EP4017654A1 - Microstructured surface with increased microorganism removal when cleaned, articles and methods - Google Patents
Microstructured surface with increased microorganism removal when cleaned, articles and methodsInfo
- Publication number
- EP4017654A1 EP4017654A1 EP20761638.4A EP20761638A EP4017654A1 EP 4017654 A1 EP4017654 A1 EP 4017654A1 EP 20761638 A EP20761638 A EP 20761638A EP 4017654 A1 EP4017654 A1 EP 4017654A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- article
- microstructured
- film
- microstructured surface
- valleys
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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- NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium silicate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BOQSSGDQNWEFSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-yl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)C(C)=C BOQSSGDQNWEFSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NHARPDSAXCBDDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C NHARPDSAXCBDDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- YLQLIQIAXYRMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylheptyl alcohol Chemical compound CCCCCC(CO)CCC YLQLIQIAXYRMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium docusate Chemical group [Na+].CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- SJMYWORNLPSJQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OC(C)(C)C SJMYWORNLPSJQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003509 tertiary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical class [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylenediamine Chemical compound C1CN2CCN1CC2 IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYPYJXKWCTUITO-LYRMYLQWSA-N vancomycin Chemical compound O([C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1OC1=C2C=C3C=C1OC1=CC=C(C=C1Cl)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C(N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H]3C(=O)N[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@H](C(N[C@@H](C3=CC(O)=CC(O)=C3C=3C(O)=CC=C1C=3)C(O)=O)=O)[C@H](O)C1=CC=C(C(=C1)Cl)O2)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](CC(C)C)NC)[C@H]1C[C@](C)(N)[C@H](O)[C@H](C)O1 MYPYJXKWCTUITO-LYRMYLQWSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B17/00—Methods preventing fouling
- B08B17/02—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust
- B08B17/06—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust by giving articles subject to fouling a special shape or arrangement
- B08B17/065—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust by giving articles subject to fouling a special shape or arrangement the surface having a microscopic surface pattern to achieve the same effect as a lotus flower
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C59/00—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor
- B29C59/02—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing
- B29C59/022—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing characterised by the disposition or the configuration, e.g. dimensions, of the embossments or the shaping tools therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C59/00—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor
- B29C59/02—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing
- B29C59/04—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing using rollers or endless belts
- B29C59/046—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing using rollers or endless belts for layered or coated substantially flat surfaces
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C59/00—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor
- B29C59/02—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing
- B29C59/022—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing characterised by the disposition or the configuration, e.g. dimensions, of the embossments or the shaping tools therefor
- B29C2059/023—Microembossing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C51/00—Shaping by thermoforming, i.e. shaping sheets or sheet like preforms after heating, e.g. shaping sheets in matched moulds or by deep-drawing; Apparatus therefor
- B29C51/02—Combined thermoforming and manufacture of the preform
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/756—Microarticles, nanoarticles
Definitions
- US2017/0100332 (abstract) describes an article that include a first plurality of spaced features.
- the spaced features are arranged in a plurality of groupings; the groupings of features include repeat units; the spaced features within a grouping are spaced apart at an average distance of about 1 nanometer to about 500 micrometers; each feature having a surface that is substantially parallel to a surface on a neighboring feature; each feature being separated from its neighboring feature; the groupings of features being arranged with respect to one another so as to define a tortuous pathway.
- the plurality of spaced features provide the article with an engineered roughness index of about 5 to about 20.
- W02013/003373 and WO 2012/058605 describe surfaces for resisting and reducing biofilm formation, particularly on medical articles.
- the surfaces include a plurality of microstructure features.
- microstructured surfaces are useful for reducing the initial formation of a biofilm, particularly for medical articles; in the case of other articles, such microstructured surfaces can be difficult to clean. This is surmised to be due at least in part to the bristles of a brush or fibers of a (e.g. nonwoven) wipe being larger than the space between microstructures. Surprisingly, it has been found that some types of microstuctured surfaces exhibit better microorganism (e.g. bacteria) removal when cleaned, even in comparison to smooth surfaces. Such microstructured surfaces have also been found to provide a reduction in microbial touch transfer.
- microorganism e.g. bacteria
- a film comprising a microstructured surface disposed on a planar base layer.
- the microstructured surface comprises an array of peak structures and adjacent valleys.
- the valleys preferably have a maximum width ranging from 10 microns to 250 microns.
- the peak structures have a side wall angle greater than 10 degrees.
- the peak structures may comprise two or more facets such as in the case of a linear array of prisms or an array of cube-comers elements.
- facets of the peak structures form an apex angle, typically ranging from about 20 to 120 degrees.
- the facets form continuous or semi-continuous surfaces in the same direction.
- the valleys typically lack intersecting walls.
- the film further comprises a pressure sensitive adhesive on the opposing surface of the film. In some embodiments, the pressure sensitive adhesive is removable.
- a method of providing an article having a surface with increased microorganism (e.g. bacteria) removal when cleaned comprising providing a microstructured surface, as described herein, on an article.
- the article is typically not a sterile implantable medical article. Rather, the microstructured surface typically comes in contact with people and/or animals as well as other contaminants (e.g. dirt).
- Some representative articles include for example surfaces or component of vehicles (e.g. automobile, bus, train, airplane, boat) as well as housings or cases of electronic devices.
- the microstructured surface of the article can be prepared by various microreplication techniques such as coating, injection molding, embossing, laser etching, extrusion, as well as casting and curing a polymerizable resin.
- the microstuctured surface is provided on the article by providing a film with a microstructured surface as described herein and a pressure sensitive adhesive disposed on the opposing surface of the film; and bonding the film to a surface or article with the pressure sensitive adhesive.
- an article comprising a base member and a microstructured surface, as described herein, disposed on the base member.
- the article comprises a pressure sensitive adhesive layer disposed between the base member and microstructured surface.
- a method of making an article comprising: providing a base member comprising a microstructured surface as described herein wherein the peak structures comprise an organic polymeric material having a melt temperature greater than the base member; and thermoforming the base member into an article at a temperature below the melt temperature of the peak structures.
- microstructured surface provides a log 10 reduction of microorganism (e.g. bacteria) of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 after cleaning.
- microorganism e.g. bacteria
- the microstructured surface provides a reduction in microorgansim touch transfer of at least 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% relative to the same unstructured (e.g. smooth) surface.
- the same microstructured surface provides both a reduction of microorganism (e.g. bacteria) after cleaning and a reduction in microorgansim touch transfer.
- the microstructured surface may provide a reduction in microorgansim touch transfer, yet not provide a reduction of microorganism (e.g. bacteria) after cleaning due to the dimensional features and/or angles of the peaks and valleys
- a method of cleaning an article comprising providing an article comprising a microstructured surface as described herein and cleaning the microstructured surface.
- the microstructured surface Regardless of whether the microstuctured surface is mechanically cleaned with a wipe or brush and/or cleaned by applying an antimicrobial solution to the microstructured surface, the microstructured surface provides improved removal of microorganism (e.g. bacteria) in comparison to planar surfaces.
- microorganism e.g. bacteria
- FIG. 1 is a perspective review of a Cartesian coordinate system of a surface that can be utilized to describe various microstructured surfaces
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a microstructured surface
- FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a microstructured surface
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a microstructured surface comprising a linear array of prisms
- FIG. 4A is a perspective view of a microstructured surface comprising an array of cube comer elements
- FIG. 4B is a perspective view of a microstructured surface comprising an array of pyramid elements
- FIG. 4C is a perspective view illustrating the dimensions and angles of a cube comer element
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a microstructured surface comprising an array of preferred geometry cube comer elements
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of peak structures with various apex angles
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of peak structures with a rounded apexes
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of peak structures with planar apexes.
- FIG. 9 is an electron micrograph of a comparative microstmctured surface wherein the scale bar represents 20 microns;
- a microstmctured surface can be characterized in three-dimensional space by superimposing a Cartesian coordinate system onto its structure.
- a first reference plane 124 is centered between major surfaces 112 and 114.
- First reference plane 124 referred to as the y-z plane, has the x-axis as its normal vector.
- a second reference plane 126 referred to as the x-y plane, extends substantially coplanar with surface 116 and has the z-axis as its normal vector.
- a third reference plane 128, referred to as the x-z plane is centered between first end surface 120 and second end surface 122 and has the y-axis as its normal vector.
- the articles are three-dimensional on a macroscale.
- the base layer/base member can be considered planar with respect to the microstructures.
- the width and length of the microstructures are in the x-y plane and the height of the microstructures is in the z- direction.
- the base layer is parallel to the x-y plane and orthogonal to the z-plane.
- FIG. 2 is an illustrative cross-section of a microstructured surface 200.
- Such cross-section is representative of a plurality of discrete (e.g. post or rib) microstructures 220.
- the microstructures comprise a base 212 adj acent to an (e .g . engineered) planar surface 216 (surface 116 of FIG. 1 that is parallel to reference plane 126).
- Top (e.g. planar) surfaces 208 are spaced from the base 212 by the height (“H”) of the microstructure.
- the side wall 221 of microstructure 220 is perpendicular to planar surface 216.
- the microstructure When the side wall 221 is perpendicular to planar surface 216, the microstructure has a side wall angle of zero degrees. In the case of perpendicular side walls, of a peak microstructure are parallel to each other and parallel to adjacent microstructures having perpendicular side walls.
- microstructure 230 has side wall 231 that is angled rather than perpendicular relative to planar surface 216.
- the side wall angle 232 can be defined by the intersection of the side wall 231 and a reference plane 233 perpendicular to planar surface 216 (perpendicular to reference plane 126 and parallel to reference plane 128 of FIG. 1).
- the wall angle In the case of privacy films, such as described in US 9,335,449; the wall angle is typically less than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, or 5 degrees. Since the channels of privacy film comprise light absorbing material, larger wall angle can decrease transmission. However, as described herein, wall angles approaching zero degrees are also more difficult to clean.
- microstructured surfaces comprising microstructures having side wall angles greater than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 degrees.
- the side wall angle is at least 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 degrees.
- the side wall angle is at least 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 degrees.
- the microstructures are cube comer peak structures having a side wall angle of 30 degrees.
- the side wall angle is at least 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, or 45 degrees.
- the microstructures are prism structures having a side wall angle of 45 degrees.
- the side wall angle is at least 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, or 60 degrees. It is appreciated that the microstructured surface would be beneficial even when some of the side walls have lower side wall angles. For example, if half of the array of peak structures have side wall angles within the desired range, about half the benefit of improved microorganism (e.g. bacteria) removal may be obtained. Thus, in some embodiments, less than 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5 or 1% of the peak structures have side wall angles less than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 degree.
- less than 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5 or 1% of the peak structures have side wall angles less than 30, 25, 20, or 15 degrees. In some embodiments, less than 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5 or 1% of the peak structures have side wall angles less than 40, 35, or 30 degrees. Alternatively at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99% of the peak structures have a sufficiently large side wall angle, as described above.
- microstructures having a cross-sectional dimension no greater than 5 microns are believed to substantially interfere with the settlement and adhesion of target bacteria most responsible for HAIs or other biofouling problems such an increased drag, reduced heat transfer, filtration fouling etc.
- the cross- sectional width of the microstructure (“WM”) as depicted in this figure is less than or equal to the cross-sectional width of the channel or valley (“Wv”) between adjacent microstructures.
- the cross-sectional width of the channel or valley (Wv) between microstructures is also no greater than 5 microns.
- the channel or valley defined by the side walls has the same width (Wv) adjacent the top surface 208 as adjacent the bottom surface 212.
- the valley typically has a greater (e.g. maximum) width adjacent the top surface 208 as compared to the width of the channel or valley adjacent the bottom surface 212.
- microstructured surfaces comprising microstructures wherein the maximum width of the valleys is at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 microns and more typically greater than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 microns ranging up to 250 microns.
- the maximum width of the valleys is at least 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 microns.
- the maximum width of the valleys is no greater than 1000, 950, 900, 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 600, 550, 500, 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 225, 200, 175, 150, 125, 100, 75, or 50 microns.
- the maximum width of the valleys is no greater than 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, or 15 microns. It is appreciated that the microstructured surface would be beneficial even when some of the valleys are less than the maximum width. For example, if half of the total number of valleys of the microstructured surface are within the desired range, about half the benefit may be obtained. Thus, in some embodiments, less than 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5 or 1% of the valleys have a maximum width of less than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, or 5 microns. Alternatively at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99% of the valleys have a maximum width, as described above.
- the maximum width of the microstructures falls within the same ranges as described for the valleys. In other embodiments, the width of the valleys can be greater than the width of the microstructures.
- the microstructured surface is typically substantially free of microstructures having a width less than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 micron, inclusive of nanostructures having a width less than 1 micron. By substantially free, it is meant that there are none of such microstructures present or that some may be present provided that the presence thereof does not detract from the cleanability properties as will subsequently described.
- each of the dimensions of the microstructures is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
- none of the dimensions of at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99% microstructures are less than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 micron.
- FIG. 9 depicts a comparative microstructured surface having discontinuous valleys. Such surface has also been described as having groupings of features arranged with respect to one another as to define a tortuous pathway. Rather, the valleys are intersected by walls forming an array of individual cells, each cell surrounded by walls. Some of the cells are about 3 microns in length; whereas other cells are about 11 microns in length.
- the valleys of the microstructured surfaces described are substantially free of intersecting side walls or other obstructions to the valley.
- substantially free it is meant that there are no side walls or other obstructions present within the valleys or that some may be present provided that the presence thereof does not detract from the cleanability properties as subsequently described.
- the valleys are typically continuous in at least one direction. This can facilitate the flow of a cleaning solution through the valley.
- the arrangement of peaks typically does not define a tortuous pathway.
- the peak structures typically have a height (H) ranging from 1 to 125 microns.
- the height of the microstructures is at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 microns.
- the height of the microstructures is at least 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 microns.
- the height of the microstructures no greater than 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, or 50 microns.
- the height of the microstructures is no greater than 45, 40, 35, 30 or 25 microns.
- the height of the microstructures is no greater than 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, or 10 microns.
- the height of the valley or channel is within the same range as just described for the peak structures.
- the peak structures and valleys have the same height.
- the aspect ratio of the valley is the height of the valley (which can be the same as the peak height of the microstructure) divided by the maximum width of the valley. In some embodiment the aspect ratio of the valley is at least 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, or 0.25. In some embodiments, the aspect ratio of the valley is no greater than 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6 or 0.5. Thus, in some embodiments, the height of the valley is typically no greater than the maximum width of the valley, and more typically less than the maximum width of the valley.
- each microstructure may comprise various cross-sectional shapes including but not limited to paraellograms with optionally rounded comers, rectangles, squares, circles, half circles, half -ellipses, triangles trapezoids, other polygons (e.g. pentagons, hexagons, octagons, etc. and combinations thereof.
- microstructured surface does not prevent microorgansims (e.g. bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Staphyloccus aureus, or Psueodomonas aeruginosa) from being present on the microstructured surface or in other words does not prevent biofdm from forming.
- microorgansims e.g. bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Staphyloccus aureus, or Psueodomonas aeruginosa
- both smooth, planar surfaces and the microstructured surfaces described herein had about the same amount of microorganism (e.g. bacteria) present; i.e. in excess of 80 colony forming units, prior to cleaning.
- the presently described microstuctured surface would not be expected to be of benefit for sterile implantable medical devices.
- the presently described microstructured surface is easier to clean, providing a low amount of microorganism (e.g. bacteria) present after cleaning.
- microorganism e.g. bacteria
- scanning electron microscopy images suggest that large continuous biofilms typically form on a smooth surface.
- the biofilm is interrupted by the microstructured surface.
- the biofilm (before cleaning) is present as discontinuous aggregate and small groups of cells on the microstructured surface, rather than a continuous biofilm. After cleaning, biofilm aggregates in small patches cover the smooth surface.
- the microstructured surface was observed to have only small groups of cells and individual cells after cleaning.
- the microstructured surface provided a log 10 reduction of microorganism (e.g. bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Staphyloccus aureus, or Psueodomonas aeruginosa) of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 after cleaning.
- microorganism e.g. bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Staphyloccus aureus, or Psueodomonas aeruginosa
- the microstructured surface had a mean log 10 of recovered colony forming units of microorganism of less than 6, 5, 4, or 3 after cleaning for a highly contaminated surface as prepared according to the test methods. Typical surfaces would often have a lower initial contamination and thus would be expected to have even less recovered colony forming units after cleaning. The test methods for these properties are described in the examples.
- the microstructure surface can prevent an aqueous or (e.g. isopropanol) alcohol based cleaning solution from beading up as compared to a smooth surface comprised of the same polymeric (e.g. thermoplastic, thermoset, or polymerized resin) material.
- a cleaning solution beads up or in other words dewets
- the disinfectant agent may not be in contact with a microorganism for a sufficient duration of time to kill the microorganism.
- at least 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% of the microstructured surface can comprise cleaning solution 1, 2, and 3 minutes after applying the cleaning solution to the microstructured surface (according to the test method described in the examples).
- the microstructured surface may have the same surface as a brightness enhancing film.
- backlit liquid crystal displays generally include a brightness enhancing film positioned between a diffuser and a liquid crystal display panel.
- the brightness enhancing film collimates light thereby increasing the brightness of the liquid crystal display panel and also allowing the power of the light source to be reduced.
- brightness enhancing films have been utilized as an internal component of an illuminated display devices (e.g. cell phone, computer) that are not exposed to microorganisms (e.g. bacteria) or dirt.
- an illuminated display devices e.g. cell phone, computer
- microorganisms e.g. bacteria
- the microstructured surface 300 comprises a linear array of regular right prisms 320.
- Each prism has a first facet 321 and a second facet 322.
- the prisms are typically formed on a (e.g. preformed polymeric film) base member 310 that has a first planar surface 331 (parallel to reference plane 126) on which the prisms are formed and a second surface 332 that is substantially flat or planar and opposite first surface.
- apex angle Q, 340 is typically about 90°. However, this angle can range from 70° to 120° and may range from 80° to 100°. These apexes can be sharp (as shown), rounded (as shown in FIG.
- the spacing between (e.g. prism) peaks may be characterized as pitch (“P”).
- the pitch is also equal to the maximum width of the valley.
- the pitch is greater than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 microns ranging up to 250 microns, as previously described.
- the length (“L”) of the (e.g. prim) microstructures is typically the largest dimension and can span the entire dimension of the microstructured surface, film or article.
- the prism facets need not be identical and the prisms may be tilted with respect to each other, as shown in FIG. 6.
- the microstructured surface may have the same surface as cube comer retroreflective sheeting.
- Retroreflective materials are characterized by the ability to redirect light incident on the material back toward the originating light source. This property has led to the widespread use of retroreflective sheeting for a variety of traffic and personal safety uses.
- cube comer retroreflective sheeting typically comprises a thin transparent layer having a substantially planar front surface and a rear stmctured surface 10 comprising a plurality of cube comer elements 17.
- a seal film (not shown) is typically applied to the backside of the cube-comer elements; see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,025,159 and U.S. Pat. No.
- the seal film maintains an air interface at the backside of the cubes that enables total internal reflection at the interface and inhibits the entry of contaminants such as soil and/or moisture.
- the microstructured surface 10 of FIG. 4A may be characterized as an array of cube comer elements 17 defined by three sets of parallel grooves (i.e. valleys) 11, 12, and 13 ; two sets of grooves (i.e. valleys) intersect each other at an angle greater than 60 degrees and a third set of grooves (valleys) intersects each of the other two sets at an angle less than 60 degrees to form an array of canted cube comer element matched pairs (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,258 (Hoopman)).
- the angles for the grooves are chosen such that the dihedral angle formed at the linear of intersection of the grooves, e.g. 14, 15, and 16 for representative cube-comer element 17 are about 90 degrees.
- the triangular base has angle of at least 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, or 70 degrees and the other angles are 55, 56, 57, or 58 degrees.
- the microstmctured surface 400 of FIG. 4B may be characterized as an array of pyramidal peak stmctures 420 defined by a first set of parallel grooves (i.e. valleys) in the y direction and a second set of parallel groves in the x direction.
- the base of the pyramidal peak stmctures is a polygon, typically a square or rectangle depending on the spacing of the grooves.
- the apex angle Q, 440 is typically about 90°. However, this angle can range from 70° to 120° and may range from 80° to 100°. In other embodiments, the apex angle is at least 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, or 60°.
- cube comer element stmctures typically comprise at least two non-dihedral edges that are not coplanar as described for example in US 7,188,960; incorporated herein by reference.
- Full cubes are not tmncated.
- the base of full cube elements in plan view are not triangular.
- the non-dihedral edges of full cube elements are characteristically not all in the same plane (i.e. not coplanar).
- Such cube comer elements may be characterized as "preferred geometry (PG) cube comer elements”.
- a PG cube comer element may be defined in the context of a structured surface of cube comer elements that extends along a reference plane.
- a PG cube comer element means a cube comer element that has at least one non-dihedral edge that: (1) is nonparallel to the reference plane; and (2) is substantially parallel to an adjacent non-dihedral edge of a neighboring cube comer element.
- a cube comer element with reflective faces that comprise rectangles (inclusive of squares), trapezoids or pentagons are examples of PG cube comer elements.
- the microstmctured surface 500 may comprise an array of preferred geometry (PG) cube comer elements.
- the illustrative microstmctured surface comprises four rows (501, 502, 503, and 504) of preferred geometry (PG) cube comer elements.
- Each row of preferred geometry (PG) cube comer elements has faces formed from a first and second groove set also referred to as “side grooves”. Such side grooves range from being nominally parallel to non-parallel to within 1 degree to adjacent side grooves. Such side grooves are typically perpendicular to reference plane 124 of FIG. 1.
- the third face of such cube comer elements preferably comprises a primary groove face 550.
- This primary groove face ranges from being nominally perpendicular to non-perpendicular within 1 degree to the face formed from the side grooves.
- the side grooves can form an apex angle Q, of nominally 90 degrees.
- the row of preferred geometry (PG) cube comer elements comprises peak structures formed from an alternating pair of side grooves 510 and 511 (e.g. about 75 and about 105 degrees) as depicted in FIG. 5.
- the apex angle 540 of adjacent (PG) cube comer elements can be greater than or less than 90 degrees.
- the average apex angle of adjacent (PG) cube comer elements in the same row is typically 90 degrees.
- the side grooves can be independently formed on individual lamina (thin plates) , each lamina having a single row of such cube comer elements. Pairs of laminae having opposing orientation are positioned such that their respective primary groove faces form primary groove 552, thereby minimizing the formation of vertical walls.
- the lamina can be assembled to form a microstmctured surface which is then replicated to form a tool of suitable size.
- all the peak stmctures have the same apex angle Q.
- the previously described microstmctured surface of FIG. 3 depicts a plurality of prism stmctures, each having an apex angle Q of 90 degrees.
- the previously described microstmctured surface of FIG. 4B depicts a plurality of pyramidal stmctures, each having an apex angle Q of 60 degrees.
- the peak stmctures may form apex angles that are not the same. For example, as depicted in FIG.
- the peak stmctures may have an apex angle greater than 90 degrees and some of the peak stmctures may have an apex angle less than 90 degrees.
- the peak structures of an array of microstructures have peak structures with different apex angles, yet the apex angles average a value ranging from 60 to 120 degrees.
- the average apex angle is at least 65, 70, 75, 80, or 85 degrees.
- the average apex angle is less than 115, 110, 100, or 95 degrees.
- the microstructured surface 600 may comprise a plurality of peak structures such as 646, 648, and 650 having peaks 652, 654, and 656, respectively.
- the facets of adjacent peak structures may also define the valley between adjacent peaks.
- the facets of the peak structure form a valley with a valley angle of less than 90 degrees (e.g. valley 658).
- the facets of the peak structure form a valley with a valley angle of greater than 90 degrees (e.g. valley 660).
- the valleys are symmetrical, such as depicted by valleys 658 and 660. In other embodiments, the valleys are symmetrical such as depicted by valley 662.
- valley is symmetrical the side walls of adjacent peak structures that define the valley are substantially the same.
- valley is asymmetrical, the side walls of adjacent peak structures that define the valley are different.
- the microstructured surface may have a combination of symmetrical and asymmetrical valleys.
- FIG. 7 shows another embodiment of a microstuctured surface 700, wherein the peak structures have rounded apexes 740.
- These peak structures are characterized by a chord width 742, a cross-sectional base peak width 744, radius of curvature 746, and root angle 748.
- the chord width is equal to about 20% to 40% of the cross-sectional pitch width.
- the radius of curvature is equal to about 20% to 50% of the cross-sectional pitch width.
- the root angle is at least 50, 65, 70, 80 or 85 degrees. In some embodiments, the root angle is no greater than 110, 105, 100, or 95 degrees.
- root angle is at least 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, or 90 degrees can be preferred.
- the root angle can be the same as the valley angle.
- the peak structures have apexes that are rounded to a radius in a range of at least 2, 3, or 4 and no greater than 15, 10, or 5 micrometers.
- FIG. 8 shows another embodiment of a microstructured surface 800, wherein the peak structures 840 are truncated, having flat or in other words planar top surface (substantially parallel to reference plane 126 of FIG. 1).
- These peak structures can be are characterized by a flattened width 842 and cross-sectional base peak width 844.
- the flattened width can be equal to or less than 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1% of the cross- sectional base peak width.
- a peak structure can have the same side wall angle regardless of whether the apex is sharp, rounded, or truncated.
- the peak structures typically comprise at least two (e.g. prisms of FIG.
- the peak structures comprise eight side wall facets.
- the facets have rounded or truncated surfaces, such as shown in FIGs 7-8; the microstructures may not be characterized by a specific geometric shape.
- the microstructured surface When the facets of the microstructures are joined such that the apex and valleys are sharp or rounded, but not truncated, the microstructured surface can be characterized are being free of flat surfaces, that are parallel to the planar base layer. However, wherein the apex and/or valleys are truncated, the microstructured surface typically comprises less than 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5 or 1% of flat surface area that is substantially parallel to the planar base layer.
- the valleys may have flat surfaces and only one of the side walls of the peaks is angled such as shown in FIG. 2A. However, in favored embodiments, both side walls of adjacent peaks defining the valley(s) are angled toward each other, as previously depicted. Thus, the side walls on either side of a valley are not parallel to each other.
- the facets of adjacent (e.g. prism or cube comer) peak structures are typically connected at the bottom of the valley, i.e. proximate the planar base layer.
- the facets of the peak structures form a continuous surface in the same direction.
- the facets 321 and 322 of the (e.g. prism) peak stmctures are continuous in the direction of the length (L) of the microstmctures or in otherwords, the y-direction.
- the primary grooves 452 and 550 of the PG cube comer elements of FIG. 5 form a continuous surface in the y-direction.
- the facets form a semi-continuous surface in the same direction.
- facets of the (e.g. cube comer or pyramidal) peak stmctures are in the same plane in both the x- and y- directions.
- the apex angle of the peak stmcture is typically two times the wall angle, particularly when the facets of the peak stmctures are interconnected at the valleys between peak stmctures.
- the apex angle is typically greater than 20 degrees and more typically at least 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, or 60 degrees.
- the apex angle of the peak stmcture is typically less than 160 degrees and more typically less than 155, 150, 145, 140, 135, 130, 125 or 120 degrees.
- Topography maps were obtained using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).
- CLSM confocal laser scanning microscopy
- the CLSM instmment used for all imaging is a Keyence VK-X200.
- CLSM is an optical microscopy technique that scans the surface using a focused laser beam to map the topography of a surface.
- CLSM works by passing a laser bean through a light source aperture which is then focused by an objective lens into a small area on the surface and image is built up pixel-by-pixel by collecting the emitted photons from the sample. It uses a pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation.
- Dimensional analysis was used to measure various parameters using SPIP 6.7.7 image metrology software according to the manual (see https://www.imaaemet.com/media-iibrarv/support-
- S Parameters is defined as: where M and N are the number of data points X and Y.
- the comparative smooth surfaces that were found to have poor microorganism removal after cleaning had an average surface roughness, Sa, of at least 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 nm.
- the average surface roughness, Sa, of the comparative smooth surfaces was less than 1000 nm (1 micron).
- Sa of the comparative smooth surface was at least 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, or 350 nm.
- Sa of the comparative smooth surface was no greater than 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, or 400 nm.
- the average surface roughness, Sa, of the microstructured surfaces having improved microorganism removal after cleaning was 1 micron (1000 nm) or greater.
- Sa was at least 1100 nm, 1200 nm, 1300 nm, 1400 nm, 1500 nm, 1600 nm, 1700 nm, 1800 nm, 1900 nm, or 2000 nm (2 microns). In some embodiments, Sa of the microstructured surfaces was at least 2500 nm, 3000 nm, 3500 nm, 4000 nm or 5000 nm. In some embodiments, Sa of the microstructured surfaces was at least 10,000 nm, 15,000 nm, 20,000 nm or 25,000 nm.
- Sa of the microstructured surfaces having improved microorganism removal after cleaning was no greater than 40,000 nm (40 microns), 35,000 nm, 30,000 nm, 15,000 nm, 10,000 nm, or 5,000 nm.
- Sa of the microstructured surface is at least 2 or 3 times the Sa of a smooth surface. In other embodiments, Sa of the microstructured surface is at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 times the Sa of a smooth surface. In other embodiments, Sa of the microstructured surface is at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 times the Sa of a smooth surface. In other embodiments, Sa of the microstructured surface is at least 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 times the Sa of a smooth surface. where M and N are the number of data points X and Y.
- Vv(h0.80) is the void volume at valley zone within 80 -100% bearing area.
- the Sbi/Svi ratio of the comparative smooth samples were 1 and 3.
- the microstructured surfaces having improved microorganism removal after cleaning had a Sbi/Svi ratio of greater than 3.
- the microstructured surfaces have a Sbi/Svi ratio of at least 4, 5, or 6.
- the microstructured surfaces having improved microorganism removal after cleaning had a Sbi/Svi ratio of at least 7, 8, 9, or 10.
- the microstructured surfaces having improved microorganism removal after cleaning had a Sbi/Svi ratio of at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 or 45.
- microstructured surfaces having improved microorganism removal after cleaning had a Sbi/Svi ratio of less than the comparative square wave microstructured surfaces.
- the microstructured surfaces having improved microorganism removal after cleaning had a Sbi/Svi ratio of less than 90, 85, 80, 75, 70 or 65.
- the microstructured surfaces having improved microorganism removal after cleaning had a Sbi/Svi ratio of less than 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, or 10.
- Topography maps can also be used to measure other features of the microstructured surface. For example, the peak height (especially of a repeating peak of the same height) can be determined from the height histogram function of the software. To calculate the percentage of “flat regions” of a square wave fdm, the “flat regions” can be identified using SPIP’s Particle Pore Analysis feature, which identifies certain shapes (in this case, the “flat tops” of the microstructured square wave film.
- microstructured fdms and articles can be formed by a variety of methods, including a variety of microreplication methods, including, but not limited to, coating, casting and curing a polymerizable resin, injection molding, and/or compressing techniques. For example, microstructuring of the (e.g.
- engineered surface can be achieved by at least one of (1) casting a molten thermoplastic using a tool having a microstructured pattern, (2) coating of a fluid onto a tool having a microstructured pattern, solidifying the fluid, and removing the resulting fdm, (3) passing a thermoplastic film through a nip roll to compress against a tool having a microstructured pattern (i.e., embossing), and/or (4) contacting a solution or dispersion of a polymer in a volatile solvent to a tool having a microstructured pattern and removing the solvent, e.g., by evaporation.
- the tool can be formed using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art, selected depending in part upon the tool material and features of the desired topography.
- Illustrative techniques include etching (e.g., chemical etching, mechanical etching, or other ablative means such as laser ablation or reactive ion etching, etc., and combinations thereof), photolithography, stereolithography, micromachining, knurling (e.g., cutting knurling or acid enhanced knurling), scoring, cutting, etc., or combinations thereof.
- the tool is a metal tool.
- the tool may further comprise a diamond like glass layer, such as described in W02009/032815 (David).
- thermoplastic extrusion e.g. engineered
- curable fluid coating methods e.g., curable fluid coating methods
- embossing thermoplastic layers which can also be cured. Additional information regarding materials and various processes for forming the (e.g. engineered) microstructured surface can be found, for example, in Halverson et ah, PCT Publication No. WO 2007/070310 and US Publication No. US 2007/0134784; Hanschen et ak, US Publication No. US 2003/0235677; Graham et ak, PCT Publication No. W02004/000569; Ylitalo et ah, US Patent No.
- the microstructured surface is incorporated into at least a portion of the surface of an article.
- the microstructured surface is typically formed during the manufacture of the article. In some embodiments, this is accomplished by molding of a (e.g. thermoplastic, thermosetting, or polymerizable) resin, compression molding of a (e.g. thermoplastic of thermosetting) sheet, or thermoforming of a microstructured sheet.
- a resin e.g. thermoplastic, thermosetting, or polymerizable
- an article of component thereof such as a cell phone case or housing can be prepared by casting a liquid (e.g. thermoplastic, thermosetting, or polymerizable) resin into a mold, wherein the mold surface comprises a negative replication of the microstructured surface.
- a liquid e.g. thermoplastic, thermosetting, or polymerizable
- Epoxy resin compositions generally comprises at least one epoxy resins containing at least two epoxide groups.
- An epoxide group is a cyclic ether with three ring atoms, also sometimes referred to as a glycidyl or oxirane group.
- Epoxy resins are typically low molecular weight monomers that are liquids at ambient temperature.
- the epoxy resin composition generally comprises at least one epoxy resin that comprises at least one cyclic moiety.
- the cyclic moiety may be aromatic or cycloaliphatic.
- the epoxy resin composition comprises a bisphenol epoxy resin.
- Bisphenol epoxy resins are formed from reacting epichlorohydrin with bisphenol A to form diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A.
- Examples of commercially available bisphenol epoxy resins include diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A (e.g. those available under the trade designations EPON 828, EPON 1001, EPON 1004, EPON 2004, EPON 1510, and EPON 1310 from Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc., and those under the trade designations D.E.R. 331, D.E.R. 332, D.E.R. 334, and D.E.N.
- Aromatic epoxy resins can also be prepared by reaction of aromatic alcohols such as biphenyl diols and triphenyl diols and triols with epichlorohydrin. Such aromatic biphenyl and triphenyl epoxy resins are not bisphenol epoxy resins.
- One representative compound is tris-(hydroxyl phenyl)methane-based epoxy available from Huntsman Corporation, Basel, Switzerland as TactixTM 742.
- Novolac epoxy resins are formed by reaction of phenols with formaldehyde and subsequent glycidylation with epichlorohydrin produces epoxidized novolacs, such as epoxy phenol novolacs (EPN) and epoxy cresol novolacs (ECN). These are highly viscous to solid resins with typical mean epoxide functionality of around 2 to 6.
- a representative commercially available novolac epoxy resin is a semi-solid epoxy novolac resin commercially available from Dow as the trade designation “D.E.N. 431.” Such novolac epoxy resins can be used in combination with an epoxy resin that is liquid at 25°C.
- epoxy resins are cycloaliphatic epoxy resins containing more than one 1,2 epoxy group per molecule. These are generally prepared by epoxidizing unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, such as cyclo-olefins, using hydrogen peroxide or peracids such as peracetic acid and perbenzoic acid, as known in the art. Such cycloaliphatic epoxy resins have a saturated (i.e. non-aromatic) ring structure wherein the epoxide group is part of the ring or is attached to the ring structure. These epoxy resins typically contain one or more ester linkages between the epoxide groups.
- Alkylene (C1-C4) linkages are also typically present between an epoxide group and ester linkage or between ester linkages.
- Illustrative cycloaliphatic epoxy resins include for example 3, 4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3, 4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate bis(3,4- epoxycyclohexylmethyl) adipate.
- Another suitable cycloaliphatic epoxy resins includes vinylcyclohexane dioxide that contains two epoxide groups, one that is part of a ring structure; 3,4- epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl-3, 4-epoxy cyclohexane carboxylate and dicyclopentadiene dioxide.
- Suitable cycloaliphatic epoxy resins including glycidyl ethers include l,2-bis(2,3- epoxycyclopentyloxy)-ethane; 2,3 -epoxy cyclopentyl glycidyl ether; diglycidyl cyclohexane- 1,2- dicarboxylate; 3, 4-epoxy cyclohexyl glycidyl ether; bis-(2, 3 -epoxy cyclopentyl) ether; bis-(3,4- epoxycyclohexyl) ether; 5(6)-glycidyl-2-(l,2-epoxyethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane; cyclohexa-1,3- diene dioxide; 3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl3',4'-epoxy-6'-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate.
- epoxy resins in which the 1,2-epoxy groups are attached to various heteroatoms or functional groups include, for example, the N,N,O-triglycidyl derivative of 4-aminophenol, the N,N,O-triglycidyl derivative of 3-aminophenol, the glycidyl ether/glycidyl ester of salicylic acid, N-glycicyl-N'-(2-glycidyloxypropyl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin or 2-glycidyloxy- 1 ,3 -bis-(5 ,5 -dimethyl- 1 -glycidylhydantoin-3 -yl)propane .
- the epoxy resin typically has an epoxy equivalent weight from 50 to 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 grams per epoxide group.
- the epoxy resins typically have a viscosity less than about 1000 cps at 25 °C. In some embodiments, the viscosity is at least 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300 centipoise. In some embodiments, the viscosity is no greater than 900, 800, 700, 600, or 500 centipoise.
- a single epoxy resin or combination of epoxy resins may be utilized.
- the epoxy resin composition typically comprises at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 wt.-% of epoxy resin(s), based on the weight of the total epoxy resin composition. Due to the high concentration of thermally conductive inorganic particles, the amount of epoxy resin(s), is typically no greater than 20 wt.-%, and in some embodiments no greater than 19, 18, 17, 16, or 15 wt.-%.
- the epoxy resin composition further comprises an oligomeric or polymeric component.
- the oligomeric or polymeric component can impart flexibility, thermal shock resistance, crack resistance and impact resistance to the cured epoxy resin composition.
- the oligomeric or polymeric component may be characterized as a toughening agent.
- a toughening agent is typically an organic polymer additive that phase separates in a cured epoxy resin. Toughening agents can be characterized as being non-reactive oligomeric or polymeric components.
- Toughening agents include for example block copolymers, amphiphilic block copolymers, acrylic block copolymers, carboxyl terminated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (CTBN), core shell rubbers (CSR), linear polybutadiene-polyacrylonitrile copolymers, oligiomeric polysiloxanes, silicone polyethers, organopolysiloxane resins, or mixtures thereof.
- CBN carboxyl terminated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber
- CSR core shell rubbers
- oligiomeric polysiloxanes oligiomeric polysiloxanes
- silicone polyethers silicone polyethers
- organopolysiloxane resins or mixtures thereof.
- Other epoxy-reactive polymeric toughening agents include carboxyl terminated polybutadiene, polysulfide-based toughening agents, amine terminated butadiene nitrile rubbers, polythioethers, or mixtures thereof.
- epoxy-reactive oligomeric components include for example fatty acids; fatty acid anhydrides such as polyazelaic polyanhydride and dodecenylsuccinic anhydride; diols such as ethylene glycol, polyols, polyetherdiols such as polymers of ethylene glycol polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, fatty alcohols, and other materials having hydroxyl groups, carboxyl epoxy, and/or carboxylic anhydride functionality.
- fatty acids fatty acid anhydrides such as polyazelaic polyanhydride and dodecenylsuccinic anhydride
- diols such as ethylene glycol, polyols, polyetherdiols such as polymers of ethylene glycol polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, fatty alcohols, and other materials having hydroxyl groups, carboxyl epoxy, and/or carboxylic anhydride functionality.
- Suitable oligomeric components include trihydric and dihydric carboxyl-terminated, carboxylic anhydride-terminated, glycidyl-terminated and hydroxyl-terminated polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols or polybutylene glycols.
- the epoxy resin composition comprises a curing agent.
- curatives for epoxy resins include amines, amides, ureas, imidazoles, and thiols.
- the curing agent is typically highly reactive with the epoxide groups at ambient temperature.
- the curing agent comprises reactive -NH groups or reactive -NR 1 R 2 groups wherein Ri and R 2 are independently H or Ci to C 4 alkyl, and most typically H or methyl.
- the polyamine curing agent may be straight-chain, branched, or cyclic.
- the polyamine crosslinker is aliphatic.
- aromatic polyamines can be utilized.
- Useful polyamines are of the general formula R 5 -(NR I R 2 ) X wherein Ri andR 2 are independently H or alkyl, R 5 is a polyvalent alkylene or arylene, and x is at least two.
- the alkyl groups of Ri and R 2 are typically Ci to Cis alkyl, more typically Ci to C 4 alkyl, and most typically methyl.
- Ri and R 2 may be taken together to form a cyclic amine.
- x is two (i.e. diamine).
- x is 3 (i.e. triamine).
- x is 4.
- Useful diamines may be represented by the general formula: wherein Ri, R 2 , R 3 and R t are independently H or alkyl, and R 5 is a divalent alkylene or arylene.
- Ri, R 2 , R 3 and R t are each H and the diamine is a primary amine. In other embodiments, Ri and R t are each H and R 2 , and R t are each independently alkyl; and the diamine is a secondary amine. In yet other embodiments, Ri, R 2 , R 3 and R are independently alkyl and the diamine is a tertiary amine.
- primary amines are preferred. Examples include hexamethylene diamine; 1,10-diaminodecane; 1,12-diaminododecane; 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethylamine; isophorone diamine; norbomane diamine 4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane; and 1,3- bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane.
- Illustrative six member ring diamines include for example piperzine and l,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (“DABCO”).
- polyamines having at least three amino groups include polyamines having at least three amino groups, wherein the three amino groups are primary, secondary, or a combination thereof. Examples include 3,3’- diaminobenzidine and hexamethylene triamine.
- Common curing agents used to cure cycloaliphatic epoxy resin include anhydrides derived from a carboxylic acid which possesses at least one anhydride group. Such anhydride curing agents are described in US 6,194,024; incorporated herein by reference.
- the curable epoxy resin compositions may be provided as a two-part composition.
- the two components of a two-part composition may be mixed prior to dispensing the epoxy resin composition into a mold. At least a portion of the mold comprises a negative replication of the microstructured surface described herein.
- a microstructured surface is prepared by compression molding of an epoxy resin sheet, wherein the mold surface comprises a negative replication of the microstructured surface.
- Epoxy resin sheet are produced by applying heat and pressure to layers of paper, canvas, linen or glass cloth impregnated with synthetic thermosetting epoxy resins including a latent curing agent.
- a variety of resin types and cloth materials can be used to manufacture thermoset laminates with a range of mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties.
- the curable epoxy resin sheet can be shaped by contacting the molding surface with the sheet and applying heat and pressure. The heat and pressure initially softens the material such that the microstructured surface is replicated onto the surface of the epoxy resin sheet. The heat also cures (i.e. sets) the epoxy resin such that the microstructured surface is maintained.
- G-10 has a combination of good electrical properties, high strength, higher dimensional stability and high humidity resistance. Representative properties of G-10 are as follows. Other materials with similar properties can also be used.
- the peak structures and (e.g. planar) base member comprise a different material.
- a microstructure-bearing article e.g. brightness enhancing film
- a method including the steps of (a) preparing a polymerizable composition; (b) depositing the polymerizable composition onto a master negative microstructured molding surface in an amount barely sufficient to fill the cavities of the master; (c) filling the cavities by moving a bead of the polymerizable composition between a preformed base (such as a monolithic or multilayer e.g.
- the master can be metallic, such as nickel, nickel-plated copper or brass, or can be a thermoplastic material that is stable under the polymerization conditions, and that preferably has a surface energy that allows clean removal of the polymerized material from the master.
- One or more the surfaces of the base film can optionally be primed or otherwise be treated to promote adhesion of the optical layer to the base.
- Such casting and curing method can be utilized to form a microstructured film.
- Such method can also be utilized to form a thermoformable microstructured base member (e.g. sheet or plate).
- a method of making an article comprising providing a base member (e.g. sheet or plate) comprising a microstructured surface.
- the base member comprises a thermoplastic of thermosettable material.
- the peak structures comprise a different material than the base member such that the peak structures have a melt temperature greater than the base member.
- the peak structures typically comprise a cured polymerizable resin.
- the method comprises thermoforming the microstructured base member (e.g. film, sheet or plate) into an article at a temperature below the melt temperature of the peak structures.
- vacuum forming may be used in combination with thermoforming, also known as dual vacuum thermoforming (DVT).
- the thermoformed article may be a three- dimensional shell, such as an oxygen mask or (e.g. interior) automotive trim part.
- Useful base member materials include, for example, styrene-acrylonitrile, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose triacetate, polyether sulfone, polymethyl methacrylate, polyurethane, polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyethylene naphthalate, copolymers or blends based on naphthalene dicarboxylic acids, poly cyclo-olefins, polyimides, silicone and fluorinated films, and glass.
- the base material can contain mixtures or combinations of these materials.
- the base may be multi-layered or may contain a dispersed component suspended or dispersed in a continuous phase.
- An example of a useful PET films include photograde polyethylene terephthalate and MELINEXTM PET available from DuPont Films of Wilmington, Del.
- An example of a useful thermoformable material is polyethylene terephthalate (polyester with glycol) commercially available as VIVAK PETG. Such material is characterized by having a tensile strength ranging from 5000-10,000 psi (ASTM D638) and a flexural strength of 5,000 to 15,000 (ASTM D-790). Such material has a glass transition temperature of 178°F (ASTM D-3418).
- the polymerizable resin comprises at least one (meth)acrylate monomer or oligomer comprising at least two (meth)acrylate groups (e.g. Photomer 6210) and a (e.g. multi (meth)acrylate) crosslinker (e.g. HDDA).
- the materials for retroreflective sheeting and brightness enhancing films have been chosen based on the optical properties.
- the peak structures and adjacent valleys typically comprise a material having a refractive index of at least 1.50, 1.55, 1.60 or greater. Further, the transmission of visible light is typically greater than 85 or 90%.
- the microstructured film or sheet may further comprise a printed graphic.
- the materials of the microstructures and (e.g. planar) base member may be chosen to provide specific optical properties in addition to the improved microorganism removal and/or reduced touch transfer described herein.
- the (e.g. planar) base member may comprise a multilayer optical film comprising at least a plurality of alternating first and second optical layers collectively reflecting at least one of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, or 75° incident light angle at least 30 percent of incident ultraviolet light over at least a 30-nanometer wavelength reflection bandwidth in a wavelength range from at least 100 nanometers to 280 nanometers.
- Such multilayer optical films are described in W02020/070589; incorporated herein by reference.
- the incident visible light transmission through at least the plurality of alternating first and second optical layers is greater than 30 percent over at least a 30- nanometer wavelength reflection bandwidth in a wavelength range from at least 400 nanometers to 750 nanometers.
- the first optical layer may comprise at least one polyethylene copolymer.
- the second optical layer may comprise at least one of a copolymer comprising tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinylidene fluoride, a copolymer comprising tetrafluoro-ethylene and hexafluoropropylene, or perfluoroalkoxy alkane.
- the first optical layer may comprise titania, zirconia, zirconium oxynitride, hafhia, or alumina.
- the second optical layer may comprise at least one of silica, aluminum fluoride, or magnesium fluoride.
- the microstructures together with the multilayer optical film provide a visible light transparent UV-C protection layer or in other words a UV-C shield. UVC light can be used to disinfect surfaces, however these wavelengths can damage any organic material and causing unwanted discoloration. By combining the microstructured surfaces described herein with a UV-C shield, the surface can be cleaned with both UVC light and conventional cleaning method (e.g. wiping, scrubbing, and/or applying an antimicrobial solution) to disinfect the microstructured surface.
- conventional cleaning method e.g. wiping, scrubbing, and/or applying an antimicrobial solution
- a continuous land layer 360 can be present between the bottom of the channels or valleys and the top surface 331 of (e.g. planar) base member 310.
- the thickness of the land layer is typically at least 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 microns ranging up to 50 microns. In some embodiments, the thickness of the land layer is no greater than 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, or 10 microns.
- the microstructured surface (e.g. at least peak structures thereof) comprise an organic polymeric material with a glass transition temperature (as measured with Differential Scanning Calorimetry) of at least 25°C. In some embodiments, the organic polymeric material has a glass transition temperature of at least 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 or 60°C. In some embodiments, the organic polymeric material has a glass transition temperature no greater than 100, 95, 90, 85, 80, or 75 °C. In other embodiments, the microstructured surface (e.g. at least peak structure thereof) comprises an organic polymeric material with a glass transition temperature as measured with Differential Scanning Calorimetry) of less than 25°C or less than 10°C.
- the microstructures may be an elastomer.
- An elastomer may be understood as a polymer with the property of viscoelasticity (or elasticity) generally having suitably low Young’s modulus and high yield strain as compared with other materials.
- the term is often used interchangeably with the term rubber, although the latter is preferred when referring to crosslinked polymers.
- the organic polymeric material may also be fdled with suitable organic or inorganic fdlers and for certain applications the fdlers are radioopaque.
- the microstructures or microstructured surface may be made of a curable, thermoset material. Unlike thermoplastic materials wherein melting and solidifying is thermally reversible; thermoset plastics cure after heating and therefore although initially thermoplastic, either cannot be remelted after curing or the melt temperature is significantly higher after being cured.
- the thermoset material comprise a majority of silicone polymer by weight.
- the silicone polymer will be polydialkoxysiloxane such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), such that the microstructures are made of a material that is a majority PDMS by weight.
- the microstructures may be all or substantially all PDMS.
- the microstructures may each be over 95wt.% PDMS.
- the PDMS is a cured thermoset composition formed by the hydrosilylation of silicone hydride (Si-H) functional PDMS with unsaturated functional PDMS such as vinyl functional PDMS.
- the Si-H and unsaturated groups may be terminal, pendant, or both.
- the PDMS can be moisture curable such as alkoxysilane terminated PDMS.
- silicone polymers besides PDMS may be useful, for example, silicones in which some of the silicon atoms have other groups that may be aryl, for example phenyl, alkyl, for example ethyl, propyl, butyl or octyl, fluororalkyl, for example 3,3,3- trifluoropropyl, or arylalkyl, for example 2-phenylpropyl.
- the silicone polymers may also contain reactive groups, such as vinyl, silicon-hydride (Si-H), silanol (Si-OH), acrylate, methacrylate, epoxy, isocyanate, anhydride, mercapto and chloroalkyl.
- silicones may be thermoplastic or they may be cured, for example, by condensation cure, addition cure of vinyl and Si-H groups, or by free-radical cure of pendant acrylate groups. They may also be cross-linked with the use of peroxides. Such curing may be accomplished with the addition of heat or actinic radiation.
- thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers including polyurethanes, polyolefins including metallocene polyolefins, low density polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene methacrylate copolymer; polyesters such as elastomeric polyesters (e.g., Hytrel), biodegradable polyesters such as polylactic, polylactic/glycolic acids, copolymers of succinic acid and diols, and the like, fluoropolymers including fluoroelastomers, acrylic (polyacrylates and polymethacrylates).
- Polyurethanes may be linear and thermoplastic or thermoset. Polyurethanes may be formed from aromatic or aliphatic isocyanates combined with polyester or polyether polyols or a combination thereof.
- the microstructures or microstructured surface may be modified such that the microstructured surface is more hydrophilic.
- the microstructured surface generally may be modified such that a flat organic polymer film surface of the same material as the modified microstructured surface exhibits an advancing or receding contact angle of 45 degrees or less with deionized water. In the absence of such modifications, a flat organic polymer film surface of the same material as the microstructured surface typically exhibits an advancing or receding contact angle of greater than 45, 50, 55, or 60 degrees with deionized water.
- hydrophilic microstructured surface Any suitable known method may be utilized to achieve a hydrophilic microstructured surface.
- Surface treatments may be employed such as plasma treatment, vacuum deposition, polymerization of hydrophilic monomers, grafting hydrophilic moieties onto the film surface, corona or flame treatment, etc.
- the hydrophilic surface treatment comprises a zwitterionic silane
- the hydrophilic surface treatment comprises a non-zwitterionic silane.
- Non-zwitterionic silanes include a non-zwitterionic anionic silane, for instance.
- the hydrophilic surface treatment further comprises at least one silicate, for example and without limitation, comprising lithium silicate, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, silica, tetraethylorthosilicate, poly(diethoxysiloxane), or a combination thereof.
- silicates may be mixed into a solution containing the hydrophilic silane compounds, for application to the microstructured surface.
- a surfactant or other suitable agent may be added to the organic polymeric composition that is utilized to form the microstructured surface.
- a hydrophilic acrylate and initiator could be added to a polymerizable composition and polymerized by heat or actinic radiation.
- the microstructured surface can be formed from a hydrophilic polymers including homo and copolymers of ethylene oxide; hydrophilic polymers incorporating vinyl unsaturated monomers such as vinylpyrrolidone, carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, or phosphonic acid functional acrylates such as acrylic acid, hydroxy functional acrylates such as hydroxyethylacrylate, vinyl acetate and its hydrolyzed derivatives (e.g. polyvinylalcohol), acrylamides, polyethoxylated acrylates, and the like; hydrophilic modified celluloses, as well as polysaccharides such as starch and modified starches, dextran, and the like.
- the organic polymeric material of the microstructured surface may contain other additives such as antimicrobial agents (including antiseptics and antibiotics), dyes, mold release agents, antioxidants, plasticizers, thermal and light stabilizers including ultraviolet (UV) absorbers, fillers, pigments and the like.
- antimicrobial agents including antiseptics and antibiotics
- dyes including antiseptics and antibiotics
- mold release agents including antioxidants, plasticizers, thermal and light stabilizers including ultraviolet (UV) absorbers, fillers, pigments and the like.
- UV ultraviolet
- Suitable antimicrobials can be incorporated into or deposited onto the polymers. Suitable preferred antimicrobials include those described in US Publication Nos. 2005/0089539 and 2006/0051384 to Scholz et al. and US Publication Nos. 2006/0052452 and 2006/0051385 to Scholz.
- the microstructures of the present invention also may be coated with antimicrobial coatings such as those disclosed in International Application No. PCT US2011/37966 to Ali et al.
- the microstuctured surface is not prepared from a (e.g. fluorinated or PDMS) low surface energy material and does not comprise a low surface energy coating, a material or coating that on a flat surface has a receding contact angle with water of greater than 90, 95, 100, 105, or 110 degrees.
- the low surface energy of the material is not contributing to the cleanability. Rather, the improvement in cleaning is attributed to the features of the microstructured surface.
- the microstructured surface is prepared from a material such that a flat surface of the material typically has a receding contact angle with water of less than 90, 85, or 80 degrees.
- a low surface energy coating may be applied to the microstructures.
- exemplary low surface energy coating materials that may be used include materials such as hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO), or organosilanes such as, alkylsilane, alkoxysilane, acrylsilanes, polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane (POSS) and fluorine-containing organosilanes, just to name a few.
- HFPO hexafluoropropylene oxide
- organosilanes such as, alkylsilane, alkoxysilane, acrylsilanes, polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane (POSS) and fluorine-containing organosilanes, just to name a few.
- PHS polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane
- fluorine-containing organosilanes just to name a few.
- the bloom additive may retard or prevent crystallization of the base composition. Suitable bloom additives may be found, for example, in International Publication No. WO2009/152345 to Scholz et al. and US Patent No. 7,879,746 to Klun et al.
- a method of providing an article having a surface with increased microorganism (e.g. bacteria) removal when cleaned is described.
- the microstructured surface may be mechanically cleaned, for example by wiping the microstructured surface with a woven or non-woven material or scrubbing the microstructured surface with a brush.
- the fibers of the woven or non-woven material have a fiber diameter less than the maximum width of the valleys.
- the bristles of the brush have a diameter less than the maximum width of the valleys.
- the microstructured surface may be cleaned by applying an antimicrobial solution to the microstructured surface.
- the microstructured surface can also be cleaned by (e.g. ultraviolet) radiation-based disinfection. Combinations of such cleaning technique can be used.
- the antimicrobial solution may contain an antiseptic component.
- antiseptic components are known including for example biguanides and bisbiguanides such as chlorhexidine and its various salts including but not limited to the digluconate, diacetate, dimethosulfate, and dilactate salts, as well as combinations thereof, polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds such as polyhexamethylenebiguanide; silver and various silver complexes; small molecule quaternary ammonium compounds such as benzalkoium chloride and alkyl substituted derivatives; di-long chain alkyl (C8-C18) quaternary ammonium compounds; cetylpyridinium halides and their derivatives; benzethonium chloride and its alkyl substituted derivatives; octenidine and compatible combinations thereof.
- the antimicrobial component may be a cationic antimicrobial or oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, bleach.
- the antimicrobial component is a small molecule quaternary ammonium compounds.
- preferred quaternary ammonium antiseptics include benzalkonium halides having an alkyl chain length of C8-C18, more preferably C12-C16, and most preferably a mixture of chain lengths.
- a typical benzalkonium chloride sample may be comprise of 40% C12 alkyl chains, 50% C14 alkyl chains, and 10% C16 alkyl chains.
- Lonza Barquat MB-50
- Benzalkonium halides substituted with alkyl groups on the phenyl ring A commercially avaible example is Barquat 4250 available from Lonza; dimethyldialkylammonium halides where the alkyl groups have chain lengths of C8-C18.
- a mixture of chain lengths such as mixture of dioctyl, dilauryl, and dioctadecyl may be particularly useful.
- Exemplary compounds are commercially available from Lonza as Bardac 2050, 205M and 2250 from Lonza; Cetylpyridinium halides such as cetylpyridinium chloride available from Merrell labs as Cepacol Chloride; Benzethonium halides and alkyl substituted benzethonium halides such as Hyamine 1622 and Hyamine 10. times available from Rohm and Haas; octenidine and the like.
- the (e.g. disinfectant) antimicrobial solution kills enveloped viruses (e.g. herpes viruses, influenza, hepatitis B), non-enveloped viruses (e.g. papillomaviruses, norovirus, rhinovirus, rotovirus), DNA viruses (e.g. poxviruses), RNA viruses (e.g. coronaviruses, norovirus), retroviruses (e.g. HIV-1), MRSA, VRE, KPC, Acinetobacter and other pathogens in 3 minutes.
- enveloped viruses e.g. herpes viruses, influenza, hepatitis B
- non-enveloped viruses e.g. papillomaviruses, norovirus, rhinovirus, rotovirus
- DNA viruses e.g. poxviruses
- RNA viruses e.g. coronaviruses, norovirus
- retroviruses e.g. HIV-1
- the aqueous disinfectant solution may contain a 1:256 dilution of a disinfectant concentrate containing benzyl-C12-16-alkyldimethyl ammonium chlorides (8.9 wt.%) octyldecyldimethylammonium chloride (6.67 wt.%), dioctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (2.67 wt.%), surfactant (5-10%), ethtyl alcohol (1-3 wt-%) and chealating agent (7-10 wt.%) adjusted to a pH of 1-3.
- an object of the invention is to provide an article having a surface with increased microorganism (e.g. bacteria) removal when cleaned
- the article is typically not a (e.g. sterile) medical article such as nasal gastric tubes, wound contact layers, blood stream catheters, stents, pacemaker shells, heart valves, orthopedic implants such as hips, knees, shoulders, etc., periodontal implants, dentures, dental crowns, contact lenses, intraocular lenses, soft tissue implants (breast implants, penile implants, facial and hand implants, etc..), surgical tools, sutures including degradable sutures, cochlear implants, tympanoplasty tubes, shunts including shunts for hydrocephalus, post-surgical drain tubes and drain devices, urinary catheters, endotraecheal tubes, heart valves, wound dressings, other implantable devices, and other indwelling devices.
- the article is also not an orthodontic appliance or orthodontic brackets.
- the medical articles just described may be characterized as single use articles, i.e. the article is used once and then disgarded.
- the above articles may also be characterized as single person (e.g. patient) articles. Thus, such articles are typically not cleaned (rather than sterilized) and reused with other patients.
- the articles and surfaces described herein include those where the microstructured surface is exposed to the surrounding (e.g. indoor or outdoor) environment and is subject to being touched or otherwise coming in contact with multiple people and/or animals, as well as other contaminants (e.g. dirt).
- the microstructured surface of the article comes in direct (e.g. skin) contact with (e.g. multiple) people and/or animals during normal use of the article.
- the microstructured surface may come is close proximity to (e.g. multiple) people/or animals in the absence of direct (e.g. skin) contact.
- the microstructured surface comes in close proximity such article surfaces can easily be contaminated with microorganisms (e.g. bacteria) and are therefore cleaned to prevent the spreading of microorganisms to others.
- Representative articles that would be cleaned during normal use and/or are amenable for use with a (e.g. removable) protective fdm or integrating the microstructured surface into the surface of the article include various interior or exterior surfaces or components of a) surface or component of a vehicle (e.g. automobile, bus, train, airplane, boat, ambulances, ships) as well as motorized and non-motorized shared vehicles such as car, scooters and bicycles including head rests, dashboards, door panels, window shutter (e.g. of an airplane), gear shifter, seat belt buckle, instrument and button panels, (e.g. plastic) seat back trays and arm rests, railings, cabin siding, luggage compartment, steering wheels handlebars; b) housing and cases of an electronic device (e.g.
- a vehicle e.g. automobile, bus, train, airplane, boat, ambulances, ships
- motorized and non-motorized shared vehicles such as car, scooters and bicycles including head rests, dashboards, door panels, window shutter (e.g. of an airplane
- keyboards and mouses including mouse pads
- touchscreens including mouse pads
- projectors including cords & docking stations
- chargers including cords & docking stations
- fobs video and arcade games
- slot machines automatic teller machines
- point of sale electronic devices such as credit card readers, keypads, stylists, cash registers, barcode scanner, payment kiosks
- packaging film e.g. for food or medical products
- polymeric shipping products including labels, mailers and bubble-wrap
- food preparation and dining surfaces, containers and films including galleys, carts, cutting boards, lunch boxes, thermos, appliances (e.g.
- handles e.g. knob, pull, levers including locks
- articles including furniture, doors of buildings, turn styles, appliances, vehicles, shopping carts and baskets, exercise equipment, (e.g. cooking) utensils, tools, handlebars, levers of window blinds, etc.
- building surfaces including escalators and elevators) such as doors, railings, walls, flooring, countertops, desktops, cabinets, lockers, window sills, electrical modulators (e.g. light switches dimmers, and outlets including plates thereof);
- lavatories e.g. sink, toilet surfaces (e.g.
- the microstructured surface is particularly advantageous for congregate living facilities such as military housing, prisons, dorms, nursing homes, apartments, hotels; public places such as offices, schools, arenas, casinos, bowling alleys, golf courses, arcades, gyms, salons, spas, shopping centers, airports, train stations; and public transportation.
- the film for application to vehicle or building surfaces etc. may be characterized as an architectural, decorative, or graphic film.
- Graphic films typically include patterns, images, or other visual indicia.
- the graphic film may be a printed film, or the graphic may be created by means other than printing.
- the presently described articles comprise an (e.g. engineered) microstructured surface (200, 300, 400, 600) disposed on abase member (210, 310, 410, 610).
- the base member is planar (e.g. parallel to reference plane 126).
- the thickness of the base member is typically at least 10, 15, 20, or 25 microns (1 mil) and typically no greater than 500 microns (20 mil) thickness. In some embodiments, the thickness of the base member is no greater than 400, 300, 200, or 100 microns.
- the width of the (e.g. film) base member may be is at least 30 inches (122 cm) and preferably at least 48 inches (76 cm).
- the (e.g. film) base member may be continuous in its length for up to about 50 yards (45.5 m) to 100 yards (91 m) such that the microstructured film is provided in a conveniently handled roll-good.
- the (e.g. fdm) base member may be individual sheets or strips (e.g. tape) rather than as a roll-good.
- Thermoformable microstructured base members typically having a thickness of at least 50
- Thermoformable microstructured base members may have thickness up to 3, 4, or 5 mm or greater.
- the base member may be planar such as in the case of a seat back tray.
- the three-dimensional base member may be non- planar, having a curved surface or a surface with a complex topography, such as in the case of a toy.
- the base member can be formed from various materials such as metal, alloy, organic polymeric material, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. Specifically, glass, ceramic, metal or polymeric materials may be appropriate, as well as other suitable alternatives and combinations thereof such as ceramic coated polymers, ceramic coated metals, polymer coated metals, metal coated polymers and the like.
- the base member can, in some implementations, include discrete pores and/or pores in communication. The thickness of the base member can vary depending on the use.
- the organic polymeric materials of the base member can be the same organic polymeric materials (e.g. thermoplastic, thermoset) previously described for the microstructured surface.
- fiber- and/or particle-reinforced polymers can also be used.
- Non-limiting examples of suitable non-biodegradable polymers for planar or non-planar base members include polyolefins (e.g. polyisobutylene copolymers), styrenic block copolymers (e.g. styrene-isobutylene-styrene block copolymers, such as styrene-isobutylene-styrene tert-block copolymers (SIBS); polyvinylpyrrolidone including cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone; polyvinyl alcohols; copolymers of vinyl monomers such as EVA; polyvinyl ethers; polyvinyl aromatics; polyethylene oxides; polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate; polyamides; polyacrylamides; polyethers such as polyether sulfone; polyolefins such as polypropylene, polyethylene, highly crosslinked polyethylene, and high or ultra high molecular weight polyethylene; polyure
- the base (e.g. planar or non-planar) member may be comprised of a biodegradable material.
- suitable biodegradable polymers include polycarboxylic acid; polyanhydrides such as maleic anhydride polymers; polyorthoesters; poly-amino acids; polyethylene oxide; polyphosphazenes; polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and copolymers and mixtures thereof such as poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), poly(D,L,-lactide), poly(lactic acid-co- glycolic acid), and 50/50 weight ratio (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide); polydioxanone; polypropylene fiimarate; polydepsipeptides; polycaprolactone and co-polymers and mixtures thereof such as poly(D,L-lactide-co-caprolactone) and polycaprolactone co-blutylacrylate; polyhydroxybutyrate valerate and mixtures thereof; poly
- the microstructured surface may be integrated with at least a portion of the article or component thereof.
- the (e.g. engineered) microstructured surface may be provided as a fdm or tape and affixed to the base member.
- the microstructures may be made of the same or different material base member. Fixation may be provided using mechanical coupling, an adhesive, a thermal process such as heat welding, ultrasonic welding, RF welding and the like, or a combination thereof.
- a film comprising a microstructured surface disposed on a planar base layer as described herein.
- the film comprises a pressure sensitive adhesive (e.g. 350 of FIG. 3) on the opposing surface of the film.
- a microstuctured surface can be provided on a surface or article by providing the adhesive -coated film and bonding the film to the surface or article with the pressure sensitive adhesive.
- the base (e.g. planar or non-planar) member may be subjected to customary surface treatments for better adhesion with the adjacent pressure sensitive adhesive layer. Additionally, the base member may be subjected to customary surface treatments for better adhesion of the (e.g. cast and cured) microstructured layer to an underlying base member.
- Surface treatments include for example exposure to ozone, exposure to flame, exposure to a high-voltage electric shock, treatment with ionizing radiation, and other chemical or physical oxidation treatments.
- Chemical surface treatments include primers. Examples of suitable primers include chlorinated polyolefins, polyamides, and modified polymers disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
- the primer is an organic solvent based primer comprising acrylate polymer, chlorinated polyolefin, and epoxy resin as available from 3M Company as “3MTM Primer 94”.
- the microstructured film may comprise various (e.g.
- Pressure sensitive adhesives such as natural or synthetic rubber-based pressure sensitive adhesives, acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives, vinyl alkyl ether pressure sensitive adhesives, silicone pressure sensitive adhesives, polyester pressure sensitive adhesives, polyamide pressure sensitive adhesives, poly-alpha-olefins, polyurethane pressure sensitive adhesives, and styrenic block copolymer based pressure sensitive adhesives.
- Pressure sensitive adhesives generally have a storage modulus (E’) as can be measured by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis at room temperature (25°C) of less than 3 x 10 6 dynes/cm at a frequency of 1 Hz.
- the pressure sensitive adhesive may be natural-rubber-based, meaning that a natural rubber elastomer or elastomers make up at least about 20 wt. % of the elastomeric components of the adhesive (not including any filler, tackifying resin, etc.).
- the natural rubber elastomer makes up at least about 50 wt. %, or at least about 80 wt.%, of the elastomeric components of the adhesive.
- the natural rubber elastomer may be blended with one or more block copolymer thermoplastic elastomers (e.g., of the general type available under the trade designation KRATON from Kraton Polymers, Houston,
- the natural rubber elastomer may be blended with a styrene- isoprene radial block copolymer), in combination with natural rubber elastomer, along with at least one tackifying resin.
- Adhesive compositions of this type are disclosed in further detail in US Patent Application Publication 2003/0215628 to Ma et al.
- the pressure sensitive adhesives may be organic solvent-based, a water-based emulsion, hot melt (e.g. such as described in US 6,294,249), as well as an actinic radiation (e.g. e-beam, ultraviolet) curable pressure sensitive adhesive.
- the adhesive layer is a removable.
- a removable adhesive cleanly removes from a substrate or surface (e.g. glass or polypropylene panels) to which it is temporarily bonded after aging at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or 120°C (248°F) for 4 hours and then equilibrated to 25 °C at a removal rate of about 20 inches/minute .
- the adhesive layer is a repositionable adhesive layer.
- repositionable refers to the ability to be, at least initially, repeatedly adhered to and removed from a substrate without substantial loss of adhesion capability.
- a repositionable adhesive usually has a peel strength, at least initially, to the substrate surface lower than that for a conventional aggressively tacky PSA.
- Suitable repositionable adhesives include the adhesive types used on CONTROUTAC Plus Film brand and on SCOTCHFITE Plus Sheeting brand, both made by 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
- the adhesive layer may also be a structured adhesive layer or an adhesive layer having at least one microstructured surface.
- a network of channels or the like exists between the film article and the substrate surface. The presence of such channels or the like allows air to pass laterally through the adhesive layer and thus allows air to escape from beneath the film article and the surface substrate during application.
- Topologically structured adhesives may also be used to provide a repositionable adhesive.
- relatively large scale embossing of an adhesive has been described to permanently reduce the pressure sensitive adhesive/substrate contact area and hence the bonding strength of the pressure sensitive adhesive.
- Various topologies include concave and convex V-grooves, diamonds, cups, hemispheres, cones, volcanoes and other three dimensional shapes all having top surface areas significantly smaller than the base surface of the adhesive layer. In general, these topologies provide adhesive sheets, films and tapes with lower peel adhesion values in comparison with smooth surfaced adhesive layers. In many cases, the topologically structured surface adhesives also display a slow build in adhesion with increasing contact time.
- An adhesive layer having a microstructured adhesive surface may comprise a uniform distribution of adhesive or composite adhesive "pegs" over the functional portion of an adhesive surface and protruding outwardly from the adhesive surface.
- a film article comprising such an adhesive layer provides a sheet material that is repositionable when it is laid on a substrate surface (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,277).
- Such an adhesive layer also requires a coincident microstructured release liner to protect the adhesive pegs during storage and processing.
- the formation of the microstructured adhesive surface can be also achieved for example by coating the adhesive onto a release liner having a corresponding micro-embossed pattern or compressing the adhesive, e.g. a PSA, against a release liner having a corresponding micro-embossed pattern as described in WO 98/29516.
- the adhesive layer may comprise multiple sub-layers of adhesives to give a combination adhesive layer assembly.
- the adhesive layer may comprise a sub-layer of a hot-melt adhesive with a continuous or discontinuous overlayer of PSA or repositionable adhesive.
- the acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives may be produced by free-radical polymerization technique such as solution polymerization, bulk polymerization, or emulsion polymerization.
- the acrylic polymer may be of any type such as a random copolymer, a block copolymer, or a graft polymer.
- the polymerization may employ any of polymerization initiators and chain-transfer agents generally used.
- the acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive comprises polymerized units of one or more (meth)acrylate ester monomers derived from a (e.g. non-tertiary) alcohol containing 1 to 14 carbon atoms and preferably an average of 4 to 12 carbon atoms.
- Examples of monomers include the esters of either acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with non-tertiary alcohols such as ethanol, 1- propanol, 2-propanol, 1 -butanol, 2-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2-methyl- 1- butanol, 3 -methyl- 1 -butanol, 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol, 2-methyl- 1-pentanol, 3 -methyl- 1-pentanol, 2- ethyl-1 -butanol; 3, 5, 5 -trimethyl- 1-hexanol, 3-heptanol, 1-octanol, 2-octanol, isooctylalcohol, 2- ethyl- 1-hexanol, 1-decanol, 2-propylheptanol, 1-dodecanol, 1-tridecanol, 1-tetradecanol, and
- the acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive comprises polymerized units of one or more low Tg (meth)acrylate monomers, i.e. a (meth)acrylate monomer when reacted to form a homopolymer has a T g no greater than 0°C.
- the low Tg monomer has a T g no greater than -5°C, or no greater than -10°C.
- the Tg of these homopolymers is often greater than or equal to - 80°C, greater than or equal to -70°C, greater than or equal to -60°C, or greater than or equal to - 50°C.
- the low Tg monomer may have the formula
- H 2 C CR 1 C(0)0R 8 wherein R 1 is H or methyl and R 8 is an alkyl with 1 to 22 carbons or a heteroalkyl with 2 to 20 carbons and 1 to 6 heteroatoms selected from oxygen or sulfur.
- the alkyl or heteroalkyl group can be linear, branched, cyclic, or a combination thereof.
- Exemplary low Tg monomers include for example ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, isoamyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, 2- methylbutyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2 -pentyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, 2-octyl acrylate, isooctyl acrylate, isononyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, isodecyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, isotridecyl acrylate, octadecyl acrylate, and dodecyl acrylate.
- Low Tg heteroalkyl acrylate monomers include, but are not limited to, 2-methoxyethyl acrylate and 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate.
- the acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive comprises polymerized units of at least one low Tg monomer(s) having an alkyl group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the low Tg monomer has an alkyl group with 7 or 8 carbon atoms.
- Exemplary monomers include, but are not limited to, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, isooctyl (meth)acrylate, n- octyl (meth)acrylate, isodecyl (meth)acrylate, lauryl (meth)acrylate, as well as esters of (meth)acrylic acid with an alcohol derived from a renewable source, such as 2-octyl (meth)acrylate.
- the acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive typically comprises at least 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 wt.% or greater of polymerized units of monofunctional alkyl (meth)acrylate monomer having a Tg of less than 0°C, based on the total weight of the polymerized units (i.e. excluding inorganic filler or other additives).
- the acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive may further comprise at least one high Tg monomer, i.e. a (meth)acrylate monomer when reacted to form a homopolymer has a Tg greater than 0°C.
- the high Tg monomer more typically has a Tg greater than 5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, or 40°C.
- High Tg monofunctional alkyl (meth)acrylate monomers including for example, t- butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, s-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobomyl acrylate, isobomyl methacrylate, norbomyl (meth)acrylate, benzyl methacrylate, 3,3,5 trimethylcyclohexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, N-octyl acrylamide, and propyl methacrylate or combinations.
- the acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive may further comprise polymerized units of polar monomers.
- Representative polar monomers include for example acid-functional monomers (e.g. acrylic acid, methacrylic acid), hydroxyl functional (meth)acrylate) monomers, nitrogen- containing monomers (e.g. acrylamides), and combinations thereof.
- the acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive comprises at least 0.5, 1, 2 or 3 wt-% and typically no greater than 10 wt-% of polymerized units of polar monomers, such as acrylamide and/or acid-functional monomers such as (meth)acrylic acid.
- the pressure sensitive adhesive may further include one or more suitable additives according to necessity.
- the additives are exemplified by crosslinking agents (e.g. multifunctional (meth)acrylate crosslinkers (e.g. HDD A, TMPTA), epoxy crosslinking agents, isocyanate crosslinking agents, melamine crosslinking agents, aziridine crosslinking agents, etc.), tackifiers (e.g., phenol modified terpenes and rosin esters such as glycerol esters of rosin and pentaerythritol esters of rosin, as well as C5 and C9 hydrocarbon tackifiers), thickeners, plasticizers, fillers, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, antistatic agents, surfactants, leveling agents, colorants, flame retardants, and silane coupling agents.
- crosslinking agents e.g. multifunctional (meth)acrylate crosslinkers (e.g. HDD A, TMPTA), epoxy crosslinking agents, iso
- the (e.g. pressure sensitive) adhesive layer may be disposed upon the film by various customary coating methods (e.g. gravure) roller coating, flow coating, dip coating, spin coating, spray coating, knife coating, (e.g. rotary or slit) die coating, (e.g. hot melt) extrusion coating, and printing.
- the adhesive may be applied directly to the substrate described herein or transfer coated by use of release liner. When a release liner is used, the adhesive is either coated on the liner and laminated to the film or coated on the film and the release liner subsequently applied to the adhesive layer.
- the adhesive layer may be applied as a continuous layer, or a patterned, discontinuous layer.
- the adhesive layer typically has a thickness of about 5 to about 50 micrometers.
- the release liner typically comprises paper or film, which has been coated or modified with compounds of low surface energy such as organosilicone compounds, fluoropolymers, polyurethanes and polyolefins.
- the release liner can also be a polymeric sheet produced from polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, polyesters with or without the addition of adhesive-repellant compounds.
- the release liner may have a microstructured or micro-embossed pattern for imparting a structure to the adhesive layer.
- the adhesive layer can be adhered to various surfaces as previously described.
- the surface may comprise wood, metal, as well as various organic polymeric materials.
- the film is the absence of adhesive may also be suitable for use as a textile (e.g. synthetic leather) for furniture and clothing.
- microorganism is generally used to refer to any prokaryotic or eukaryotic microscopic organism, including without limitation, one or more of bacteria (e.g., motile or nonmotile, vegetative or dormant, Gram positive or Gram negative, planktonic or living in a biofilm), bacterial spores or endospores, algae, fungi (e.g., yeast, filamentous fungi, fungal spores), mycoplasmas, and protozoa, as well as combinations thereof.
- bacteria e.g., motile or nonmotile, vegetative or dormant, Gram positive or Gram negative, planktonic or living in a biofilm
- bacteria e.g., motile or nonmotile, vegetative or dormant, Gram positive or Gram negative, planktonic or living in a biofilm
- bacteria e.g., motile or nonmotile, vegetative or dormant, Gram positive or Gram negative, planktonic or living in a biofilm
- pathogens can include, but are not limited to, both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses including members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, or members of the family Micrococaceae, or the genera Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus, spp., Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Legionella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia spp., Enterobacter spp., Escherichia spp., Bacillus spp., Listeria spp., Campylobacter spp., Acinetobacter spp., Vibrio spp., Clostridium spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp.
- pathogens can include, but are not limited to, Escherichia coli including enterohemorrhagic E. coli e.g., serotype 0157:H7, 0129:H11; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus; Bacillus anthracis; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium; Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium perfringens; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica; Vibrio vulnificus, Clostridium difficile, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, Klebsiella pnuemoni
- Sample discs were fixed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by carefully submerging each disc in a 5% glutaraldehyde solution for 30 minutes. This was followed by six sequential disc submersion wash steps (submersion time of 30 minutes for each wash step) performed in the following order: 1) a PBS solution, 2) an aqueous 25% isopropyl alcohol solution, 3) an aqueous 50% isopropyl alcohol solution, 4) an aqueous 75% isopropyl alcohol solution, 5-6) two final submersion washes in a 100% isopropyl alcohol solution. Each disc was transferred to a 96- well plate using tweezers. The discs were allowed to dry for 48 hours.
- SEM scanning electron microscopy
- Discs were then individually affixed to a SEM stub using double sided tape with the microstructured surface of the disc facing outward from the stub.
- Conductive silver paint was dabbed on the edge of each sample and the whole stub assembly was sputter coated for 90 seconds using a Denton Vacuum Desk V Sputter Coater (Denton Vacuum, Moorestown, NJ) and a gold target. After sputter coating, the stub was moved to a JEOL JCM-500 NeoScope SEM instrument (JEOL USA Incorporated, Peabody, MA) for imaging.
- Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB, obtained from Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ) was dissolved in deionized water and filter-sterilized according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
- BHI Brain Heart Infusion
- a streak plate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) or Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) was prepared from a frozen stock on Tryptic Soy Agar. The plate was incubated overnight at 37 °C. A single colony from the plate was transferred to 10 mL of sterile TSB. The culture was shaken overnight at 250 revolutions per minute and 37 °C. Inoculation samples were prepared by diluting the culture ( about 10 9 colony forming units (cfu)/mL) 1:100 in TSB.
- Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175
- ATCC 25175 An overnight culture of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) was grown by using a sterile, serological pipette to scrape and transfer a small amount of a 25% glycerol freezer stock of the microorganism to a 15 mL conical tube.
- the tube contained 5 mL of BHI broth.
- the tube was maintained at 37 °C under static (non-shaking) conditions for 12-16 hours.
- Inoculation samples were prepared by diluting the culture (about 10 9 colony forming units (cfu)/mL) 1:100 in TSB.
- a UV curable resin was prepared from PHOTOMER 6210 aliphatic urethane diacrylate oligomer (75 parts), SR238 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (25 parts), and LUCIRIN TPO photoinitiator (0.5%).
- the components were blended in a high speed mixer, heated in an oven at about 70 °C for 24 hours) and then cooled to room temperature.
- Copper buttons (2 inch (5.08 cm) diameter) were used as templates for preparing linear prism fdms.
- a button and the compounded resin were both heated in an oven at about 70 °C for 15 minutes. Approximately six drops of the warmed resin were applied using a transfer pipette to the center of the warmed button.
- the primed surface of the PET film was oriented to contact the resin.
- the glass plate was held in place with hand pressure until the resin completely covered the surface of the button. The glass plate was carefully removed. If any air bubbles were introduced, a rubber hand roller was used to remove them.
- the sample was cured with UV light by passing the sample 2 times through a UV processor
- Comparative Example A film was prepared according to the same procedure as described above with the exception that a copper button having a smooth surface for contacting the resin was used instead of a patterned microstructured surface. This resulted in the formation of a film having a smooth surface (i.e. a film without a patterned, microstructured surface).
- a 34 mm diameter hollow punch was used to cut out individual discs from the microstructured films.
- a single disc was placed in each well of a sterile 6-well microplate and oriented so that the microstructured surface of the disc faced the well opening and the release liner faced the well bottom. The plate was then sprayed with a mist of isopropyl alcohol to disinfect the samples and allowed to dry. Discs were also prepared from the Comparative Example A film.
- Inoculation samples (4 mL) of a bacterial culture (described above) were added to each well of the 6-well microplate containing a disc. The lid was placed on the 6-well microplate and the plate was wrapped in PARAFILM M laboratory film (obtained from the Bemis Company, Oshkosh,
- the wrapped plate was inserted in a plastic bag containing a wet paper towel and the sealed bag was placed in an incubator at 37 °C. After 7 hours, the plate was removed from the incubator and the liquid media was removed from each well using a pipette. Fresh, sterile TSB (4 mF) was added to each well and the plate lid was attached. The plate was re-wrapped in PARAFIFM M laboratory film, sealed in a bag with a wet paper towel, and returned to the incubator. After 17 hours, the plate was removed from the incubator. The liquid media was removed from each well (using a pipette) and replaced with 4 mF of sterile, deionized water.
- the 12.7 mm diameter disc was attached through the adhesive backing of the disc to a cleaning lane of an Elcometer Model 1720 Abrasion and Washability Tester (Elcometer Incorporated, Warren, MI). Unless otherwise specified, each disc was placed in the tester so that the microstructured channels in the disc surface were oriented in the same direction as the cleaning carriage motion.
- a 2 inch by 5 inch (5.08 cm by 12.7 cm) section of a nonwoven sheet [selected from either SONTARA 8000 or a polypropylene nonwoven sheet (5.9 micron fiber diameter, 40 gsm)] was soaked in solution containing TWEEN 20 (0.05%) in deionized water and excess liquid was squeezed out.
- the nonwoven sheet was secured around the Universal Material Clamp Tool (450 g) and the tool was attached to the carriage of the instrument.
- the 12.7 mm diameter disc was attached through the adhesive backing of the disc to a cleaning lane of an Elcometer Model 1720 Abrasion and Washability Tester. Unless otherwise specified, each disc was placed in the tester so that the microstructured channels in the disc surface were oriented in the same direction as the cleaning carriage motion.
- a tool was prepared by additive manufacturing to hold the head of an Acclean manual toothbrush (average bristle diameter about 180 microns, obtained from Henry Schein Incorporated, Melville, NY) in the carriage of the instrument. The toothbrush head and the disc were aligned so that the entire exposed surface of the disc was contacted by the bristles of the brush. The brush bristles were soaked in water prior to operation.
- each disc was washed five times with 1 mL portions of a solution containing TWEEN 20 (0.05%) in PBS buffer. Each washed disc was individually transferred to a separate 50 mL conical vial that contained a solution of TWEEN 20 (0.05%) in PBS buffer (10 mL). Each tube was sequentially vortexed for 1 minute, sonicated for 1 minute using a Branson 2510 Ultrasonic Cleaning Bath (Branson Ultrasonics, Danbury, CT), and vortexed for 1 minute.
- a Branson 2510 Ultrasonic Cleaning Bath Branson Ultrasonics, Danbury, CT
- the solution from each tube was serially diluted (about 8 dilutions) with Butterfield’s buffer (obtained from the 3M Corporation) to yield a bacterial concentration level that provided counts of colony forming units (cfu) within the counting range of a 3M PETRIFILM Aerobic Count Plate (3M Corporation).
- An aliquot (1 mL) from each diluted sample was plated on a separate 3M PETRIFILM Aerobic Count Plate according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
- the count plates were incubated at 37 °C for 48 hours. After the incubation period, the number of cfu on each plate was counted using a 3M PETRIFILM Plate Reader (3M Corporation). The count value was used to calculate the total number of cfu recovered from a disc. The results are reported as the mean cfu count determined for 3 discs.
- Discs that were not subjected to the cleaning procedure were analyzed for colony count (cfu) using the same described procedure.
- each disc was washed five times with 1 mL portions of a solution containing TWEEN 20 (0.05%) in PBS buffer. Each washed disc was individually transferred to a separate 50 mL conical vial that contained a solution of TWEEN 20 (0.05%) in PBS buffer (10 mL). Each tube was sequentially vortexed for 1 minute, sonicated for 30 seconds (2 second pulses with 0.5 seconds between pulses at the level 3 setting) using a Misonix Sonicator Ultrasonic Processor XL, Misonix Incorporated, Farmingdale, NY, and vortexed for 1 minute.
- the solution from each tube was serially diluted (about 8 dilutions) with Butterfield’s buffer to yield a bacterial concentration level that provided counts of colony forming units (cfii) within the counting range of a 3M PETRIFILM Aerobic Count Plate.
- An aliquot (1 mL) from each diluted sample was plated on a separate 3M PETRIFILM Aerobic Count Plate according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
- the count plates were sealed in an air tight anaerobic box with two BD GasPak EZ pouches (obtained from Becton, Dickinson and Company) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours.
- the number of cfii on each plate was counted using a 3M PETRIFILM Plate Reader. The count value was used to calculate the total number of cfu recovered from a disc. The results are reported as the mean cfii count determined for 3 discs.
- Discs that were not subjected to the brushing procedure were analyzed for colony count (cfu) using the same described procedure.
- Example 1 Discs (12.7 mm) of Example 1, Example 2, and Comparative Example A inoculated with/’. aeruginosa were prepared as described in the ‘Sample Disc Inoculation, Incubation and Washing Method’ (described above). The discs were cleaned according to the ‘Sample Disc Cleaning Procedure A’ (described above) using SONTARA 8000 as the nonwoven sheet. The cleaned discs were analyzed according to ‘Sample Disc Colony Count Method A’ (described above). The mean log io cfu counts are reported in Table 2 together with the calculated logio cfu reduction achieved by cleaning the disc.
- Discs (12.7 mm) of Examples 3-8 and Comparative Example A inoculated with/* aeruginosa were prepared as described in the ‘Sample Disc Inoculation, Incubation and Washing Method’ .
- the discs were cleaned according to the ‘Sample Disc Cleaning Procedure A’ using SONTARA 8000 as the nonwoven sheet.
- the cleaned discs were analyzed according to ‘Sample Disc Colony Count Method A’.
- the mean logio cfu counts are reported in Table 3 together with the calculated logio cfu reduction achieved by cleaning the disc.
- Example 1 Discs (12.7 mm) of Example 1, Example 2, and Comparative Example A inoculated with S. aureus were prepared as described in the ‘ Sample Disc Inoculation, Incubation and Washing Method’.
- the discs were cleaned according to the ‘Sample Disc Cleaning Procedure A’ using SONTARA 8000 as the nonwoven sheet.
- the cleaned discs were analyzed according to ‘Sample Disc Colony Count Method A’.
- the mean logio cfu counts are reported in Table 4 together with the calculated logio cfu reduction achieved by cleaning a disc.
- Example 1 Discs (12.7 mm) of Example 1, Example 2, and Comparative Example A inoculated with/’. aeruginosa were prepared as described in the ‘Sample Disc Inoculation, Incubation and Washing Method’. The discs were cleaned according to the ‘Sample Disc Cleaning Procedure A’ using SONTARA 8000 as the nonwoven sheet. The only exception was that half of the discs were oriented in the instrument so that the microstructured channels in the disc surface were oriented in the same direction as the cleaning carriage motion and half of the discs were oriented in the instrument so that the microstructured channels in the disc surface were oriented in the direction perpendicular to the cleaning carriage motion. The cleaned discs were analyzed according to ‘Sample Disc Colony Count Method A’. The mean logio cfu counts are reported in Table 5 together with the calculated logio cfu reduction achieved by cleaning the disc. Table 5.
- Example Discs (12.7 mm) of Example 1 and Comparative Example A inoculated with/* aeruginosa were prepared as described in the ‘Sample Disc Inoculation, Incubation and Washing Method’ .
- the discs were cleaned according to the ‘Sample Disc Cleaning Procedure A’ using the polypropylene nonwoven sheet (5.9 micron fiber diameter, 40 gsm).
- the cleaned discs were analyzed according to ‘Sample Disc Colony Count Method A’.
- the mean logio cfii counts are reported in Table 6 together with the calculated logio cfii reduction achieved by cleaning a disc.
- Example 1 and 2 Discs (12.7 mm) of Example 1, Example 2, and Comparative Example A inoculated with S. mutans were prepared as described in the ‘Sample Disc Inoculation, Incubation and Washing Method’.
- the discs were cleaned according to the ‘Sample Disc Cleaning Procedure B’.
- the cleaned discs were analyzed according to ‘Sample Disc Colony Count Method B’.
- the mean logio cfii counts are reported in Table 7 together with the calculated logio cfii reduction achieved by cleaning the disc.
- SEM images of the discs before cleaning showed a large continuous biofdm on the surface of Comparative Example A discs, while the discs of Examples 1 and 2 showed separated aggregates of cells growing mostly on top of the peaks of the microstructured surface. Following the cleaning procedure, biofdm aggregates still covered most the surface of Comparative Example A discs, while the discs of Examples 1 and 2 had only small groups of cells and individual cells growing on top of the microstructured surface.
- Example 15 Sample Disc Cleaning with a Disinfectant Solution
- a disinfectant cleaning solution was prepared by diluting (1:256) 3M Disinfectant Cleaner RCT Concentrate 40A (obtained from the 3M Corporation) with sterile water.
- Discs of Example 1, Example 2, and Comparative Example A (12.7 mm) inoculated w ith P. aeruginosa were prepared as described in the ‘Sample Disc Inoculation, Incubation and Washing Method’.
- the release liner layers were removed and each disc was attached to the wall of a separate 50 mL conical vial (i.e. one disc per tube). To ensure complete submersion of the disc in the disinfectant cleaning solution, the disc was attached as close as possible to the bottom of the tube.
- An acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) film was prepared by combining and mixing isooctyl acrylate (450 g, Sigma-Aldrich Company), acrylic acid (50 g, Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA) and DAROCUR 1173 photoinitiator (0.15 g) in a clear glass jar. The sample was purged with nitrogen for 5 minutes and exposed to low intensity (0.3 mW/cm 2 ) UV irradiation from a 360 nm UV light until a viscosity of approximately 2000 centipoise was achieved.
- PSA pressure sensitive adhesive
- Vscosity measurements were determined using a Brookfield LVDV-II+ Pro Viscometer with LV Spindle #63 (AMETEK Brookfield, Middleboro, MA) at 23 °C and shear rate of 50 s 1 .
- IRGACURE-651 photoinitiator (1.125 g) and hexanediol diacrylate (2.7 g, Sigma-Aldrich Company) were added to the jar and the mixture was mixed for 24 hours.
- the resulting viscous polymer solution was coated between siliconized polyester release liners (RF02N and RF22N, obtained from SKC Hass, Seoul, Korea), using a knife coater with a set gap to yield an adhesive coating thickness of 100 microns.
- This construction was irradiated at 350 nm UV irradiation using a total dose of 1200 mJ/cm 2 of UVA radiation to provide the finished PSA film.
- the PSA film was applied to the back surface (i.e. non-microstructured surface) of a linear prism film sheet having microstructure features of Example 1 (Table 1).
- the resulting laminated film was cut into test strips [1 inch by 3 inch (2.54 cm by 7.62 cm)]. Test strips were applied to the surface flat glass and polypropylene panels using a hand roller. The panels were conditioned at 120 °C for 4 hours and then equilibrated to room temperature. Test strips were peeled from the panel surfaces by hand. Following removal of the test strips, the panel surfaces were visually inspected and no residue from the test strips was observed on any of the panel surfaces.
- a metal tool was used with a laminator to create a linear prism film of FIG. 3 with dimensions of Example 3.
- the primer layer was allowed to dry at room temperature for 5 minutes.
- a second layer of primer was applied in the same manner followed by drying.
- the UV curable resin (described above) was applied to the tooling by pipette and the PET-G disc was placed over the tool with the primed surface of the disc facing the tool and the tool centered on the sheet.
- the disc was laminated using a laminator with a nip pressure setting of 50 psig and a speed setting of 0.52 feet/minute (0.16 meters/minute).
- the sample was cured with UV light by passing the sample 3 times through a UV processor (model QC 120233 AN with two Hg vapor lamps, obtained from RPC Industries) at a rate of 15.2 meters/minute (50 feet/minute) under a nitrogen atmosphere.
- a UV processor model QC 120233 AN with two Hg vapor lamps, obtained from RPC Industries
- the resulting laminated, microstructured film sheet was thermoformed using a Model C22-S MAAC Thermoformer (MAAC Machinery, Carol Stream, IL).
- the template model consisted of two manual wrenches placed side-by-side. One wrench was an adjustable crescent wrench (110mm overall length) and the other wrench was a 7/16 inch combination wrench (open end and box end) with an overall length of 125 mm.
- the sheet was placed in the holder and a thermoforming cycle was initiated with a soak time of 100-110 seconds, 55% top and bottom heater output, and 30 mm Hg vacuum.
- the sheet was oriented so that the microstructured section of the sheet was aligned with the wrench template with the microstructured surface facing away from the wrench template.
- thermoformed plastic article was separated from the template and the microstructures of the article were inspected and measured using a Keyence VK-X200 series laser microscope (Keyence Corporation). The microstructures retained their shape and nominally 60% of their peak height.
- a UV curable resin was prepared from PHOTOMER 6210 aliphatic urethane diacrylate oligomer (75 parts), SR238 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (25 parts), and LUCIRIN TPO photoinitiator (0.5%).
- the components were blended in a high speed mixer, heated in an oven at about 70 °C for 24 hours) and then cooled to room temperature.
- Copper buttons were used as templates for preparing cube comer microstructured films.
- a buton and the compounded resin were both heated in an oven at about 70 °C for 15 minutes. Warmed resin was applied to the center of the warmed buton using a transfer pipete.
- a section of MELINEX 618 PET support film (5 mil thick) larger than the buton was placed over the applied resin followed by a glass plate.
- the primed surface of the PET film was oriented to contact the resin.
- the glass plate was held in place with hand pressure until the resin completely covered the surface of the buton.
- the glass plate was carefully removed. If any air bubbles were introduced, a rubber hand roller was used to remove them.
- the sample was cured with UV light by passing the sample 2 times through a UV processor (model QC 120233 AN with two Hg vapor lamps, obtained from RPC Industries, Plainfield, IL) at a rate of 15.2 meters/minute (50 feet/minute) under a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the cured, microstructured film was removed from the copper template by gently pulling away at a 90° angle.
- the microstructured surface had an array of canted cube comer structures such as depicted in FIGs. 4A.
- the dimensions of an individual cube comer microstructure was as follows: triangular base of 70/55/55 degrees (beta 1, 2, 3); side wall angles alpha2, alpha3, alphal that were 60, 60, 89 degrees respectively; a peak height of 63.3 micrometers; and valley widths of 127 micrometers and 145 micrometers.
- the copper butons utilized as templates had a negative replication of this microstructured surface.
- Compression molding was used to prepare a sheet of G-10 epoxy laminate with a linear prism microstructured surface having the same microstmctured feature dimensions as reported for Example 1.
- a mold having a negative replication of the microstmctured surface was made from a master using 3M ESPE PARADIGM Heavy Body VPS impression material (3M Corporation).
- the mold (15.2 cm x 15.2 cm) was placed on a flat section of cardboard.
- Two sheets (12.7 cm x 12.7 cm) of G10 Epoxy Fiberboard were stacked and centered on the mold.
- a flat, smooth sheet of silicone (about 1.27 cm) was placed on top of the epoxy sheets and a flat stainless steel plate (about 2.54 cm thick) was placed on top of the silicone sheet.
- the completed stack was placed on the lower platen of a hydraulic press.
- the upper and lower platens of the press were heated at 300 °F (148.9 °C) and the stack was placed under 2500 pounds of pressure (100 pounds of pressure per square inch) for 1 hour, followed by cooling of the platens to 70 °F (21.1 °C) while maintaining pressure on the stack. Upon cooling, the applied pressure was removed.
- the resulting microstmctured G-10 epoxy sheet was released from the mold and silicone spacer.
- Compression molding was used to prepare a sheet of G-10 epoxy laminate with a cube comer microstructured surface according to the procedure reported in Example 19.
- a mold having a negative replication of the microstructured surface described in Example 18 was made from a master using 3M ESPE PARADIGM Heavy Body VPS impression material.
- Compression molding with a metal tool was used to prepare a sheet of G-10 epoxy laminate with a cube comer microstmctured surface.
- a silicon containing layer was applied to the microstmctured surface of a tool as described in W02009/032815 (David) using a parallel plate capacitively coupled plasma reactor.
- the chamber of the reactor had a central cylindrical powered electrode with a surface area of 3.61 ft 2 (0.10 m 3 ).
- the micro-stmctured tool was placed on the floor of the chamber directly below the powered electrode (nominal distance between tool and electrode about 4 inches (10.16 cm) and the reactor chamber was pumped down to a base pressure of less than 1.3 Pa (1 mTorr).
- Oxygen was introduced into the chamber at a flow rate of 600 SCCM (standard cubic centimeters per minute).
- Treatment was carried out by coupling RF power into the reactor at a frequency of 13.56 MHz and an applied power of 600 watts for 60 seconds.
- a second step resulting in a deposited thin film on the microstmcture was accomplished by stopping the flow of oxygen and evaporating and transporting HMDSO (hexamethyldisiloxane) into the system at a flow rate of 120 SCCM.
- HMDSO hexamethyldisiloxane
- Treatment was carried out using a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method by coupling RF power into the reactor at a frequency of 13.56 MHz and an applied power of 600 watts for 120 seconds.
- CVD plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition
- a second line of HMDSO was opened to the chamber in addition to the 120 SCCM flow of HMDSO.
- the combined flow rates resulted in a chamber pressure of 4.1 mTorr.
- Treatment was carried out by coupling RF power into the reactor at a frequency of 13.56
- the process conditions provided a release coating with an estimated thickness of less than 200 nm.
- rf power was applied to the electrode to generate the plasma after the stated gas flow had stabilized.
- the RF power and gas supply were stopped and the chamber was vented to the atmosphere.
- the metal tool (15.2 cm x 15.2 cm) was placed on a flat section of cardboard.
- Two sheets (12.7 cm x 12.7 cm) of G10 Epoxy Fiberboard were stacked and centered on the mold.
- a flat, smooth sheet of silicone (about 1.27 cm thick) was placed on top of the epoxy sheets and a flat stainless steel plate (2.54 cm thick) was placed on top of the silicone sheet.
- the completed stack was placed on the lower platen of a hydraulic press.
- the upper and lower platens of the press were heated at 300 °F (148.9 °C) and the stack was placed under 2500 pounds of pressure (100 pounds of pressure per square inch) for 1 hour, followed by cooling of the platens to 70 °F (21.1 °C) while maintaining pressure on the stack.
- microstructured G-10 epoxy sheet was released from the mold and silicone spacer.
- the microstructured surface had an array of canted cube comer structures such as depicted in FIG. 4A.
- the dimensions an individual cube comer microstmcture was as follows: triangular base of 58/58/64 degrees (beta 1, 2, 3); side wall angles were 67, 67, 77 degrees respectively; apeak height of 49.5 micrometers; and valley widths of 101.6 micrometers and 107.7 micrometers.
- a flat, smooth sheet of G-10 epoxy laminate was submitted to the same compression molding process as described in Example 19 with the exception that the microfeature mold was replaced in the stack with a second flat, smooth sheet of silicone. This resulted in the formation of an epoxy sheet having a smooth surface (i.e. a film without a patterned, microstructured surface).
- Example 19 Discs (12.7 mm) of Example 19 and Comparative Example B were prepared, cleaned, and analyzed according to the procedure described in Example 9. The mean logio cfu counts are reported in Table 9 together with the calculated logio cfu reduction achieved by cleaning the disc.
- Tryptic Soy Agar was prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
- a streak plate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) or Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) was prepared from a frozen stock on Tryptic Soy Agar and incubated overnight at 37 °C. Two colonies from the plate were used to inoculate 9 mL of sterile Butterfield’s Buffer (3M Corporation). The optical density (absorbance) was read at 600 nm to confirm that the reading was 0.040 ⁇ 0.010. If required, the culture was adjusted to be within this range.
- a portion of the culture (1.5 mL) was added to 45 mL of Butterfield’s Buffer in a sterile 50 mL conical tube to make the inoculation solution for the touch transfer experiments.
- Serial dilution samples of inoculation solutions were prepared using Butterfield’s Buffer.
- the dilution samples were plated on 3M PETRIFILM Aerobic Count plates (3M Corporation) and evaluated according to the manufacturer’s instructions to confirm the cell concentration used in each experiment.
- Microstructured samples (50 mm x 50 mm) of Examples 1, 2, 18, 19, and 20 were prepared and individually adhered to the internal, bottom surface of sterile 100 mm Petri dishes using double sided tape. Each Petri dish contained a single sample and the sample was attached so that the microstructured surface was exposed. Samples of the corresponding Comparative Examples A and B were also tested and served as control samples. Samples of Comparative Example A served as the control samples for microstuctured samples of Examples 1, 2, and 18. Samples of Comparative Example B served as the control samples for microstructured samples of Examples 19 and 20.
- each microstructured and control sample was wiped three times using a KIMWIPE wiper (Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Irving, TX) that had been wetted with a 95% isopropyl alcohol solution.
- the samples were air dried for 15 minutes in a BioSafety Cabinet with the fan turned on. The samples were then sterilized by for 30 minutes using irradiation from the UV light in the cabinet.
- Inoculation solution 25 mL of either S. aureus or P. aeruginosa described above was poured into a sterile Petri dish (100 mm).
- a sterile Petri dish 100 mm.
- an autoclave-sterilized circular disc of Whatman Filter Paper (Grade 2, 42.5 mm diameter; GE Healthcare, Marborough, MA) was grasped using flame-sterilized tweezers and immersed in the Petri dish containing the inoculation solution for 5 seconds. The paper was removed and held over the dish for 25 seconds to allow excess inoculum to drain from the paper.
- the inoculated paper disc was placed on top of the microstructured sample and a new autoclave -sterilized piece of Whatman Filter paper (Grade 2, 60x60 mm) was placed over the inoculated paper disc.
- a sterile cell spreader was pressed on the top paper surface of the stack and moved across the surface twice in perpendicular directions. The stack was maintained for two minutes. Both pieces of filter paper were then removed from the microstructured sample using sterile tweezers. The sample was allowed to air dry at room temperature for 5 minutes.
- the mean cfu count for each RODAC plate was converted to the logio scale.
- the logio reduction in cfu count by touch transfer was determined by subtracting the logio count value obtained for the microstructured sample from the logio count value obtained for the corresponding control sample (sample with a smooth surface).
- a metal tool was used with a laminator to create a microstructured surface with cube comer features.
- the UV curable resin (described above) was applied to the tooling by pipette.
- the coated tool was placed in a vacuum oven and the pressure in the oven was slowly dropped to 635 mm of Hg. Once this vacuum was attained the pressure was allowed to increase back to atmospheric pressure.
- the PET-G disc was placed over the tooling with the primed surface of the disc facing the tooling.
- the disc was laminated using a laminator with a nip pressure setting of 50 psig and a speed setting of 0.52 feet/minute (0.16 meters/minute).
- the sample was cured with UV light by passing the sample 3 times through a UV processor (model QC 120233 AN with two Hg vapor lamps, obtained from RPC Industries) at a rate of 15.2 meters/minute (50 feet/minute) under a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the disc was carefully removed from the tool.
- the microstructured surface had an array of canted cube comer structures such as depicted in FIG. 4A.
- the dimensions of an individual cube comer microstructure was as follows: triangular base of 70/55/55 degrees (beta 1, 2, 3); side wall angles alpha2, alpha3, alphal that were 60, 60, 89 degrees respectively; a peak height of 63.5 micrometers; and valley widths of 127 micrometers and 178 micrometers.
- the metal tool had a negative replication of the microstructured surface.
- the laminated, microstmctured disc was formed into a dental aligner article using a BIOSTAR VI pressure molding machine (Scheu-Dental GmbH).
- the microstmctured disc was heated for 30 seconds and then pulled over a rigid-polymer model.
- the film was oriented so that the microstmctured surface contacted the model.
- the chamber of the molding machine behind the film was pressurized to 90 psi for 30 seconds with cooling and the chamber was then vented to return to ambient pressure.
- the model with thermoformed film was removed from the machine and excess film was trimmed using a sonic cutter (model NE80, Nakanishi Incorporated, Kanuma City, Japan).
- the finished, thermoformed three-dimensional shell was separated from the model.
- the microstructures of the formed three-dimensional shell were inspected and measured using a Keyence VK-X200 series laser microscope (Keyence Corporation, Itasca, IL). The cube comer microstructures retained their shape and nominally 80% of
- a diamond (29.0 micrometer tip width, 3° included angle, 87 micrometers deep) was used to cut a tool having a plurality of parallel linear grooves. The grooves were spaced apart by a pitch of 59.1 micrometers. Resin A was prepared by mixing the materials in Table 11 below.
- a cast-and-cure microreplication process was carried out using Resin A and the tool described above.
- the line conditions were resin temperature 150°F (65.5°C), die temperature 150°F (65.5°C), coater IR 120°F (48.9°C) edges/130 °F (54.4°C) center, tool temperature 100°F (37.8
- the resulting microstructured fdm comprised a plurality of walls separated by channels as illustrated by FIG. 2.
- the base layer was PET fdm (3M Corporation), having a thickness of 3 mils (76.2 micrometers).
- the side of the PET fdm that contacted the resin was primed with a thermoset acrylic polymer (Rhoplex 3208 obtained from Dow Chemical, Midland, MI).
- the land layer of the cured resin had a thickness of 8 micrometers.
- the dimensions of the resulting microstructured fdm surface were as follows: wall height (H) of 84.1 micrometers, side wall angle of 0.4 degrees, pitch of 59.1 micrometers, width on top surface of wall of 28.5 micrometers, and a maximum valley width of 30.6 microns.
- the procedure described in Comparative Example D was followed to produce two square wave microstructured fdms with different dimensions.
- the microstructured film of Comparative Example E had the following surface dimensions: wall height (H) of 89.5 micrometers, side wall angle of 1.4 degrees, pitch of 62.3 micrometers, width on top surface of wall of 28.8 micrometers, and a maximum valley width of 33.3 micrometers.
- the microstructured film of Comparative Example F had the following surface dimensions: wall height (H) of 45 micrometers, side wall angle of 0.48 degrees, pitch of 30 micrometers, width on top surface of wall of 15 micrometers, and a maximum valley width of 15 micrometers.
- Samples of the microstructured films were evaluated for reduction of microbial touch transfer according to the procedure described in Example 23 (using S. aureus).
- the mean percent reduction in microbial touch transfer for the microstructured film of Comparative Example E was 25-37%.
- the microstructured film of Comparative Example F showed a mean 10% increase in microbial touch transfer compared to the corresponding control sample.
- a sheet of SCOTCHCAL vinyl graphic film (#IJ40, obtained from the 3M Corporation) having a linear prism microstructured surface with the same dimensions as reported for Example 1 (Table 1) was prepared using compression molding with a nickel tool.
- a section (12.7 cm x 12.7 cm) of Scotchcal graphic film was adhesively laminated to a 3 mil PET film.
- the nickel tool (15.2 cm x 15.2 cm) was placed on a Teflon sheet.
- the laminated graphic film was centered on the tool and oriented so the graphic film surface faced the tool.
- a flat, smooth sheet of silicone (about 1.27 cm thick) was placed to cover the graphic film and a flat stainless steel plate (2.54 cm thick) was placed on top of the silicone sheet.
- the completed stack was placed on the lower platen of a hydraulic press.
- the upper and lower platens of the press were heated at 350 °F (176.7 °C) and the stack was placed under 2000 pounds of pressure (80 pounds of pressure per square inch) for 10 minutes, followed by cooling of the platens to 70 °F (21.1 °C) while maintaining pressure on the stack. Upon cooling, the applied pressure was removed. The resulting microstructured sheet was released from the tool and silicone spacer. Samples of the resulting microstructured film were evaluated for reduction in microbial touch transfer according to the procedure described in Example 23. The mean percent reduction in microbial touch transfer for the microstructured film was 95%. The log 10 reduction of microorganism after cleaning would be similar to Example 1.
- Example 25 The same procedure as reported in Example 25 was followed with the exception that SCOTCHCAL vinyl overlaminate film (#8508, 2.3 mil thick, obtained from the 3M Corporation) was used in place of the SCOTCHCAL vinyl graphic film. Samples of the resulting microstructured film were evaluated for reduction in microbial touch transfer according to the procedure described in Example 23. The mean percent reduction in microbial touch transfer for the microstructured film was 84%.
- Example 27 Surface Coverage of a Liquid Disinfectant
- Example 27a Samples (7.6 cm by 20.3 cm strips) of microstructured films of Example 1, Example 20, and Comparative Example A were adhesively attached to a cleaning lane of an Elcometer Model 1720 Abrasion and Washability Tester (Elcometer Incorporated).
- a cube comer microstructured film (Example 27a) was prepared according to Example 20 with the dimensions of an individual cube comer microstmcture as follows: triangular base of 60/60/60 degrees (beta 1, 2, 3); side wall angles alpha2, alpha3, alphal that were 45, 45, 45 degrees; a peak height of 9 micrometers; and valley widths of 27.7 micrometers and 27.7 micrometers.
- a corresponding sample strip of Example 27a was also attached to a cleaning lane of the instrument. Each lane contained a single test sample.
- the microstmctured surface was exposed with the opposite non-microstructured surface attached to the cleaning lane.
- the microstmctured film of Example 1 some samples were placed in the instmment so that the microstmctured channels in the film surface were oriented in the same direction (parallel direction) as the carriage motion, while other samples were placed in the instmment so that the microstmctured channels in the film surface were oriented in the direction perpendicular to the carriage motion.
- the first wetted wipe was a SONTARA 8000 nonwoven (5.1 cm by 12.7 cm) that was soaked in an aqueous solution of isopropyl alcohol (70%) containing 0.025% crystal violet dye (obtained from the Sigma-Aldrich Company).
- the second wetted wipe was a paper towel (5.1 cm by 12.7 cm section of a WypALL L30 General Purpose Wiper obtained from the Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Irving, TX) that was soaked in a solution of isopropyl alcohol (70%) containing 0.025% crystal violet dye. Excess liquid was removed from all wipes by hand squeezing liquid from each wipe.
- Example 28 Surface Coverage of a Liquid Disinfectant
- the same procedure as reported in Example 27 was followed with the exception that a different disinfectant solution was used to prepare the wetted wipes.
- the disinfectant solution was an aqueous diluted solution (1:256) of 3M Disinfectant Cleaner RCT Concentrate 40A (quaternary ammonium based cleaner) containing 0.025% crystal violet dye.
- the first wetted wipe was a SONTARA 8000 nonwoven (5.1 cm by 12.7 cm) that was soaked in the disinfectant solution.
- the second wetted wipe was a paper towel (5.1 cm by 12.7 cm section of a WypALL L30 General Purpose Wiper) that was soaked in the disinfectant solution. Excess liquid was removed from all wipes by hand squeezing liquid from each wipe. The results are reported in Tables 15 and 16.
- Example 1 Three different linear prism microstructured fdms with varying dimensions were prepared according to the procedure described for Example 1. The dimensions of the three fdms are reported in Table 17. Samples of the three fdms along with samples of Example 1 and Comparative Example A were evaluated according to the procedure described in Example 9. All of the microstructured fdms showed logio cfu count reductions that were about 1.5 log greater than observed for Comparative Example A.
- Example 1 Discs (12.7 mm) of Example 1, Example 2, and Comparative Example A inoculated with/’. aeruginosa were prepared as described in the method ‘Sample Disc Inoculation, Incubation and Washing Method Modified with a Final Drying Step (described above). The discs were cleaned according to the ‘Sample Disc Cleaning Procedure A’ (described above) using SONTARA 8000 as the nonwoven sheet. The cleaned discs were analyzed according to ‘ Sample Disc Colony Count Method A’ (described above). The mean logio cfu counts are reported in Table 18 together with the calculated logio cfu reduction achieved by cleaning the disc.
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US202063067701P | 2020-08-19 | 2020-08-19 | |
PCT/IB2020/057840 WO2021033162A1 (en) | 2019-08-20 | 2020-08-20 | Microstructured surface with increased microorganism removal when cleaned, articles and methods |
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JP (1) | JP2022545424A (zh) |
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WO2022162528A1 (en) * | 2021-01-28 | 2022-08-04 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Microstructured surface with increased microorganism removal when cleaned, articles and methods |
CN113231742B (zh) * | 2021-03-25 | 2022-09-20 | 广东工业大学 | 一种光栅结构抗菌表面的检测方法 |
EP4398949A1 (en) | 2021-09-07 | 2024-07-17 | Solventum Intellectual Properties Company | Parylene coatings for medical articles that are cleanable and reduce microbial touch transfer |
WO2023105372A1 (en) | 2021-12-07 | 2023-06-15 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Microstructured surface and articles with lower visibilty of scratches and methods |
WO2024047419A1 (en) | 2022-08-31 | 2024-03-07 | Solventum Intellectual Properties Company | Articles including a microstructured curved surface, tooling articles, and methods |
FR3142689A1 (fr) * | 2022-12-05 | 2024-06-07 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procédé de thermoformage de microreliefs sur feuille en polymère à basse Tg |
WO2024141815A1 (en) | 2022-12-28 | 2024-07-04 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Multilayered articles including a uv barrier layer |
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- 2020-08-20 CN CN202080058224.1A patent/CN114650887A/zh active Pending
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