EP4009440A1 - Radome wall for communication applications - Google Patents
Radome wall for communication applications Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP4009440A1 EP4009440A1 EP22153819.2A EP22153819A EP4009440A1 EP 4009440 A1 EP4009440 A1 EP 4009440A1 EP 22153819 A EP22153819 A EP 22153819A EP 4009440 A1 EP4009440 A1 EP 4009440A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- layers
- radome
- radome wall
- wall
- core layers
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 239000012792 core layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000006261 foam material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 abstract description 19
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/42—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
- H01Q1/422—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome comprising two or more layers of dielectric material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
- H01Q1/28—Adaptation for use in or on aircraft, missiles, satellites, or balloons
Definitions
- the invention relates to a radome wall for communication in the frequency band from 17 to 31 GHz for use on commercial aircraft, and a radome with a corresponding radome wall.
- radomes Protective covers for antennas known as “radomes” are known for protecting antennas for the emission and/or reception of electromagnetic radiation from external mechanical or chemical influences, such as wind and rain. In addition to the structural strength required to protect the antennas, it is essential for radomes that they have suitable transmission behavior, i.e. are sufficiently permeable to electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range relevant to the antenna(s) to be protected - for communication applications such as data transmission, e.g 17 to 31 GHz - are.
- the wall of the radome In particular for applications in which the shape of a radome cannot be chosen freely, it is also necessary for the wall of the radome to have good transmission behavior in a sufficiently large range for the angle of incidence, based on an orthogonal impingement of the radiation on the wall .
- An example of such an application is the protection of antennas for satellite communication on commercial aircraft, where the radomes have to be adapted to the shape of the aircraft hull for aerodynamic reasons, which means that the electromagnetic radiation does not usually occur orthogonally on the radomes or penetrate them.
- radomes consisting of three or five-layer sandwich structures comprising GRP and foam layers are known, which, on the one hand, have sufficient transmission behavior and, on the other hand, offer sufficient structural strength at low weight.
- suitable layer arrangements can be calculated for desired frequency ranges, in particular with regard to the thickness of the individual layers, with the dielectric constants of the individual layer materials also having to be taken into account.
- the documents U.S. 9,123,998 B1 and U.S. 5,849,234A each show a radome, among other things for communication antennas of aircraft, the wall of which has a symmetrical multi-layer structure comprising cover and core layers. From the document U.S. 3,002,190A a radome wall with a multilayer structure made up of cover layers and core layers is known.
- U.S. 2011/050370 A1 discloses a wall structure for protecting radar systems from external influences, which comprises a layered structure made up of a plurality of sandwich structures, each with a core and two cover layers, it being possible for a spacer layer to be provided between sandwich structures.
- a disadvantage of the prior art is that the quality of the transmission behavior when the angle of incidence deviates from orthogonal impingement of the electromagnetic radiation on the radome wall depends greatly on compliance with the previously calculated thickness of the individual layers. As a result, the manufacturing tolerances with regard to the thickness of the individual layers are very small, which results in complex and cost-intensive manufacture.
- the object of the present invention is to create a radome wall in which the disadvantages of the prior art no longer occur, or at least only to a reduced extent.
- the invention relates to a radome wall for communication in the frequency band from 17 to 31 GHz for use on commercial aircraft, comprising a multi-layer structure with an alternating arrangement of force-absorbing solid cover layers and shear-resistant core layers, with two cover layers forming the outer sides of the radome wall and the radome wall being formed from five cover layers and four core layers is whose material thicknesses are in order 0.63 mm, 2.50 mm, 0.84 mm, 2.00 mm, 1.06 mm, 2.00 mm, 0.84 mm, 2.50 mm, 0.63 mm, whereby the two core layers closest to the outside of the radome wall are thicker than the core layers closest to the center plane of the radome wall, the five cover layers and the four core layers being made of dielectric materials, the dielectric constant of the cover layers being between 2.8 and 4.0 and the dielectric constant of the core layers is between 1.0 and 1.2 and the tolerance for the thickness of the cover layers for a nominal thickness up to 1 mm is ⁇ 20% and for
- the invention also relates to a radome for use on commercial aircraft, the wall of which is designed according to the invention.
- the radome wall according to the invention is characterized in that it is formed in a sandwich construction with n ⁇ 4 cover layers and—since the outer sides of the wall are each to be formed by a cover layer— n ⁇ 1 core layers.
- the cover layers are load-bearing solid Layers that are supported and spaced apart by only dimensionally stable core layers.
- the core layers absorb only a small part of the forces acting on the component, but under load they only show a hardly significant and negligible deformation under operating load (often well below 1%).
- the specific weight of the top layer is higher than the specific weight of the core layers.
- Corresponding sandwich designs are known in principle in the prior art and are widespread—not only in relation to radomes. In particular, it is known that a high degree of rigidity can be achieved with a low weight at the same time with the aid of a sandwich construction.
- the radome wall formed in this way it is also necessary for the radome wall formed in this way to have good transmission behavior.
- the lowest possible attenuation or high electromagnetic permeability should be achieved over the largest possible range of angles of incidence. While the same can basically also be achieved with three- or five-layer sandwich structures according to the prior art, this requires high-precision manufacture.
- very small manufacturing tolerances must be maintained in order to reliably avoid deterioration in the transmission properties.
- the invention is based on the finding that with a multi-layer structure of the radome wall with at least four cover layers—that is, an at least seven-layer sandwich structure—a significantly more tolerant design leads to smaller fluctuations in thickness, without there being any relevant deterioration in the relevant transmission properties comes.
- the manufacturing costs of a radome wall according to the invention can be reduced compared to a three- or five-layer design from the prior art, since the manufacturing tolerances can be chosen to be significantly more generous.
- a high overall strength of the radome wall can be achieved, which can at least correspond to that of a three- or five-layer design. Weight savings compared to the prior art are also generally possible.
- optimal thicknesses for the individual layers can be determined for the desired frequency range by simple parameter studies known to those skilled in the art, with which good electromagnetic transmission properties can be achieved in the desired frequency range to let.
- the good transmission properties can be achieved over a large angular range from 0° to approx. 65°, in each case with respect to the surface normal of the outside of the radome wall at the point at which the electromagnetic radiation impinges.
- This is particularly advantageous for radomes of antennas for satellite communication on board commercial aircraft, which regularly operate in the frequency range from 17 to 31 GHz. It is thus possible to design the radome as part of the outer shell of the aircraft in an aerodynamically favorable manner, without there being a significant loss of bandwidth.
- Fuselage or tail unit-mounted antennas for broadband satellite data transmission can be implemented in this way.
- the radome wall is surface-symmetrical to the center plane of the radome wall.
- the symmetrical structure ensures that both for sending and receiving signals through the radome wall protected antenna have the same good transmission properties.
- the two core layers closest to the outer sides of the radome wall are thicker than the core layer(s) closest to the center plane of the radome wall.
- Appropriate configuration of the layers ensures good transmittance, in particular over a wide range of angles of incidence (for example from 0° to 65°).
- the tolerance for the thickness of the cover layers is ⁇ 20% for a nominal thickness up to 1 mm, and ⁇ 0.2 mm for a nominal thickness over 1 mm.
- the tolerance for the core layers is ⁇ 0.2 mm. Appropriate tolerances can be achieved in the manufacture of a radome wall according to the invention without the need for complex and cost-intensive manufacturing processes.
- cover layers and three core layers are provided, the material thicknesses of which are preferably 0.42 mm (cover layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 0.21 mm (cover layer ), 1.00 mm (core layer), 0.21 mm (top layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 0.42 mm (top layer). These material thicknesses can of course be provided with the tolerances mentioned above.
- cover layers and four core layers are provided, the material thicknesses of which are 0.63 mm (cover layer), 2.50 mm (core layer), 0.84 mm (cover layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 1 .06 mm (top layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 0.84 mm (top layer), 2.50 mm (core layer), 0.63 mm (top layer). Also the tolerances mentioned above can be provided here.
- Both preferred embodiments show very good transmission properties for an angle of incidence range of 0° to 65°, with the frequency range for the good transmission properties being able to be defined decisively via the dielectric constants of the material used for the cover and core layers.
- the person skilled in the art can easily determine the dielectric constant required to achieve the desired frequency range. In this case, it is preferred if the dielectric constant of the cover layers is greater than the dielectric constant of the core layers.
- the dielectric constant of the cover layers is between 2.8 and 4.0, preferably between 3.0 and 3.6.
- the dielectric constant of the core layers is between 1.0 and 1.2.
- the cover layers are preferably each formed by one or more layers of prepreg material, preferably quartz glass fiber/epoxy resin prepreg.
- it can be a quartz fiber fabric pre-impregnated with resin, the resin preferably being duroplastic, more preferably an epoxy resin.
- the use of polyester resin is also possible.
- the thickness of an individual prepreg is preferably 0.21 mm. With an appropriate prepreg, the thicknesses of the individual cover layers of the preferred embodiments can be easily achieved.
- the core layers are preferably each formed from foam material, preferably from a polyimide rigid foam. This enables a particularly low specific weight of the radome wall. Through a suitable choice of foam material the required dimensional stability and dielectric permeability can be ensured. A homogeneous surface can preferably be produced with the foam material, which enables a large-area connection to the overlying cover layer.
- the radome according to the invention differs from radomes known from the prior art only in the design of the radome wall. To explain the radome according to the invention, reference is therefore made to the above statements.
- FIG 1 a first exemplary embodiment of a radome wall 1 not according to the invention for communication, in particular data transmission, in the frequency band from 17 to 31 GHz for use on commercial aircraft is shown in a sectional view.
- the radome wall 1 comprises four cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11' and three core layers 21, 22, 21'.
- the cover layers 11 and 11' each form an outside of the radome wall 1, while the core layers 21, 22, 21' are each arranged between two cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11'.
- the cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11' are formed from quartz glass fiber/epoxy resin prepreg, the thickness of an individual prepreg layer being 0.21 mm and the thicknesses of the cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11' each being a multiple thereof are.
- the core layers 21, 22, 21' are made of foam material, namely a polyimide rigid foam.
- the radome wall 1 has a surface-symmetrical structure with respect to the central plane 2, with the two core layers 21, 21' closest to the outer sides of the radome wall 1 being thicker than the core layer 22 lying in the central plane 2 of the radome wall 1.
- a tolerance of ⁇ 20% is provided for the mentioned thicknesses of the cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11'.
- the tolerance for the thicknesses of the core layers 21, 22, 21' is ⁇ 0.2 mm.
- the radome wall 1 shown has, despite the comparatively large tolerances for a frequency range of 17 to 31 GHz has very good transmission properties at any angle of incidence ⁇ between 0° and 65°.
- figure 2 shows a schematic sectional view of a second exemplary embodiment of a radome wall 1 according to the invention, which is also designed for communication or data transmission in the frequency band from 17 to 31 GHz for use on commercial aircraft.
- the radome wall 1 comprises five cover layers 11, 12, 13, 12', 11' and subsequently four core layers 21, 22, 22', 21'.
- the cover layers 11 and 11' again each form an outside of the radome wall 1.
- the arrangement of the remaining layers 12, 13, 12', 21, 22, 22', 21' results from FIG figure 2 .
- the cover 11, 12, 13, 12', 11' and core layers 21, 22, 22', 21' are analogous to the embodiment according to FIG figure 1 built up.
- the radome wall 1 according to figure 2 is surface-symmetrical to the central plane 2, the two core layers 21, 21' closest to the outside of the radome wall 1 being thicker than the core layers 22, 22' lying adjacent to the central plane 2 of the radome wall 1.
- a tolerance of ⁇ 20% is provided for the mentioned thicknesses of the cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11'.
- the tolerance for the thicknesses of the core layers 21, 22, 22', 21' and for the thickness of the cover layer 13 is ⁇ 0.2 mm.
- the radome wall 1 shown has very good transmission properties for a frequency range from 17 to 31 GHz at any angle of incidence ⁇ between 0° and 65°.
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Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Radomwandung (1) für Kommunikation, insbesondere Datenübertragung, im Frequenzband von 17 bis 31 GHz, insbesondere zur Nutzung an Verkehrsflugzeugen, sowie ein Radom mit entsprechender Radomwandung (1).Die erfindungsgemäße Radomwandung (1) für Kommunikation im Frequenzband von 17 bis 31 GHz zur Nutzung an Verkehrsflugzeugen umfasset einen Mehrschichtaufbau mit wechselnder Anordnung von kraftaufnehmenden festen Deckschichten (11, 12, 13, 12', 11`) und schubsteifen Kernschichten (21, 22, 22', 21'), wobei zwei Deckschichten (11, 11`) die Außenseiten der Radomwandung (1) bilden und Radomwandung (1) aus fünf Deckschichten (11, 12, 13, 12', 11') und vier Kernschichten (21, 22, 22', 21') gebildet ist, deren Materialstärken der Reihe nach 0,63 mm, 2,50 mm, 0,84 mm, 2,00 mm, 1,06 mm, 2,00 mm, 0,84 mm, 2,50 mm, 0,63 mm betragen, womit die beiden der Außenseiten der Radomwandung (1) nächstliegenden Kernschichten (21, 21') dicker sind als die der Mittelebene (2) der Radomwandung (1) nächstliegende Kernschichten (22, 22'), wobei die fünf Deckschichten (11, 12, 13, 12', 11`) und die vier Kernschichten (21, 22, 22', 21') aus dielektrischen Materialen sind, wobei die Dielektrizitätskonstante der Deckschichten (11, 12, 13, 12', 11') zwischen 2,8 und 4,0 und die Dielektrizitätskonstante der Kernschichten (21, 22, 22', 21') zwischen 1,0 und 1,2 liegen und die Toleranz für die Dicke der Deckschichten (11, 12, 13, 12', 11 für eine Nenndicke bis 1 mm ±20% und für eine Nenndicke über 1 mm ±0,2 mm beträgt und die Toleranz für die Dicke der Kernschichten (21, 22, 22', 21') ±0,2 mm beträgt.Die Erfindung betrifft weiterhin ein Radom zur Nutzung an Verkehrsflugzeugen, dessen Wandung erfindungsgemäß ausgebildet ist.The invention relates to a radome wall (1) for communication, in particular data transmission, in the frequency band from 17 to 31 GHz, in particular for use in commercial aircraft, and a radome with a corresponding radome wall (1). The radome wall (1) according to the invention for communication in the frequency band from 17 up to 31 GHz for use in commercial aircraft comprises a multi-layer structure with an alternating arrangement of force-absorbing solid cover layers (11, 12, 13, 12', 11`) and shear-resistant core layers (21, 22, 22', 21'), with two cover layers (11 , 11`) form the outer sides of the radome wall (1) and radome wall (1) is formed from five cover layers (11, 12, 13, 12', 11') and four core layers (21, 22, 22', 21'), whose material thicknesses are 0.63 mm, 2.50 mm, 0.84 mm, 2.00 mm, 1.06 mm, 2.00 mm, 0.84 mm, 2.50 mm, 0.63 mm , whereby the two core layers (21, 21') closest to the outer sides of the radome wall (1) are thicker than those of the center plane (2) of the rad omwand (1) closest core layers (22, 22'), wherein the five cover layers (11, 12, 13, 12', 11`) and the four core layers (21, 22, 22', 21') are made of dielectric materials, wherein the dielectric constant of the cover layers (11, 12, 13, 12', 11') is between 2.8 and 4.0 and the dielectric constant of the core layers (21, 22, 22', 21') is between 1.0 and 1.2 and the tolerance for the thickness of the cover layers (11, 12, 13, 12', 11 for a nominal thickness up to 1 mm is ±20% and for a nominal thickness over 1 mm ±0.2 mm and the tolerance for the thickness of the core layers (21, 22, 22', 21') is ±0.2 mm. The invention also relates to a radome for use on commercial aircraft, the wall of which is designed according to the invention.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Radomwandung für Kommunikation im Frequenzband von 17 bis 31 GHz zur Nutzung an Verkehrsflugzeugen, sowie ein Radom mit entsprechender Radomwandung.The invention relates to a radome wall for communication in the frequency band from 17 to 31 GHz for use on commercial aircraft, and a radome with a corresponding radome wall.
Zum Schutz von Antennen zur Abstrahlung und/oder zum Empfang von elektromagnetischer Strahlung vor äußeren mechanischen oder chemischen Einflüssen, wie bspw. Wind und Regen, sind als "Radome" bezeichnete Schutzhüllen für Antennen bekannt. Neben der zum Schutz der Antennen erforderlichen strukturellen Festigkeit ist für Radome wesentlich, dass sie ein geeignetes Transmissionsverhalten aufweisen, also im ausreichenden Maße durchlässig für die elektromagnetische Strahlung in dem für die zu schützende Antenne(n) relevanten Frequenzbereich - für Kommunikationsanwendungen wie Datenübertragung bspw. von 17 bis 31 GHz - sind.Protective covers for antennas known as “radomes” are known for protecting antennas for the emission and/or reception of electromagnetic radiation from external mechanical or chemical influences, such as wind and rain. In addition to the structural strength required to protect the antennas, it is essential for radomes that they have suitable transmission behavior, i.e. are sufficiently permeable to electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range relevant to the antenna(s) to be protected - for communication applications such as data transmission, e.g 17 to 31 GHz - are.
Insbesondere für Anwendungen, in denen die Formgebung eines Radoms nicht beliebig frei gewählt werden kann, ist es weiterhin erforderlich, dass die Wandung des Radoms auch in einem ausreichend großen Bereich für den Einfallswinkel ausgehend von einem orthogonalen Auftreffen der Strahlung auf die Wandung ein gutes Transmissionsverhalten aufweisen. Ein Beispiel für eine solche Anwendung ist der Schutz von Antennen zur Satellitenkommunikation an Verkehrsflugzeugen, bei denen die Radome aus aerodynamischen Gründen an die Formgebung der Flugzeughülle angepasst sein müssen, womit jedoch die elektromagnetische Strahlung regelmäßig nicht orthogonal auf die Radome auftritt bzw. diese durchdringt.In particular for applications in which the shape of a radome cannot be chosen freely, it is also necessary for the wall of the radome to have good transmission behavior in a sufficiently large range for the angle of incidence, based on an orthogonal impingement of the radiation on the wall . An example of such an application is the protection of antennas for satellite communication on commercial aircraft, where the radomes have to be adapted to the shape of the aircraft hull for aerodynamic reasons, which means that the electromagnetic radiation does not usually occur orthogonally on the radomes or penetrate them.
Im Stand der Technik, wie er bspw. in
Die Dokumente
Nachteilig an dem Stand der Technik ist jedoch, dass die Güte des Transmissionsverhaltens bei von einem orthogonalen Auftreffen der elektromagnetischen Strahlung auf die Radomwandung abweichenden Einfallswinkel stark von der Einhaltung der zuvor berechneten Dicke der einzelnen Lagen abhängt. In der Folge sind die Fertigungstoleranzen hinsichtlich Dicke der einzelnen Lagen sehr gering, was eine aufwendige und kostenintensive Herstellung zur Folge hat.A disadvantage of the prior art, however, is that the quality of the transmission behavior when the angle of incidence deviates from orthogonal impingement of the electromagnetic radiation on the radome wall depends greatly on compliance with the previously calculated thickness of the individual layers. As a result, the manufacturing tolerances with regard to the thickness of the individual layers are very small, which results in complex and cost-intensive manufacture.
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, eine Radomwandung zu schaffen, bei der die Nachteile aus dem Stand der Technik nicht mehr oder zumindest nur noch im verminderten Umfang auftreten.The object of the present invention is to create a radome wall in which the disadvantages of the prior art no longer occur, or at least only to a reduced extent.
Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe durch eine Radomwandung gemäß dem Anspruch 1 sowie durch ein Radom gemäß dem nebengeordneten Anspruch 5. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen sind Gegenstand der abhängigen Ansprüche.This object is achieved by a radome wall according to claim 1 and by a radome according to the independent claim 5. Advantageous developments are the subject matter of the dependent claims.
Demnach betrifft die Erfindung eine Radomwandung für Kommunikation im Frequenzband von 17 bis 31 GHz zur Nutzung an Verkehrsflugzeugen umfassend einen Mehrschichtaufbau mit wechselnder Anordnung von kraftaufnehmenden festen Deckschichten und schubsteifen Kernschichten, wobei zwei Deckschichten die Außenseiten der Radomwandung bilden und Radomwandung aus fünf Deckschichten und vier Kernschichten gebildet ist, deren Materialstärken der Reihe nach 0,63 mm, 2,50 mm, 0,84 mm, 2,00 mm, 1,06 mm, 2,00 mm, 0,84 mm, 2,50 mm, 0,63 mm betragen, womit die beiden der Außenseiten der Radomwandung nächstliegenden Kernschichten dicker sind als die der Mittelebene der Radomwandung nächstliegende Kernschichten, wobei die fünf Deckschichten und die vier Kernschichten aus dielektrischen Materialien sind, wobei die Dielektrizitätskonstante der Deckschichten zwischen 2,8 und 4,0 und die Dielektrizitätskonstante der Kernschichten zwischen 1,0 und 1,2 liegen und die Toleranz für die Dicke der Deckschichten für eine Nenndicke bis 1 mm ±20% und für eine Nenndicke über 1 mm ±0,2 mm beträgt und die Toleranz für die Dicke der Kernschichten ±0,2 mm beträgt.Accordingly, the invention relates to a radome wall for communication in the frequency band from 17 to 31 GHz for use on commercial aircraft, comprising a multi-layer structure with an alternating arrangement of force-absorbing solid cover layers and shear-resistant core layers, with two cover layers forming the outer sides of the radome wall and the radome wall being formed from five cover layers and four core layers is whose material thicknesses are in order 0.63 mm, 2.50 mm, 0.84 mm, 2.00 mm, 1.06 mm, 2.00 mm, 0.84 mm, 2.50 mm, 0.63 mm, whereby the two core layers closest to the outside of the radome wall are thicker than the core layers closest to the center plane of the radome wall, the five cover layers and the four core layers being made of dielectric materials, the dielectric constant of the cover layers being between 2.8 and 4.0 and the dielectric constant of the core layers is between 1.0 and 1.2 and the tolerance for the thickness of the cover layers for a nominal thickness up to 1 mm is ±20% and for a nominal thickness over 1 mm ±0.2 mm and the tolerance for the thickness of the core layers is ±0.2 mm.
Die Erfindung betrifft weiterhin ein Radom zur Nutzung an Verkehrsflugzeugen, dessen Wandung erfindungsgemäß ausgebildet ist.The invention also relates to a radome for use on commercial aircraft, the wall of which is designed according to the invention.
Die erfindungsgemäße Radomwandung zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass sie in Sandwichbauweise mit n ≥ 4 Deckschichten und - da die Außenseiten der Wandung jeweils durch eine Deckschicht gebildet werden sollen - n-1 Kernschichten gebildet wird. Bei den Deckschichten handelt es sich um kraftaufnehmende feste Schichten, die von lediglich formstabilen Kernschichten gestützt und auf Abstand gehalten werden. Die Kernschichten nehmen dabei im Vergleich zu den Deckschichten nur einen geringen Teil der auf das Bauteil einwirkenden Kräfte auf, weisen unter Belastung aber dennoch nur eine kaum nennenswerte und zu vernachlässigende Deformation unter Betriebslast (häufig weit unter 1%) auf. Im Regelfall ist das spezifische Gewicht der Deckschicht höher als das spezifische Gewicht der Kernschichten. Im Stand der Technik sind entsprechende Sandwichbauweisen grundsätzlich bekannt und - nicht nur in Bezug auf Radome - weit verbreitet. Insbesondere ist bekannt, dass sich mithilfe einer Sandwichbauweise eine hohe Steifigkeit bei gleichzeitig geringem Gewicht erreichen lässt.The radome wall according to the invention is characterized in that it is formed in a sandwich construction with n ≧4 cover layers and—since the outer sides of the wall are each to be formed by a cover layer— n −1 core layers. The cover layers are load-bearing solid Layers that are supported and spaced apart by only dimensionally stable core layers. Compared to the cover layers, the core layers absorb only a small part of the forces acting on the component, but under load they only show a hardly significant and negligible deformation under operating load (often well below 1%). As a rule, the specific weight of the top layer is higher than the specific weight of the core layers. Corresponding sandwich designs are known in principle in the prior art and are widespread—not only in relation to radomes. In particular, it is known that a high degree of rigidity can be achieved with a low weight at the same time with the aid of a sandwich construction.
Für die Verwendung der Sandwichbauweise für Radome ist weiterhin erforderlich, dass die so gebildete Radomwandung ein gutes Transmissionsverhalten aufweist. Insbesondere soll in dem für die durch das Radom geschützte Antenne relevanten Frequenzbereich eine möglichst geringe Dämpfung bzw. eine hohe elektromagnetische Durchlässigkeit über einen möglichst großen Einfallswinkelbereich erreicht werden. Während Entsprechendes grundsätzlich auch bei drei- oder fünf-lagigen Sandwichstrukturen gemäß dem Stand der Technik erreichbar ist, erfordert dies jedoch eine hochgenaue Fertigung. Insbesondere in Bezug auf die Dicke der einzelnen Schichten müssen im Stand der Technik sehr geringe Fertigungstoleranzen zur sicheren Vermeidung von Verschlechterungen der Transmissionseigenschaften eingehalten werden.For the use of the sandwich construction for radomes, it is also necessary for the radome wall formed in this way to have good transmission behavior. In particular, in the frequency range relevant to the antenna protected by the radome, the lowest possible attenuation or high electromagnetic permeability should be achieved over the largest possible range of angles of incidence. While the same can basically also be achieved with three- or five-layer sandwich structures according to the prior art, this requires high-precision manufacture. In the prior art, in particular with regard to the thickness of the individual layers, very small manufacturing tolerances must be maintained in order to reliably avoid deterioration in the transmission properties.
Der Erfindung liegt die Erkenntnis zugrunde, dass bei einem Mehrschichtaufbau der Radomwandung mit wenigstens vier Deckschichten - also einer wenigstens sieben-lagigen Sandwichstruktur - ein deutlich toleranteres Design gegenüber kleineren Dickenschwankungen führt, ohne dass es zu relevanten Verschlechterungen der relevanten Transmissionseigenschaften kommt. Trotz der größeren Anzahl der Schichten und dem damit einhergehenden größeren Herstellungsaufwand, lassen sich dennoch die Herstellungskosten einer erfindungsgemäßen Radomwandung gegenüber einem drei- oder fünf-lagigen Design aus dem Stand der Technik reduzieren, da die Fertigungstoleranzen deutlich großzügiger gewählt werden können. Gleichzeitig lässt sich eine hohe Gesamtfestigkeit der Radomwandung erreichen, die wenigstens derjenigen eines drei- oder fünf-lagigen Design entsprechen kann. Auch sind in der Regel Gewichtseinsparungen gegenüber dem Stand der Technik möglich.The invention is based on the finding that with a multi-layer structure of the radome wall with at least four cover layers—that is, an at least seven-layer sandwich structure—a significantly more tolerant design leads to smaller fluctuations in thickness, without there being any relevant deterioration in the relevant transmission properties comes. Despite the larger number of layers and the associated greater manufacturing effort, the manufacturing costs of a radome wall according to the invention can be reduced compared to a three- or five-layer design from the prior art, since the manufacturing tolerances can be chosen to be significantly more generous. At the same time, a high overall strength of the radome wall can be achieved, which can at least correspond to that of a three- or five-layer design. Weight savings compared to the prior art are also generally possible.
Durch geeignete Wahl der Dicken der einzelnen Deck- und Kernschichten lassen sich - unter Berücksichtigung der jeweiligen Dielektrizitätskonstanten - für den gewünschten Frequenzbereich durch einfache, dem Fachmann grundsätzlich bekannte Parameterstudien optimale Dicken für die einzelnen Schichten bestimmen, mit denen sich gute elektromagnetische Transmissionseigenschaften im gewünschten Frequenzbereich erreichen lassen. Dabei lassen sich die guten Transmissionseigenschaften über einen großen Winkelbereich von 0° bis zu ca. 65°, jeweils bezüglich der Flächennormalen der Außenseite der Radomwandung an der Stelle, an der die elektromagnetische Strahlung auftrifft. Dies ist insbesondere vorteilhaft für Radome von Antennen für die Satellitenkommunikation an Bord von Verkehrsflugzeugen, die regelmäßig im Frequenzbereich von 17 bis 31 GHz arbeiten. Es ist so möglich, das Radom aerodynamisch günstig als Teil der Außenhülle des Flugzeugs auszugestalten, ohne dass es zu einem maßgeblichen Bandbreitenverlust käme. So lassen sich rumpf- oder leitwerksmontierte Antennen für die Breitband-Satellitendatenübertragung realisieren.By suitably selecting the thicknesses of the individual cover and core layers, taking into account the respective dielectric constants, optimal thicknesses for the individual layers can be determined for the desired frequency range by simple parameter studies known to those skilled in the art, with which good electromagnetic transmission properties can be achieved in the desired frequency range to let. The good transmission properties can be achieved over a large angular range from 0° to approx. 65°, in each case with respect to the surface normal of the outside of the radome wall at the point at which the electromagnetic radiation impinges. This is particularly advantageous for radomes of antennas for satellite communication on board commercial aircraft, which regularly operate in the frequency range from 17 to 31 GHz. It is thus possible to design the radome as part of the outer shell of the aircraft in an aerodynamically favorable manner, without there being a significant loss of bandwidth. Fuselage or tail unit-mounted antennas for broadband satellite data transmission can be implemented in this way.
Es ist bevorzugt, wenn die Radomwandung flächensymmetrisch zur Mittelebene der Radomwandung ist. Aufgrund des symmetrischen Aufbaus ist sichergestellt, dass sowohl für das Senden als auch das Empfangen von Signalen durch die von der Radomwandung geschützte Antenne die gleichen guten Transmissionseigenschaften vorliegen.It is preferred if the radome wall is surface-symmetrical to the center plane of the radome wall. The symmetrical structure ensures that both for sending and receiving signals through the radome wall protected antenna have the same good transmission properties.
Erfindungsgemäß ist vorgesehen, dass die beiden der Außenseiten der Radomwandung nächstliegenden Kernschichten dicker sind als die der Mittelebene der Radomwandung nächstliegende Kernschicht(en). Durch eine entsprechende Ausgestaltung der Schichten wird der gute Transmissionsgrad insbesondere über einen weiten Einfallswinkelbereich (bspw. von 0° bis 65°) sichergestellt.According to the invention, it is provided that the two core layers closest to the outer sides of the radome wall are thicker than the core layer(s) closest to the center plane of the radome wall. Appropriate configuration of the layers ensures good transmittance, in particular over a wide range of angles of incidence (for example from 0° to 65°).
Die Toleranz für die Dicke der Deckschichten beträgt für eine Nenndicke bis 1 mm ±20%, und für eine Nenndicke über 1 mm ±0,2 mm betragen. Die Toleranz für die Kernschichten beträgt ±0,2 mm. Entsprechende Toleranzen lassen sich bei der Herstellung einer erfindungsgemäßen Radomwandung erreichen, ohne dass hierfür aufwendige und kostenintensive Fertigungsverfahren erforderlich sind.The tolerance for the thickness of the cover layers is ±20% for a nominal thickness up to 1 mm, and ±0.2 mm for a nominal thickness over 1 mm. The tolerance for the core layers is ±0.2 mm. Appropriate tolerances can be achieved in the manufacture of a radome wall according to the invention without the need for complex and cost-intensive manufacturing processes.
In einer ersten, nicht erfindungsgemäßen Ausführungsform, die lediglich der Veranschaulichung dient, sind vier Deckschichten und drei Kernschichten vorgesehen, deren Materialstärken der Reihe nach vorzugsweise 0,42 mm (Deckschicht), 2,00 mm (Kernschicht), 0,21 mm (Deckschicht), 1,00 mm (Kernschicht), 0,21 mm (Deckschicht), 2,00 mm (Kernschicht), 0,42 mm (Deckschicht) betragen. Diese Materialstärken können selbstverständlich mit den vorstehend erwähnten Toleranzen versehen sein.In a first embodiment, not according to the invention, which is only used for illustration, four cover layers and three core layers are provided, the material thicknesses of which are preferably 0.42 mm (cover layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 0.21 mm (cover layer ), 1.00 mm (core layer), 0.21 mm (top layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 0.42 mm (top layer). These material thicknesses can of course be provided with the tolerances mentioned above.
In der erfindungsgemäßen Ausführungsform sind fünf Deckschichten und vier Kernschichten vorgesehen, deren Materialstärken der Reihe nach 0,63 mm (Deckschicht), 2,50 mm (Kernschicht), 0,84 mm (Deckschicht), 2,00 mm (Kernschicht), 1,06 mm (Deckschicht), 2,00 mm (Kernschicht), 0,84 mm (Deckschicht), 2,50 mm (Kernschicht), 0,63 mm (Deckschicht) betragen. Auch hier können die vorstehend genannten Toleranzen vorgesehen sein.In the embodiment according to the invention, five cover layers and four core layers are provided, the material thicknesses of which are 0.63 mm (cover layer), 2.50 mm (core layer), 0.84 mm (cover layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 1 .06 mm (top layer), 2.00 mm (core layer), 0.84 mm (top layer), 2.50 mm (core layer), 0.63 mm (top layer). Also the tolerances mentioned above can be provided here.
Beide bevorzugten Ausführungsformen zeigen sehr gute Transmissionseigenschaften für einen Einfallwinkelbereich 0° bis 65°, wobei der Frequenzbereich für die guten Transmissionseigenschaften maßgeblich über die Dielektrizitätskonstanten des verwendeten Materials für die Deck- und die Kernschicht festgelegt werden kann. Die Bestimmung der erforderlichen Dielektrizitätskonstanten zur Erreichung des gewünschten Frequenzbereiches ist dem Fachmann ohne Weiteres möglich. Es ist dabei bevorzugt, wenn die Dielektrizitätskonstante der Deckschichten größer ist als die Dielektrizitätskonstante der Kernschichten.Both preferred embodiments show very good transmission properties for an angle of incidence range of 0° to 65°, with the frequency range for the good transmission properties being able to be defined decisively via the dielectric constants of the material used for the cover and core layers. The person skilled in the art can easily determine the dielectric constant required to achieve the desired frequency range. In this case, it is preferred if the dielectric constant of the cover layers is greater than the dielectric constant of the core layers.
Für einen Frequenzbereich von 17 GHz bis 31°GHz liegt die Dielektrizitätskonstante der Deckschichten zwischen 2,8 und 4,0, vorzugsweise zwischen 3,0 und 3,6. Die Dielektrizitätskonstante der Kernschichten liegt zwischen 1,0 und 1,2.For a frequency range from 17 GHz to 31° GHz, the dielectric constant of the cover layers is between 2.8 and 4.0, preferably between 3.0 and 3.6. The dielectric constant of the core layers is between 1.0 and 1.2.
Die Deckschichten sind vorzugsweise jeweils durch eine oder mehrere Lagen aus Prepreg-Material, vorzugsweise Quarzglasfaser/Epoxidharz-Prepreg gebildet. Es kann sich insbesondere um mit Harz vorimprägniertes Quarzfasergewebe handeln, wobei das Harz vorzugsweise duroplastisch, weiter vorzugsweise ein Epoxidharz ist. Die Verwendung von Polyesterharz ist ebenfalls möglich. Die Dicke eines einzelnen Prepregs beträgt dabei vorzugsweise 0,21 mm. Mit einem entsprechenden Prepreg lassen sich die Dicken der einzelnen Deckschichten der bevorzugten Ausführungsformen ohne Weiteres erreichen.The cover layers are preferably each formed by one or more layers of prepreg material, preferably quartz glass fiber/epoxy resin prepreg. In particular, it can be a quartz fiber fabric pre-impregnated with resin, the resin preferably being duroplastic, more preferably an epoxy resin. The use of polyester resin is also possible. The thickness of an individual prepreg is preferably 0.21 mm. With an appropriate prepreg, the thicknesses of the individual cover layers of the preferred embodiments can be easily achieved.
Die Kernschichten sind vorzugsweise jeweils durch Schaummaterial, vorzugsweise aus einem Polyimid-Hartschaumstoff, gebildet. Dadurch wird ein besonders geringes spezifisches Gewicht der Radomwandung möglich. Durch geeignete Wahl des Schaummaterials kann die erforderliche Formstabilität und die dielektrische Durchlässigkeit gewährleistet werden. Bevorzugt lässt sich mit dem Schaummaterial eine homogene Oberfläche herstellen, die eine großflächige Verbindung zur aufliegenden Deckschicht ermöglicht.The core layers are preferably each formed from foam material, preferably from a polyimide rigid foam. This enables a particularly low specific weight of the radome wall. Through a suitable choice of foam material the required dimensional stability and dielectric permeability can be ensured. A homogeneous surface can preferably be produced with the foam material, which enables a large-area connection to the overlying cover layer.
Das erfindungsgemäße Radom unterscheidet sich von aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Radomen lediglich in der Ausgestaltung der Radomwandung. Zur Erläuterung des erfindungsgemäßen Radoms wird daher auf die vorstehenden Ausführungen verwiesen.The radome according to the invention differs from radomes known from the prior art only in the design of the radome wall. To explain the radome according to the invention, reference is therefore made to the above statements.
Die Erfindung wird nun anhand vorteilhafter Ausführungsformen unter Bezugnahme auf die beigefügten Zeichnungen beispielhaft beschrieben. Es zeigen:
- Figur 1:
- ein schematischer Schnitt durch ein erstes Ausführungsbeispiel einer nicht erfindungsgemäßen Radomwandung; und
- Figur 2:
- ein schematischer Schnitt durch ein zweites Ausführungsbeispiel einer erfindungsgemäßen Radomwandung.
- Figure 1:
- a schematic section through a first embodiment of a radome wall not according to the invention; and
- Figure 2:
- a schematic section through a second embodiment of a radome wall according to the invention.
In
Die Radomwandung 1 umfasst vier Deckschichten 11, 12, 12', 11' und drei Kernschichten 21, 22, 21'. Die Deckschichten 11 und 11' bilden dabei jeweils eine Außenseite der Radomwandung 1, während die Kernschichten 21, 22, 21' jeweils zwischen zwei Deckschichten 11, 12, 12', 11' angeordnet sind.The radome wall 1 comprises four
Die Deckschichten 11, 12, 12', 11' sind aus Quarzglasfaser/Epoxidharz-Prepreg gebildet, wobei die Dicke einer einzelnen Prepreglage 0,21 mm beträgt und die Dicken der Deckschichten 11, 12, 12', 11' jeweils ausschließlich ein Vielfaches hiervon sind.The cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11' are formed from quartz glass fiber/epoxy resin prepreg, the thickness of an individual prepreg layer being 0.21 mm and the thicknesses of the cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11' each being a multiple thereof are.
Die Kernschichten 21, 22, 21' sind aus Schaummaterial, nämlich aus einem Polyimid-Hartschaumstoff.The core layers 21, 22, 21' are made of foam material, namely a polyimide rigid foam.
Die Radomwandung 1 ist flächensymmetrisch zur Mittelebene 2 aufgebaut, wobei die beiden der Außenseiten der Radomwandung 1 nächstliegenden Kernschichten 21, 21' dicker sind als die in der Mittelebene 2 der Radomwandung 1 liegende Kernschicht 22.The radome wall 1 has a surface-symmetrical structure with respect to the
Die Dicke der einzelnen Deck- 11, 12, 12', 11' und Kernschichten 21, 22, 21', sowie deren jeweilige Dielektrizitätskonstanten ergeben sich aus der nachstehenden Tabelle:
Für die genannten Dicken der Deckschichten 11, 12, 12', 11' ist eine Toleranz von ±20% vorgesehen. Für die Dicken der Kernschichten 21, 22, 21' beträgt die Toleranz ±0,2 mm.A tolerance of ±20% is provided for the mentioned thicknesses of the cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11'. The tolerance for the thicknesses of the core layers 21, 22, 21' is ±0.2 mm.
Die dargestellte Radomwandung 1 weist trotz der vergleichsweise großen Toleranzen für einen Frequenzbereich von 17 bis 31 GHz bei einem beliebigen Einfallwinkel α zwischen 0° bis 65°sehr gute Transmissionseigenschaften auf.The radome wall 1 shown has, despite the comparatively large tolerances for a frequency range of 17 to 31 GHz has very good transmission properties at any angle of incidence α between 0° and 65°.
Die Radomwandung 1 umfasst fünf Deckschichten 11, 12, 13, 12', 11' und in der Folge vier Kernschichten 21, 22, 22', 21'. Die Deckschichten 11 und 11' bilden dabei wieder jeweils eine Außenseite der Radomwandung 1. Die Anordnung der übrigen Schichten 12, 13, 12', 21, 22, 22', 21' ergibt sich aus
Auch die Radomwandung 1 gemäß
Die Dicke der einzelnen Deck- 11, 12, 13, 12', 11' und Kernschichten 21, 22, 22', 21', sowie die jeweilige Dielektrizitätskonstante ergeben sich aus der nachstehenden Tabelle:
Für die genannten Dicken der Deckschichten 11, 12, 12', 11' ist eine Toleranz von ±20% vorgesehen. Für die Dicken der Kernschichten 21, 22, 22', 21' sowie für die Dicke der Deckschicht 13 beträgt die Toleranz ±0,2 mm.A tolerance of ±20% is provided for the mentioned thicknesses of the cover layers 11, 12, 12', 11'. The tolerance for the thicknesses of the core layers 21, 22, 22', 21' and for the thickness of the
Auch die in
Claims (5)
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
die Radomwandung (1) flächensymmetrisch zur Mittelebene (2) der Radomwandung (1) ist.Radome wall according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the radome wall (1) is surface-symmetrical to the center plane (2) of the radome wall (1).
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
die Deckschichten (11, 12, 13, 12', 11') jeweils durch eine oder mehrere Lagen aus Prepreg-Material, vorzugsweise Quarzglasfaser/Epoxidharz-Prepreg gebildet wird, wobei die Dicke des Prepregs vorzugsweise 0,21 mm beträgt.Radome wall according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
the cover layers (11, 12, 13, 12', 11') are each formed by one or more layers of prepreg material, preferably quartz glass fiber/epoxy resin prepreg, the thickness of the prepreg preferably being 0.21 mm.
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
die Kernschichten (21, 22, 22', 21') jeweils durch Schaummaterial, vorzugsweise aus einem Polyimid-Hartschaumstoff, gebildet ist.Radome wall according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
the core layers (21, 22, 22', 21') are each formed from foam material, preferably from a polyimide rigid foam.
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
die Wandung des Radoms gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche ausgebildet ist.radome for use on commercial aircraft,
characterized in that
the wall of the radome is designed according to one of the preceding claims.
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GB201914723D0 (en) | 2019-10-11 | 2019-11-27 | Rolls Royce Plc | Cleaning system and a method of cleaning |
US11621484B1 (en) * | 2019-11-21 | 2023-04-04 | General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc. | Broadband radome structure |
US11969335B2 (en) | 2020-04-28 | 2024-04-30 | Cook Medical Technologies Llc | Woven graft having a taper with a re-engaged warp end |
US20240243464A1 (en) * | 2021-02-19 | 2024-07-18 | Asahi Kasei Kabushiki Kaisha | Cover |
DE102021107538A1 (en) | 2021-03-25 | 2022-09-29 | Airbus Defence and Space GmbH | Asymmetrically constructed radome |
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DE102022127708A1 (en) | 2022-10-20 | 2024-04-25 | Lufthansa Technik Aktiengesellschaft | Radome wall for communication applications |
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CN109891669B (en) | 2021-08-27 |
ES2909836T3 (en) | 2022-05-10 |
US20200058991A1 (en) | 2020-02-20 |
WO2018077823A1 (en) | 2018-05-03 |
DE102016221143A1 (en) | 2018-05-03 |
DE102016221143B4 (en) | 2018-05-09 |
CA3040797A1 (en) | 2018-05-03 |
EP3533108B1 (en) | 2022-03-09 |
EP4009440B1 (en) | 2023-09-13 |
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