EP4095334A1 - A prefabricated element for a building - Google Patents
A prefabricated element for a building Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP4095334A1 EP4095334A1 EP21195974.7A EP21195974A EP4095334A1 EP 4095334 A1 EP4095334 A1 EP 4095334A1 EP 21195974 A EP21195974 A EP 21195974A EP 4095334 A1 EP4095334 A1 EP 4095334A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- prefabricated element
- wall
- connecting members
- walls
- cavity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 17
- 238000009417 prefabrication Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012946 outsourcing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007799 cork Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002557 mineral fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011490 mineral wool Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009435 building construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009422 external insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
- E04C2/26—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups
- E04C2/284—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
- E04C2/34—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
- E04C2/38—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure with attached ribs, flanges, or the like, e.g. framed panels
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
- E04C2/38—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure with attached ribs, flanges, or the like, e.g. framed panels
- E04C2/384—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure with attached ribs, flanges, or the like, e.g. framed panels with a metal frame
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
- E04C2/34—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts
- E04C2002/3488—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts spaced apart by frame like structures
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a prefabricated element for the construction of buildings, which finds use in civil engineering, construction engineering and architecture.
- building prefabrication speeds up construction and reduces uncertainties in manufacturing times as compared with conventional on-site construction techniques.
- highly prefabricated systems are known in the art for building facades.
- these highly prefabricated systems use a plurality of modules, manufactured in outsourcing factories, and ready for on-site installation.
- the modules require operations for affixing joint systems between modules, when these are not part of the module itself.
- This type of systems for prefabrication of building facades encompasses, for example, "cell” systems, "prefabricated concrete panel” systems, or "timber frame wall” systems.
- systems that are not strictly prefabricated are known in the state of the art, which are defined by their name as having a substantially lower prefabrication level as compared with the above-described highly prefabricated systems. That is, systems that are not strictly prefabricated require significant component assembly and finishing operations on site.
- This type of systems encompasses, for example: stick curtain wall systems, dry construction systems and the more conventional wet construction systems, such as semi-solid brick block walls with external insulation finished and joined with mortars.
- prefabricated facade systems of known type very often have strong limits in terms of maximum module size, since large modules are not able to ensure the structural stiffness required for the construction of a building.
- large modules are particularly responsive to forces acting outside the wall plane, such as wind.
- Prefabricated systems for building facades such as prefabricated concrete panels, which are adapted to impart adequate stiffness even if they are made of large modules; however, they are extremely heavy due to the high density of the materials and the considerable thickness in use.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a prefabricated element for the construction of buildings which is both light and rigid outside and within the plane of the facade.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a prefabricated element for the construction of buildings which has a high stiffness-to-weight ratio, to enable the construction of large prefabricated elements which have a sufficient stiff and light structure.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a prefabricated element for the construction of buildings that allows the integration of a thermally insulating layer with a reduced presence of thermal bridges without losses in terms of stiffness and loading capacity.
- the prefabricated element of the present invention comprises a pair of walls arranged parallel to each other and spaced apart, in a thickness direction, by a cavity.
- the walls are fixed to each other by means of a plurality of connecting members, which extend in the thickness direction inside the cavity.
- the prefabricated element further comprises a plurality of tension cables arranged in the cavity, and having two ends respectively secured to distinct connecting members.
- the plurality of tension cables when suitably pretensioned, can increase the stiffness of the prefabricated element outside the facade plane, without causing a significant increase in the weight of the prefabricated element itself.
- the tension cables cause various components of the structural element to cooperate in increasing stiffness according to the principle of tensile structures. Therefore, the size of the prefabricated element may be increased as compared with the prior art.
- the high stiffness achieved by pretensioning the cables avoids the introduction of additional stiffening material, which would entail a considerable increase in the weight of the prefabricated element.
- the reduction of the weights of the prefabricated element further provides considerable advantages in terms of logistics, environmental friendliness and easy installation.
- thermal insulation panels may be advantageously inserted in the cavity formed between the two walls without affecting the structural stiffness of the prefabricated element, which is mainly provided by the structure of the pair of walls and the cable pretensioning value.
- the present invention relates to a prefabricated element 1 for the construction of buildings, namely for the construction of facades of prefabricated buildings.
- prefabricated buildings refer to all those building constructions formed by assembling a plurality of prefabricated elements 1, i.e. manufactured in outsourcing factories and subsequently installed on site.
- prefabricated element 1 is meant to refer to a prefabricated module adapted to be placed next and to be fixed to other modules similar thereto, to define the facade of a prefabricated building.
- the prefabricated element 1 comprises a frame 11 and a plurality of panels, mounted to the frame 11, which will be further described below.
- the prefabricated element 1 of the present invention extends 1 in a first direction V-V between a top edge S and a bottom edge I, and in a second direction O-O, orthogonal to the first direction V-V, between a pair of side edges L.
- the top edge S and the bottom edge I are connected to the side edges L to define an outer perimeter C ext of the prefabricated element.
- the top edge S and the bottom edge I extend parallel to the second direction O-O, and the side edges L extend parallel to the first direction V-V.
- the outer perimeter C ext preferably has a quadrangular shape, more preferably a rectangular shape. It should be noted that in alternative embodiments the outer perimeter may have any other geometric shape.
- the frame 11 and the panels of the prefabricated element 1 define two walls 2 arranged parallel to each other.
- the two walls 2 are arranged on respective levels of at least two parallel levels and spaced apart from each other in a thickness direction X-X.
- Each wall 2 extends in the first direction V-V between the top edge S and the bottom edge I, and in the second direction O-O between the pair of side edges L. Moreover, each wall 2 has a plurality of corner regions 20 arranged at the intersections of the top edge S and the bottom edge I with the side edges L.
- each wall 2 has a surface finishing layer or panel 200 which acts as a support for the application of the final finish that is visible to an external user.
- This surface finishing layer or panel 200 extends from the top edge S to the bottom edge I in the first direction V-V, and from one side edge L to the other in the second direction O-O.
- finishing layer or panel 200 may be a base for a plaster coat, a panel of wooden or synthetic material or an additional frame for supporting the finish to form a ventilated facade.
- each wall 2 is flat and extends parallel to a main extension plane of the facade in which the prefabricated element 1 lies.
- the frame 11 comprises a plurality of support structures 12, namely at least one support structure 12 per wall 2, included in the wall 2.
- the support structures 12 are configured to support respective panels of the prefabricated element 1.
- the support structures 12 are configured to support at least one respective surface finishing layer or panel 200. More in detail, each support structure 12 is composed of a plurality of main beams 120 connected to each other.
- the support structures 12 comprise at least perimeter support structures 12a, composed of perimeter-main beams 120a.
- perimeter-main beams 120a are arranged along the outer perimeter C ext of the prefabricated element 1 and thus define its top edge S, its bottom edge I, and its pair of side edges L.
- each wall 2 has an opening 6 for positioning a fixture, such as a door or a window.
- This opening 6 is delimited by an opening perimeter portion C int which defines its boundary.
- the wall 2 has a plurality of opening corner regions 60 arranged along the opening perimeter portion C int .
- the support structures 12 comprise opening support structures 12b composed of opening-main beams 120b. These opening-main beams 120b are arranged along the opening perimeter portion C int , i.e. surround the opening 6, and define its boundary.
- each support structure 12 is arranged on a respective one of the levels on which the walls 2 are arranged.
- the support structures 12 are configured to support at least one panel of the prefabricated element 1 for each level, namely at least one panel for each wall 2.
- the support structures 12 comprise at least a pair of homologous support structures 12, i.e. two support structures arranged on separate levels and facing each other in the thickness direction X-X.
- the perimeter support structures 12a of the two walls 2 are homologous to each other.
- two mutually homologous opening support structures 12b are provided in the distinct walls 2.
- the walls 2 are spaced apart in the thickness direction X-X by a cavity 3.
- the cavity 3 is delimited on opposite sides, in the thickness direction X-X, by the two walls 2.
- the cavity 3 is arranged between the pair of homologous support structures 12 arranged on two distinct levels in the thickness direction X-X.
- the cavity 3 is at least partially enclosed between two homologous support structures 12 arranged on two distinct levels. Therefore, with reference to Figure 3 , in the thickness direction X-X, the prefabricated element 1 will exhibit, in succession, a support structure 12, the cavity 3 and a support structure 12 homologous to the one on the other side of the cavity 3.
- the prefabricated element 1 comprises a plurality of connecting members 4 configured to connect and fix the walls 2 together in the thickness direction X-X.
- the connecting members 4 form a part of the frame 11 that connects the two walls 2.
- each connecting member 4 extends through the cavity 3 between the two walls 2 in the thickness direction X-X. At least some of the connecting members 4 are arranged along the outer perimeter C ext , and preferably, if the wall 2 has an opening 6, at least some more of them are arranged along the perimeter portion C int of the opening 6.
- the connecting members 4 arranged along the outer perimeter C ext are referred to as corner connecting members 4a, whereas the connecting members 4 arranged along the perimeter portion C int of the opening are referred to as opening connecting members 4b.
- each connecting member 4 has a first portion 41 connected to one support structure 12, and a second portion 42 connected to another support structure 12, distinct from and homologous to the one to which the first portion 41 is connected. More in detail, the first portion 41 and the second portion 42 are respectively connected to two perimeter- or opening-main beams 120a, 120b belonging to distinct homologous support structures 12.
- the perimeter- and/or opening-main beams 120a, 120b each comprise a connecting wall 121 and a supporting wall 122, oriented transverse to its respective connecting wall 121.
- the perimeter- and/or opening-main beams 120a, 120b have an L-shaped profile obtained by hot rolling of steel bars.
- the connecting walls 121 of homologous support structures 12 partially delimit the cavity 3 in the thickness direction X-X. More preferably, the connecting members 4 are connected to the connecting walls 121 of perimeter- or opening-main beams 120a, 120b belonging to distinct support structures 12.
- the connecting members 4 comprise a plurality of bolts configured to be introduced into holes specially formed in the connecting walls 121 of main beams 120 belonging to distinct homologous support structures 12. Once the bolts have been introduced into their respective holes of the connecting walls 121 and appropriately tightened, they are configured to fix the distinct homologous support structures 12 in the thickness direction X-X and hence the two walls 2 associated therewith.
- the connecting members 4 comprise plates 40, 80, connected to the bolts.
- the plates 40, 80 are arranged in the cavity 3 between the pair of homologous support structures 12. More preferably, first plates 40 are arranged at the corner regions 20 of the walls 2, and second plates 80 are arranged at the opening-corner regions 60.
- the plates 40, 80 are interposed between the pair of homologous support structures 12 in direct or indirect contact with each of them on opposite sides. It should be noted that the plates 40, 80 space the homologous support structures 12 apart in the thickness direction X-X, thereby forming the cavity 3 between the two walls 2.
- each plate 40, 80 is preferably oriented perpendicular to the thickness direction X-X.
- each plate 40, 80 has at least one through hole adapted to receive a respective bolt, and to be aligned with the holes of the connecting walls 121 of main beams 120 of distinct homologous support structures 12.
- each bolt when inserted in the respective holes of the connection walls 121 and in the respective hole of a plate 40,80, is configured to clamp the plate to which it is connected between the homologous support structures 12 in the thickness direction X-X.
- each plate 40, 80 comprises a pair of holes, each having a respective bolt extending therethrough.
- each plate comprises annular protuberances 45 extending in the thickness direction X-X and surrounding respective through holes.
- said annular protuberances 45 are provided on both sides of the plate, and each contacts directly or indirectly a respective homologous support structure 12.
- These annular protuberances are configured to further space apart the homologous support structures 12, to increase the extent of the cavity 3 in the longitudinal direction X-X.
- the connecting members 4 comprise thermal insulating elements 43, i.e. elements adapted to prevent or limit heat transfer between the homologous support structures 12. At least some of the thermal insulating elements 43 are arranged in the cavity 3 between the homologous support structures 12 to prevent direct contact therebetween, and hence heat transfer from one support structure 12 to the other homologous thereto.
- the thermal insulating elements 43 are interposed between the plates 40, 80 and the homologous support structures 12. By this arrangement, heat transfer between the support structures 12 through the plates 40, 80 may be limited.
- the thermal insulating elements 43 comprise washers formed from a low thermal conductivity material, arranged on both sides of at least one plate 40, 80, each at a respective annular protuberance. In other words, at least some of the thermal insulating elements 43 are compressed between a plate 40, 80 and the support wall 122 of a main beam 120. It should be noted that, as used herein, thermal conductivity is meant to be low when below 0.2 W/mk.
- some of the thermal insulating elements 43 are constituted by the plates 40, 80 themselves.
- the latter comprise additional thermal insulating elements 44 arranged outside the cavity 3, between a respective connecting member 4 and a respective supporting wall 122 of a main beam 120. More in detail, these additional thermal insulating elements 44 may be interposed between a head portion of the bolt and/or a nut portion of the bolt, and the corresponding support wall 122 of the main beam 12.
- the prefabricated element 1 further comprises a plurality of tension cables 5 configured to cause the frame 11 to act as a tensile structure, thereby increasing the out-of-plane stiffness of the prefabricated element 1. Therefore, the cables 5 are part of the frame 11 and are configured to tension it to stiffen the prefabricated element 1. It should be noted that the stiffness of the prefabricated element 1 increases as the pretensioning value of the cables 5 increases. In other words, the stiffness of the prefabricated element 1 and the pretensioning value of the cables 5 are proportional. In operation, each cable 5 is tensioned to the design tension, which is determined, for example, based on the limits imposed on maximum out-of-plane displacements of the prefabricated element. Furthermore, the support structures 12 oppose the tension induced by the cables 5 to the required extent.
- Each cable 5 is arranged in the cavity 3 and has two ends 50 respectively secured to two distinct connecting members 4.
- at least some cables 5 are secured, at least at one of their ends 50, to respective corner connecting members 4a, by means of respective first plates 40.
- at least some tension cables 5 are secured, for at least one of their ends 50, to respective opening connecting members 4b, by means of respective second plates 80.
- each tension cable 5 is indirectly connected, on opposite sides, to the perimeter support structures 12a and to the opening support structures 12b respectively, by means of a respective corner connecting member 4a and a respective opening-connecting member 4b.
- the cables 5 When the cables 5 are pretensioned, they induce a state of compressive stress in the perimeter-main beams 120a of the support structures 12a, and a state of tensile stress in the opening-main beams 120b, there by generating the so-called "self-tensioning" state.
- each cable lies in a center plane of the prefabricated element 1.
- each cable 5 is connected to its respective beam at the center of gravity of the cross section of the beam. The position of the tension cables 5 as set forth above ensures that the stress state induced by the pretensioning of the cables 5 is equally distributed on each homologous support structure 12, without causing imbalances in the prefabricated element 1, and that each beam is loaded mainly in the axial direction.
- At least one support structure 12 comprises a plurality of stiffening members 10 which are adapted to increase the out-of-plane stiffness of the prefabricated element 1.
- each stiffening member 10 is connected on opposite sides respective main beams 120 of the same support structure.
- each stiffening member 10 extends between the top edge S and the lower edge I of the prefabricated element 1 along the first direction V-V, i.e. perpendicular to main extension directions O'-O' of the main beams 120 to which it is connected. More in detail, at least some of the stiffening members 10 are connected to the supporting walls 122 of the opposite main beams of the same support structure 12.
- two homologous support structures 12 comprise respective stiffening members 10. It should be noted that, as shown in Figure 5 , the stiffening means 10 of the homologous support structures 12 are arranged on opposite sides of the cavity 3, and hence on opposite sides of the plurality of tension cables 5. Therefore, the tension cables 5 are at least partially arranged between stiffening members 10 of distinct homologous support structures 12.
- the stiffening members 10 of each support structure 12 comprise a plurality of secondary beams, i.e. uprights 10a, which are arranged in succession and spaced apart from each other, in the main extension direction O'-O' of the main beams 120 to which they are connected. Therefore, the uprights 10a of one support structure 12 face each other in the second direction O-O, and face respective uprights 10a of the support structure 12 homologous thereto in the thickness direction X-X.
- At least one cable 5 is equipped with a plurality of load transfer elements 13, which are adapted to transfer a load oriented transverse to the two walls 2, for example caused by the wind, from the stiffening members 10 to the respective cable(s) 5.
- each load transfer element 13 is arranged between a respective stiffening member 10 and at least one cable 5, and is connected thereto. More in detail, each load transfer element 13 comprises a first ring portion 13a adapted to fit onto its respective cable 5, and a protuberance 13b adapted to fit in a special seat (not shown) of the stiffening member 10.
- each cable 5 is preferably equipped with a plurality of load transfer elements 13, arranged in succession along the extent of the cable, so that each one is located level with a respective stiffening member 10 with which it is connected by means of the protuberance 13b.
- At least one cable has tensioning members 14 configured to move the ends 50 of the cable toward or away from each other to tension it.
- the tensioning members 14 define one end 50 of at least one cable 5 and comprise a first body 14a, connected to a plate 40, 80, and a second body 14b connected to the cable 5.
- the first and second bodies 14a, 14b are fastened together, preferably, but without limitation, by means of a threaded connection, therefore, when they rotate relative to each other, they move toward or away from each other by varying the tension value of the cable 5 and the distance between the ends 50.
- the cable 5 may comprise at least two cable segments connected on opposite sides by the tensioning member 14. The latter moves the two cable segments toward or away from each other by varying its length, thereby adjusting the tension of the respective cable 5.
- the prefabricated element comprises a plurality of first insulating panels 9a which are configured to act as a heat shield between the two walls 2.
- the first insulating panels 9a limit heat transfer from one wall 2 to the other.
- These first insulating panels 9a may be made, for example, of mineral fibers (rock wool, glass fiber), natural fibers (wood wool, cork) or polyurethane-based insulation plates.
- the first insulating panels 9a lie in the cavity 3 between the two walls 2, and at least some first panels 9a are arranged on opposite sides of at least one cable 5. Even more preferably, the first insulating panels 9a extend in the cavity 3 in the first direction V-V and the second direction O-O, thereby filling the portions of the cavity formed between the plurality of cables 5. In other words, at least some first insulating panels 9a have a first edge 90a arranged at a respective cable 5.
- each cable 5 is enclosed in the cavity in the first and second directions V-V, O-O by first edges 90a of distinct insulating panels 9a.
- each wall 2 preferably comprises second insulating panels 9b, which are configured to limit heat transfer through the wall 2.
- second insulating panels 9b can be made, for example, of conventional mineral fibers (rock wool, glass fiber), natural fibers (wood wool, cork) or conventional insulation plates (polyurethane).
- the second insulating panels 9b of each wall 2 are arranged on opposite sides of the plurality of cables 5 along the thickness direction X-X. Therefore, the second insulating panels 9b at least partially enclose the first insulating panels 9a in the thickness direction X-X.
- At least some second insulating panels 9b are arranged between two respective stiffening members 10 in the second direction O-O.
- at least some second insulating panels 9b have a pair of second edges 90b arranged along two distinct uprights 10a of the stiffening members 10.
- At least some second insulating panels 9b extend between the top edge S and the bottom edge I in the first direction V-V. More preferably, at least some of the second insulating panels 9b of each wall 2 abut the supporting wall 122 of at least one main beam 120 of a support structure 12, to be supported thereby. In other words, at least some second insulating panels 9b have respective third edges 91b in contact with the supporting wall 122 of at least one main beam 120 of a support structure 12.
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Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a prefabricated element for the construction of buildings, which finds use in civil engineering, construction engineering and architecture.
- Building prefabrication, i.e. the process of constructing buildings from elements manufactured in outsourcing factories and subsequently assembled on site with strongly codified procedures, has been long known.
- By performing part of the manufacturing processes beforehand, building prefabrication speeds up construction and reduces uncertainties in manufacturing times as compared with conventional on-site construction techniques.
- In particular, highly prefabricated systems are known in the art for building facades. In detail, these highly prefabricated systems use a plurality of modules, manufactured in outsourcing factories, and ready for on-site installation. In certain cases, the modules require operations for affixing joint systems between modules, when these are not part of the module itself. This type of systems for prefabrication of building facades encompasses, for example, "cell" systems, "prefabricated concrete panel" systems, or "timber frame wall" systems.
- Also, systems that are not strictly prefabricated are known in the state of the art, which are defined by their name as having a substantially lower prefabrication level as compared with the above-described highly prefabricated systems. That is, systems that are not strictly prefabricated require significant component assembly and finishing operations on site. This type of systems encompasses, for example: stick curtain wall systems, dry construction systems and the more conventional wet construction systems, such as semi-solid brick block walls with external insulation finished and joined with mortars.
- Nevertheless, prefabricated facade systems of known type very often have strong limits in terms of maximum module size, since large modules are not able to ensure the structural stiffness required for the construction of a building. In particular, large modules are particularly responsive to forces acting outside the wall plane, such as wind.
- Prefabricated systems for building facades, such as prefabricated concrete panels, are known, which are adapted to impart adequate stiffness even if they are made of large modules; however, they are extremely heavy due to the high density of the materials and the considerable thickness in use.
- The object of the present invention is to provide a prefabricated element for the construction of buildings which is both light and rigid outside and within the plane of the facade. In other words, an object of the present invention is to provide a prefabricated element for the construction of buildings which has a high stiffness-to-weight ratio, to enable the construction of large prefabricated elements which have a sufficient stiff and light structure.
- Furthermore, an object of the present invention is to provide a prefabricated element for the construction of buildings that allows the integration of a thermally insulating layer with a reduced presence of thermal bridges without losses in terms of stiffness and loading capacity.
- This and other objects are fulfilled by a prefabricated element for the construction of buildings as defined in any of the accompanying claims.
- In particular, the prefabricated element of the present invention comprises a pair of walls arranged parallel to each other and spaced apart, in a thickness direction, by a cavity.
- The walls are fixed to each other by means of a plurality of connecting members, which extend in the thickness direction inside the cavity.
- The prefabricated element further comprises a plurality of tension cables arranged in the cavity, and having two ends respectively secured to distinct connecting members.
- Advantageously, the plurality of tension cables, when suitably pretensioned, can increase the stiffness of the prefabricated element outside the facade plane, without causing a significant increase in the weight of the prefabricated element itself. In detail, the tension cables cause various components of the structural element to cooperate in increasing stiffness according to the principle of tensile structures. Therefore, the size of the prefabricated element may be increased as compared with the prior art.
- Advantageously, the high stiffness achieved by pretensioning the cables avoids the introduction of additional stiffening material, which would entail a considerable increase in the weight of the prefabricated element. The reduction of the weights of the prefabricated element further provides considerable advantages in terms of logistics, environmental friendliness and easy installation.
- Furthermore, thermal insulation panels may be advantageously inserted in the cavity formed between the two walls without affecting the structural stiffness of the prefabricated element, which is mainly provided by the structure of the pair of walls and the cable pretensioning value.
- Further characteristics and advantages of the invention will be recognizable by a skilled person from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention.
- To facilitate understanding of the following detailed description, certain embodiments of the invention are shown in the accompanying drawings, in which:
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Figure 1 shows a front view of a prefabricated element for the construction of buildings according to the present invention; -
Figure 2 shows a front view of the prefabricated element for the construction of buildings ofFigure 1 with certain parts omitted to better show other parts; -
Figure 3 shows a perspective view of a detail ofFigure 2 ; -
Figure 4 shows an exploded view ofFigure 3 ; -
Figure 5 shows a partially sectional perspective view of the prefabricated element for the construction of buildings ofFigure 1 . - Even when not expressly stated, the individual features as described with reference to the particular embodiments shall be intended as auxiliary to and/or interchangeable with other features described with reference to other exemplary embodiments.
- Referring to the accompanying figures, the present invention relates to a prefabricated element 1 for the construction of buildings, namely for the construction of facades of prefabricated buildings.
- As used herein, prefabricated buildings refer to all those building constructions formed by assembling a plurality of prefabricated elements 1, i.e. manufactured in outsourcing factories and subsequently installed on site.
- Moreover, it should be noted that prefabricated element 1 is meant to refer to a prefabricated module adapted to be placed next and to be fixed to other modules similar thereto, to define the facade of a prefabricated building.
- The prefabricated element 1 comprises a
frame 11 and a plurality of panels, mounted to theframe 11, which will be further described below. - With reference to
Figure 1 , the prefabricated element 1 of the present invention extends 1 in a first direction V-V between a top edge S and a bottom edge I, and in a second direction O-O, orthogonal to the first direction V-V, between a pair of side edges L. The top edge S and the bottom edge I are connected to the side edges L to define an outer perimeter Cext of the prefabricated element. - Preferably, but without limitation, the top edge S and the bottom edge I extend parallel to the second direction O-O, and the side edges L extend parallel to the first direction V-V. In other words, the outer perimeter Cext preferably has a quadrangular shape, more preferably a rectangular shape. It should be noted that in alternative embodiments the outer perimeter may have any other geometric shape.
- The
frame 11 and the panels of the prefabricated element 1 define twowalls 2 arranged parallel to each other. In particular, the twowalls 2 are arranged on respective levels of at least two parallel levels and spaced apart from each other in a thickness direction X-X. - Each
wall 2 extends in the first direction V-V between the top edge S and the bottom edge I, and in the second direction O-O between the pair of side edges L. Moreover, eachwall 2 has a plurality ofcorner regions 20 arranged at the intersections of the top edge S and the bottom edge I with the side edges L. - Preferably, each
wall 2 has a surface finishing layer orpanel 200 which acts as a support for the application of the final finish that is visible to an external user. This surface finishing layer orpanel 200 extends from the top edge S to the bottom edge I in the first direction V-V, and from one side edge L to the other in the second direction O-O. For example, such finishing layer orpanel 200 may be a base for a plaster coat, a panel of wooden or synthetic material or an additional frame for supporting the finish to form a ventilated facade. - Preferably, each
wall 2 is flat and extends parallel to a main extension plane of the facade in which the prefabricated element 1 lies. - In detail, as shown in
Figures 2 and3 , theframe 11 comprises a plurality ofsupport structures 12, namely at least onesupport structure 12 perwall 2, included in thewall 2. Thesupport structures 12 are configured to support respective panels of the prefabricated element 1. Thesupport structures 12 are configured to support at least one respective surface finishing layer orpanel 200. More in detail, eachsupport structure 12 is composed of a plurality ofmain beams 120 connected to each other. - Preferably, as shown in
Figure 2 and in greater detail inFigure 3 , thesupport structures 12 comprise at leastperimeter support structures 12a, composed of perimeter-main beams 120a. These perimeter-main beams 120a are arranged along the outer perimeter Cext of the prefabricated element 1 and thus define its top edge S, its bottom edge I, and its pair of side edges L. - Furthermore, in the embodiment of
Figure 1 , eachwall 2 has anopening 6 for positioning a fixture, such as a door or a window. Thisopening 6 is delimited by an opening perimeter portion Cint which defines its boundary. Thewall 2 has a plurality ofopening corner regions 60 arranged along the opening perimeter portion Cint. - More preferably, the
support structures 12 compriseopening support structures 12b composed of opening-main beams 120b. These opening-main beams 120b are arranged along the opening perimeter portion Cint, i.e. surround theopening 6, and define its boundary. - As shown in
Figure 3 , eachsupport structure 12 is arranged on a respective one of the levels on which thewalls 2 are arranged. Thesupport structures 12 are configured to support at least one panel of the prefabricated element 1 for each level, namely at least one panel for eachwall 2. - In the embodiment as shown in the annexed figures, the
support structures 12 comprise at least a pair ofhomologous support structures 12, i.e. two support structures arranged on separate levels and facing each other in the thickness direction X-X. In particular, theperimeter support structures 12a of the twowalls 2 are homologous to each other. Moreover, for eachopening 6, two mutually homologousopening support structures 12b are provided in thedistinct walls 2. - As shown in
Figure 3 , thewalls 2 are spaced apart in the thickness direction X-X by acavity 3. In other words, thecavity 3 is delimited on opposite sides, in the thickness direction X-X, by the twowalls 2. - It should be noted that, in the embodiment as shown in
Figures 3 and4 thecavity 3 is arranged between the pair ofhomologous support structures 12 arranged on two distinct levels in the thickness direction X-X. In other words, thecavity 3 is at least partially enclosed between twohomologous support structures 12 arranged on two distinct levels. Therefore, with reference toFigure 3 , in the thickness direction X-X, the prefabricated element 1 will exhibit, in succession, asupport structure 12, thecavity 3 and asupport structure 12 homologous to the one on the other side of thecavity 3. - The prefabricated element 1 comprises a plurality of connecting
members 4 configured to connect and fix thewalls 2 together in the thickness direction X-X. The connectingmembers 4 form a part of theframe 11 that connects the twowalls 2. - In detail, each connecting
member 4 extends through thecavity 3 between the twowalls 2 in the thickness direction X-X. At least some of the connectingmembers 4 are arranged along the outer perimeter Cext, and preferably, if thewall 2 has anopening 6, at least some more of them are arranged along the perimeter portion Cint of theopening 6. The connectingmembers 4 arranged along the outer perimeter Cext are referred to ascorner connecting members 4a, whereas the connectingmembers 4 arranged along the perimeter portion Cint of the opening are referred to as opening connectingmembers 4b. - Referring to
Figures 3 and4 , each connectingmember 4 has afirst portion 41 connected to onesupport structure 12, and asecond portion 42 connected to anothersupport structure 12, distinct from and homologous to the one to which thefirst portion 41 is connected. More in detail, thefirst portion 41 and thesecond portion 42 are respectively connected to two perimeter- or opening-main beams homologous support structures 12. - Preferably, the perimeter- and/or opening-
main beams wall 121 and a supportingwall 122, oriented transverse to its respective connectingwall 121. For example, the perimeter- and/or opening-main beams - As shown in
Figure 3 , the connectingwalls 121 ofhomologous support structures 12 partially delimit thecavity 3 in the thickness direction X-X. More preferably, the connectingmembers 4 are connected to the connectingwalls 121 of perimeter- or opening-main beams distinct support structures 12. - In the embodiment as shown in
Figures 3 and4 , the connectingmembers 4 comprise a plurality of bolts configured to be introduced into holes specially formed in the connectingwalls 121 ofmain beams 120 belonging to distincthomologous support structures 12. Once the bolts have been introduced into their respective holes of the connectingwalls 121 and appropriately tightened, they are configured to fix the distincthomologous support structures 12 in the thickness direction X-X and hence the twowalls 2 associated therewith. - Preferably, the connecting
members 4 compriseplates plates cavity 3 between the pair ofhomologous support structures 12. More preferably,first plates 40 are arranged at thecorner regions 20 of thewalls 2, andsecond plates 80 are arranged at the opening-corner regions 60. Theplates homologous support structures 12 in direct or indirect contact with each of them on opposite sides. It should be noted that theplates homologous support structures 12 apart in the thickness direction X-X, thereby forming thecavity 3 between the twowalls 2. - The
plates plate walls 121 ofmain beams 120 of distincthomologous support structures 12. In detail, each bolt, when inserted in the respective holes of theconnection walls 121 and in the respective hole of aplate homologous support structures 12 in the thickness direction X-X. Preferably, eachplate - More in detail, each plate comprises
annular protuberances 45 extending in the thickness direction X-X and surrounding respective through holes. Preferably, saidannular protuberances 45 are provided on both sides of the plate, and each contacts directly or indirectly a respectivehomologous support structure 12. These annular protuberances are configured to further space apart thehomologous support structures 12, to increase the extent of thecavity 3 in the longitudinal direction X-X. - Preferably, as shown in
Figures 3 and4 , the connectingmembers 4 comprise thermal insulatingelements 43, i.e. elements adapted to prevent or limit heat transfer between thehomologous support structures 12. At least some of the thermal insulatingelements 43 are arranged in thecavity 3 between thehomologous support structures 12 to prevent direct contact therebetween, and hence heat transfer from onesupport structure 12 to the other homologous thereto. - More preferably, at least some of the thermal insulating
elements 43 are interposed between theplates homologous support structures 12. By this arrangement, heat transfer between thesupport structures 12 through theplates Figure 4 , the thermal insulatingelements 43 comprise washers formed from a low thermal conductivity material, arranged on both sides of at least oneplate elements 43 are compressed between aplate support wall 122 of amain beam 120. It should be noted that, as used herein, thermal conductivity is meant to be low when below 0.2 W/mk. - In an alternative embodiment, not shown, some of the thermal insulating
elements 43 are constituted by theplates - In order to further hinder heat flow from one
support structure 12 to the other through the connectingmembers 4, the latter comprise additional thermal insulatingelements 44 arranged outside thecavity 3, between a respective connectingmember 4 and a respective supportingwall 122 of amain beam 120. More in detail, these additional thermal insulatingelements 44 may be interposed between a head portion of the bolt and/or a nut portion of the bolt, and thecorresponding support wall 122 of themain beam 12. - The prefabricated element 1 further comprises a plurality of
tension cables 5 configured to cause theframe 11 to act as a tensile structure, thereby increasing the out-of-plane stiffness of the prefabricated element 1. Therefore, thecables 5 are part of theframe 11 and are configured to tension it to stiffen the prefabricated element 1. It should be noted that the stiffness of the prefabricated element 1 increases as the pretensioning value of thecables 5 increases. In other words, the stiffness of the prefabricated element 1 and the pretensioning value of thecables 5 are proportional. In operation, eachcable 5 is tensioned to the design tension, which is determined, for example, based on the limits imposed on maximum out-of-plane displacements of the prefabricated element. Furthermore, thesupport structures 12 oppose the tension induced by thecables 5 to the required extent. - Each
cable 5 is arranged in thecavity 3 and has two ends 50 respectively secured to two distinct connectingmembers 4. Preferably, as shown inFigure 3 , at least somecables 5 are secured, at least at one of theirends 50, to respectivecorner connecting members 4a, by means of respectivefirst plates 40. Furthermore, preferably, at least sometension cables 5 are secured, for at least one of theirends 50, to respectiveopening connecting members 4b, by means of respectivesecond plates 80. - In the embodiment of
Figures 2 and3 , the two ends 50 of each tension cable are respectively connected to a respectivecorner connecting member 4a and to a respective opening-connectingmember 4b. It should be noted that, in the embodiment ofFigures 2 and3 , eachtension cable 5 is indirectly connected, on opposite sides, to theperimeter support structures 12a and to theopening support structures 12b respectively, by means of a respectivecorner connecting member 4a and a respective opening-connectingmember 4b. When thecables 5 are pretensioned, they induce a state of compressive stress in the perimeter-main beams 120a of thesupport structures 12a, and a state of tensile stress in the opening-main beams 120b, there by generating the so-called "self-tensioning" state. - Furthermore, it should be noted that, as shown in
Figures 2 and3 , each cable lies in a center plane of the prefabricated element 1. Also, eachcable 5 is connected to its respective beam at the center of gravity of the cross section of the beam. The position of thetension cables 5 as set forth above ensures that the stress state induced by the pretensioning of thecables 5 is equally distributed on eachhomologous support structure 12, without causing imbalances in the prefabricated element 1, and that each beam is loaded mainly in the axial direction. - Preferably, at least one
support structure 12 comprises a plurality of stiffeningmembers 10 which are adapted to increase the out-of-plane stiffness of the prefabricated element 1. As shown inFigure 5 , each stiffeningmember 10 is connected on opposite sides respectivemain beams 120 of the same support structure. In detail, each stiffeningmember 10 extends between the top edge S and the lower edge I of the prefabricated element 1 along the first direction V-V, i.e. perpendicular to main extension directions O'-O' of themain beams 120 to which it is connected. More in detail, at least some of thestiffening members 10 are connected to the supportingwalls 122 of the opposite main beams of thesame support structure 12. - Even more preferably, two
homologous support structures 12 compriserespective stiffening members 10. It should be noted that, as shown inFigure 5 , the stiffening means 10 of thehomologous support structures 12 are arranged on opposite sides of thecavity 3, and hence on opposite sides of the plurality oftension cables 5. Therefore, thetension cables 5 are at least partially arranged between stiffeningmembers 10 of distincthomologous support structures 12. - Referring to
Figure 5 , the stiffeningmembers 10 of eachsupport structure 12 comprise a plurality of secondary beams, i.e. uprights 10a, which are arranged in succession and spaced apart from each other, in the main extension direction O'-O' of themain beams 120 to which they are connected. Therefore, theuprights 10a of onesupport structure 12 face each other in the second direction O-O, and facerespective uprights 10a of thesupport structure 12 homologous thereto in the thickness direction X-X. - At least one
cable 5 is equipped with a plurality ofload transfer elements 13, which are adapted to transfer a load oriented transverse to the twowalls 2, for example caused by the wind, from the stiffeningmembers 10 to the respective cable(s) 5. In detail, eachload transfer element 13 is arranged between arespective stiffening member 10 and at least onecable 5, and is connected thereto. More in detail, eachload transfer element 13 comprises afirst ring portion 13a adapted to fit onto itsrespective cable 5, and a protuberance 13b adapted to fit in a special seat (not shown) of the stiffeningmember 10. - As shown in
Figure 4 , eachcable 5 is preferably equipped with a plurality ofload transfer elements 13, arranged in succession along the extent of the cable, so that each one is located level with arespective stiffening member 10 with which it is connected by means of the protuberance 13b. - Preferably, referring to
Figure 4 , at least one cable has tensioningmembers 14 configured to move theends 50 of the cable toward or away from each other to tension it. - For example, in the embodiment of
Figure 4 , thetensioning members 14 define oneend 50 of at least onecable 5 and comprise afirst body 14a, connected to aplate cable 5. The first andsecond bodies 14a, 14b are fastened together, preferably, but without limitation, by means of a threaded connection, therefore, when they rotate relative to each other, they move toward or away from each other by varying the tension value of thecable 5 and the distance between the ends 50. - In alternative embodiments, the
cable 5 may comprise at least two cable segments connected on opposite sides by the tensioningmember 14. The latter moves the two cable segments toward or away from each other by varying its length, thereby adjusting the tension of therespective cable 5. - Preferably, as shown in
Figure 5 , the prefabricated element comprises a plurality of firstinsulating panels 9a which are configured to act as a heat shield between the twowalls 2. In other words, the first insulatingpanels 9a limit heat transfer from onewall 2 to the other. These first insulatingpanels 9a may be made, for example, of mineral fibers (rock wool, glass fiber), natural fibers (wood wool, cork) or polyurethane-based insulation plates. - In detail, the first insulating
panels 9a lie in thecavity 3 between the twowalls 2, and at least somefirst panels 9a are arranged on opposite sides of at least onecable 5. Even more preferably, the first insulatingpanels 9a extend in thecavity 3 in the first direction V-V and the second direction O-O, thereby filling the portions of the cavity formed between the plurality ofcables 5. In other words, at least some firstinsulating panels 9a have afirst edge 90a arranged at arespective cable 5. - In the embodiment of
Figure 5 , eachcable 5 is enclosed in the cavity in the first and second directions V-V, O-O byfirst edges 90a of distinctinsulating panels 9a. - Furthermore, each
wall 2 preferably comprises secondinsulating panels 9b, which are configured to limit heat transfer through thewall 2. These secondinsulating panels 9b can be made, for example, of conventional mineral fibers (rock wool, glass fiber), natural fibers (wood wool, cork) or conventional insulation plates (polyurethane). - As shown in
Figure 5 , the secondinsulating panels 9b of eachwall 2 are arranged on opposite sides of the plurality ofcables 5 along the thickness direction X-X. Therefore, the secondinsulating panels 9b at least partially enclose the first insulatingpanels 9a in the thickness direction X-X. - In the embodiment of
Figure 5 , at least some secondinsulating panels 9b are arranged between tworespective stiffening members 10 in the second direction O-O. In detail, at least some secondinsulating panels 9b have a pair ofsecond edges 90b arranged along twodistinct uprights 10a of the stiffeningmembers 10. - Preferably, at least some second
insulating panels 9b extend between the top edge S and the bottom edge I in the first direction V-V. More preferably, at least some of the secondinsulating panels 9b of eachwall 2 abut the supportingwall 122 of at least onemain beam 120 of asupport structure 12, to be supported thereby. In other words, at least some secondinsulating panels 9b have respectivethird edges 91b in contact with the supportingwall 122 of at least onemain beam 120 of asupport structure 12. - A skilled person may obviously envisage a number of equivalent changes to the above discussed variants, without departure from the scope of protection defined by the appended claims.
Claims (11)
- A prefabricated element (1) for a building, comprising:- two parallel walls (2), spaced apart in a thickness direction (X-X), a cavity (3) being delimited between the two walls (2),- a plurality of connecting members (4), each connecting member extending through the cavity (3), the two walls (2) being fixed to each other by means of the connecting members (4), and- a plurality of tension cables (5), each cable (5) being arranged in the cavity (3) and having two ends (50), the two ends (50) of each cable (5) being secured to two distinct connecting members (4).
- A prefabricated element (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein:- each wall (2) has a plurality of corner regions (20) along an outer perimeter (Cext ) of the prefabricated element,- the plurality of connecting members (4) comprises corner connecting members (4a), located at the corner regions (20) of the walls (2), and- at least some tension cables (5) are secured, for at least one of their ends (50), to respective corner connecting members (4a).
- A prefabricated element (1) as claimed in claim 2, wherein:- each wall (2) has an opening (6) for positioning a door or window (7) therein,- the plurality of connecting members (4) comprises opening connecting members (4b), arranged along an opening perimeter portion (Cint ) of the walls (2), which surrounds the opening (6), and- at least some tension cables (5) are secured, for at least one of their ends (50), to respective opening connecting members (4b).
- A prefabricated element (1) as claimed in one of the preceding claims, wherein:- the prefabricated element (1) comprises a plurality of first insulating panels (9a) arranged in the cavity (3);- at least some first insulating panels (9a) are arranged on opposite sides of at least one of the cables (5).
- A prefabricated element (1) as claimed in one of the preceding claims, wherein:
each wall (2) comprises second insulating panels (9b);- the second insulating panels (9b) of each wall (2) being arranged on opposite sides of the plurality of cables (5) in the thickness direction (X-X). - A prefabricated element (1) as claimed in any of the preceding claims, delimited on opposite sides by a bottom edge (I) and a top edge (S), wherein each wall (2) comprises a plurality of stiffening members (10) extending between the bottom edge (I) and the top edge (S) and joining them.
- A prefabricated element (1) as claimed in claims 5 and 6, wherein:- the bottom edge (I) and the top edge (S) extend along a respective main extension direction (O'-O') oriented transverse to the thickness direction (X-X);- the stiffening members (10) are successively arranged along the main extension direction (O'-O') in spaced apart relationship;- at least some of the second insulating panels (9b) are arranged between two respective stiffening members (10).
- A prefabricated element (1) as claimed in any of the preceding claims wherein:- each wall (2) comprises at least one respective support structure (12);- the support structures (12) of each wall (2) are arranged on two distinct levels in the in the thickness direction (X-X) in mutually facing relationship;- the connecting members (4) mutually fix the support structures of each wall (2) in the thickness direction (X-X).
- A prefabricated element (1) as claimed in claim 8, wherein:- each support structure (12) is composed of a plurality of main beams (120) connected to each other;- each main beam (120) comprises a connecting wall (121) partially delimiting the cavity (3) in the thickness direction (X-X), and a supporting wall (122) oriented transverse to its respective connecting wall (121) so as to project from the cavity (3);- the connecting members (4) mutually fix the connecting walls (121) of main beams (120) of distinct support structures (12).
- A prefabricated element (1) as claimed in claims 5 and 9, wherein at least some of the second insulating panels (9b) of each wall (2) abut the support wall (122) of at least one main beam (120) to be supported.
- A prefabricated element (1) as claimed in claims 6 and 9, wherein at least some of the stiffening members (10) are connected to the supporting walls (122) of opposite main beams (120) of the same support structure (12).
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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IT102021000013688A IT202100013688A1 (en) | 2021-05-26 | 2021-05-26 | Prefabricated element for a building |
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EP4095334A1 true EP4095334A1 (en) | 2022-11-30 |
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EP21195974.7A Pending EP4095334A1 (en) | 2021-05-26 | 2021-09-10 | A prefabricated element for a building |
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IT (1) | IT202100013688A1 (en) |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4956957A (en) * | 1988-10-17 | 1990-09-18 | Koaladesign S.R.L. | Device for associating a pair of planar parallel panels |
WO1995017561A2 (en) * | 1993-12-20 | 1995-06-29 | R.A.R. Consultants Ltd. | Earthquake, wind resistant and fire resistant pre-fabricated building panels and structures formed therefrom |
US9285164B2 (en) * | 2002-07-02 | 2016-03-15 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Cold box sheet metal jacket |
-
2021
- 2021-05-26 IT IT102021000013688A patent/IT202100013688A1/en unknown
- 2021-09-10 EP EP21195974.7A patent/EP4095334A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4956957A (en) * | 1988-10-17 | 1990-09-18 | Koaladesign S.R.L. | Device for associating a pair of planar parallel panels |
WO1995017561A2 (en) * | 1993-12-20 | 1995-06-29 | R.A.R. Consultants Ltd. | Earthquake, wind resistant and fire resistant pre-fabricated building panels and structures formed therefrom |
US9285164B2 (en) * | 2002-07-02 | 2016-03-15 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Cold box sheet metal jacket |
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IT202100013688A1 (en) | 2022-11-26 |
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