According to an alternative embodiment, the plurality of objects 1810 may be a plurality of nodes, wherein each of the nodes is associated with one or more ADSs and is configured to store or fetch real-time antimicrobial data, including antimicrobial surface data. The plurality of nodes can send the real-time antimicrobial data to one or more computing units that may compile the information to create the digital twin of the environment 1800.

In still another embodiment, the plurality of objects 1810 may include a combination of ADSs and nodes that contain information suitable for one or more computing devices to create a digital twin of the environment. For example, the ADSs may include antimicrobial safety data and the nodes may include information relative to individuals positioned in or moving in the region. The combined information from the ADSs and nodes may be used to track an individual’s movements and interactions in the region 1801. If such an individual is noted as having an infection from a microbe (e.g., vims), the digital twin can be updated with real-time antimicrobial status data associated with one or more articles and alert individuals in the region 1801.

According to one embodiment, the digital twin of the environment 1800 may include a region 1831 associated with the object 1811 (e.g., an ADS or node). The antimicrobial safety data associated with the object 1811 may change between at least two states, such as a clear state and a warning state. In such embodiments, if an infected individual is identified as having interacted with at least one article in the region 1831, the ADS associated with the article may be updated to reflect the change in antimicrobial status, such as indicating a warning condition to stay away from the article until it has been treated (e.g., disinfected) or cleared. In one embodiment, the change in state of the data associated with the object 1811 may be displayed directly by the ADS to any individuals in the region 1831. Additionally or alternatively, the change in state of the data associated with the object 1811 may be used by one or more computing devices to create a digital twin of the environment 1800, which can include identifying the region 1831 as having a warning state to indicate that one or more articles, objects, or individuals in region 1831 may have been exposed to the microbe and to take necessary precautions (e.g., disinfecting protocol, quarantine protocol, etc.).

As further illustrated, and will be appreciated, the region 1801 may include a plurality of regions having different states (e.g., clear states or warning states). In one aspect, a region can be defined by a plurality of objects. For example, the region 1801 can include region 1832 associated with the objects 1812, 1813, and 1814. The region may be given a clear or warning state depending upon the antimicrobial safety data associated with the antimicrobial status data of the objects 1812, 1813, and 1814 that define the region 1832.

FIG. 19A includes an illustration of a system according to an embodiment. As illustrated, the system 1900 may include a user 1901 and a personal electronic devices 1902 associated with the user 1901. The system 1900 may further include at least one article 1911 or a plurality of articles 1911 and 1912, and an ADS 1910 associated with the one or more articles 1911 and 1912. As further illustrated, the articles 1911 and 1912 may be communicatively coupled to the personal electronic device 1902.

The system 1900 may further include a database 1913 configured to store information including antimicrobial safety data, and particularly, antimicrobial status data associated with the ADS 1910, which is associated with the one or more articles 1911 and 1912. In accordance with one embodiment, the database 1913 may be communicatively coupled to the articles 1911 and 1912 via communication pathway 1922. In a more particular embodiment, the database 1913 may be communicatively coupled to the articles 1911 and 1912 via the ADS 1910 according to the communication pathway 1922. The communication pathway 1922 may be a direct or indirect pathway that may utilize wired or wireless communication devices and protocols.

In another embodiment, the personal electronic device 1902 associated with the user

1901 can be communicatively coupled to the database 1913. The personal electronic device

1902 and database 1913 can be coupled directly or indirectly along communication pathway 1922.

In one embodiment, the personal electronic device 1902 may be any electronic device capable of sending and receiving information. Some non-limiting examples of personal electronic devices may be a watch, glasses, a phone, a tablet, a personal computer, a wearable social distancing control device configured to sense distances between individuals, personal identification badge, other personal electronic devices, or a combination thereof. According to a particular embodiment, the personal electronic device 1902 may be configured for wireless communication. The ADS 1910 can have any feature of any ADS according to embodiments herein. For example, in one embodiment, the ADS 1910 can be configured to provide the user 1901 of the personal electronic device 1902 with an indication of whether it is safe to handle the one or more articles 1911 and 1912. According to one non-limiting embodiment, the ADS can include a code. The code may be a machine-readable medium, including for example, but not limited to, a bar code or QR code. In at least one embodiment, the code is a machine- readable code configured to be readable by the personal electronic device 1902.

In a more particular embodiment, the personal electronic device 1902 may be configured to read a machine-readable code of the ADS 1910 and retrieve antimicrobial safety data associated with one or more articles 1911 and 1912 associated with the ADS 1910. For example, in one embodiment, the personal electronic device 1902 may read a code (e.g., a QR code) and be routed to a location (e.g., a secure internet address, portal, etc.) to retrieve antimicrobial safety data, including for example, antimicrobial status data associated with one or more articles associated with the QR code. In such an embodiment, the QR code can be linked to the database 1913, and the database 1913 may be configured to send antimicrobial status data associated with the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 to the personal electronic device 1902 upon reading the code. It will be appreciated that such communications may be encrypted and utilize authentication procedures to ensure the individual is privy to the antimicrobial data. In at least one embodiment, the individual may be a designated recipient as described in other embodiments herein.

In another embodiment, the ADS 1910 may include one or more electronic devices as described in embodiments herein. For example, the ADS 1910 may include at least one electronic device selected from an electronic tag, electronic memory, a sensor, an analog-to- digital converter, a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modulator circuit, a multiplexer, an antenna, a near-field communication device, a power source, a display, an optical device, a global positioning system, a data transponder, a secure data storage device, a secure logic device, a vertically polarized antenna, a booster antenna, a 3D polarized antenna, or any combination thereof. In a more particular embodiment, the electronic device of the ADS 1910 can include at least one of a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, an active radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, a sensor, a passive near- field communication device (passive NFC), an active near-field communication device (active NFC), ultra- wideband (UWB) device or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the one or more electronic devices may be configured to communicate at a frequency of electromagnetic radiation of at least 3 kHz or at least 5 kHz or at least 10 kHz or at least 20 kHz or at least 30 kHz or at least 40 kHz or at least 50 kHz or at least 60 kHz or at least 70 kHz or at least 80 kHz or at least 90 kHz or at least 100 kHz or at least 200 kHz or at least 300 kHz or at least 400 kHz or at least 500 kHz or at least 600 kHz or at least 700 kHz or at least 800 kHz or at least 900 kHz or at least 1 MHz or at least 2 MHz or at least 3 MHz or at least 4 MHz or at least 5 MHz or at least 6 MHz or at least 7 MHz or at least 8 MHz or at least 9 MHz or at least 10 MHz or at least 12 MHz or at least 50 MHz or at least 100 MHz or at least 500 MHz or at least 1 GHz or at least 3 GHz. Still, in other embodiments, the relative magnetic permeability of the material may be relative to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency of not greater than 20GHz or not greater than 18 GHz or not greater than 15 GHz or not greater than 12 GHz or not greater than 11 GHz or not greater than 10 GHz or not greater than 8 GHz or not greater than 5 GHz or not greater than 1 GHz or not greater than 900 MHz or not greater than 500 MHz or not greater than 200 MHz or not greater than 150 MHz or not greater than 100 MHz or not greater than 80 MHz or not greater than 60 MHz or not greater than 40 MHz or not greater than 30 MHz or not greater than 20 MHz. It will be appreciated that the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation may be within a range including any of the minimum and maximum frequencies noted above. In one particular embodiment, the ADS may include an ultra- wideband communication device configured to conduct ultra-wideband communication with one or more devices over a range of frequencies from approximately 3 GHz to not greater than 11 GHz.

In another non-limiting embodiment, the electronic device of the ADS 1910 may locally store the antimicrobial safety data, which may include storing the antimicrobial safety data on a memory on a chip also including the electronic device. In still another embodiment, the electronic device may include at wireless communication device configured to send a signal and receive antimicrobial safety data from the database 1913.

Moreover, in one embodiment, the database 1913 or ADS 1910 may be configured to send one or more notifications to the personal electronic device 1902 depending upon the antimicrobial safety information associated with the one or more articles 1911 and 1912. In a more particular embodiment, if one or more articles 1911 and 1912 are associated with an undesirable antimicrobial status (e.g., potentially infected or in contact with an individual that may have an infected status), the database and/or ADS may provide an indication or notification to the user 1901 to limit or modify the users 1901 interaction with the one or more articles 1911 and 1912. For example, in one embodiment, the personal electronic device 1902 may be used as a reader for a passive electronic device of the ADS 1910. The read operation initiated by the personal electronic device may generate an instruction signal to fetch the most recent (i.e., real-time) antimicrobial safety data associated with the one or more articles 1911 and 1912. The most recent antimicrobial safety data may be stored locally on the ADS 1901, at a node associated with the ADS, or the database 1913. In one non-limiting embodiment, the most recent antimicrobial safety data may be provided as a notification to the personal electronic device 1902 or to the user 1901. For example, in certain instances, the notification may be a change in state of the ADS that can be detected by the user 1901. For example, the notification can be visual, audio, mechanical or the like. In one non-limiting instance, the notification may be an obvious color to signify whether the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 are considered safe for contact. In another non-limiting instance, the notification may be an audio signal configured to alert a user to a status of the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 and whether they are considered safe for contact.

In another embodiment, the personal electronic device 1902 may be used to access software, such as an application, associated with the manufacturer or distributor of the one or more articles 1911 and 1912. The software may act as a portal to a secure and remote database including antimicrobial safety data, such as antimicrobial status data, associated with the one or more articles 1911 and 1912. Additionally, or alternatively, without necessarily any requests from a user, the database 1913 may send one or more notifications to an individual (e.g., designated recipient) associated with the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 as soon as there is a change in the antimicrobial safety data associated with the one or more articles 1911 and 1912. The user 1901 may be contacted directly through their personal electronic device 1902, such as through a manufacturers or distributors specific software application on the user’s 1901 personal electronic device 1902.

According to one non-limiting embodiment, the ADS 1910 may include a plurality of electronic devices. FIG. 19B includes an illustration of an ADS according to an embodiment. The ADS 1910 can include a receiver 1941 configured to receive antimicrobial safety data, a processor 1942 communicatively coupled to the receiver 1941, and a display 1943 communicatively coupled to the processor 1941 and configured to change states between a first state and a second state based upon a control signal from the processor 1942. In one embodiment, the processor 1942 may be configured to send a control signal to the display 1943 based on antimicrobial safety data received by the receiver 1941. According to one non-limiting embodiment, the display 1943 may be configured to change from a positive state to a negative state based on a control signal from the processor 1942 after the processor receives a change in antimicrobial status data from a positive state to a negative state, wherein the negative state may indicate a condition of warning to individuals that the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 associated with the ADS 1910 may be contaminated or have been in contact with a person that is thought to be contaminated with a microbe or infected with a microbe. It will be appreciated that the receiver can be a transceiver configured to transmit and receive data wirelessly from one or more devices in a system, including but not limited to a node or database.

The one or more articles 1911 and 1912 may include any of the articles of the embodiments herein. Notably, in at least one embodiment, the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 can have any of the features of any of the articles in any of the embodiments herein.

For example, the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 can have one or more antimicrobial and/or antiviral properties as described in embodiments herein. According to one particular embodiment, the article may include a package, an abrasive article, an abrasive system, an article of clothing, personal protection equipment (PPE), a filter, an article comprising a non- woven material, an article comprising a woven material, an article comprising a ceramic material, an article comprising a vitreous material, an article comprising an organic material, or any combination thereof.

Any of the foregoing articles may have one or more ADSs having any of the features of ADSs as described in any embodiments in the claims or description herein. In one non limiting embodiment, the ADS 1910 can include information related to a composition of an antimicrobial on the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 and/or packaging, placement of an antimicrobial agent on the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 and/or packaging, handling instructions for the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 and/or packaging, date(s) of antimicrobial application to the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 and/or packaging, date of packaging, type of antimicrobial treatment applied on the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 and/or packaging, duration since last antimicrobial treatment of the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 and/or packaging, recommendations for re-treatment of the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 and/or packaging, expiration date of the treatment for the one or more articles

1911 and 1912 and/or packaging, number of handlers of the one or more articles 1911 and

1912 and/or packaging, time since the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 and/or packaging was last handled, individual and entity last handling the one or more articles 1911 and 1912 and/or packaging, or any combination thereof. In another aspect an article may include an antimicrobial data source where in the ADS comprises an interface configured to present antimicrobial status data. As will be appreciated, the ADS may include any of the features of any ADS of the embodiments herein. FIG. 20 includes an illustration of an article according to an embodiment. The article 2000 may include an ADS 2001, which may include an interface 2002, which may optionally include at least one indicator or reactive object 2003. According to one embodiment, the interface 2002 may include a reactive object 2003 configured to change states from a fist state to a second state with a change in one or more conditions associated with antimicrobial safety data. Such a change includes a change to data associated with a composition of an antimicrobial on the one or more articles and/or packaging, placement of an antimicrobial agent on the one or more articles and/or packaging, handling instructions for the one or more articles and/or packaging, date(s) of antimicrobial application to the one or more articles and/or packaging, date of packaging, type of antimicrobial treatment applied on the one or more articles and/or packaging, duration since last antimicrobial treatment of the one or more articles and/or packaging, recommendations for re-treatment of the one or more articles and/or packaging, expiration date of the treatment for the one or more articles and/or packaging, number of handlers of the one or more articles and/or packaging, time since the one or more articles and/or packaging was last handled, individual and entity last handling the one or more articles and/or packaging, or any combination thereof. In one particular instance, the reactive object 2003 may be configured to change states with an expiration of an antimicrobial treatment of the package, new antimicrobial treatment of the package, improper handling of the package, undesirable antimicrobial conditions of the package, undesirable environmental conditions of the package, a change in the antimicrobial status data, or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the change in reactive object 2003 may be configured to display a warning (e.g., audio, visual, etc.) if an antimicrobial status data of the article 2000 is considered to have been infected with a microbe or have been in contact with an individual thought to be or confirmed to be infected with a microbe. According to one non-limiting embodiment, the reactive object 2003 may be an audio device, a visual device, an electronic device, a mechanical device, magnetic device, or any combination thereof. In one non limiting embodiment, the reactive object 2003 can be an audio device configured to emit a sound clearly audible to an individual upon a change from the first state to the second state.

In still other instances, the reactive object 2003 may include a visual device including a display communicatively coupled to a processor and configured to change from a first state and a second state based upon a control signal received from the processor. In another non limiting embodiment, the visual device may be one or more light emitting diodes configured to provide different colors in the visible spectrum depending upon the antimicrobial status data associated with the article 2000.

In still another optional embodiment, the reactive object 2003 may include a mechanical device including a lock configured to change from a locked state to an unlocked state upon receiving an instruction to change states from at least one processor communicatively coupled to the interface. For example, the lock may change from an unlocked state to a locked state upon a change in the antimicrobial status data from a positive condition to a negative condition, such that the article 2000 may not be accessed or used while the antimicrobial status data is associated with a negative condition. Such a mechanical device may limit the ability of a user to contact the article 2000 and limit transmission of any microbes that may be on the article 2000.

The reactive object 2003 may have any of the features of reactive objects of any embodiments herein. For example, the reactive object 2003 may be configured to change states from an antimicrobial treatment conducted during manufacturing, packaging, transportation, and/or distribution of the package. In another embodiment, the reactive object 2003 may be configured to change states gradually after an antimicrobial treatment to indicate the time since the last antimicrobial treatment. In still another embodiment, the reactive object 2003 may be communicatively coupled to an electronic device configured to control the states of the reactive object in response to one or more changes in conditions of antimicrobial safety data, and more specifically antimicrobial status data.

In one non-limiting embodiment, the article 2000 may be configured to be accessed and ready by a personal electronic device 1902. In other instances, the ADS 2001 may include a wireless antenna configured to transmit and receive antimicrobial safety data. In another embodiment, the article may be washable and have a beneficial washability rating as compared to a conventional article.

According to another aspect, an article can include a body including a woven or non- woven material, and at least one antimicrobial data source (ADS) on the body, wherein the ADS can have any of the features of embodiments herein, including for example, but not limited to a i) a machine -readable code; ii) at least one electronic device selected from an electronic tag, electronic memory, a sensor, an analog-to-digital converter, a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modulator circuit, a multiplexer, an antenna, a near-field communication device, a power source, a display, an optical device, a global positioning system, a data transponder, a secure data storage device, a secure logic device, a vertically polarized antenna, a booster antenna, a 3D polarized antenna, or any combination thereof; or iii) any combination thereof.

The article may have an antimicrobial property and/or antiviral property of any of the embodiments described herein. Moreover, the article can be any of the articles described in embodiments herein, including for example, but not limited to, a package, an abrasive article, an abrasive system, an article of clothing, personal protection equipment (PPE) (e.g., gloves, gowns, head covers, shoe covers, drapes, mask, etc.), a filter, an article comprising a ceramic material, an article comprising a vitreous material, an article comprising an organic material, an article comprising polymeric fibers, or any combination thereof.

FIG. 21 includes an illustration of an article according to an embodiment. The article 2100 can include a body 2101 and an antimicrobial data source (ADS) 2102 associated with the body 2101 and the article 2100. The ADS 2102 can have any of the features of any other ADS described in any of the embodiments herein. In particular, the ADS 2102 may include an electronic device, a code, or a combination thereof. The body 2101 may include a woven or non-woven material. In one instance, the body consists entirely of a woven and/or non- woven material. Nonwoven articles may generally define a web of fibers that are entangled in a random or irregular manner. Woven articles may include fibers that are intertwined in a specific pattern, notably those including fibers intertwined with each other and extending in different directions, such as warp and weft directions.

In accordance with an embodiment, the body 2101 can include a woven or non-woven article including a plurality of fibers having an average denier size of 10-500 denier. In another embodiment, the body 2101 may include a woven or non-woven article including a blend including i) 5-95 wt% of a first plurality of fibers having an average Denier size of 10- 500 denier; and ii) 5-95 wt% of a second plurality of fibers having an average Denier size different than the average Denier size of the first plurality of fibers.

According to one aspect, the ADS 2102 can be formed on the body, such as integrally formed with the body 2102. For example, the ADS 2102 may be a marking that is formed into the body or a portion of the body and more specifically a portion of the fibers in the woven or non-woven material. In a more particular example, the ADS may be a machine- readable code that can be formed by modifying at least a portion of the fibers of the woven or non-woven material. For example, the machine-readable code may be formed by chemically or physically modifying the fibers of the body. In one particular embody the machine- readable code can be defined by an ablated region in the fibers of the non-woven or woven material. In another embodiment, the machine-readable code can be formed by applying a coating to the body 2101, such as the fibers defining the surface of the body 2101. In one non-limiting embodiment, the coating can include pigment, and may be in the form of an ink or paint that is applied to a surface of the body 2101 including the fibers of the woven or non- woven material.

In still another embodiment, the body 2101 may include other portions, including for example, a portion coupled to the body 2101, such as a substrate. The substrate may be distinct from the woven or non-woven material. In one aspect, the ADS may be a machine- readable code that is on the substrate or backing of the body 2101.

According to one embodiment, the article 2100 can be washable, and may have a beneficial washability rating as compared to a conventional article.

In another aspect, the body 2101 may include a woven or non-woven material including polymeric fibers. In one non-limiting embodiment, the polymeric fibers may include polyester, nylon, polypropylene staple fibers or a combination thereof. In one particular aspect, the woven or non-woven material may include 10-90 wt% polymeric fibers and 10-90 wt% cured polymeric binder composition, wherein the combination of the polymeric fibers and the cured polymeric binder composition is configured to facilitate machine washability of the article.

In another embodiment, the body may have a thickness in a range of 2 mm to 75 mm. In another non-limiting embodiment, the article may have a weight in a range of 25 to 100,000 gsm.

In another aspect, a personal electronic device, which may be a body-mounted device or wearable device 2200 that can include at least one sensor and is configured to detect abrasive operational data associated with one or more abrasive operations. The personal electronic device may be further configured to control the social distancing of the wearer of the electronic device relative to another individual. The personal electronic device may further be configured to store or access antimicrobial safety data associated with one or more articles as described in other embodiments herein. FIG. 22 includes an illustration of such a personal electronic device. The personal electronic device, which may also be referred to as a wearable device may have any of the features of wearable devices and the corresponding systems described in co-pending Application Nos. US 62/770394, US 62/887231, PCT/US2019/062617, and US 16/690998, all of which are incorporated herein in their entireties. In an embodiment, a system may include a wearable device that could obtain real time data that may be used to determine abrasive operational data as well as obtain real-time antimicrobial safety data associated with one or more articles, environments, nodes, or any combination thereof. To obtain real-time data related to the operational data, the wearable device may include embedded sensors that can collect data in real-time from an environment of the tool and/or from the tool itself. For instance, the sensors may include an accelerometer that may be operable to measure and record acceleration information in three axes (x, y, and z). Thus, when the operator performs an abrasive operation while wearing the wearable device, the device could measure and record acceleration information related to the tool that is being used to perform the operation. In this scenario, the acceleration information may be used to determine an extent of vibration of the tool.

The vibration data, which is an example of abrasive operational data, could be used to extrapolate other abrasive operational data. As an example, the vibration data may be used to determine operational information of the tool, such as an operational status and operational hours. For instance, the operational status could include “OFF”, “IDLE”, “SANDING”, “SANDING WITH AN UNBALANCED DISC”, or “SANDING WITH A WORN DISC,” among other possibilities. As another example, the vibration data may be used to determine grinding information of the performed abrasive operation, such as a working angle, a grip tightness, an applied pressure, an angular velocity (e.g., revolutions per minute, RPM), among other variables.

In some embodiments, the system may additionally include remote sensors that are disposed in an environment in which an operation is being performed. Additionally, and/or alternatively, the system may include sensors that are embedded in the abrasive tool (e.g., within a handle, a body of the tool, and/or coupled to an abrasive product). The wearable device may be configured to communicate with the remote sensors and/or with the one or more sensors associated with the abrasive product or tool.

As an example, the abrasive tool could include an optical or magnetic sensor operable to provide information about an angular velocity (RPM) of a grinding wheel or disc. In such scenarios, the wearable device could be configured to communicate with the grinding tool so as to associate the RPM information with the vibration information obtained by the wearable device. Then the RPM and/or the vibration information may be used to determine grinding power and/or applied grinding force of the grinding tool. As another example, the wearable device could provide instructions to the grinding tool so as to adjust an operating mode of the grinding tool. In some embodiments, the wearable device could instruct the grinding tool to adjust an RPM, turn on, and/or turn off based on the noise and/or vibration information. For instance, if the wearable device determines that the operation of the grinding tool is unsafe based on the noise and/or vibration data, the wearable device could instruct the grinding tool to shut down.

Additionally, the wearable device may include a communication interface to transmit the collected data to a remote server. The communication interface could include Wi-Fi connectivity and access to cloud computing and/or cloud storage capabilities. Accordingly, the wearable device could provide real-time information to a remote server, which could provide real-time feedback about the grinding/abrasive operation. In such a way, the systems and methods described herein could provide real-time information about one or more performance indicators that relate to the grinding/abrasive operation.

Additionally, the remote server may store the received data. The remote server may then analyze or mine the data that is stored over a period of time (also referred to herein as “historical data”), perhaps to make one or more determinations associated with the grinding tool. In an example, the remote server may determine operation or enterprise improvements (e.g., identification and teaching of best operational practices). In another example, the remote server may compare different value metrics (e.g., vibration, noise, productivity, product life, etc.) for different abrasive articles used in a given application, perhaps across many users.

Furthermore, the wearable devices could be communicatively coupled to one or more cloud computing devices. In some embodiments, the wearable device could be operable to run web applications, which could include event-driven scripts operating in a Node.js (e.g., JavaScript everywhere) runtime environment, among other possibilities. Namely, the wearable device could be configured to communicate with the cloud computing devices in a real-time and/or asynchronous fashion. In an example embodiment, the application data detected and/or generated by the wearable device could be synchronized across client devices and/or cloud computing devices by way of real-time database and storage software, such as Firebase. In some embodiments, the wearable device could be configured to communicate with the remote computing device using Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) or another type of messaging protocol.

FIG. 22 illustrates a block diagram of a personal electronic device, also referred to herein as a wearable device 2200, according to an example embodiment. The wearable device 2200 may include a mount, such as a belt, wristband, ankle band, necklace, or adhesive substrate, etc., that can be used to mount the device at, on, or in proximity to a body surface of a user. Accordingly, the wearable device 2200 may take the form of any device that is configured to be mounted on, in, encircling, or adjacent to a body surface of a user. In an example implementation, the wearable device 2200 could be mounted to a protective glove worn by the user. Additionally, or alternatively, the wearable device 2200 could include a wristband and could be worn similar to a wristwatch (e.g., wearable device 2200 in FIG. 23).

In some examples, the wearable device 2200 may be provided as or include a head mountable device (HMD). An HMD may generally be any display device that is capable of being worn on the head and places a display in front of one or both eyes of the wearer. Such displays may occupy a wearer’s entire field of view, or occupy only a portion of a wearer’s field of view. Further, head-mounted displays may vary in size, taking a smaller form such as a glasses-style display or a larger form such as a helmet or eyeglasses, for example. The HMD may include one or more sensors positioned thereon that may contact or be in close proximity to the body of the wearer.

As shown in FIG. 22, the wearable device 2200 may include one or more sensors for collecting data, a data storage, which may store the collected data and may include instructions, one or more processor(s), a communication interface for communicating with a remote source (e.g., a server or another device/sensor), and a display. Additionally, the wearable device 2200 may include an audio output device (e.g., a speaker) and a haptic feedback device (e.g., an eccentric rotating mass (ERM) actuator, linear resonant actuator (LRA), or piezoelectric actuators, among other examples).

The one or more sensors may be configured to collect data in real-time from or associated with an environment of the wearable device 2200. Real-time collection of data may involve the sensors periodically or continuously collecting data. For example, the one or more sensors may include a sound detection device (e.g., a microphone) that is configured to detect sound in the environment of the sensor (e.g., from an abrasive tool operating in proximity of the sensor). Additionally, and/or alternatively, the sensors may be configured to collect data from or associated with an operator of the wearable device 2200. For example, the one or more sensors may include an accelerometer (e.g., a tri-axis accelerometer) that is configured to measure acceleration of the operator (e.g., acceleration of a hand of the operator on which the wearable device 2200 is mounted). As described herein, the data collected by the one or more sensors may be used to determine abrasive operational data, which could then be used for obtaining real-time data about grinding/abrasive operations, capturing a user experience of a user that is using the tool, and/or determining operational and/or or enterprise improvements (e.g., based on data collected over a period of time).

The one or more sensors may also include other sensors for detecting movement, such IMUs and gyroscopes. Further, the one or more sensors may include other types of sensors such as location-tracking sensors (e.g., a GPS or other positioning device), light intensity sensors, thermometers, clocks, force sensors, pressure sensors, photo-sensors, Hall sensors, vibration sensors, sound-pressure sensors, a magnetometer, an infrared sensor, cameras, and piezo sensors, among other examples. Such sensors may also be used by a system to track the movements of an individual, which when paired with antimicrobial safety data, may be used to track and identify zones within an environment that may or may not be safe for other individuals. These sensors and their components may be miniaturized so that the wearable device 2200 may be worn on the body without significantly interfering with the wearer’ s usual activities. The one or more sensors may be battery powered or may have an internal energy harvesting mechanism (e.g., a photovoltaic energy harvesting system or a piezoelectric energy harvesting system) to make them “self powered”.

The processor may be configured to control the one or more sensors based, at least in part, on the instructions. As will be explained below, the instructions may be for collecting real-time data. Further, the processor may be configured to process the real-time data collected by the one or more sensors. Yet further, the processor may be configured to convert the data into information indicative of the behavior of an abrasive tool or the user experience of the user using the tool.

The data storage is a non-transitory computer-readable medium that can include, without limitation, magnetic disks, optical disks, organic memory, and/or any other volatile (e.g. RAM) or non-volatile (e.g. ROM) storage system readable by the processor. The data storage can include a data storage to store indications of data, such as sensor readings, program settings (e.g., to adjust behavior of the wearable device 2200), user inputs (e.g., from a user interface on the device or communicated from a remote device), etc. The data storage can also include program instructions for execution by the processor to cause the device to perform operations specified by the instructions. The operations could include any of the methods described herein.

The communication interface can include hardware to enable communication within the wearable device 2200 and/or between the wearable device 2200 and one or more other devices. The hardware can include transmitters, receivers, and antennas, for example. The communication interface can be configured to facilitate communication with one or more other devices, in accordance with one or more wired or wireless communication protocols.

For example, the communication interface can be configured to facilitate wireless data communication for the wearable device 2200 according to one or more wireless communication standards, such as one or more IEEE 801.11 standards, ZigBee standards, Bluetooth standards, LoRa (low-power wide-area network), ultra-wideband communication protocols, etc. For instance, the communication interface could include Wi-Fi connectivity and access to cloud computing and/or cloud storage capabilities. As another example, the communication interface 106 can be configured to facilitate wired data communication with one or more other devices.

The display can be any type of display component configured to display data. As one example, the display can include a touchscreen display. As another example, the display can include a flat-panel display, such as a liquid-crystal display (LCD) or a light-emitting diode (LED) display.

The user interface can include one or more pieces of hardware used to provide data and control signals to the wearable device 2200. For instance, the user interface can include a mouse or a pointing device, a keyboard or a keypad, a microphone, a touchpad, or a touchscreen, among other possible types of user input devices. Generally, the user interface can enable an operator to interact with a graphical user interface (GUI) provided by the wearable device 2200 (e.g., displayed by the display). As an example, the user interface may allow an operator to provide an input indicative of a task to be performed by the operator. As another example, the operator may provide an input indicative of a tool to be used to perform the operation and/or an input indicative of a workpiece on which the operator may perform the abrasive operation.

FIG. 23 illustrates a scenario of using a wearable device 2200, according to an example embodiment. As shown in Figure 2, the wearable device 2200 is in the form of a wrist-mountable device that is mounted onto a wrist of a user’s hand. The user’s hand 204 may be a dominant hand of the operator that is favored by the operator when performing tasks. Here, the operator may use hand (on which the wearable device 2200 is mounted) to grasp any handle of an abrasive tool (which may also be referred to herein as an “abrasive device”). In some examples, the user may wear a wearable device on both wrists. In other examples, the wearable device 2200 may be directly attached to abrasive tool 2301.

In one aspect, the abrasive tool 2301 may be any tool that is configured to perform manual grinding operations on a work piece (not illustrated in FIG. 23). Such manual grinding operations could include grinding, polishing, buffing, honing, cutting, drilling, sharpening, filing, lapping, sanding, and/or other similar tasks. However, other types of manual mechanical operations that may include vibration and/or noise are contemplated. For example, hammering, chiseling, crimping, striking, or other manual operations are possible within the context of the current disclosure.

Accordingly, the abrasive tool 2301 may be a device that is configured to perform one or more of the abrasive operations. For example, the abrasive tool 2301 may be a right angle grinding tool, a power drill, a hammer drill and/or percussion hammer, a saw, a plane, a screwdriver, a router, a sander, an angle grinder, a garden appliance and/or a multifunction tool, among other examples.

The abrasive tool 2301 may include an identifying feature 2302, such as a scannable identifier (e.g., QR code, barcode, serial number, etc.), which may also be an antimicrobial data source having any of the features of any ADSs described in embodiments herein. The identifying feature may be used to identify a type of the abrasive tool 2301, a manufacturer of the abrasive tool 2301, a model of the abrasive tool 2301, and/or a unique identifier of the abrasive tool 2301. Additionally, and/or alternatively, the components of the abrasive tool 2301 may include an identifying feature. For instance, the abrasive article 208 may include an identifying feature 220 that is engraved in and/or affixed to the abrasive article. The identifying feature may be used to identify a type of the abrasive article, a manufacturer of the abrasive article, a model of the abrasive article, and/or a unique identifier of the abrasive article.

In an embodiment, the one or more sensors of the wearable device 2200 may be configured to read or scan the identifying feature 2302 of the abrasive tool 2301. In an example, the sensor may be an image capture device (e.g., a camera) that may capture and analyze images of the abrasive tool 2301 in order to determine a type of the abrasive tool 2301. In another example, the sensor may be a scanner that may be configured to scan an identifying image or code on the abrasive tool 2301. For instance, the sensor may be a QR code scanner that is configured to read identifying feature 2302 (e.g., a QR code) affixed to the abrasive tool 2301. Other sensors that could be used for identification purposes, such as barcode scanners and RF readers, are also contemplated herein. The one or more sensors may also be configured to read or scan any other identifying features of the abrasive tool 2301, such as an identifying feature 2303 of the abrasive article 2304.

Identifying the abrasive tool 2301 and/or the components thereof, may allow the wearable device 2200 to provide the operator with information associated with the abrasive tool 2301 and/or the components thereof. Additionally, and/or alternatively, the identification may allow the wearable device 2200 to associate data collected by one or more sensors in the environment with the particular abrasive tool 2301 and/or the particular component being used to perform the desired operation.

In one embodiment, the or more sensors of the wearable device 2200 may continuously or periodically collect data from or associated with an environment of the device 2200 and/or data from or associated with the operator. As also explained herein, one or more additional sensors disposed in the environment may additionally collected data from or associated with the environment of the device 2200 and/or data from or associated with the operator. The data collected by the wearable device 2200 that relates to the abrasive tool 2301 may be used to determine abrasive operational data. The abrasive operational data may include sound data indicative of sounds emitted by the abrasive tool 2301, acceleration data collected by the wearable device 2200, vibration data indicative of a vibration of the abrasive tool 2301, and/or data extrapolated from the sound, acceleration, and/or vibration data (e.g., applied force data, RPM data, usage rate, etc.).

In an embodiment, the one or more sensors may collect information indicative of the workpiece. In an example, an image capture device (e.g., a camera) of the wearable device 2200 may be configured to capture an image of the workpiece. The image may be analyzed in order to determine a status of the workpiece, including a type of the workpiece, dimensions of the workpiece, surface characteristics of the workpiece, and/or an arrangement of the workpiece in the environment (e.g., orientation, angle, position with respect to a reference point in the environment (e.g., with respect to the abrasive tool 2301), etc.).

In an embodiment, a microphone of the wearable device 2200 may be configured to collect sound data. When the user is operating the abrasive tool 2301 while wearing the wearable device 2200, the microphone may collect sound emitted by the abrasive tool 2301. The collected sound data may be analyzed by the wearable device 2200 in order to extrapolate information. By way of example, the collected sound data may be used to determine an RPM at which the abrasive product 2304 is operating. In particular, the wearable device 2200 may analyze an amplitude of the sound data in order to determine an estimated RPM value of the abrasive product 208. In some examples, the wearable device 2200 may use a table that correlates sound amplitude to an estimated RPM value at which the abrasive tool 2301 is operating. The correspondence between the sound amplitude and the estimated RPM value may vary depending on a type of the abrasive tool 2301.

Additionally, the determined RPM value may be used to extrapolate other abrasive operational data. For example, the wearable device 2200 may use the RPM value to determine a grinding power of the abrasive tool 2301. The wearable device 2200 may do so by using a data (e.g., a table) indicative of a correlation between an RPM of a particular tool and the grinding power exerted by the tool. Accordingly, the wearable device 2200 may seek to identify the abrasive tool 2301 before extrapolating the grinding power from the RPM value. As another example, the wearable device 2200 may use the RPM value to determine a force that is applied to the workpiece. The wearable device 2200 may do so by using a data (e.g., a table) indicative of a correlation between an RPM of a particular tool and the grinding power exerted by the tool.

In an embodiment, an accelerometer of the wearable device 2200 may be configured to collect acceleration data of the user, particularly acceleration data related to the user’s hand. When the user is operating the abrasive tool 2301, the user’s hand may vibrate as a result of the abrasive tool 2301 vibrating when being used. Accordingly, the accelerometer may measure the hand’s acceleration as a result of the vibration. Because the hand’s vibration is a result of the tool’s vibration, the acceleration information collected by the accelerometer may be indicative of the vibration of the tool.

The above-disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative, and not restrictive, and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments, which fall within the true scope of the present invention. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope of the present invention is to be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the following claims and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description.

EMBODIMENTS

Embodiment 1. An abrasive article comprising: a body including abrasive particles contained in a bond material; and an antiviral layer or a barrier layer overlying at least a portion of the body.

Embodiment 2. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, comprising a barrier layer overlying at least a portion of the body, wherein the barrier layer comprises an antiviral thin film, wherein the antiviral thin film layer comprises a metallic material.

Embodiment 3. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the antiviral thin film is the outermost layer of the barrier layer.

Embodiment 4. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the antiviral thin film has a VLT of at least 60%.

Embodiment 5. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the antiviral thin film has an Antiviral Activity R (logio/cm ) of at least 1 or at least 1.1 or at least 1.2 or at least 1.3 or at least 1.4 or at least 1.5 or at least 1.6 or at least 1.7 or at least 1.8 or at least 1.9 or at least 2.0 or at least 2.1 or at least 2.2 or at least 2.3 or at least 2.4 or at least 2.5 or at least 2.6 or at least 2.7 or at least 2.8 or at least 2.9 or at least 3.0.

Embodiment 6. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the antiviral thin film has an Antiviral Activity (%) of at least 90% or at least 91% or at least 92% or at least 93% or at least 94% or at least 95% or at least 96% or at least 97% or at least 97.5% or at least 98% or at least 98.5% or at least 99% or at least 99.1% or at least 99.2% or at least 99.3% or at least 99.4% or at least 99.5% or at least 99.6% or at least 99.7% or at least 99.8% or at least 99.9%.

Embodiment 7. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the antiviral thin film has a VLT of at least about 60%, such as, at least about 61% or at least about 62% or at least about 63% or at least about 64% or at least about 65% or at least about 66% or at least about 67% or at least about 68% or at least about 69% or at least about 70% or at least about 75% or at least about 80% or at least about 85% or at least about 90% or even at least about 95%.

Embodiment 8. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the antiviral thin film layer has an average thickness of not greater than about 15 nm or not greater than about 14 nm or not greater than about 13 nm or not greater than about 12 nm or not greater than about 11 nm or not greater than about 10 nm or not greater than about 9 nm or not greater than about 8 nm or not greater than about 7 nm or not greater than about 6 nm or not greater than about 5 nm.

Embodiment 9. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the antiviral thin film layer has an average thickness of at least about 0.1 nm.

Embodiment 10. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the metallic material comprises copper, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, zinc, iron, chrome, any combination thereof, or any alloy thereof.

Embodiment 11. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the antiviral thin film layer is a copper layer, a silver layer, a gold layer, an iron layer, a chrome layer, or a platinum layer.

Embodiment 12. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the antiviral thin film layer is a sputtered metallic layer.

Embodiment 13. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the antiviral thin film layer is a continuous metallic layer.

Embodiment 14. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the barrier layer is in a peelable configuration having a peel strength of not greater than 3000 g/in Embodiment 15. The abrasive article of embodiment 14, wherein the peel strength is not greater than 2900 g/in or not greater than 2800 g/in or not greater than 2700 g/in or not greater than 2600 g/in or not greater than 2500 g/in or not greater than 2400 g/in or not greater than 2300 g/in or not greater than 2200 g/in or not greater than 2100 g/in or not greater than 2000 g/in or not greater than 1900 g/in or not greater than 1800 g/in or not greater than 1700 g/in or not greater than 1600 g/in or not greater than 1500 g/in or not greater than 1400 g/in or not greater than 1300 g/in or not greater than 1200 g/in or not greater than 1100 g/in or not greater than 1000 g/in or not greater than 900 g/in or not greater than 800 g/in or not greater than 700 g/in or not greater than 600 g/in or not greater than 500 g/in or not greater than 400 g/in.

Embodiment 16. The abrasive article of embodiment 14, wherein the peel strength is at least 10 g/in or at least 20 g/in or at least 30 g/in or at least 40 g/in or at least 50 g/in or at least 60 g/in or at least 70 g/in or at least 80 g/in or at least 90 g/in or at least 100 g/in or at least 200 g/in or at least 300 g/in or at least 400 g/in or at least 500 g/in or at least 600 g/in or at least 700 g/in or at least 800 g/in or at least 900 g/in or at least 1000 g/in or at least 1100 g/in or at least 1200 g/in or at least 1300 g/in or at least 1400 g/in or at least 1500 g/in or at least 1600 g/in or at least 1700 g/in or at least 1800 g/in or at least 1900 g/in or at least 2000 g/in.

Embodiment 17. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the barrier layer comprises at least one film comprising a sacrificial material configured to dissociate or volatilize and separate the barrier layer from the portion of the body.

Embodiment 18. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the barrier layer comprises at least one film comprising a sacrificial material configured to mechanically or chemically alter and separate the barrier layer into two portions.

Embodiment 19. The abrasive article of embodiment 18, wherein the sacrificial material comprises a transition temperature of not greater than 300°C or not greater than 250°C or not greater than 200°C or not greater than 180°C or not greater than 150°C or not greater than 120°C or not greater than 100°C.

Embodiment 20. The abrasive article of embodiment 18, wherein the sacrificial material comprises a transition temperature of at least 30°C or at least 50°C or at least 80°C or at least 100°C or at least 150°C or at least 200°C or at least 250°C.

Embodiment 21. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the barrier comprises a metal-containing film. Embodiment 22. The abrasive article of embodiment 21, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymer-containing film overlying the metal-containing film.

Embodiment 23. The abrasive article of embodiment 21, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymer-containing film bonded directly to the metal-containing film.

Embodiment 24. The abrasive article of embodiment 22 or 23, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of a thermoplastic and a thermoset.

Embodiment 25. The abrasive article of embodiment 22 or 23, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyamides, polyesters, polyethlyenes, polypropylene, polyvinyls, epoxies, resins, polyurethanes, rubbers, polyimides, phenolics, polybenzimidazole, aromatic polyamide, and a combination thereof.

Embodiment 26. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the barrier layer comprises a biaxially-oriented material.

Embodiment 27. The abrasive article of embodiment 2, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymer including a biaxially-oriented material.

Embodiment 28. The abrasive article of embodiment 27, wherein the polymer comprises polyethylene terephthalate or wherein the polymer consists essentially of polyethylene terephthalate.

Embodiment 29. The abrasive article of embodiment 21, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymer-containing film and wherein the polymer-containing film comprises an average thickness greater than an average thickness of the metal-containing film.

Embodiment 30. The abrasive article of embodiment 21, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymer-containing film and wherein the polymer-containing film comprises an average thickness less than an average thickness of the metal-containing film.

Embodiment 31. The abrasive article of embodiment 21, wherein the metal- containing film comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, iron, tin, copper, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, silver, palladium cadmium, tantalum, tungsten, platinum, gold, and a combination thereof.

Embodiment 32. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer includes at least one antiviral agent selected from the group of hydroxide, peroxide, ammonium, chlorine-containing compounds, chlorite, chlorate, carbonate, bicarbonate, ethanol, isopropanol, sulfur, lactic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, citric acid, octanoic acid, hypochlorous acid, phenolic, dischloroisocyanurate, glutaraldehyde, peroxyacetic acid, peroxymonosulfate, a transition metal element, thymol, dichloro-S-triazinetrione, glycolic acid, triethylene glycol, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 33. The abrasive article of embodiment 32, wherein the antiviral layer includes a matrix material including at least one matrix material and at least one antiviral agent, wherein the matrix material includes a material selected from the group consisting of organic materials, inorganic materials, natural materials, synthetic materials, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 34. The abrasive article of embodiment 33, wherein the matrix material includes a woven material, non- woven material, a continuous layer, a discontinuous layer or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 35. The abrasive article of embodiment 33, wherein the antiviral layer includes a matrix material and at least one antiviral agent overlying the matrix material.

Embodiment 36. The abrasive article of embodiment 33, wherein the antiviral layer includes a matrix material and at least one antiviral agent physically bonded and/or chemically bonded to the matrix material.

Embodiment 37. The abrasive article of embodiment 33, wherein the antiviral agent is uniformly distributed throughout the antiviral layer.

Embodiment 38. The abrasive article of embodiment 33, wherein the antiviral agent is non-uniformly distributed throughout the antiviral layer, wherein the antiviral layer comprises a first region and a second region different than the first region, wherein the first region includes a greater content of the antiviral agent as compared to the second region.

Embodiment 39. The abrasive article of embodiment 38, wherein the antiviral layer includes a bottom surface and an upper surface separated from the bottom surface by a thickness, wherein the upper surface comprises a greater content of the antiviral agent as compared to the bottom surface.

Embodiment 40. The abrasive article of embodiment 38, wherein the antiviral layer includes at least one marking designating a preferred contact region and further designating the first region of the antiviral layer.

Embodiment 41. The abrasive article of embodiment 32, wherein the antiviral layer includes at least 0.1 wt% of the antiviral agent for a total weight of the antiviral layer or at least 0.2 wt% or at least 0.5 wt% or at least 0.8 wt% or at least 1 wt% or at least 1.5 wt% or at least 2 wt% or at least 3 wt% or at least 4 wt% or at least 5 wt% or at least 8 wt% or at least 10 wt% or at least 15 wt% or at least 20 wt% or at least 25 wt% or at least 30 wt% or at least 35 wt% or at least 40 wt% or at least 50 wt% or at least 55 wt% or at least 60 wt% or at least 65 wt% or at least 70 wt% or at least 75 wt% or at least 80 wt% or at least 85 wt% or at least 90 wt% or at least 95 wt%.

Embodiment 42. The abrasive article of embodiment 33, wherein the antiviral layer consists essentially of the antiviral agent.

Embodiment 43. The abrasive article of embodiment 33, wherein the antiviral layer includes a matrix material in the form of a substrate defining a continuous layer of material, and further comprising an antiviral film overlying the substrate, wherein the matrix material is essentially free of the antiviral agent and the antiviral film includes at least one antiviral agent.

Embodiment 44. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer includes at least one agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against at least one of Group I double-stranded DNA viruses, Group II single- stranded DNA viruses, Group III double-stranded RNA genomes, Group IV positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes, Group V negative-sense single- stranded RNA genomes, Group VI single-stranded RNA viruses replicating through DNA intermediates, Group VII double- stranded DNA genomes replicating through reverse transcriptase, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 45. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer includes at least one agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against any RNA-based viruses.

Embodiment 46. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer includes at least one agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against Group IV positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes.

Embodiment 47. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer includes at least one agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses with an enveloped capsid.

Embodiment 48. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer includes at least one agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses with a helical capsid symmetry.

Embodiment 49. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer includes at least one agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses of the Nidovirales order.

Embodiment 50. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer includes at least one agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses of the Coronaviridae family. Embodiment 51. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer includes at least one agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against a virus of the Betacoronavirus genus.

Embodiment 52. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer is overlying at least 10% of a total exterior surface area of the body or at least 20% or at least 30% or at least 40% or at least 50% or at least 60% or at least 70% or at least 80% or at least 90% or at least 97%.

Embodiment 53. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer substantially surrounds the body.

Embodiment 54. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer substantially surrounds and is in direct contact with an entire exterior surface of the body.

Embodiment 55. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer is free of abrasive particles and is in contact with at least a portion of the body including the abrasive particles and bond material.

Embodiment 56. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer is permanently bonded to at least a portion of an exterior surface of the body.

Embodiment 57. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer is permanently bonded to a majority of an exterior surface area of the body and configured to be removed during an abrasive operation.

Embodiment 58. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer is free of abrasive particles and permanently bonded to substantially all of the exterior surface area of the body.

Embodiment 59. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer is a selectively removable layer.

Embodiment 60. The abrasive article of embodiment 59, wherein the antiviral layer is a re-useable object configured for multiple applications of selective removal and application to one or more portions of an exterior surface of the body.

Embodiment 61. The abrasive article of embodiment 59, wherein the antiviral layer comprises at least one release object configured to facilitate removal of the antiviral layer from the body by a user.

Embodiment 62. The abrasive article of embodiment 61, wherein the at least one release object includes a tab extending from the antiviral layer.

Embodiment 63. The abrasive article of embodiment 61, wherein the at least one release object includes a perforated region. Embodiment 64. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer comprises a plurality of films overlying each other.

Embodiment 65. The abrasive article of embodiment 64, wherein at least one film of the plurality of films is configured to be selectively removable from another, underlying film of the plurality of films.

Embodiment 66. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer includes product information related to the abrasive article.

Embodiment 67. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer includes one or more markings indicating one or more preferred contact regions on the antiviral layer.

Embodiment 68. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer includes instructions regarding preferred handling of the body and preferred use of the antiviral layer.

Embodiment 69. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer includes a micro-textured surface, including a plurality of protrusions separated by ridges.

Embodiment 70. The abrasive article of embodiment 69, wherein the protrusions have an average length, width and thickness, and wherein the average length is not greater than 100 microns, the average width is not greater than 100 microns and the average height is not greater than 100 microns.

Embodiment 71. The abrasive article of embodiment 69, wherein the micro-textured surface comprises a pattern of protrusions.

Embodiment 72. The abrasive article of embodiment 1, wherein the antiviral layer is overlying at least a portion of a non-abrasive portion of the abrasive article, wherein the non abrasive portion is free of abrasive particles and includes a hub, a core, a substrate, a bushing, a shank, a reinforcing member, a bond portion without abrasive particles, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 73. An abrasive article comprising: a body including abrasive particles contained in a bond material; and an antiviral agent integrated into at least a portion of the abrasive article.

Embodiment 74. The abrasive article of embodiment 73, wherein the antiviral agent is selected from the group of hydroxide, peroxide, ammonium, chlorine-containing compounds, chlorite, chlorate, carbonate, bicarbonate, ethanol, isopropanol, sulfur, lactic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, citric acid, octanoic acid, hypochlorous acid, phenolic, dischloroisocyanurate, glutaraldehyde, peroxyacetic acid, peroxymonosulfate, a transition metal element, thymol, dichloro-S-triazinetrione, glycolic acid, triethylene glycol, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 75. The abrasive article of embodiment 73, wherein the antiviral agent is applied to a non-abrasive portion, wherein the non-abrasive portion is coupled to the body and free of abrasive particles.

Embodiment 76. The abrasive article of embodiment 75, wherein the antiviral agent is integrated within at least a portion of a hub, a core, a substrate, a bushing, a shank, a reinforcing member, a bond portion without abrasive particles, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 77. The abrasive article of embodiment 75, wherein the non-abrasive portion comprises a woven material, non- woven material, a continuous layer, a discontinuous layer or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 78. The abrasive article of embodiment 75, wherein the antiviral agent is physically and/or chemically bonded to the non-abrasive portion.

Embodiment 79. The abrasive article of embodiment 78, wherein the antiviral agent is homogeneously distributed throughout the non-abrasive portion.

Embodiment 80. The abrasive article of embodiment 78, wherein the antiviral agent is non-homogenously distributed throughout the non-abrasive portion.

Embodiment 81. The abrasive article of embodiment 75, wherein the non-abrasive portion comprises an exterior surface, and wherein the antiviral agent is present at a greater content at the exterior surface of the non-abrasive portion relative to the content of the antiviral agent at an interior region of the non-abrasive portion.

Embodiment 82. The abrasive article of embodiment 73, wherein the antiviral agent is applied to an abrasive portion of the body.

Embodiment 83. The abrasive article of embodiment 82, wherein the antiviral agent is integrated within the bond material, the abrasive particles, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 84. The abrasive article of embodiment 83, wherein the antiviral agent is integrated within a volume of the bond material and at a portion of the surface of the abrasive particles.

Embodiment 85. The abrasive article of embodiment 82, wherein the antiviral agent is non-homogenously integrated within the body including a higher content at an exterior surface of the body than an interior region of the body.

Embodiment 86. The abrasive article of embodiment 82, wherein the antiviral agent is uniformly distributed throughout a bond material in the abrasive region of the body. Embodiment 87. The abrasive article of embodiment 73, wherein the antiviral agent is non-uniformly distributed on the abrasive article including a first region having a higher content of the antiviral agent as compared to a second region of the abrasive article, and wherein the first region includes at least one marking designating a preferred contact region.

Embodiment 88. The abrasive article of embodiment 73, wherein the antiviral agent defines an antiviral region of the abrasive article, and wherein the antiviral region includes at least 0.1 wt% of the antiviral agent for a total weight of the region or at least 0.2 wt% or at least 0.5 wt% or at least 0.8 wt% or at least 1 wt% or at least 1.5 wt% or at least 2 wt% or at least 3 wt% or at least 4 wt% or at least 5 wt% or at least 8 wt% or at least 10 wt% or at least

95 wt%.

Embodiment 89. The abrasive article of embodiment 73, wherein the abrasive article is a bonded abrasive including an abrasive portion defined by abrasive particles contained within a three-dimensional matrix of bond material and wherein the antiviral agent is integrated into a least one of the following: at an exterior surface and extending for a depth into the bond material; overlying exposed surfaces of the abrasive particles; overlying a majority of the surface of all abrasive particles within the bond material; on at least an exterior surface of a core, hub, bushing or shank coupled to the abrasive portion defined by abrasive particles contained within the three-dimensional matrix of bond material; on a reinforcing portion coupled to the abrasive portion; or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 90. The abrasive article of embodiment 73, wherein the abrasive article is a coated abrasive or single-layered abrasive article including a layer of abrasive particles attached to a substrate by a bond material, and wherein the antiviral agent is integrated into a least one of the following: at an exterior surface and extending for a depth into the bond material; overlying exposed surfaces of the abrasive particles; overlying a majority of the surface of all abrasive particles within the bond material; on at least an exterior surface of the substrate; or any combination thereof. Embodiment 91. The abrasive article of embodiment 73, wherein the antiviral agent has a registered disinfectant efficacy against at least one of Group I double- stranded DNA viruses, Group II single-stranded DNA viruses, Group III double- stranded RNA genomes, Group IV positive-sense single- stranded RNA genomes, Group V negative- sense single- stranded RNA genomes, Group VI single-stranded RNA viruses replicating through DNA intermediates, Group VII double- stranded DNA genomes replicating through reverse transcriptase, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 92. The abrasive article of embodiment 73, wherein the antiviral agent has a registered disinfectant efficacy against any RNA-based viruses.

Embodiment 93. The abrasive article of embodiment 73, wherein the antiviral agent has a registered disinfectant efficacy against Group IV positive-sense single- stranded RNA genomes.

Embodiment 94. The abrasive article of embodiment 73, wherein the antiviral agent has a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses with an enveloped capsid.

Embodiment 95. The abrasive article of embodiment 73, wherein the antiviral agent has a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses with a helical capsid symmetry.

Embodiment 96. The abrasive article of embodiment 73, wherein the antiviral agent has a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses of the Nidovirales order.

Embodiment 97. The abrasive article of embodiment 73, wherein the antiviral agent has a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses of the Coronaviridae family.

Embodiment 98. The abrasive article of embodiment 73, wherein the antiviral agent has a registered disinfectant efficacy against a virus of the Betacoronavirus genus. Embodiment 99. A method for treating an abrasive article comprising: obtaining an abrasive article; and treating the abrasive article with an antiviral treatment selected from the group consisting of applying an antiviral layer to at least a portion of the abrasive article, applying an barrier layer to at least a portion of the abrasive article integrating an antiviral agent into at least a portion of the abrasive article, directing electromagnetic radiation at the abrasive article, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 100. The method of embodiment 99, wherein applying an antiviral layer includes permanently bonding an antiviral layer to at least one of an abrasive portion of the abrasive article, a non-abrasive portion of the abrasive article, or a combination thereof. Embodiment 101. The method of embodiment 99, wherein applying an antiviral layer includes applying a releasable antiviral layer to at least one of an abrasive portion of the abrasive article, a non-abrasive portion of the abrasive article, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 102. The method of embodiment 99, wherein integrating an antiviral agent includes incorporating an additive into a portion of the abrasive article, the additive including the antiviral agent or precursor of the antiviral agent, and wherein the portion of the abrasive article includes at least one of an abrasive portion of the abrasive article, a non abrasive portion of the abrasive article, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 103. The method of embodiment 102, wherein the portion includes an exterior surface region of the abrasive article.

Embodiment 104. The method of embodiment 99, wherein integrating an antiviral agent includes depositing the antiviral agent or precursor of the antiviral agent on the portion of the abrasive article includes at least one of an abrasive portion of the abrasive article, a non-abrasive portion of the abrasive article, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 105. The method of embodiment 104, wherein the portion includes an exterior surface region of the abrasive article.

Embodiment 106. The method of embodiment 99, wherein the electromagnetic radiation has a wavelength of at least 1 nm or at least 5 nm or at least 10 nm or at least 20 nm or at least 40 nm or at least 80 nm or at least 100 nm or at least 125 nm or at least 150 nm or at least 175 nm or at least 200 nm.

Embodiment 107. The method of embodiment 99, wherein the electromagnetic radiation has a wavelength of not greater than 400 nm or not greater than 375 nm or not greater than 350 nm or not greater than 325 nm or not greater than 300 nm.

Embodiment 108. A non-woven material including a web of fibers, wherein the non- woven material includes at least one of: a) an antiviral layer overlying at least a portion of the web of fibers; b) an antiviral agent integrated within at least a portion of the fibers; or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 109. The non-woven material of embodiment 108, wherein the non-woven material is part of an article of clothing, packaging, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 110. A non-woven abrasive article comprising: a substrate comprising a web of non-woven fibers; an antiviral layer overlying at least a portion of the substrate; an abrasive layer comprising abrasive particles and an abrasive binder; wherein the abrasive layer is overlying at least a portion of the antiviral layer.

Embodiment 111. The non- woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the substrate consists entirely of the web of non-woven fibers.

Embodiment 112. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the substrate comprises polyamide fibers, polyimide fibers, polyester fibers, polypropylene fibers, polyethylene fibers, kenaf fibers, hemp fibers, jute fibers, flax fibers, sisal fibers, nylon fibers, a blend thereof, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 113. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the antiviral layer is a discontinuous layer on the non-woven fibers.

Embodiment 114. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the antiviral layer is a continuous layer overlying the non-woven fibers.

Embodiment 115. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the antiviral layer is in direct contact with the non-woven fibers without an intervening layer disposed between the antiviral layer and the non-woven fibers.

Embodiment 116. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the antiviral layer is overlying at least 50% of the total surface area of the nonwoven fibers or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 99%.

Embodiment 117. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the antiviral layer is overlying not greater than 99% or the total surface area of the nonwoven fibers or not greater than 98% or not greater than 97% or not greater than 96% or not greater than 95% or not greater than 93% or not greater than 90% or not greater than 80%.

Embodiment 118. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the antiviral layer comprises any of the features of antiviral materials from any of the embodiments herein.

Embodiment 119. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the antiviral layer comprises an antiviral particulate material contained in a matrix material.

Embodiment 120. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 119, wherein the antiviral particulate material comprises a metal element, metal ion, or metal-containing composition.

Embodiment 121. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 120, wherein the antiviral particulate material comprises a transition metal element. Embodiment 122. The non- woven abrasive article of embodiment 121, wherein the antiviral particulate material comprises at least one of copper, silver, zinc, tin, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 123. The non- woven abrasive article of embodiment 121, wherein the antiviral particulate material consists essentially of a metal element, metal ion, or metal- containing composition.

Embodiment 124. The non- woven abrasive article of embodiment 121, wherein the antiviral particulate material consists of copper, silver, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 125. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 119, wherein the antiviral particulate material comprises an average particle size (D50) of not greater than 900 nm or not greater than 800 nm or not greater than 700 nm or not greater than 600 nm or not greater than 500 nm or not greater than 400 nm or not greater than 300 nm or not greater than 200 nm or not greater than 100 nm or not greater than 90 nm or not greater than 70 nm or not greater than 50 nm.

Embodiment 126. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 119, wherein the antiviral particulate material comprises an average particle size (D50) or at least 0.1 nm or at least 0.5 nm or at least 1 nm or at least 2 nm or at least 3 nm or at least 5 nm or at least 10 nm.

Embodiment 127. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 119, wherein the antiviral particulate material is present in an amount of at least 0.1 wt% for a total weight of the antiviral layer or at least 0.5 wt% or at least 0.8 wt% or at least 1 wt% or at least 1.2 wt% or at least 1.5 wt% or at least 2 wt% or at least 4 wt% or at least 6 wt%.

Embodiment 128. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 119, wherein the antiviral particulate material is present in an amount of not greater than 25 wt% for a total weight of the antiviral layer or not greater than 20 wt% or not greater than 15 wt% or not greater than 12 wt% or not greater than 10 wt% or not greater than 8 wt% or not greater than 5 wt% or not greater than 4 wt%.

Embodiment 129. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 119, wherein the antiviral particulate material is homogenously distributed throughout the volume of matrix material.

Embodiment 130. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 119, wherein the matrix material comprises a binder. Embodiment 131. The non- woven abrasive article of embodiment 119, wherein the matrix material comprises an organic material like those used in a binder layer (e.g., make coat or size coat) as described in any of the embodiments herein.

Embodiment 132. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 119, wherein the matrix material comprises a thermoset polymer.

Embodiment 133. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 119, wherein the matrix material comprises an acrylic.

Embodiment 134. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 119, wherein the matrix material consists essentially of an acrylic.

Embodiment 135. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the abrasive layer is a continuous layer overlying the non-woven fibers.

Embodiment 136. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the abrasive layer is a discontinuous layer comprising regions of abrasive coating separated by gaps regions that are absent the abrasive layer and wherein the antiviral layer is exposed.

Embodiment 137. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the abrasive layer is in direct contact with the antiviral layer and is separated from the non-woven fibers in certain regions by the antiviral layer.

Embodiment 138. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the abrasive layer is overlying at least 5% of the total surface area of the substrate and/or antiviral layer or at least 10% or at least 15% or at least 20% or at least 25% or at least 30 % or at least 35% or at least 40% or at least 45% or at least 50% or at least 55% or at least 60 % or at least 65% or at least 70% or at least 75% or at least 80% or at least 85% or at least 90 % or at least 95%.

Embodiment 139. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the abrasive layer is overlying not greater than 99% or the total surface area of the substrate and/or antiviral layer or not greater than 90% or not greater than 85% or not greater than 80% or not greater than 75% or not greater than 70% or not greater than 65% or not greater than 60% or not greater than 55% or not greater than 50% or not greater than 45% or not greater than 40% or not greater than 35% or not greater than 30% or not greater than 25% or not greater than 20% or not greater than 15% or not greater than 10%.

Embodiment 140. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the antiviral layer comprises an average thickness of (Tav) and wherein Tav is not greater than 50(D50avp), wherein D50avp represents the average particles size of antiviral particulate material in the antiviral layer, or wherein Tav is not greater than 40(D50avp) or not greater than 30(D50avp) or not greater than 20(D50avp) or not greater than 15(D50avp) or not greater than 10(D50avp) or not greater than 8(D50avp) or not greater than 6(D50avp) or not greater than 5(D50avp) or not greater than 4 (D50avp).

Embodiment 141. The non- woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the antiviral layer comprises an average thickness of (Tav) and wherein Tav is at least l(D50avp), wherein D50avp represents the average particles size of antiviral particulate material in the antiviral layer, or wherein Tav is at least 1.2(D50avp) or at least 1.5(D50avp) at least 2(D50avp) at least 3(D50avp) at least 5(D50avp).

Embodiment 142. The non- woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the abrasive particles comprise an average particle size (D50ab) and the antiviral layer comprises an antiviral particulate material having an average particle size (D50avp), wherein D50ab>D50avp

Embodiment 143. The non- woven abrasive article of embodiment 142, wherein D50ab/Davp is greater than 1 or at least 1.5 or at least 2 or at least 3 or at least 5 or least 10 or at least 25.

Embodiment 144. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 142, wherein D50ab/Davp is not greater than 1000 or not greater than 800 or not greater than 500 or not greater than 300 or not greater than 200 or not greater than 100 or not greater than 80 or not greater than 60 or not greater than 40 or not greater than 20.

Embodiment 145. The non-woven abrasive article of embodiment 110, wherein the antiviral layer comprises a percent coverage of the surface of the substrate of (Cav) and the abrasive layer comprises a percent coverage of the surface of the substrate of (Cab), and wherein Cav/Cab is greater than 1 or at least 1.2 or least 1.5 or at least 1.8 or at least 2 or at least 3 or at least 4 or at least 5 or at least 6 or at least 8 or at least 10.

Embodiment 146. An abrasive article comprising: a body including abrasive particles contained in a bond material; and an antimicrobial data source coupled to the body, wherein the antimicrobial data source is configured to provide or access antimicrobial safety data of the abrasive article.

Embodiment 147. The abrasive article of embodiment 146, wherein antimicrobial safety data includes data related to a composition of an antimicrobial, placement of an antimicrobial agent on the abrasive article, handling instructions, date of packaging, date of antimicrobial treatment, type of antimicrobial treatment, duration since last antimicrobial treatment, recommendations for re-treatment, expiration date, number of handlers, time since last being handled, individual last handling the abrasive article, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 148. The abrasive article of embodiment 146, wherein the antimicrobial data source includes at least one electronic device selected from an electronic tag, electronic memory, a sensor, an analog-to-digital converter, a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modulator circuit, a multiplexer, an antenna, a near-field communication device, a power source a display, an optical device, a global positioning system, a data transponder, a secure data storage device, a secure logic device, a vertically polarized antenna, a booster antenna, a 3D polarized antenna, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 149. The abrasive article of embodiment 148, wherein the electronic device comprises at least one of a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, an active radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, a sensor, a passive near- field communication device (passive NFC), an active near- field communication device (active NFC), or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 150. The abrasive article of embodiment 148, wherein the electronic device stores the antimicrobial safety data locally on a memory.

Embodiment 151. The abrasive article of embodiment 148, wherein the electronic device comprises at least one wireless communication device configure to access the antimicrobial data from a remote storage database.

Embodiment 152. The abrasive article of embodiment 148, wherein the electronic device is configured to send an electronic notification to a designated recipient.

Embodiment 153. The abrasive article of embodiment 152, wherein the electronic notification is based on a change of condition selected from the group of data including expiration of an antimicrobial treatment, new antimicrobial treatment, improper handling, undesirable antimicrobial conditions, undesirable environmental conditions, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 154. The abrasive article of embodiment 146, wherein the antimicrobial data source includes at least one reactive object configured to change states with a change in one or more conditions including expiration of an antimicrobial treatment, new antimicrobial treatment, improper handling, undesirable antimicrobial conditions, undesirable environmental conditions, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 155. The abrasive article of embodiment 154, wherein the reactive object changes optical states, audio states, olfactory states, or a combination thereof. Embodiment 156. The abrasive article of embodiment 154, wherein the reactive object is configured to change states from an antimicrobial treatment during manufacturing of the abrasive article.

Embodiment 157. The abrasive article of embodiment 154, wherein the reactive object is configured to change states from an antimicrobial treatment during packaging of the abrasive article.

Embodiment 158. The abrasive article of embodiment 154, wherein the reactive object is configured to change states gradually after an antimicrobial treatment to indicate the time since the last antimicrobial treatment.

Embodiment 159. The abrasive article of embodiment 146, wherein the body includes an abrasive portion including abrasive particles contained in a bond material, and wherein the antimicrobial data source is coupled to the abrasive portion.

Embodiment 160. The abrasive article of embodiment 159, wherein the antimicrobial data source comprises a reactive object overlying at least a portion of the exterior surface of the abrasive portion.

Embodiment 161. The abrasive article of embodiment 159, wherein the antimicrobial data source comprises an electronic device that is coupled to the abrasive portion.

Embodiment 162. The abrasive article of embodiment 159, wherein the abrasive article is a bonded abrasive including an abrasive portion defined by abrasive particles contained within a three-dimensional matrix of bond material and optionally a non-abrasive portion coupled to the abrasive portion, wherein the non-abrasive portion is free of abrasive particles, and wherein the antimicrobial data source is coupled to at least one of the following: at an exterior surface of the abrasive portion; embedded partially within the abrasive portion; embedded entirely within the abrasive portion; coupled to an exterior surface of the non-abrasive portion; embedded partially within the non-abrasive portion; embedded entirely within the non-abrasive portion; or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 163. The abrasive article of embodiment 162, wherein the antimicrobial data source is coupled to a non-abrasive portion including a core, hub, bushing or shank coupled to the abrasive portion. Embodiment 164. The abrasive article of embodiment 159, wherein the abrasive article is a coated abrasive or single layered abrasive including an abrasive portion defined by a layer of abrasive particles coupled to a substrate by a bond material, and wherein the antimicrobial data source is coupled to at least one of the following: at an exterior surface of the abrasive portion; embedded partially within the abrasive portion; embedded entirely within the abrasive portion; coupled to an exterior surface of the substrate; embedded partially within the substrate; embedded entirely within the substrate; or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 165. The abrasive article of embodiment 164, further comprising a non-abrasive portion that is free of abrasive particles, wherein the non-abrasive portion includes at least one of a hub, a core, a bushing, a reinforcing portion, and wherein the antimicrobial data source is coupled to the non-abrasive portion.

Embodiment 166. The abrasive article of embodiment 146, further comprising at least one of an antimicrobial layer and/or integrated antimicrobial agent, wherein the antimicrobial layer and/or integrated antimicrobial agent is disposed on an abrasive portion or non-abrasive portion of the abrasive article.

Embodiment 167. The abrasive article of embodiment 146, wherein the antimicrobial layer and/or integrated antimicrobial agent includes at least one of an antibacterial agent, antifungal agent, antiparasitic agent, antiviral agent, of a combination thereof.

Embodiment 168. The abrasive article of embodiment 167, wherein the antimicrobial layer and/or integrated antimicrobial agent includes at least one antiviral agent selected from the group of hydroxide, peroxide, ammonium, chlorine-containing compounds, chlorite, chlorate, carbonate, bicarbonate, ethanol, isopropanol, sulfur, lactic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, citric acid, octanoic acid, hypochlorous acid, phenolic, dischloroisocyanurate, glutaraldehyde, peroxyacetic acid, peroxymonosulfate, a transition metal element, thymol, dichloro-S-triazinetrione, glycolic acid, triethylene glycol, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 169. The abrasive article of embodiment 168, wherein the antimicrobial layer and/or integrated antimicrobial agent includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against at least one of Group I double-stranded DNA viruses, Group II single-stranded DNA viruses, Group III double- stranded RNA genomes, Group IV positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes, Group V negative- sense single-stranded RNA genomes, Group VI single- stranded RNA viruses replicating through DNA intermediates, Group VII double-stranded DNA genomes replicating through reverse transcriptase, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 170. The abrasive article of embodiment 168, wherein the antimicrobial layer and/or integrated antimicrobial agent includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against any RNA-based viruses.

Embodiment 171. The abrasive article of embodiment 168, wherein the antimicrobial layer and/or integrated antimicrobial agent includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against Group IV positive-sense single- stranded RNA genomes.

Embodiment 172. The abrasive article of embodiment 168, wherein the antimicrobial layer and/or integrated antimicrobial agent includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses with an enveloped capsid.

Embodiment 173. The abrasive article of embodiment 168, wherein the antimicrobial layer and/or integrated antimicrobial agent includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses with a helical capsid symmetry.

Embodiment 174. The abrasive article of embodiment 168, wherein the antimicrobial layer and/or integrated antimicrobial agent includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses of the Nidovirales order.

Embodiment 175. The abrasive article of embodiment 168, wherein the antimicrobial layer and/or integrated antimicrobial agent includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses of the Coronaviridae family.

Embodiment 176. The abrasive article of embodiment 168, wherein the antimicrobial layer and/or integrated antimicrobial agent includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against a virus of the Betacoronavirus genus.

Embodiment 177. The abrasive article of embodiment 146, further comprising at least one sensor coupled to the body of the abrasive article, wherein the sensor is configured to be selectively operated by a system and/or individual.

Embodiment 178. The abrasive article of embodiment 177, wherein the sensor is configured to sense one or more processing conditions during the formation of the abrasive article.

Embodiment 179. The abrasive article of embodiment 177, wherein the sensor is configured to sense a condition of the environment of the abrasive article. Embodiment 180. The abrasive article of embodiment 154, wherein the sensor comprises at least one of an acoustic sensor, force sensor, vibration sensor, temperature sensor, moisture sensor, pressure sensor, gas sensor, timer, accelerometer, gyroscope, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 181. An abrasive system comprising: an abrasive article having a body including abrasive particles contained in a bond material; and a package containing the abrasive article, wherein the package comprises at least one antimicrobial data source configured to provide antimicrobial safety data. Embodiment 182. The abrasive system of embodiment 181, wherein antimicrobial safety data includes information related to a composition of an antimicrobial, placement of an antimicrobial agent on the abrasive article and/or package, handling instructions for the package and/or abrasive article, date of antimicrobial application of the abrasive article and/or package, date of packaging, date of antimicrobial treatment(s) of the abrasive article and/or package, type of antimicrobial treatment applied to the abrasive article and/or package, duration since last antimicrobial treatment of the abrasive article and/or package, recommendations for re-treatment of the abrasive article and/or package, expiration date of the treatment for the abrasive article and/or package, number of handlers of the abrasive article and/or package, time since the abrasive article and/or package was last handled, individual and entity last handling the abrasive article and/or package, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 183. The abrasive system of embodiment 182, wherein the antimicrobial data source includes at least one electronic device selected from an electronic tag, electronic memory, a sensor, an analog-to-digital converter, a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modulator circuit, a multiplexer, an antenna, a near-field communication device, a power source a display, an optical device, a global positioning system, a data transponder, a secure data storage device, a secure logic device, a vertically polarized antenna, a booster antenna, a 3D polarized antenna, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 184. The abrasive system of embodiment 183, wherein the electronic device comprises at least one of a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, an active radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, a sensor, a passive near-field communication device (passive NFC), an active near-field communication device (active NFC), or any combination thereof. Embodiment 185. The abrasive system of embodiment 183, wherein the electronic device stores the antimicrobial safety data locally on a memory.

Embodiment 186. The abrasive system of embodiment 183, wherein the electronic device comprises at least one wireless communication device configure to access the antimicrobial data from a remote storage database.

Embodiment 187. The abrasive system of embodiment 183, wherein the electronic device is configured to send an electronic notification to a designated recipient.

Embodiment 188. The abrasive system of embodiment 187, wherein the electronic notification is based on a change of condition selected from the group of data including expiration of an antimicrobial treatment, new antimicrobial treatment, improper handling, undesirable antimicrobial conditions, undesirable environmental conditions, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 189. The abrasive system of embodiment 182, wherein the antimicrobial data source is contained within an interior volume of the package.

Embodiment 190. The abrasive system of embodiment 189, wherein the antimicrobial data source is contained within a secure compartment within the interior volume of the package.

Embodiment 191. The abrasive system of embodiment 182, wherein the antimicrobial data source is coupled to an exterior surface of the package.

Embodiment 192. The abrasive system of embodiment 182, wherein the antimicrobial data source is coupled to the abrasive article.

Embodiment 193. The abrasive system of embodiment 182, further comprising a first antimicrobial data source coupled to the package and a second antimicrobial data source coupled to the abrasive article.

Embodiment 194. The abrasive system of embodiment 182, further comprising a first antimicrobial data source in the form of an electronic device contained within the package and a second antimicrobial data coupled to an exterior surface of the package, wherein the first antimicrobial data source is communicatively coupled to the second antimicrobial data source and configured to control a state of the antimicrobial data source based on the antimicrobial data.

Embodiment 195. The abrasive system of embodiment 182, wherein the antimicrobial data source includes at least one reactive object configured to change states with a change in one or more conditions including expiration of an antimicrobial treatment of the package, new antimicrobial treatment of the package, improper handling of the package,

- Ill - undesirable antimicrobial conditions of the package, undesirable environmental conditions of the package, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 196. The abrasive system of embodiment 195, wherein the reactive object changes optical states, audio states, olfactory states, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 197. The abrasive system of embodiment 195, wherein the reactive object is configured to change states from an antimicrobial treatment conducted during manufacturing, packaging, transportation, and/or distribution of the package.

Embodiment 198. The abrasive system of embodiment 195, wherein the reactive object is configured to change states gradually after an antimicrobial treatment to indicate the time since the last antimicrobial treatment.

Embodiment 199. The abrasive system of embodiment 195, wherein the reactive object is communicatively coupled to an electronic device configured to control the states of the reactive object in response to one or more changes in conditions.

Embodiment 200. The abrasive article of embodiment 182, wherein the package includes an exterior surface, and at least one designated region identified by markings and having an antimicrobial property.

Embodiment 201. The abrasive system of embodiment 200, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one of an antibacterial agent, antifungal agent, antiparasitic agent, antiviral agent, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 202. The abrasive system of embodiment 200, wherein the at least one designated region has an antiviral property.

Embodiment 203. The abrasive system of embodiment 200, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one of an antiviral agent, antiviral layer, a texture surface, a density greater than regions of the package outside of the safe handling region or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 204. The abrasive system of embodiment 200, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent selected from the group of hydroxide, peroxide, ammonium, chlorine-containing compounds, chlorite, chlorate, carbonate, bicarbonate, ethanol, isopropanol, sulfur, lactic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, citric acid, octanoic acid, hypochlorous acid, phenolic, dischloroisocyanurate, glutaraldehyde, peroxyacetic acid, peroxymonosulfate, a transition metal element, thymol, dichloro-S- triazinetrione, glycolic acid, triethylene glycol, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 205. The abrasive system of embodiment 204, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against at least one of Group I double- stranded DNA viruses, Group II single- stranded DNA viruses, Group III double-stranded RNA genomes, Group IV positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes, Group V negative- sense single-stranded RNA genomes, Group VI single- stranded RNA viruses replicating through DNA intermediates, Group VII double-stranded DNA genomes replicating through reverse transcriptase, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 206. The abrasive system of embodiment 204, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against any RNA-based viruses.

Embodiment 207. The abrasive system of embodiment 204, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against Group IV positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes.

Embodiment 208. The abrasive system of embodiment 204, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses with an enveloped capsid.

Embodiment 209. The abrasive system of embodiment 204, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses with a helical capsid symmetry.

Embodiment 210. The abrasive system of embodiment 204, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses of the Nidovirales order.

Embodiment 211. The abrasive system of embodiment 204, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses of the Coronaviridae family.

Embodiment 212. The abrasive system of embodiment 204, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against a vims of the Betacoronavims genus.

Embodiment 213. The abrasive system of embodiment 182, wherein the antimicrobial data source includes a sensor on the package or contained within the package, wherein the sensor is configured to be selectively operated by a system and/or individual.

Embodiment 214. The abrasive system of embodiment 213, wherein the sensor is configured to sense one or more processing conditions during the packaging of the abrasive articles or during an antimicrobial treatment of the package. Embodiment 215. The abrasive system of embodiment 213, wherein the sensor is configured to sense a condition of the environment of the package.

Embodiment 216. The abrasive system of embodiment 213, wherein the sensor comprises at least one of an acoustic sensor, force sensor, vibration sensor, temperature sensor, moisture sensor, pressure sensor, gas sensor, timer, accelerometer, gyroscope, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 217. The abrasive system of embodiment 182, wherein the abrasive article is contained in a secondary package, and wherein the abrasive article and secondary package are contained within an interior volume of the package.

Embodiment 218. The abrasive system of embodiment 217, wherein the secondary package is flexible or self-supporting.

Embodiment 219. The abrasive system of embodiment 217, wherein the secondary package includes at least one antimicrobial property in the form of an antimicrobial agent, antimicrobial layer, textured surface, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 220. The abrasive system of embodiment 219, wherein the secondary package includes an exterior surface including at least one of an antibacterial agent, antifungal agent, antiparasitic agent, antiviral agent, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 221. The abrasive system of embodiment 220, wherein the secondary package includes at least one antiviral agent selected from the group of hydroxide, peroxide, ammonium, chlorine-containing compounds, chlorite, chlorate, carbonate, bicarbonate, ethanol, isopropanol, sulfur, lactic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, citric acid, octanoic acid, hypochlorous acid, phenolic, dischloroisocyanurate, glutaraldehyde, peroxyacetic acid, peroxymonosulfate, a transition metal element, thymol, dichloro-S-triazinetrione, glycolic acid, triethylene glycol, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 222. The abrasive system of embodiment 182, wherein the package is flexible or self-supporting.

Embodiment 223. The abrasive system of embodiment 182, wherein the package includes at least one of an organic material, inorganic material, synthetic material, natural material, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 224. The abrasive system of embodiment 182, wherein the package includes a metal or metal alloy including a transition metal.

Embodiment 225. The abrasive system of embodiment 182, wherein the package includes at least one region including copper or silver. Embodiment 226. The abrasive system of embodiment 182, wherein the package includes at least one handle comprising copper or silver.

Embodiment 227. The abrasive system of embodiment 182, wherein the package includes a region including at least 55 vol% copper and/or silver or at least 60 vol% or at least 70 vol% or at least 80 vol% or at least 90 vol% copper and/or silver.

Embodiment 228. An abrasive system comprising: an abrasive article having a body including abrasive particles contained in a bond material; and a package containing the abrasive article, wherein at least a portion of the package includes a designated region including an antimicrobial property.

Embodiment 229. The abrasive system of embodiment 228, wherein the package includes an exterior surface and at least one designated region identified by markings and having an antimicrobial property.

Embodiment 230. The abrasive system of embodiment 228, wherein the at least one designated region includes a marking and written notation configured to guide a user on proper handling of the package by the at least one designated region.

Embodiment 231. The abrasive system of embodiment 228, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one of an antibacterial agent, antifungal agent, antiparasitic agent, antiviral agent, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 232. The abrasive system of embodiment 231, wherein the at least one designated region has an antiviral property.

Embodiment 233. The abrasive system of embodiment 232, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one of an antiviral agent, antiviral layer, a texture surface, a density greater than regions of the package outside of the safe handling region or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 234. The abrasive system of embodiment 232, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent selected from the group of hydroxide, peroxide, ammonium, chlorine-containing compounds, chlorite, chlorate, carbonate, bicarbonate, ethanol, isopropanol, sulfur, lactic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, citric acid, octanoic acid, hypochlorous acid, phenolic, dischloroisocyanurate, glutaraldehyde, peroxyacetic acid, peroxymonosulfate, a transition metal element, thymol, dichloro-S- triazinetrione, glycolic acid, triethylene glycol, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 235. The abrasive system of embodiment 232, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against at least one of Group I double- stranded DNA viruses, Group II single- stranded DNA viruses, Group III double-stranded RNA genomes, Group IV positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes, Group V negative- sense single-stranded RNA genomes, Group VI single- stranded RNA viruses replicating through DNA intermediates, Group VII double-stranded DNA genomes replicating through reverse transcriptase, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 236. The abrasive system of embodiment 232, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against any RNA-based viruses.

Embodiment 237. The abrasive system of embodiment 232, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against Group IV positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes.

Embodiment 238. The abrasive system of embodiment 232, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses with an enveloped capsid.

Embodiment 239. The abrasive system of embodiment 232, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses with a helical capsid symmetry.

Embodiment 240. The abrasive system of embodiment 232, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses of the Nidovirales order.

Embodiment 241. The abrasive system of embodiment 232, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against viruses of the Coronaviridae family.

Embodiment 242. The abrasive system of embodiment 232, wherein the at least one designated region includes at least one antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy against a vims of the Betacoronavims genus.

Embodiment 243. The abrasive system of embodiment 228, wherein the designated region includes a material selected from the group of an inorganic material, organic material, synthetic material, natural material, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 244. The abrasive system of embodiment 228, wherein the designated region includes a transition metal.

Embodiment 245. The abrasive system of embodiment 228, wherein the designated region includes copper or silver. Embodiment 246. The abrasive system of embodiment 228, wherein the designated region includes at least one handle comprising copper or silver.

Embodiment 247. The abrasive system of embodiment 228, wherein the designated region includes a content of copper and/or silver of at least 55 vol% for a total volume of the designated region or at least 60 vol% or at least 70 vol% or at least 80 vol% or at least 90 vol% copper and/or silver.

Embodiment 248. The abrasive system of embodiment 228, wherein the designated region includes at least one ergonomic feature.

Embodiment 249. The abrasive system of embodiment 228, wherein the designated region includes at least one handle comprising copper and/or silver.

Embodiment 250. The abrasive system of embodiment 228, further comprising a non-designated region, wherein the non-designated region is essentially free of an antimicrobial property.

Embodiment 251. The abrasive system of embodiment 228, wherein the designated region comprises an area (Ad) and the non-designated region comprises an area (And) and wherein the area ratio (Ad: And) is at least 1:1000 or at least 1:500 or at least 1:200 or at least 1:100 or at least 1:50 or at least 1:20 or at least 1:10 or at least 1:5 or at least 1:2 or at least 1:1 or at least 2:1 or at least 3:1 or at least 5:1 or at least 8:1 or at least 10:1 or at least 50:1.

Embodiment 252. The abrasive system of embodiment 251, wherein the area ratio (Ad:And) is not greater than 200: 1 or not greater than 100: 1 or not greater than 50: 1 or not greater than least 20: 1 or not greater than 10: 1 or not greater than 8:1 or not greater than 5:1 or not greater than 3 : 1 or not greater than 2: 1 or not greater than 1 : 1 or not greater than 1 :2 or not greater than 1:3 or not greater than 1:4 or not greater than 1:5 or not greater than 1:6 or not greater than 1 :8 or not greater than 1 : 10 or not greater than 1:15 or not greater than 1 :20.

Embodiment 253. The abrasive system of embodiment 228, further comprising at least one antimicrobial data source on or contained within the package.

Embodiment 254. The abrasive system of embodiment 253, wherein the at least one antimicrobial data source is coupled to the designated region.

Embodiment 255. The abrasive system of embodiment 254, wherein the at least one antimicrobial data source is configured to provide a user with an antimicrobial status of the designated region.

Embodiment 256. The abrasive system of embodiment 228, wherein the package is flexible or self-supporting. Embodiment 257. The abrasive system of embodiment 256, wherein the package includes at least one of an organic material, inorganic material, natural material, synthetic material, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 258. The abrasive system of embodiment 228, further comprising any features of any of embodiments 1-227.

Embodiment 259. An abrasive system comprising: a package containing an abrasive article having a body including abrasive particles contained in a bond material; and antimicrobial handling equipment contained on or within the package, wherein safe handling equipment includes an antimicrobial cleaner and/or antimicrobial clothing.

Embodiment 260. The abrasive system of embodiment 259, comprising a barrier layer overlying at least a portion of the body, wherein the barrier layer comprises an antiviral thin film, wherein the antiviral thin film layer comprises a metallic material.

Embodiment 261. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the antiviral thin film is the outermost layer of the barrier layer.

Embodiment 262. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the antiviral thin film has a VLT of at least 60%.

Embodiment 263. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the antiviral thin film has an Antiviral Activity R (logio/cm ) of at least 1 or at least 1.1 or at least 1.2 or at least 1.3 or at least 1.4 or at least 1.5 or at least 1.6 or at least 1.7 or at least 1.8 or at least 1.9 or at least 2.0 or at least 2.1 or at least 2.2 or at least 2.3 or at least 2.4 or at least 2.5 or at least 2.6 or at least 2.7 or at least 2.8 or at least 2.9 or at least 3.0.

Embodiment 264. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the antiviral thin film has an Antiviral Activity (%) of at least 90% or at least 91% or at least 92% or at least 93% or at least 94% or at least 95% or at least 96% or at least 97% or at least 97.5% or at least 98% or at least 98.5% or at least 99% or at least 99.1% or at least 99.2% or at least 99.3% or at least 99.4% or at least 99.5% or at least 99.6% or at least 99.7% or at least 99.8% or at least 99.9%.

Embodiment 265. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the antiviral thin film has a VLT of at least about 60%, such as, at least about 61% or at least about 62% or at least about 63% or at least about 64% or at least about 65% or at least about 66% or at least about 67% or at least about 68% or at least about 69% or at least about 70% or at least about 75% or at least about 80% or at least about 85% or at least about 90% or even at least about 95%.

Embodiment 266. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the antiviral thin film layer has an average thickness of not greater than about 15 nm or not greater than about 14 nm or not greater than about 13 nm or not greater than about 12 nm or not greater than about 11 nm or not greater than about 10 nm or not greater than about 9 nm or not greater than about 8 nm or not greater than about 7 nm or not greater than about 6 nm or not greater than about 5 nm.

Embodiment 267. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the antiviral thin film layer has an average thickness of at least about 0.1 nm.

Embodiment 268. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the metallic material comprises copper, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, zinc, iron, chrome, any combination thereof, or any alloy thereof.

Embodiment 269. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the antiviral thin film layer is a copper layer, a silver layer, a gold layer, an iron layer, a chrome layer, or a platinum layer.

Embodiment 270. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the antiviral thin film layer is a sputtered metallic layer.

Embodiment 271. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the antiviral thin film layer is a continuous metallic layer.

Embodiment 272. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the barrier layer is in a peelable configuration having a peel strength of not greater than 3000 g/in

Embodiment 273. The abrasive system of embodiment 272, wherein the peel strength is not greater than 2900 g/in or not greater than 2800 g/in or not greater than 2700 g/in or not greater than 2600 g/in or not greater than 2500 g/in or not greater than 2400 g/in or not greater than 2300 g/in or not greater than 2200 g/in or not greater than 2100 g/in or not greater than 2000 g/in or not greater than 1900 g/in or not greater than 1800 g/in or not greater than 1700 g/in or not greater than 1600 g/in or not greater than 1500 g/in or not greater than 1400 g/in or not greater than 1300 g/in or not greater than 1200 g/in or not greater than 1100 g/in or not greater than 1000 g/in or not greater than 900 g/in or not greater than 800 g/in or not greater than 700 g/in or not greater than 600 g/in or not greater than 500 g/in or not greater than 400 g/in.

Embodiment 274. The abrasive system of embodiment 272, wherein the peel strength is at least 10 g/in or at least 20 g/in or at least 30 g/in or at least 40 g/in or at least 50 g/in or at least 60 g/in or at least 70 g/in or at least 80 g/in or at least 90 g/in or at least 100 g/in or at least 200 g/in or at least 300 g/in or at least 400 g/in or at least 500 g/in or at least 600 g/in or at least 700 g/in or at least 800 g/in or at least 900 g/in or at least 1000 g/in or at least 1100 g/in or at least 1200 g/in or at least 1300 g/in or at least 1400 g/in or at least 1500 g/in or at least 1600 g/in or at least 1700 g/in or at least 1800 g/in or at least 1900 g/in or at least 2000 g/in.

Embodiment 275. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the barrier layer comprises at least one film comprising a sacrificial material configured to dissociate or volatilize and separate the barrier layer from the portion of the body.

Embodiment 276. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the barrier layer comprises at least one film comprising a sacrificial material configured to mechanically or chemically alter and separate the barrier layer into two portions.

Embodiment 277. The abrasive system of embodiment 276, wherein the sacrificial material comprises a transition temperature of not greater than 300°C or not greater than 250°C or not greater than 200°C or not greater than 180°C or not greater than 150°C or not greater than 120°C or not greater than 100°C.

Embodiment 278. The abrasive system of embodiment 276, wherein the sacrificial material comprises a transition temperature of at least 30°C or at least 50°C or at least 80°C or at least 100°C or at least 150°C or at least 200°C or at least 250°C.

Embodiment 279. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the barrier comprises a metal-containing film.

Embodiment 280. The abrasive system of embodiment 279, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymer-containing film overlying the metal-containing film.

Embodiment 281. The abrasive system of embodiment 279, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymer-containing film bonded directly to the metal-containing film.

Embodiment 282. The abrasive system of embodiment 280 or 281, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of a thermoplastic and a thermoset.

Embodiment 283. The abrasive system of embodiment 280 or 281, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyamides, polyesters, polyethlyenes, polypropylene, polyvinyls, epoxies, resins, polyurethanes, rubbers, polyimides, phenolics, polybenzimidazole, aromatic polyamide, and a combination thereof.

Embodiment 284. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the barrier layer comprises a biaxially-oriented material. Embodiment 285. The abrasive system of embodiment 260, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymer including a biaxially-oriented material.

Embodiment 286. The abrasive system of embodiment 285, wherein the polymer comprises polyethylene terephthalate or wherein the polymer consists essentially of polyethylene terephthalate.

Embodiment 287. The abrasive system of embodiment 279, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymer-containing film and wherein the polymer-containing film comprises an average thickness greater than an average thickness of the metal-containing film.

Embodiment 288. The abrasive system of embodiment 279, wherein the barrier layer comprises a polymer-containing film and wherein the polymer-containing film comprises an average thickness less than an average thickness of the metal-containing film.

Embodiment 289. The abrasive system of embodiment 279, wherein the metal- containing film comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, iron, tin, copper, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, silver, palladium cadmium, tantalum, tungsten, platinum, gold, and a combination thereof.

Embodiment 290. The abrasive system of embodiment 259, wherein the antimicrobial handling equipment includes an antimicrobial property.

Embodiment 291. The abrasive system of embodiment 290, wherein the antimicrobial handling equipment includes at least one of an antibacterial agent, antifungal agent, antiparasitic agent, antiviral agent, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 292. The abrasive system of embodiment 259, wherein the antimicrobial handling equipment comprises has an antiviral property.

Embodiment 293. The abrasive system of embodiment 259, wherein the antiviral property includes an antiviral agent or antiviral agent having a registered disinfectant efficacy as provided in any of the preceding embodiments.

Embodiment 294. The abrasive system of embodiment 259, wherein the package includes any of the features of the packages of any of the preceding embodiments.

Embodiment 295. The abrasive system of embodiment 259, further comprising at least one antimicrobial data source comprising any of the features of the preceding embodiments.

Embodiment 296. The abrasive system of embodiment 259, wherein the antimicrobial handling equipment is disposed on the exterior of the package. Embodiment 297. The abrasive system of embodiment 259, wherein the antimicrobial handling equipment is disposed in a designated region on an exterior surface of the package.

Embodiment 298. The abrasive system of embodiment 259, wherein the antimicrobial handling equipment includes at least one of a mask, gloves, an antimicrobial cleaning article, an antiviral cleaning article, a gown, shoe cover, surface conditioning article, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 299. The abrasive system of embodiment 298, wherein the antimicrobial cleaning article or antiviral cleaning article includes a woven material or non- woven material configured to clean and/or exfoliate the surface of the abrasive article.

Embodiment 300. The abrasive system of embodiment 298, wherein the surface conditioning article includes at least one antimicrobial agent and is configured to clean and condition at least a portion of the abrasive article.

Embodiment 301. A method for manufacturing an abrasive system comprising: providing a package including an abrasive article; treating the package with an antimicrobial treatment; and recording at least one aspect of the antimicrobial treatment during the treating.

Embodiment 302. The method of embodiment 301, wherein treating the package includes at least one of applying an antimicrobial layer to at least a portion of a surface of the package, integrating an antimicrobial agent into at least a portion of a surface of the package, directing electromagnetic radiation at the package, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 303. The method of embodiment 302, wherein applying an antimicrobial layer includes permanently bonding an antimicrobial layer to at least one of an interior surface of the package, an exterior surface of the package, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 304. The method of embodiment 302, wherein applying an antimicrobial layer includes applying a releasable antimicrobial layer to at least one of an interior surface of the package, an exterior surface of the package, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 305. The method of embodiment 302, wherein integrating an antimicrobial agent includes incorporating an additive into a portion of the package, the additive including the antimicrobial agent or precursor of the antimicrobial agent, and wherein the portion of the abrasive article includes at least one of an interior surface of the package, an exterior surface of the package, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 306. The method of embodiment 302, wherein the electromagnetic radiation has a wavelength of at least 1 nm or at least 5 nm or at least 10 nm or at least 20 nm or at least 40 nm or at least 80 nm or at least 100 nm or at least 125 nm or at least 150 nm or at least 175 nm or at least 200 nm.

Embodiment 307. The method of embodiment 306, wherein the electromagnetic radiation has a wavelength of not greater than 400 nm or not greater than 375 nm or not greater than 350 nm or not greater than 325 nm or not greater than 300 nm.

Embodiment 308. The method of embodiment 302, wherein treating includes simultaneous treatment of the package and the abrasive article contained therein.

Embodiment 309. The method of embodiment 302, wherein recording includes changing a state of at least one antimicrobial data source.

Embodiment 310. The method of embodiment 309, wherein the antimicrobial data source includes an electronic device or a reactive object configured to change a state or store information as antimicrobial safety data related to the treatment.

Embodiment 311. The method of embodiment 309, wherein recording includes storing new antimicrobial safety data related to the antimicrobial treatment, the antimicrobial safety data including information related to a composition of an antimicrobial, placement of an antimicrobial agent on the abrasive article and/or package, handling instructions for the package and/or abrasive article, date of packaging, date of antimicrobial treatment(s) of the abrasive article and/or package, type of antimicrobial treatment applied to the abrasive article and/or package, duration since last antimicrobial treatment of the abrasive article and/or package, recommendations for re-treatment of the abrasive article and/or package, expiration date of the treatment for the abrasive article and/or package, number of handlers of the abrasive article and/or package, time since the abrasive article and/or package was last handled, individual and entity last handling the abrasive article and/or package, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 312. A system comprising: a personal electronic device; and an article comprising at least one antimicrobial data source (ADS), wherein the article is communicatively coupled to the personal electronic device (PED) and is configured to provide antimicrobial safety data to the personal electronic device.

Embodiment 313. The system of embodiment 312, wherein the personal electronic device includes a watch, glasses, phone, personal identification badge, or other personal electronic device configured for wireless communication.

Embodiment 314. The system of embodiment 312, wherein the article includes an article of manufacture. Embodiment 315. The system of embodiment 312, wherein the article includes a package, an abrasive article, an abrasive system, an article of clothing, personal protection equipment (PPE), a filter, an article comprising a non-woven material, an article comprising a woven material, an article comprising a ceramic material, an article comprising a vitreous material, an article comprising an organic material, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 316. The system of embodiment 312, wherein antimicrobial safety data includes information related to a composition of an antimicrobial, placement of an antimicrobial agent on the article and/or package, handling instructions for the package and/or article, date(s) of antimicrobial application to the article and/or package, date of packaging, type of antimicrobial treatment applied to the article and/or package, duration since last antimicrobial treatment of the article and/or package, recommendations for re treatment of the article and/or package, expiration date of the treatment for the article and/or package, number of handlers of the article and/or package, time since the article and/or package was last handled, individual and entity last handling the article and/or package, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 317. The system of embodiment 316, wherein antimicrobial safety data includes antimicrobial status data associated with the article.

Embodiment 318. The system of embodiment 317, wherein the antimicrobial status data is configure to provide the user of the personal electronic device an indication of whether it is safe to handle the article.

Embodiment 319. The system of embodiment 312, wherein the ADS comprises a code.

Embodiment 320. The system of embodiment 319, wherein the code comprises a machine-readable medium.

Embodiment 321. The system of embodiment 319, wherein the code comprises a bar code or QR code.

Embodiment 322. The system of embodiment 319, wherein the code is a machine- readable code configured to be read by the personal electronic device.

Embodiment 323. The system of embodiment 322, wherein the code is linked to a database, and the database is configured to send antimicrobial status data associated with the article to the personal electronic device upon reading the code.

Embodiment 324. The system of embodiment 323, wherein the database is encrypted.

Embodiment 325. The system of embodiment 323, wherein the antimicrobial status data is encrypted. Embodiment 326. The system of embodiment 312, wherein the ADS includes at least one electronic device selected from an electronic tag, electronic memory, a sensor, an analog- to-digital converter, a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modulator circuit, a multiplexer, an antenna, a near-field communication device, a power source, a display, an optical device, a global positioning system, a data transponder, a secure data storage device, a secure logic device, a vertically polarized antenna, a booster antenna, a 3D polarized antenna, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 327. The system of embodiment 326, wherein the electronic device comprises at least one of a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, an active radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, a sensor, a passive near-field communication device (passive NFC), an active near-field communication device (active NFC), ultra-wide band (UWB) devices, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 328. The system of embodiment 326, wherein the electronic device stores the antimicrobial safety data locally on a memory.

Embodiment 329. The system of embodiment 326, wherein the electronic device comprises at least one wireless communication device configure to access the antimicrobial data from a remote storage database.

Embodiment 330. The system of embodiment 326, wherein the electronic device is configured to send an electronic notification to a designated recipient.

Embodiment 331. The system of embodiment 330, wherein the designated recipient is a user of the personal electronic device.

Embodiment 332. The system of embodiment 330, wherein the electronic notification is based on a change of condition selected from the group of data including expiration of an antimicrobial treatment, new antimicrobial treatment, improper handling, undesirable antimicrobial conditions, undesirable environmental conditions, change in antimicrobial status data, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 333. The system of embodiment 326, wherein the ADS comprises an electronic device including: a receiver configured to receive antimicrobial safety data; a processor communicatively coupled to the receiver; and a display communicatively coupled to the processor and configured to change states between a first state and a second state based upon a control signal from the processor. Embodiment 334. The system of embodiment 333, wherein the processor is configured to send a control signal to the display based on antimicrobial safety data received by the processor from the receiver.

Embodiment 335. The system of embodiment 333, wherein the display is configured to change from a positive state to a negative state based on a control signal from the processor after the processor receives a change in antimicrobial status data from a positive state to a negative state.

Embodiment 336. The system of embodiment 333, wherein the receiver is a transceiver.

Embodiment 337. An article comprising at least one antimicrobial data source (ADS), wherein the ADS comprises an interface device configure to present antimicrobial status data.

Embodiment 338. The article of embodiment 337, wherein the ADS includes any of the features of the ADS as provided in any one of embodiments 1-336.

Embodiment 339. The article of embodiment 337, wherein the article has any feature of any article described in any embodiments claimed or described herein.

Embodiment 340. The article of embodiment 337, wherein the interface includes at least one reactive object configured to change states with a change in one or more conditions including a composition of an antimicrobial on the one or more articles and/or packaging, placement of an antimicrobial agent on the one or more articles and/or packaging, handling instructions for the one or more articles and/or packaging, date(s) of antimicrobial application to the one or more articles and/or packaging, date of packaging, type of antimicrobial treatment applied on the one or more articles and/or packaging, duration since last antimicrobial treatment of the one or more articles and/or packaging, recommendations for re-treatment of the one or more articles and/or packaging, expiration date of the treatment for the one or more articles and/or packaging, number of handlers of the one or more articles and/or packaging, time since the one or more articles and/or packaging was last handled, individual and entity last handling the one or more articles and/or packaging, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 341. The article of embodiment 340, wherein the reactive object is an audio device, a visual device, an electronic device, a mechanical device, magnetic device, or any combination thereof. Embodiment 342. The article of embodiment 341, wherein the audio device is configured to emit a sound clearly audible to humans upon a change from the first state to the second state.

Embodiment 343. The article of embodiment 341, wherein the visual device comprises a display communicatively coupled to a processor and configured to change states between a first state and a second state based upon a control signal from the processor.

Embodiment 344. The article of embodiment 341, wherein the visual device includes a light emitting diode.

Embodiment 345. The article of embodiment 341, wherein the mechanical device includes a lock configured to change from a locked state to an unlocked state upon receiving an instruction to change states from at least one processor communicatively coupled to the interface.

Embodiment 346. The article of embodiment 340, wherein the reactive object is configured to change states from an antimicrobial treatment conducted during manufacturing, packaging, transportation, and/or distribution of the package.

Embodiment 347. The article of embodiment 340, wherein the reactive object is configured to change states gradually after an antimicrobial treatment to indicate the time since the last antimicrobial treatment.

Embodiment 348. The article of embodiment 340, wherein the reactive object is communicatively coupled to an electronic device configured to control the states of the reactive object in response to one or more changes in conditions.

Embodiment 349. The article of embodiment 337, wherein the article is configured to be read by one or more personal electronic devices.

Embodiment 350. The article of embodiment 337, wherein the article comprises a wireless antenna and is configured to transmit and receive antimicrobial safety data.

Embodiment 351. The article of embodiment 337, wherein the article is washable and has any of the features of a washable article as described in any embodiments claimed or described herein.

Embodiment 352. An article comprising: a body including a woven or non- woven material; and at least one antimicrobial data source (ADS) on the body, wherein the ADS comprises at least one of: i) a machine-readable code; ii) at least one electronic device selected from an electronic tag, electronic memory, a sensor, an analog-to-digital converter, a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modulator circuit, a multiplexer, an antenna, a near-field communication device, a power source, a display, an optical device, a global positioning system, a data transponder, a secure data storage device, a secure logic device, a vertically polarized antenna, a booster antenna, a 3D polarized antenna, or any combination thereof; or iii) any combination thereof.

Embodiment 353. The article of embodiment 352, wherein the body includes a woven or non- woven article including a plurality of fibers having an average denier size of 10-500 denier.

Embodiment 354. The article of embodiment 352, wherein the body includes a woven or non- woven article including a blend including:

5-95 wt% of a first plurality of fibers having an average Denier size of 10-500 denier; and

5-95 wt% of a second plurality of fibers having an average Denier size different than the average Denier size of the first plurality of fibers.

Embodiment 355. The article of embodiment 352, wherein the machine-readable code is formed by modifying at least a portion of the non-woven or woven fibers in the body.

Embodiment 356. The article of embodiment 352, wherein the machine-readable code is defined by an ablated region in the non-woven or woven fibers in the body.

Embodiment 357. The article of embodiment 352, wherein the machine-readable code is defined by a region of the non-woven or woven fibers that are chemically and/or physically altered from a region spaced apart from the non-woven or woven fibers.

Embodiment 358. The article of embodiment 352, wherein the machine-readable code is formed by a coating on a portion of the body, wherein the coating includes a pigment.

Embodiment 359. The article of embodiment 352, wherein the machine-readable code is formed on a backing of the body, wherein the backing is separate from the non-woven or woven material.

Embodiment 360. The article of embodiment 352, wherein the body includes a package, an abrasive article, an abrasive system, an article of clothing, personal protection equipment (PPE), a filter, an article comprising a non-woven material, an article comprising a woven material, an article comprising a ceramic material, an article comprising a vitreous material, an article comprising an organic material, or any combination thereof. Embodiment 361. The article of embodiment 352, wherein the ADS includes any of the features of an ADS as described in any embodiments claimed or described herein.

Embodiment 362. The article of embodiment 352, wherein the article is washable, having a beneficial washability rating as compared to a conventional article.

Embodiment 363. The article of embodiment 352, wherein the woven or non-woven material includes polymeric fibers.

Embodiment 364. The article of embodiment 363, wherein the polymeric fibers comprise polyester or nylon or polypropylene staple fibers.

Embodiment 365. The article of embodiment 363, further comprising 10-90 wt% polymeric fibers and 10-90 wt% cured polymeric binder composition.

Embodiment 366. The article of embodiment 352, wherein the body comprises a thickness in a range of 2 mm to 75 mm.

Embodiment 367. The article of embodiment 352, wherein the body comprises a weight in a range of 25 gsm to 100,000 gsm.

Embodiment 368. A system comprising: a database including information on a plurality of articles, wherein the information includes antimicrobial safety data; and a plurality of antimicrobial data sources (ADSs) communicatively coupled to the database, wherein each ADS of the plurality of ADSs is configured to provide real-time antimicrobial safety data.

Embodiment 369. The system of embodiment 368, further comprising one or more of the following: wherein each ADS of the plurality of ADSs is associated with an article of the plurality of articles; wherein each ADS of the plurality of ADSs is associated with more than one article of the plurality of articles; wherein each ADS of the plurality of ADSs is associated with only one article of the plurality of articles; wherein each ADS of the plurality of ADSs is attached to an article of the plurality of articles; wherein each ADS of the plurality of ADSs is configured to provide real-time antimicrobial safety data for each article of the plurality of articles; wherein the database is a remote database relative to the plurality of ADSs; wherein the plurality of ADSs is wirelessly communicatively coupled to the database; wherein the database actively sends antimicrobial safety data to the ADSs at regular intervals; wherein the database selectively transmits antimicrobial safety data based on a request signal received from the ADS or based on an instruction signal received from a designated recipient; wherein the information is used to create and update a digital twin of a given environment; wherein any article of the plurality of articles can have any of the features of the articles of any embodiments claimed or described herein; wherein the antimicrobial safety data includes any features of antimicrobial safety data as described in any embodiments claimed or described herein; and wherein an ADS of the plurality of ADSs has any of the features of an ADS as described in any embodiments claimed or described herein; wherein the ADS is communicatively coupled to at least one wearable electronic device on a user of an article.

Embodiment 370. For any one of the preceding embodiments herein, the article can have any of the antimicrobial property and/or antiviral property as described in any embodiments, claimed, or described herein.

EXAMPLES Example 1

A conventional abrasive bonded abrasive wheel A and abrasive wheels representative of the embodiments herein with different barrier layers (wheels B to F) were tested to determine the effect of moisture on the performance. Wheels A to F were formed by the method of cold pressing including application of a pressure within a range of 90-120 bar at approximately room temperature. Then, all wheels were stacked and cured in an oven at approximately 200 °C. Wheel A was made without a barrier layer. Wheels B to F were Type 41 wheels having a structure of barrier layer / fiberglass reinforcement / abrasive mix / fiberglass reinforcement / barrier layer. The abrasive mix contained 40 vol% 46 grit ceramic- coated brown fused alumina, 34.5 vol% resin (resole and novolac), 5.75 vol% each of potassium aluminum fluoride and potassium sulfate and 14 vol% porosity for the total volume of the body of the abrasive mix. The barrier layers of wheels B to F included different combinations of the polymer-containing films, antimicrobial and/or antiviral agents, and metal-containing films described in embodiments herein. The orientation of the films for each barrier layer is provided herein in the order from the outermost layer to the innermost layer (e.g., in contact with the fiberglass layer or closest to the abrasive article). The barrier layer of wheel B included a biaxially-oriented nylon film, a polyethylene film, a foil, another polyethylene film, and a film of co-extruded polyethylene. The barrier layer of wheel C included an oriented polypropylene film, a polyethylene film, a foil, and another polyethylene film. Wheel D included a barrier layer including polyethylene woven reinforcement disposed between the aluminum films such that the aluminum films are the innermost and outermost films. The barrier layer of wheel E included aluminum foil. The barrier layer of wheel F included a low density polyethylene film. Further Information of the barrier layers of wheels B to F are provided in Table 1 below. Table 1

All the abrasive wheels were 125x1.6x22.3 mm and exposed to the same aging conditions of 90% relative humidity for at least 5 days. The abrasive wheels A, B, and D were exposed to the aging condition for 33 days, and the abrasive wheels C, E, and F were exposed for 20 days. Moisture uptake of each wheel was measured on certain days by determining the weight difference between a wheel prior to exposure and after and comparing the weight difference to the weight prior to exposure. The results are illustrated in FIG. 31.

At day 5, moisture uptake in the conventional abrasive wheel A was measured to be 0.75% by weight, while wheels B to F only had approximately 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.30%, 0.40%, and 0.50% of moisture uptake, respectively. At day 10, moisture uptake of the conventional wheel A increased to greater than approximately 0.90%, and reached approximately 1.00% at day 20. Wheels B to F had approximately 0.10%, 0.30%, 0.40%, 0.50%, and 0.70% of moisture uptake, respectively, at day 10, and approximately 0.20%, 0.55%, 0.55%, -0.70%, and 0.80%, respectively at day 20. At day 33, wheel A had 1.10% of moisture uptake, but wheel B and D only had approximately 0.25% and 0.65% of moisture uptake, respectively.

Wheel aging and performance degradation was observed in association with moisture uptake. Dry and aged wheels A and D were subjected to G-ratio tests. Dry wheels were kept at 125 °C at least overnight. Percent reduction in G-ratio was measured by determining the difference between the average G-ratios of dry wheels and aged wheels, and dividing the difference against the average G-ratio of the dry wheels. As illustrated in FIG. 32, wheel A had a G-ratio decrease of 39% after the aging test compared to before the aging test, while G- ratio of wheel D only dropped 25% after the aging test compared to before the aging test.

Thus wheel D and its particular barrier layer demonstrated a 14% higher retention in G-ratio compared to the standard wheel (wheel A) with no barrier layer.

Example 2

Wheels G and H were formed in accordance with the embodiments herein. The barrier layers of wheels G and H both included a film of biaxially-oriented nylon, a polyethylene film, a film of foil, another polyethylene film, and a film of co-extruded polyethylene. In wheel G, the biaxially-oriented nylon was the outermost layer (facing away from the bonded abrasive body) of the barrier layer, while in wheel H, the film of co-extruded polyethylene, covered with an additional black paper were the outermost layers. Wheels G and H were exposed to the same aging conditions of 90% relative humidity for 7 days. As shown in FIG. 33 and Table 2 below, orientation of the films of the barrier layer had an impact on moisture uptake of the wheels. FIG. 34 includes a plot of G-ratio tests of wheels G and H conducted before and after the aging test. The G-ratio of aged wheel G decreased 27% compared to that before the aging test. The G-ratio of aged wheel H decreased 50% compared to that before the aging test. Therefore, as indicated by the data, the orientation of the barrier layer as well as the type of material can have an effect on limiting the ageing of the wheels.

Table 2 Example 3

A conventional bonded abrasive wheel 3A and abrasive wheels representative of the embodiments herein with different barrier layers (wheels 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, 3F, 3G, and 3H) were tested to determine the effect of compositions of the barrier layer on moisture uptake into the bonded abrasive wheel. All the wheels were formed by the method of cold pressing utilizing a cold pressing machine (e.g., 350 Ton Press manufactured by Poggi Pasqualino) and the pressure in the press was kept within a range of 90-120 bar (corresponding to 9 MPa to 12 MPa) at approximately room temperature. Then, the barrier layers were placed around the wheels to make the wheel samples noted in Table 3. No barrier layer was applied to wheel 3A. The wheels were then cured in an oven at approximately 200 °C. Ten perforations were formed in the barrier layer of each side of wheel 3F by puncturing the aluminum film with a pin. The compositions and thickness of the barrier layers are included in Table 3. All the abrasive wheels were 125x1.6x22.3 mm and exposed to aging conditions as indicated in Table 3 for 7 days. Moisture uptake was determined as disclosed in Example 1.

Table 3 orientated nylon film, polyethylene (PE) film, foil, PE film, and heavy duty coextruded polyethylene film with the biaxially orientated Nylon film as the outermost layer. The barrier layer of 3B had reduced moisture uptake, 0.09% as compared to 0.83% of the conventional sample, 3A. The barrier layer of wheel 3C included a biaxially-orientated nylon film, PE film, cross -laminated PE film, PE film, Foil, and heavy duty coextmded polyethylene with the biaxially orientated nylon film as the outermost layer. Wheel 3C had similarly low moisture uptake as 3B. The barrier layer of wheel 3D included a double sided reflective aluminum film, polyethylene woven reinforcement and a second double sided reflective aluminum film. Wheel 3D demonstrated reduced moisture uptake as compared to wheel 3A (0.14% vs. 0.83%). The barrier layer of 3E included an aluminum film without pinholes, and wheel 3E had a moisture uptake of 0.24%. The aluminum film on each side of the abrasive body of wheel 3F had 10 pinholes, and the 3F wheel had moisture uptake of 0.3%. Wheel 3G had the barrier layer of a silane treated black PTFE film and moisture uptake of 0.17%.

Wheel 3H had the barrier layer of a silane treated clear PTFE film and moisture uptake of 0.45%.

Example 4

Representative bonded abrasive wheels, 4A to 4C, were prepared and formed in the same manner as Example 3. Moisture uptake and G-ratio of the wheels were tested. The barrier layer of wheel 4A included a metalized PET film, a first tie layer, a second tie layer, and a polyethylene based heat sealable layer. The barrier layer of wheel 4B included a polyester film, a first tie film, a foil film, a second tie film, and a polyethylene based heat sealable film. The barrier layer of wheel 4C included a PVDC coated polyester film attached to a polyethylene based heat sealable layer by an adhesive. The barrier layers were applied to the corresponding wheels with the polyethylene based heat sealable layer towards the major surfaces of the wheels after the wheels were molded and prior to curing as in Example 3.

Moisture uptake into the wheels were determined in the same manner as disclosed in Example 1, after the wheels were exposed to 90% relative humidity at 20 °C for 7 days. In addition, a set of wheels 4A to 4C were aged in the conditions used for moisture uptake test, and another set was kept dry. Both sets were tested in manual grinding with a portable grinder on carbon steel to determine G-ratio changes of the wheels after aging. Results of moisture uptake and reduction in G-ratio of aged wheels are included in Table 4. Reduction in G-ratio was measured in the same manner as disclosed in Example 1. Compared to the other wheels, wheel 4B demonstrated remarkable results. Table 4

Example 5

Additional representative bonded abrasive wheels, 5A, 5B, and 5C, were formed in a similar manner to that disclosed in Example 3, except that the barrier layers were formed in- situ by applying the barrier layers directly during formation of the wheels. After forming, the 5A and 5B wheels were stacked, respectively, and cured. 5C wheels were stacked with a PTFE coated fiberglass spacer applied between wheels and metal separator plates and cured. PTFE coated fiberglass were used to prevent wheels from adhering to the metal separator plates during curing. The barrier layer composition was the same for each sample, including a PET film, a first tie film, a foil film, a second tie film, and a polyethylene based heat sealable film. The polyethylene based heat sealable layer was the innermost layer (e.g., immediately adjacent the bonded abrasive body). Wheels 5A and 5C had a single barrier layer on each major surface of the wheels, while wheel 5B had two barrier layers on each major surface, with each barrier layer having the composition and orientation as disclosed herein. Moisture uptake and certain performance characteristics of the wheels are measured.

Example 6

Representative wheels 6A and 6B were formed in the same manner as wheels 5A and 5B disclosed in Example 5. A conventional wheel STD was formed in the similar manner without application of any barrier layer. 6A had a single barrier layer on each major surface of the wheel, which included a PET film, a first tie film, a foil film, a second tie film, and a polyethylene based heat sealable film. The polyethylene based heat sealable film was the innermost layer (e.g., immediately adjacent the bonded abrasive body). 6B had the same barrier layer composition and orientation as wheel 5A. Moisture uptake and performance characteristics of the wheels are measured. Example 7

Additional representative wheels are formed including barrier layers having the compositions and orientations disclosed in Table 5. A set of wheels 7A to 7P are formed in the same manner as disclosed in Example 3. Another set is formed in the same manner as wheels 5A and 5B disclosed in Example 5. The wheels are aged, and moisture uptake and G- ratio reduction is measured as disclosed in Example 4.

Table 5

Example 8

Wheels 7C and 7D are formed as disclosed in Example 7 and then further treated to have an additional coating. A first set of the wheels are dipped into wax or painted such that a wax top layer is formed on full wheels including the top of the barrier layers and the edges surface of the wheel body. A second set is dipped into wax in a manner such that wax is only applied to wheel edges that are not covered by the barrier layers to form an edge coating.

The wheels are aged, and moisture uptake and G-ratio reduction is measured as disclosed in Example 4.

Example 9

Wheels without barrier layers are formed and cured. Barrier layers having the compositions of 7C and 7D in Example 7 are formed and applied to the wheels in different manners. Barrier layers are applied to the major surfaces of some wheels by hot pressing or using an adhesive. Alternatively, barrier layers are placed over the major surfaces of wheels, and heat is applied at a temperature higher than the seal temperature of the heat sealable film to bond the barrier layers to the major surfaces of the wheels. Moisture uptake and wheel performance is tested on wheels with barrier layers as disclosed in Example 4.

Example 10

A set of wheels 7A to 7P in Example 7 are formed in a similar ex-situ manner as disclosed in Example 3, except that after the barrier layers are disposed in place, the wheels are stacked with a non-stick film placed between adjacent wheels and cured. Use of non stick films is expected to improve contact between the barrier layer and wheel surface. Non stick films including silicone, Teflon, or Kapton are used. Moisture uptake and certain wheel performance characteristics are tested on wheels with barrier layers.

Certain attempts have been made to reduce the effects of ageing, including placing bonded abrasive articles in bags or coating the surfaces of the bonded abrasives with wax or resinous materials to seal the surfaces. However, the embodiments herein represent a departure from these techniques, and in particular, the embodiments herein facilitate efficient and large-scale manufacturing of bonded abrasive articles. Notably, in-situ formation of a barrier layer was found to be a non-trivial investigation and that one or more features of the barrier layer in combination with the bonded abrasive were found remarkable and/or unexpected, including features such as the material of the barrier layer, the water vapor transmission rate of the barrier layer, the structure and grade of the bonded abrasive, the orientation of the barrier layer relative to the bonded abrasive, the puncture density, and the like. Example 11

3 antiviral films (Samples F1-F3) were prepared as follows. An NiCr layer having the thickness listed in Table 6 was deposited onto a 50 micron PET substrate using magnetron sputtering. Next, a copper layer having the thickness listed in Table 6 was deposited on the NiCr layer using magnetron sputtering. The films were then tested according to ASTM D1003 and protocol ISO 21702 (2019) standard against human coronavims HCoV-229E for a contact time of 180 minutes. Results were determined by visual reading of cytopathic effects (CPE) and quantified by TCID50 technique on MRC5 cells. Results are as shown in Table 6 below.

Table 6

Note that not all of the activities described above in the general description or the examples are required, that a portion of a specific activity may not be required, and that one or more further activities may be performed in addition to those described. Still further, the order in which activities are listed is not necessarily the order in which they are performed.

Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all the claims.

The specification and illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of the various embodiments. The specification and illustrations are not intended to serve as an exhaustive and comprehensive description of all of the elements and features of apparatus and systems that use the structures or methods described herein. Certain features, that are for clarity, described herein in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in a subcombination. Further, reference to values stated in ranges includes each and every value within that range. Many other embodiments may be apparent to skilled artisans only after reading this specification. Other embodiments may be used and derived from the disclosure, such that a structural substitution, logical substitution, or another change may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure is to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.

The Abstract of the Disclosure and Detailed Description are not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter may be directed to less than all features of any of the disclosed embodiments. Thus, the following claims are incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as defining separately claimed subject matter.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. An abrasive article comprising: a body including abrasive particles contained in a bond material; and a barrier layer overlying at least a portion of the body, wherein the barrier layer comprises an antiviral thin film including a metallic material..

2. The abrasive article of claim 1, wherein the antiviral thin film is the outermost layer of the barrier layer.

3. The abrasive article of claim 1, wherein the antiviral thin film has an Antiviral Activity R (logio/cm ) of at least 1 or at least 1.1 or at least 1.2 or at least 1.3 or at least 1.4 or at least 1.5 or at least 1.6 or at least 1.7 or at least 1.8 or at least 1.9 or at least 2.0 or at least 2.1 or at least 2.2 or at least 2.3 or at least 2.4 or at least 2.5 or at least 2.6 or at least 2.7 or at least 2.8 or at least 2.9 or at least 3.0.

4. The abrasive article of claim 1, wherein the antiviral thin film has an Antiviral Activity (%) of at least 90% or at least 91% or at least 92% or at least 93% or at least 94% or at least 95% or at least 96% or at least 97% or at least 97.5% or at least 98% or at least 98.5% or at least 99% or at least 99.1% or at least 99.2% or at least 99.3% or at least 99.4% or at least 99.5% or at least 99.6% or at least 99.7% or at least 99.8% or at least 99.9%.

5. The abrasive article of claim 1, wherein the antiviral thin film has a VLT of at least about 60%, such as, at least about 61% or at least about 62% or at least about 63% or at least about 64% or at least about 65% or at least about 66% or at least about 67% or at least about 68% or at least about 69% or at least about 70% or at least about 75% or at least about 80% or at least about 85% or at least about 90% or even at least about 95%.

6. The abrasive article of claim 1, wherein the metallic material comprises copper, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, zinc, iron, chrome, any combination thereof, or any alloy thereof.

7. A method for treating an abrasive article comprising: obtaining an abrasive article; and treating the abrasive article with an antiviral treatment selected from the group consisting of applying an antiviral layer to at least a portion of the abrasive article, applying an barrier layer including an antiviral thin film to at least a portion of the abrasive article, integrating an antiviral agent into at least a portion of the abrasive article, directing electromagnetic radiation at the abrasive article, or a combination thereof.

8. A non-woven abrasive article comprising: a substrate comprising a web of non-woven fibers; an antiviral layer overlying at least a portion of the substrate; an abrasive layer comprising abrasive particles and an abrasive binder; wherein the abrasive layer is overlying at least a portion of the antiviral layer.

9. An abrasive article comprising: a body including abrasive particles contained in a bond material; and an antimicrobial data source coupled to the body, wherein the antimicrobial data source is configured to provide or access antimicrobial safety data of the abrasive article.

10. An abrasive system comprising: a package containing an abrasive article having a body including abrasive particles contained in a bond material; and antimicrobial handling equipment contained on or within the package, wherein safe handling equipment includes an antimicrobial cleaner and/or antimicrobial clothing.

11. The abrasive system of claim 10, comprising a barrier layer overlying at least a portion of the body, wherein the barrier layer comprises an antiviral thin film including a metallic material.

12. The abrasive system of claim 11, wherein the antiviral thin film has an Antiviral Activity R (logio/cm ) of at least 1 or at least 1.1 or at least 1.2 or at least 1.3 or at least 1.4 or at least 1.5 or at least 1.6 or at least 1.7 or at least 1.8 or at least 1.9 or at least 2.0 or at least 2.1 or at least 2.2 or at least 2.3 or at least 2.4 or at least 2.5 or at least 2.6 or at least 2.7 or at least 2.8 or at least 2.9 or at least 3.0.

13. The abrasive system of claim 11, wherein the antiviral thin film has an Antiviral Activity (%) of at least 90% or at least 91% or at least 92% or at least 93% or at least 94% or at least 95% or at least 96% or at least 97% or at least 97.5% or at least 98% or at least 98.5% or at least 99% or at least 99.1% or at least 99.2% or at least 99.3% or at least 99.4% or at least 99.5% or at least 99.6% or at least 99.7% or at least 99.8% or at least 99.9%.

14. The abrasive system of claim 11, wherein the antiviral thin film has a VLT of at least about 60%, such as, at least about 61% or at least about 62% or at least about 63% or at least about 64% or at least about 65% or at least about 66% or at least about 67% or at least about 68% or at least about 69% or at least about 70% or at least about 75% or at least about 80% or at least about 85% or at least about 90% or even at least about 95%.

15. The abrasive system of claim 11, wherein the antiviral thin film layer is a copper layer, a silver layer, a gold layer, an iron layer, a chrome layer, or a platinum layer.