EP4022100A1 - Steel material for a torsionally stressed component, method for producing a torsionally stressed component from said steel material, and component made thereof - Google Patents
Steel material for a torsionally stressed component, method for producing a torsionally stressed component from said steel material, and component made thereofInfo
- Publication number
- EP4022100A1 EP4022100A1 EP20765225.6A EP20765225A EP4022100A1 EP 4022100 A1 EP4022100 A1 EP 4022100A1 EP 20765225 A EP20765225 A EP 20765225A EP 4022100 A1 EP4022100 A1 EP 4022100A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- steel material
- component
- weight
- torsion
- pipe
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910001563 bainite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 37
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 28
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 17
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 17
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 14
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 11
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 8
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- -1 aluminum nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001567 cementite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011362 coarse particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000029142 excretion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- VCTOKJRTAUILIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);sulfide Chemical class [S-2].[Mn+2] VCTOKJRTAUILIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- JZQOJFLIJNRDHK-CMDGGOBGSA-N alpha-irone Chemical compound CC1CC=C(C)C(\C=C\C(C)=O)C1(C)C JZQOJFLIJNRDHK-CMDGGOBGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(1+);methylsulfanylmethane;bromide Chemical compound Br[Cu].CSC PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005246 galvanizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;methane Chemical compound C.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011089 mechanical engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010534 mechanism of action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZLANVVMKMCTKMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanidylidynevanadium(1+) Chemical class [V+]#[C-] ZLANVVMKMCTKMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001392 phosphorus oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LFGREXWGYUGZLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoryl Chemical class [P]=O LFGREXWGYUGZLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010583 slow cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenemanganese Chemical compound [Mn]=S CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNGAZZLJAQYLAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenemethylidenetitanium Chemical compound S=C=[Ti] SNGAZZLJAQYLAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000930 thermomechanical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009489 vacuum treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C1/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, metal wire, metal rods, metal tubes by drawing
- B21C1/003—Drawing materials of special alloys so far as the composition of the alloy requires or permits special drawing methods or sequences
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C37/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape
- B21C37/06—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape of tubes or metal hoses; Combined procedures for making tubes, e.g. for making multi-wall tubes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C37/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape
- B21C37/06—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape of tubes or metal hoses; Combined procedures for making tubes, e.g. for making multi-wall tubes
- B21C37/30—Finishing tubes, e.g. sizing, burnishing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D3/00—Straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles, or specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts
- B21D3/16—Straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles, or specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts of specific articles made from metal rods, tubes, or profiles, e.g. crankshafts, by specially adapted methods or means
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
- B21K1/00—Making machine elements
- B21K1/06—Making machine elements axles or shafts
- B21K1/063—Making machine elements axles or shafts hollow
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
- C21D1/32—Soft annealing, e.g. spheroidising
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/004—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr and Ni
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/005—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Mn
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/008—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Si
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
- C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/10—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of tubular bodies
- C21D8/105—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of tubular bodies of ferrous alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/14—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C3/00—Shafts; Axles; Cranks; Eccentrics
- F16C3/02—Shafts; Axles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/002—Bainite
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2202/00—Solid materials defined by their properties
- F16C2202/02—Mechanical properties
- F16C2202/06—Strength or rigidity
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
- F16C2204/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- F16C2204/62—Low carbon steel, i.e. carbon content below 0.4 wt%
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
- F16C2204/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- F16C2204/74—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys with manganese as the next major constituent
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2220/00—Shaping
- F16C2220/40—Shaping by deformation without removing material
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2240/00—Specified values or numerical ranges of parameters; Relations between them
- F16C2240/06—Temperature
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2240/00—Specified values or numerical ranges of parameters; Relations between them
- F16C2240/40—Linear dimensions, e.g. length, radius, thickness, gap
- F16C2240/60—Thickness, e.g. thickness of coatings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2240/00—Specified values or numerical ranges of parameters; Relations between them
- F16C2240/40—Linear dimensions, e.g. length, radius, thickness, gap
- F16C2240/70—Diameters; Radii
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2326/00—Articles relating to transporting
- F16C2326/01—Parts of vehicles in general
- F16C2326/06—Drive shafts
Definitions
- the invention relates to a steel material for a component subject to torsion and a method for producing a component subject to torsion from the sem steel material and a component therefrom.
- Such torsion-stressed components consist of usually seamless or welded pipes that can also be cold-drawn.
- Such components subject to torsion such as drive shafts, Kar danwellen, spring bars or torsion springs are mainly used in the automotive and commercial vehicle industries, but there are also possible uses in mechanical engineering. When transmitting torque, these components are subject to torsion.
- high-strength and ultra-high-strength steels which can reduce wall thicknesses while at the same time improving component behavior during production and operation.
- high-strength and ultra-high-strength steels are understood to mean steels with strengths of at least 800 MPa or at least 1000 MPa tensile strength.
- the patent DE 69307393 T2 discloses a forging and a method for its production.
- the forging which can in particular be a drive shaft, is made of a material that contains the following elements: C: 0.2-0.6; Si: 1.25 - 2.0; Mn: 0.5-1.5; V: 0.04-0.2; S: 0-0.2; Cr: 0-0.5; AI: 0-0.1; N: 0-0.04; Nb: 0-0.1; Ti: 0-0.05; Remainder iron.
- the microstructure of this steel alloy is described as predominantly ferritic-pearlitic and a high Si content as advantageous for improved fatigue strength.
- a steel alloy for chassis and drive components is known from the laid-open specification DE 102015 111 150 A1, consisting in% by weight of: C: 0.12-0.22, Mn: 1.5-2.5, Si: 0.45 - 0.85, Cr: ⁇ 1.5, V> 0.04, B: 0.0010 - 0.0040, Ti: 0.02 - 0.1 and optionally Mo ⁇ 0.6%, remainder iron and melt-related Impurities.
- This steel alloy is intended to avoid negative influences on the component properties caused by any tempering processes in heat-affected zones during forming or welding due to an increased carbon content.
- a tempered microstructure of tempered bainite and / or tempered martensite should form in these heat-affected zones of the chassis or drive component.
- this microstructure is to be formed by the thermal treatment through which the heat-affected zone is created.
- the structure of the material not affected by the heating is not known.
- the patent specification DE 697 18784 T2 discloses a steel with good processability and a steel product made with it, which can be a crankshaft, among other things.
- the steel product has a chemical composition in% by weight of: C: 0.05 - 0.6; S: 0.002-0.2; Ti: 0.04-1.0; N: ⁇ 0.008; Nd: 0-0.1; Se: 0-0.5; Te: 0-0.05; Ca: 0-0.01; Pb: 0-0.5; Bi: 0-0.4; Si: 0-1.61; Mn: 0-3.5; P: ⁇ 0.07; AI: 0-0.05; Cu: 0 - 1.10; Ni: 0 - 2.0; Cr: 0-3.0; Mo: 0-0.54; V: 0-0.31; Nb: 0-0.1: B: 0-0.02; Remainder iron and unavoidable impurities.
- the microstructure of the steel product is specified with at least 90% ferrite and pearlite or with at least 90% bainite or with at least 90% ferrite and bainite.
- a preferred embodiment should also have a microstructure in which not less than 50% is formed by martensite. Particular attention is paid to the amount of Ti and the ratio of Ti and S as well as the size of the titanium carbon sulfide in the structure, the diameter of which should not be greater than 10 mhi in order to ensure particularly good processability. A condition of Nb + V + Ti is not established or investigated.
- the patent DE 102006016099 B4 discloses a method for the production of a hollow transmission shaft, which is composed of axially successive shaft sections. At least one of these shaft sections is made of a steel with the following alloy components in percent by weight: C: 0.1-0.3; Si: ⁇ 0.8; Mn: 1.3-2.5; Cr: 0.8-1.8; Mo: ⁇ 0.3; Nb: ⁇ 0.06; Ti: ⁇ 0.06; B: ⁇ 0.004; The remainder is iron and impurities from the melting process.
- This steel alloy is said to have the advantage that it is air-hardening.
- Mn 1.6-2.2; P: ⁇ 0.0015; S: ⁇ 0.010; Cr: 1.25 - 2.0; N: ⁇ 0.020; Nb: 0.02-0.06; B: 0.001-0.004; Ti: 0.001-0.050 and the remainder iron and impurities caused by the melting process.
- a C content of 0.11 to 0.18% should enable higher strengths and at the same time avoid disadvantages of peritectic solidification, such as occur, for example, with C contents of 0.09 to 0.12%.
- the hardenability is adjusted cost-effectively by adding Mn and Cr in conjunction with Ti and Nb and the cost-intensive alloying elements Mo and V should be dispensed with.
- the object of the invention is therefore to provide a steel material for a torsion-stressed component which is inexpensive and with which the required properties of the torsional fatigue strength of the torsion-stressed construction can be achieved in part. Furthermore, a suitable, cost-effective method for producing a torsion-stressed component from this steel material is to be specified. Furthermore, a corresponding, weight-reduced component should be specified. In particular, strengths of more than 800 MPa at yield strengths of over 700 MPa and torsional fatigue strengths for at least 200,000 LW at torsional moments of ⁇ 1200 to ⁇ 1800 Nm should be achieved.
- this object is achieved by a steel material for a component subject to torsion, in particular a drive shaft, in which the steel material has a predominantly bainitic microstructure with a minimum tensile strength of 800 MPa and the microstructure consists of more than 50% bainite, preferably at least 70%, having the following alloy composition in% by weight: C: 0.02 to 0.3, Si: up to 0.7, Mn: 1.0 to 3.0, P: max. 0.02 , S: max. 0.01, N: max.
- AI up to 0.1
- Cu up to 0.2
- Cr up to 1.0
- Ni up to 0.3
- Mo up to 0, 5
- Ti up to 0.2
- V up to 0.2
- Nb up to 0.1
- B up to 0.01, where 0.02 ⁇ Nb + V + Ti ⁇ 0.25 is fulfilled, the remainder being iron and impurities caused by the melting process.
- the structure has at least 70% by volume, particularly advantageously at least 90% by volume, and the proportions of residual austenite and martensite and ferrite are ⁇ 30% by volume, preferably ⁇ 10% by volume. %, are.
- the steel material according to the invention with a structure with more than 50% by volume of bainite can reliably achieve the mechanical properties required for fatigue strength.
- torsional alternating strengths of 200,000 LW can be achieved with torsional moments of ⁇ 1200 to ⁇ 1800 Nm, with strengths of at least 800 MPa and yield strengths of over 700 MPa.
- a weight reduction of over 10% can be achieved.
- a bainitic steel material according to the invention with the alloy composition given is of great advantage because of the quasi-isotropic mechanical properties for mechanically stressed pipes in general, but especially for components subject to torsion, especially for drive shafts, since the steel strip is the starting material for a welded pipe as a component has a high tensile strength and elongation regardless of the test direction, which are retained or even higher even after the component, in particular the drive shaft, has been manufactured from this steel material.
- the bainitic steel used for the method according to the invention receives its structure according to the invention via a corresponding temperature control during the manufacturing process of the front pipe (hollow).
- the structure can be adjusted, for example, by means of thermomechanical rolling, in the case of cold strip, for example, by the annealing process after cold rolling or during hot-dip galvanizing.
- the structure can be adjusted via the temperature control when the pipe is hot-rolled.
- the particular advantage of using this alloy concept and the bainitic microstructure is a very fine and homogeneous microstructure with more than 50% by volume of bainite and only small proportions of ferrite, retained austenite and martensite, which means that almost isotropic material properties are achieved which has a very positive effect on the fatigue strength with changing torsional loads.
- the steel material for the component subject to torsion, in particular the drive shaft has the above-described alloy composition according to the invention in% by weight, which is optimized as follows in relation to at least one or more of the alloy elements : C: 0.02 to 0.11 and / or Si: 0.01 to 0.5 and / or Mn: 1.4 to 2.2 and / or Al: 0.015 to 0.1 and / or Cr to 0 , 3 and / or Ni: up to 0.2 and / or Mo: 0.05 to 0.5 and / or B: max. 0.004 and / or where 0.05 ⁇
- the steel material has the previously described and already optimized alloy composition according to the invention in% by weight, which is additionally optimized in relation to at least one or more of the alloy elements as follows: C: 0.05 to 0.11 and / or Si: 0.1 to 0.5 and / or Mn: 1.5 to 2.0 and / or N: 0.003 to 0.01 and / or Al: 0.03 to 0.1 and / or Ni : up to 0.15 and / or Mo: 0.1 to 0.3 and / or Ti: 0.04 to 0.2.
- the method according to the invention for producing a component subject to torsion stress, in particular a drive shaft provides that this is produced from a seamless or welded front tube, consisting of the steel material according to the invention, the front tube having an enlarged diameter and compared to the required end dimension of the component has greater wall thickness and goes through the following steps:
- pre-pipe is heated to a temperature in the range from 700 to 800.degree. C. and particularly advantageously in the range from 720 to 780.degree.
- Another essential aspect for achieving the required properties has been found to be that during the drawing process the percentage decrease in the wall thickness of the front pipe is set higher than the percentage decrease in the diameter of the front pipe. It has proven to be favorable for a high torsional strength of the component if the ratio is set to be greater than 2: 1, particularly advantageously greater than 5: 1.
- the strain hardening of the material in the The direction-dependent pipe property produced by the drawing process is optimally adjusted according to the torsional stress.
- the front pipe can be present as a seamlessly manufactured or welded pipe.
- a welded tube it can be made from hot or cold strip using conventional welding processes such as high-frequency induction welding (HFI) or laser beam welding.
- HFI high-frequency induction welding
- laser beam welding laser beam welding
- Alloying elements are usually added to the steel in order to specifically influence certain properties.
- An alloy element can influence different properties in different steels. The effect and interaction generally depends heavily on the amount, the presence of other alloying elements and the state of solution in the material. The relationships are varied and complex. In the following, the effect of the alloying elements will be discussed in more detail.
- Carbon (C) is considered to be the most important alloying element in steel. By setting the carbon content to a maximum of 2.0 percent by weight, the iron becomes steel. Despite this fact, the carbon content is drastically reduced during steel production. Due to its small atomic radius, carbon is dissolved interstitially in the iron lattice. The solubility in ⁇ -iron is a maximum of 0.02 percent by weight and in ß-iron a maximum of 2.06 percent by weight. In dissolved form, carbon significantly increases the hardenability of steel. The resulting lattice tension in the released state hampers diffusion processes and thus delays transformation processes. In addition, carbon favors the formation of austenite, i.e. expands the austenite area to lower temperatures.
- the minimum C content is therefore increased 0.02 percent by weight and the maximum C content set at 0.3 percent by weight.
- the minimum C content is preferably set at 0.02 percent by weight, particularly preferably at 0.05 percent by weight, and the maximum C content at 0.11 percent by weight.
- Silicon (Si) binds oxygen during casting and thus reduces segregation and impurities in the steel.
- silicon increases the strength and the yield strength ratio of the ferrite with only a slight decrease in elongation at break. Another important effect is that silicon shifts the formation of ferrite to shorter times, thus allowing sufficient ferrite to form before the quenching.
- the formation of ferrite enriches the austenite with carbon and stabilizes it.
- silicon stabilizes austenite in the lower temperature range, especially in the area of bainite formation, by preventing carbide formation (no depletion of carbon).
- strongly adhering scale can form during hot rolling, which can impair further processing.
- the maximum silicon content is set at 0.7 percent by weight.
- the minimum Si content is preferably set at 0.01 percent by weight, particularly preferably 0.1 percent by weight, and the maximum Si content at 0.5 percent by weight.
- Manganese (Mn) is added to almost all steels for desulphurisation in order to convert the harmful sulfur into manganese sulphides. Manganese also increases the strength of the ferrite through solid solution strengthening and shifts the a- / ß-conversion to lower temperatures.
- a main reason for adding manganese to multiphase steels is the significant improvement in hardenability. Due to the diffusion hindrance, the pearlite and bainite transformation is postponed for longer times and the martensite start temperature is lowered.
- the manganese content is therefore set at 1.00 to 3.00 percent by weight.
- the benchmarks are included here.
- the minimum Mn content is preferably set at 1.4 percent by weight, particularly preferably at 1.5 percent by weight, and the maximum Mn content at 2.2 percent by weight, particularly preferably at 2.0 percent by weight.
- Phosphorus (P) is a trace element from iron ore and is dissolved in the iron lattice as a substitution atom. Phosphorus increases the hardness through solid solution strengthening and improves hardenability. As a rule, however, attempts are made to lower the phosphorus content as much as possible, since it is, among other things, highly susceptible to segregation due to its low diffusion rate and to a great extent reduces the toughness. As a result of the accumulation of phosphorus at the grain boundaries, grain boundary fractures usually occur. In addition, phosphorus increases the transition temperature from tough to brittle behavior up to 300 ° C. During hot rolling, phosphorus oxides close to the surface can lead to cracks at the grain boundaries.
- phosphorus is sometimes used as a reinforcement in multi-phase steels. For the reasons mentioned above, the phosphorus content is limited to 0.02 percent by weight.
- sulfur is bound as a trace element in iron ore. It is generally undesirable in steel because it tends to segregate strongly and has a strong embrittling effect. An attempt is therefore made to achieve the lowest possible amounts of sulfur in the melt (e.g. by means of a deep vacuum treatment). Furthermore, the sulfur present is converted into the relatively harmless compound manganese sulfide (MnS) by adding manganese. The manganese sulfides are often rolled out in lines during the rolling process and act as nucleation sites for the transformation. In the case of diffusion-controlled transformation in particular, this leads to a distinct structure and, if the structure is very distinct, it can lead to impaired mechanical properties (e.g. pronounced martensite ropes instead of distributed martensite islands, no isotropic material behavior, reduced elongation at break). For the reasons mentioned above, the sulfur content is limited to 0.01 percent by weight.
- Aluminum (AI) is usually added to steel in order to bind the oxygen and nitrogen dissolved in the iron. Oxygen and nitrogen are converted into aluminum oxides and aluminum nitrides. These precipitates can cause grain refinement by increasing the nucleation sites and thus increase the toughness properties and strength values.
- Aluminum nitride is not precipitated when titanium is present in sufficient quantities. Titanium nitrides have a lower enthalpy of formation and are therefore formed at higher temperatures. In a dissolved state, aluminum moves like silicon the formation of ferrite at shorter times and thus enables the formation of sufficient ferrite in the multiphase steel. It also suppresses the formation of carbides and thus leads to a stabilization of the austenite.
- the Al content is therefore limited to up to 0.1 percent by weight, advantageously to 0.015 to a maximum of 0.10 percent by weight, particularly preferably to 0.03 to 0.10 percent by weight.
- Molybdenum Molybdenum (Mo) is added in a similar way to chromium to improve hardenability. The pearlite and bainite transformation is pushed for longer times and the martensite start temperature is lowered. Molybdenum also increases the tempering resistance considerably, so that no loss of strength is to be expected in the zinc bath and, through solid solution strengthening, increases the strength of the ferrite.
- the Mo content is optionally added depending on the dimensions, the system configuration and the structure setting, the minimum addition should then be 0.050 percent by weight in order to achieve an effect. For cost reasons, the Mo content is set to a maximum of 0.50 percent by weight, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 percent by weight, particularly preferably 0.1 to 0.3 percent by weight. If chromium is optionally added, the maximum content is limited to 1.0 percent by weight, preferably to 0.3 percent by weight, for reasons of cost.
- Titanium (Ti) forms very stable nitrides (TiN) and sulfides (T1S2) even at high temperatures. Depending on the nitrogen content, some of these only dissolve in the melt. If the precipitates created in this way are not removed with the slag, they form very coarse particles in the material due to the high formation temperature and are generally not beneficial for the mechanical properties. The binding of free nitrogen and oxygen has a positive effect on toughness. Titanium protects other micro-alloy elements such as niobium from being set by nitrogen. These can then develop their effects optimally. Nitrides, which are only formed at lower temperatures due to the drop in the oxygen and nitrogen content, can also effectively hinder austenite grain growth.
- Titanium that has not set forms titanium carbides at temperatures above 1150 ° C and can thus cause grain refinement (inhibition of austenite grain growth, grain refinement through delayed recrystallization and / or increase in the number of nuclei during a / ß conversion) and precipitation hardening. Titanium is therefore optionally according to the condition 0.02 ⁇ Nb + V + Ti ⁇ 0.25 Weight percent added. Titanium is preferably added in accordance with the condition 0.05 percent by weight ⁇ Nb + V + Ti ⁇ 0.20 percent by weight. If titanium is selected as the alloying element, the Ti content is a maximum of 0.2 percent by weight, preferably 0.04 to 0.2 percent by weight, taking into account the aforementioned cumulative condition.
- vanadium (V) does not start until temperatures around 1000 ° C or after the a / ß conversion, i.e. much later than with titanium and niobium. Vanadium has hardly any grain-refining effect due to the small number of precipitates present in the austenite. Austenite grain growth is also not inhibited by the late precipitation of the vanadium carbides. Thus, the strength-increasing effect is almost entirely due to the precipitation hardening.
- One advantage of vanadium is its high solubility in austenite and the large volume fraction of fine precipitates caused by the low precipitation temperature.
- Vanadium is therefore optionally added according to the condition 0.02 ⁇ Nb + V + Ti ⁇ 0.25 percent by weight. Vanadium is preferably added according to the condition 0.05 percent by weight ⁇ Nb + V + Ti ⁇ 0.20 percent by weight. If vanadium is selected as the alloying element, the V content is a maximum of 0.2 percent by weight, taking into account the aforementioned cumulative condition.
- Niobium (Nb) causes a high level of grain refinement, as it is the most effective of all micro-alloying elements in that it delays recrystallization and also inhibits the growth of austenite grains.
- the strength-increasing effect is qualitatively higher than that of titanium due to the increased grain refinement effect and the larger amount of strength-increasing particles (binding of titanium to TiN at high temperatures).
- Niobium carbides are formed from around 1200 ° C. In connection with titanium, which, as already described, binds the nitrogen, niobium can increase its strength-increasing effect through carbide formation in the lower temperature range (smaller carbide sizes).
- niobium Another effect of niobium is the retardation of the ⁇ / ß-conversion and the lowering of the martensite start temperature in the dissolved state. On the one hand, this happens through the solute drag effect and, on the other hand, through the grain refinement. This causes an increase in the strength of the structure and thus also a higher resistance to expansion during martensite formation.
- the use of niobium is limited by the very low solubility limit. Although this limits the amount of excretions, above all it causes an early excretion with very coarse particles.
- Niobium is therefore optionally added according to the condition 0.02 ⁇ Nb + V + Ti ⁇ 0.25 percent by weight. Niobium is preferably added according to the condition 0.05 percent by weight ⁇ Nb + V + Ti ⁇ 0.20 percent by weight. If niobium is selected as the alloying element, the Nb content is a maximum of 0.1 percent by weight, taking into account the aforementioned cumulative condition.
- Boron (B) forms nitrides or carbides with nitrogen as well as with carbon; as a rule, however, this is not the aim.
- B Boron
- boron in very small amounts leads to a significant improvement in hardenability.
- the mechanism of action of boron has not been conclusively clarified. It can be hypothetically assumed that boron atoms preferentially accumulate at the austenite grain boundaries and there massively delay the formation of ferrite when cooling out of the austenite area. This promotes the formation of bainite.
- boron carbides act as nuclei on the grain boundaries.
- Boron has a very high affinity for oxygen, which can lead to a reduction in the boron content in areas near the surface (up to 0.5 mm).
- annealing above 1000 ° C is not recommended. This is also recommended because boron can lead to a strong formation of coarse grains at annealing temperatures above 1000 ° C.
- the B content is limited to a value of up to 0.01%, preferably a maximum of 0.004 percent by weight.
- hot strip with the alloy composition according to the invention according to Table 1 was investigated as the starting material for the tubes. This raw material was made into pre-pipes
- the required 200,000 load changes at a torque of 1,400 Nm are achieved with a tube with an outside diameter of 60 mm and a wall thickness of 1.6 mm in standard quality and achieved with a tube 57 mm x 1.5 mm made of the bainitic steel according to the invention.
- the resulting advantages for the use of the steel according to the invention, in particular with regard to the weight reduction per meter of pipe length and the mass moment of inertia per meter of pipe length, are significant.
- notches reduce the service life of components subject to fatigue, in particular components subject to torsion such as drive shafts, for example.
- components subject to torsion such as drive shafts, for example.
- external scratches, grooves on the surface
- internal notches defects, inclusions, phase boundaries between the same and different phases
- the residual stress state in the component also has an influence on the load cycles to be achieved by the component, in addition to the external operating loads of the component.
- the outer notches can be reduced by the manufacturing process of the component.
- the density and size of the inner notches are influenced by the manufacturing process of the steel material.
- the reduction of the density and size of imperfections and inclusions to increase the quality of steel materials is continuously pursued in the steelworks.
- the density and type of phase boundaries depend on the set structure.
- the bainitic structure proves to be advantageous compared to classic multiphase structures. The reason is that the structural components of bainite are generally comparatively small and the differences in hardness between the components are comparatively small. As a result, with a given density of phase boundaries, the stress concentration at the phase transitions is lower than in a classic multi-phase structure (e.g. dual-phase structure with ferrite and martensite).
- a lower stress concentration is to be equated with a lower notch effect.
- a completely bainitic structure is formed, which is also retained during the further pipe production.
- Purely bainitic structures contain less internal stresses than materials with martensitic structures; they allow very high strength to be achieved, combined with high elongation and toughness.
- a high level of toughness prevents rapid crack growth with repeated loads.
- Bainite content is set of great importance to achieve the properties of the components described above, such as the drive shaft.
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102019123334.8A DE102019123334A1 (en) | 2019-08-30 | 2019-08-30 | Steel material for a drive shaft, method for producing a drive shaft from this steel material and drive shaft therefrom |
PCT/EP2020/073914 WO2021037948A1 (en) | 2019-08-30 | 2020-08-27 | Steel material for a torsionally stressed component, method for producing a torsionally stressed component from said steel material, and component made thereof |
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Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP4022100A1 true EP4022100A1 (en) | 2022-07-06 |
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EP20765225.6A Pending EP4022100A1 (en) | 2019-08-30 | 2020-08-27 | Steel material for a torsionally stressed component, method for producing a torsionally stressed component from said steel material, and component made thereof |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20220275468A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP4022100A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2022546988A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20220056182A (en) |
DE (1) | DE102019123334A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2021037948A1 (en) |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FI922461A (en) * | 1992-05-29 | 1993-11-30 | Imatra Steel Oy Ab | SMIDESSTYCKE OCH DESS FRAMSTAELLNINGSFOERFARANDE |
DE69718784T2 (en) * | 1996-11-25 | 2003-12-18 | Sumitomo Metal Ind | STEEL WITH EXCELLENT PROCESSABILITY AND COMPONENT PRODUCED WITH IT |
WO2007111258A1 (en) * | 2006-03-29 | 2007-10-04 | Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. | Cold finish seamless steel pipe for drive shaft and method for producing the same |
DE102006016099B4 (en) * | 2006-04-04 | 2010-04-22 | Benteler Stahl/Rohr Gmbh | Method for producing a transmission hollow shaft |
DE502007002467D1 (en) * | 2006-07-19 | 2010-02-11 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Workpiece made of a high-strength steel alloy and its use |
JP2011006781A (en) * | 2009-05-25 | 2011-01-13 | Nippon Steel Corp | Automobile undercarriage component having excellent low cycle fatigue property and method for producing the same |
JP5736929B2 (en) * | 2011-04-19 | 2015-06-17 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Ultra-high-strength ERW steel pipe with excellent workability and low-temperature toughness and method for producing the same |
DE102013009232A1 (en) * | 2013-05-28 | 2014-12-04 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Process for producing a component by hot forming a precursor of steel |
DE102015111150A1 (en) * | 2015-07-09 | 2017-01-12 | Benteler Steel/Tube Gmbh | Steel alloy, in particular for chassis or drive component, and chassis or drive component |
-
2019
- 2019-08-30 DE DE102019123334.8A patent/DE102019123334A1/en active Pending
-
2020
- 2020-08-27 KR KR1020227007247A patent/KR20220056182A/en unknown
- 2020-08-27 JP JP2022513604A patent/JP2022546988A/en active Pending
- 2020-08-27 EP EP20765225.6A patent/EP4022100A1/en active Pending
- 2020-08-27 WO PCT/EP2020/073914 patent/WO2021037948A1/en unknown
- 2020-08-27 US US17/638,014 patent/US20220275468A1/en active Pending
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DE102019123334A1 (en) | 2021-03-04 |
WO2021037948A1 (en) | 2021-03-04 |
KR20220056182A (en) | 2022-05-04 |
US20220275468A1 (en) | 2022-09-01 |
JP2022546988A (en) | 2022-11-10 |
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