EP3798431A1 - Verfahren und system zur behandlung von emissionen mithilfe eines transienten gepulsten plasmas - Google Patents

Verfahren und system zur behandlung von emissionen mithilfe eines transienten gepulsten plasmas Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3798431A1
EP3798431A1 EP20197970.5A EP20197970A EP3798431A1 EP 3798431 A1 EP3798431 A1 EP 3798431A1 EP 20197970 A EP20197970 A EP 20197970A EP 3798431 A1 EP3798431 A1 EP 3798431A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tper
reactor
voltage
bias voltage
pulse
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Pending
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EP20197970.5A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Steve CRONIN
William P. SCHROEDER
Jason M. Sanders
Daniel Singleton
Mark Thomas
Patrick Ford
Martin Adolph GUNDERSEN
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Transient Plasma Systems Inc
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Transient Plasma Systems Inc
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Publication date
Priority claimed from US16/586,514 external-priority patent/US11629860B2/en
Application filed by Transient Plasma Systems Inc filed Critical Transient Plasma Systems Inc
Publication of EP3798431A1 publication Critical patent/EP3798431A1/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0892—Electric or magnetic treatment, e.g. dissociation of noxious components
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/04—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an electric, e.g. electrostatic, device other than a heater
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/28—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a plasma reactor

Definitions

  • This description relates to systems and methods that employ high voltage, high power nanosecond pulses in treating emission, for example emissions from cooking, or from combustion engines (e.g ., diesel, natural gas, gasoline engines).
  • combustion engines e.g ., diesel, natural gas, gasoline engines.
  • Smoke emissions from chain-driven (i.e., conveyor-belt) charbroilers has been regulated by the air quality management district (SC-AQMD) in southern California since 1997 (see RULE 1138).
  • SC-AQMD air quality management district
  • This "smoke” consists of oil particles (particulate matter) typically around 150nm in diameter.
  • This problem has been "solved” using high temperature catalysts that cost $1500-$2000, are stable for more than 10 years, and are nearly maintenance-free. These catalyst-based systems make use of the high temperatures within a few inches of the cooking surface.
  • these relatively large chain-driven charbroilers are only found in large fast food restaurants and comprise a relatively small fraction of total restaurant smoke emissions.
  • Open-underfire broilers (the kind most people are familiar with) are found in thousands of restaurants in the southern California area alone. These emissions are currently not regulated but account for 85% of all restaurant emissions in the South Coast region of California. Typical mass flow rates for these charbroilers are around 10 lbs/day or volumetric flow rates of 1600 ft 3 /min and higher. This corresponds to approximately 5 grams of particulate matter (PM) per hamburger.
  • PM particulate matter
  • the present disclosure is directed toward a system and method to remove and/or reduce smoke, particulate, odor, and/or grease from emissions streams, for example emission streams resulting from commercial or even residential cooking, for instance commercial charbroiling processes, or for example from internal combustion engines (e.g. , diesel, natural gas, gasoline engines).
  • emissions streams for example emission streams resulting from commercial or even residential cooking, for instance commercial charbroiling processes, or for example from internal combustion engines (e.g. , diesel, natural gas, gasoline engines).
  • TPER Transient Plasma Emission Remediation
  • a method and system for treating emissions streams for example emissions from cooking appliances (e.g., charbroilers, broilers, grills, stove, ovens and other kitchen or restaurant equipment), includes an exhaust pathway (e.g ., vent, duct), a TPER reactor positioned to treat an exhaust stream vented via the exhaust pathway, a nanosecond high voltage pulse generator coupled to drive the transient pulsed plasma reactor, and a voltage source (e.g., DC voltage source, sinusoidal voltage source) to supplement the TPER reactor with a bias voltage.
  • an exhaust pathway e.g., vent, duct
  • a TPER reactor positioned to treat an exhaust stream vented via the exhaust pathway
  • a nanosecond high voltage pulse generator coupled to drive the transient pulsed plasma reactor
  • a voltage source e.g., DC voltage source, sinusoidal voltage source
  • the system substantially reduces one or more of smoke, particulate matter, odor and/or grease in the emission stream, produced, for example, in cooking, for instance in commercial charbroiling processes (e.g ., cooking / grilling of hamburger meat), or produced in operation of, for example, internal combustion engines (e.g., diesel, natural gas, gasoline engines). Both a reduction in the size distribution and total particulate mass is advantageously achieved using the methods and systems described herein. Reduction in or treatment of smoke, odor and/or grease may also result.
  • a voltage source e.g., DC voltage source, sinusoidal voltage source
  • a bias voltage e.g ., negative DC bias voltage, positive DC bias voltage, sinusoidal or AC bias voltage
  • the high voltage nanosecond pulses are coupled onto the center conductor of the TPER reactor and are superimposed on top of the bias voltage, which preferably has a least a negative component (e.g ., sinusoidal, or negative DC bias voltage). This may be done either to produce a static electric field that lowers the electric field.
  • the bias voltage may also be used to produce a static electric field that behaves like an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and serves to precipitate particulate matter out of the gas flow.
  • ESP electrostatic precipitator
  • Figure 1 shows a system 100 to treat emissions, for example cooking smoke emissions, using a transient pulsed plasma, according to one illustrated implementation.
  • the system 100 includes a Transient Plasma Emission Remediation (TPER) reactor 102 and a nanosecond pulse generator 104 coupled to drive that TPER reactor 102.
  • the TPER reactor 102 is designed to connect to an exhaust system 106, for example in series with one or more ducts 108a, 108b, 108c (three shown, collectively 108) that are part of the exhaust system 106 that vents the emissions (e.g. , smoke, particulate, odor, grease) 109 generated, for example, by a cooking appliance 110 (e.g ., charbroiler) out of a building and into the atmosphere.
  • a cooking appliance 110 e.g ., charbroiler
  • the exhaust system 106 may include one or more hoods 112 positioned relatively above the cooking appliance 110 to capture the cooking emissions (e.g ., smoke, particulate, odor, grease) 109 produced by a combustion processor, for instance the cooking process.
  • the hood 112 can take a variety of forms.
  • the hood 112 will typically comprise a stainless steel sheet metal enclosure with a relative large hood input vent at one end, and a relatively smaller hood output vent at another end.
  • the exhaust system 106 may include one or more blowers (e.g., fans) 114 positioned to draw and, or push the cooking emissions (e.g., smoke, particulate, odor, grease) 109 through the duct(s) 108 from the hood 112 to an exhaust outlet vent 116.
  • the hood 112 and the ducts 108 define a fluid flow path (represented by arrows) 113 to constrain and guide passage of the capture the emissions (e.g ., smoke, particulate, odor, grease) 109.
  • the apparatus, methods and techniques described herein may be employed to treat other streams of emissions generated in other contexts.
  • the apparatus, methods and techniques described herein may be employed to treat other streams of emissions generated from operation of internal combustion engines (e.g ., diesel, natural gas, gasoline engines).
  • the TPER reactor 102 is comprised of a stainless steel cylindrical reactor anode 102a with a coaxial electrode 102b.
  • This coaxial TPER reactor 102 comprises a thin wire, between 0.001 inch and 1 inch in diameter that is centered inside of an electrically conductive tube with an inner diameter between 1 inch and 24 inches, where the inner diameter is determined by the maximum voltage of the nanosecond pulse generator 104 that is driving the plasma generating reactor 102.
  • An impedance of TPER reactor 102 is matched with a source cable 126 in order to reduce voltage reflections.
  • the TPER reactor 102 provides a corona discharge in a coaxial cell geometry.
  • Figure 1 also shows the resulting transient plasma (i.e., high electron energy, low-temperature plasma) 118, as well as the shape of a typical high voltage pulse 120 produced by the nanosecond pulse generator and supplied to the TPER reactor 102.
  • the plasma 118 is generated inside the TPER reactor 102 by driving a high voltage, nanosecond duration electrical pulse 120 onto the center conductor 102a or conductors of the TPER reactor(s) 102.
  • the nanosecond duration electrical pulse 120 may have a duration of approximately equal to or less than 100 ns and may have a magnitude of approximately equal to or greater than >1 kV.
  • suitable values for the nanosecond duration electrical pulse 120 may be a duration in a range of 0.1 ns to 100 ns, inclusive, and a magnitude in a range of 1 kV to 100 kV, inclusive.
  • a 4-electrode geometry is utilized for the plasma generating reactor 102, where the diameter of the wire generating the plasma and the outer tube are sized similarly to the ones described for the single wire geometry.
  • the system 100 may take the form of a retro-fit system, for example sized and dimensioned or shaped to be installed as part of a previously installed exhaust system, for example an exhaust system that draws emissions (smoke, particulate, odor, grease) from a vicinity of a cooking appliance and venting such into the atmosphere, typically with one or more filters.
  • the retro-fit system may allow for the removal of one or more filters, for example including a replacement section or piece of duct to replace a section in which filters are mounted, or to provide a bypass fluid path around pre-existing filters or pre-existing filter section.
  • one or more TPER reactors 102 could be installed on a roof of a building, for example connected in series with existing exhaust ducts.
  • FIG 2 shows a circuit 200 that is operable to generate a high voltage pulse to drive a TPER reactor 102, for example the TPER reactor 102 illustrated in Figure 1 .
  • a series of inductively coupled switching stages 202a, 202b, 202c, 202d (only four shown, collectively 202) discharge capacitors C1, C2, C3, C4 in series to achieve voltage multiplication.
  • Operating switches M1, M2, M3, M4 causes energy to flow from these capacitors C1, C2, C3, C4 to energize a drift step recovery diode D9, which rapidly interrupts energy stored by a charge circuit inductor L5 to produce a high power, high voltage electrical pulse, which is transmitted to the anode or anodes of the TPER reactor 102.
  • FIG 3 shows a system 300 to treat emissions, for example cooking emissions (e.g ., smoke, particulate, odor, grease) using a transient pulsed plasma, according to another illustrated implementation.
  • the system 300 is similar to the system 100 ( Figure 1 ), and similar or even identical structures are identified in Figure 3 with the same reference numbers as employed in Figure 1 . In the interest of conciseness, only significant differences are discussed below.
  • a DC voltage source 302 may also be connected to the TPER reactor 102, in addition to the high voltage nanosecond pulse generator (e.g ., power supply) 104.
  • the nanosecond duration pulses 120 are coupled onto the anode or anodes of the TPER reactor 102, which is biased to a set DC voltage via the DC voltage source 302. The voltage of the nanosecond duration pulses 120 adds to the DC voltage.
  • Figure 4 shows a portion of a system 400 to treat emissions, for example cooking emissions (e.g ., smoke, particulate, odor, grease) using a transient pulsed plasma, according to one illustrated implementation.
  • the nanosecond pulses 120 ( Figs. 1 and 3 ) are capacitively coupled onto the anode or anodes 102a ( Figs. 1 and 3 ) of the TPER reactor 102 through a DC coupling capacitor C 1 .
  • a low pass filter (illustrated enclosed in broken-line box) 402 is used to isolate the DC supply (e.g., DC voltage source 302) from the high voltage, nanosecond duration pulse generator 104.
  • the system shows one implementation of how a DC voltage source 302 and a high voltage, nanosecond duration pulse generator (e.g ., power supply) 104 may be connected to a TPER reactor 102. Both the DC voltage source 302 and the high voltage, nanosecond duration pulse generator 104 are electrically coupled to the anode or anodes of the TPER reactor 102.
  • the DC voltage source 302 is electrically isolated from the high voltage, nanosecond pulse generator 104 by a low pass filter, comprised of inductor Li, resistor R 2 , and capacitor C 2 .
  • the high voltage, nanosecond pulse generator 104 is electrically isolated from the DC voltage source 302 by a coupling capacitor C 1 .
  • a resistor R 1 provides a DC path to allow the DC voltage source 302 to fully charge the coupling capacitor C 1 .
  • the values of coupling capacitor C 1 , inductor L 1 , and capacitor C 2 are determined by the desired or defined pulse parameters of the high voltage, nanosecond pulse generator 104.
  • Capacitor C 1 and capacitor C 2 are chosen to provide low impedance to the nanosecond duration pulse; whereas, inductor L 1 is chosen to appear as a high impedance.
  • the value of resistor R 1 is chosen to be sufficiently large so as to avoid excessive heating when the high voltage nanosecond pulse generator 104 is running at maximum or rated power.
  • Resistor R 2 is chosen to sufficiently damp the resonance of inductor Li, coupling capacitor C 1 , and capacitor C 2 .
  • Applicants have determined that while a positive DC bias voltage produces favorable results for treating at least one of smoke, particulate, odor, and/or grease, a negative DC bias voltage produces particularly surprisingly even more favorable results.
  • a sinusoidal or AC bias voltage may produce favorable results for at least one of smoke, particulate, odor, and/or grease.
  • DC voltage source may supply a negative or a positive bias voltage.
  • a sinusoidal or AC may supply a sinusoidal or AC bias voltage which may be applied, or one portion ( e.g ., negative voltage portion, positive voltage portion) may be applied to the conductor.
  • a proof-of-principle experiment of this method and system has been performed in which a TPER reactor based system was tested in a test kitchen facility.
  • Two TREP reactors were installed in parallel to a kitchen ventilation system including a charbroiler, hood, duct, and blower. Only a fraction of the full flow was passed through the TPER reactors.
  • FIG. 5 shows a system 500 used to perform the experiment referred to immediately above.
  • the system 500 is similar to the system 100 ( Figure 1 ), and similar or even identical structures are identified in Figure 5 with the same reference numbers as employed in Figure 1 . In the interest of conciseness, only significant differences are discussed below.
  • the system 500 includes a main duct 502 and a tap duct 504.
  • the tap duct 504 is used to tap or exhaust a slip stream of the smoke exhaust 506 from the main duct 502 and treated the slip stream of the smoke exhaust 506 by a pair of TPER reactors 508.
  • the TPER reactors 508 comprise two 3" diameter TPER reactors, each 3 feet in length, and arranged in parallel with one another.
  • Each TPER reactor 508 was powered by a nanosecond pulse generator 104, in particular a TPS Model 20X nanosecond pulse generator.
  • the system 500 includes a spectrometer 510.
  • the treated smoke exhaust 512 returns to the main duct 502 after being subjected to the non-equilibrated transient plasma.
  • SMPS Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer
  • TTI Model 3776 Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer
  • Hamburgers (75% lean, 25% fat) were cooked for 4.5 minutes per side continuously for 3 hours during this study, as shown in Figure 3 .
  • 15 patties were cooked at a time on a grill that was 25 ⁇ 30" in area.
  • a total of 375 patties were cooked during this study.
  • the cooking emissions (e.g ., smoke) 109 collected by the hood 112 was then treated with the TPER reactors.
  • Figure 6A is a graph 600a that shows the particle number densities measured with and without the plasma treatment via the experimental system 500 ( Figure 5 ) described above at a reactor flow condition of 2.5m/s.
  • Figure 6B is a graph 600b that shows the particle number densities measured with and without the plasma treatment via the experimental system 500 ( Figure 5 ) described above for a reactor flow condition of 0.25m/s.
  • the integrated peak areas are indicated in Figures 6A and 6B .
  • the original untreated particle distributions are peaked around 125-150nm diameter. With plasma treatment, a significant drop in the particle number was observed along with the emergence of a narrow distribution centered around 30-40nm.
  • Figures 7A and 7B are graphs 700a, 700b, respectively, that show the "Relative Particle Mass" in arbitrary units obtained by multiplying the number densities in Figures 3 and 4 , respectively, by the diameter cubed.
  • the integrated peak areas are indicated in Figures 7A and 7B .
  • 2.4X and 55X-fold reductions in total PM mass were observed for flow rates of 2.5 and 0.25 m/s, respectively.
  • Figure 8 is a graph 800 that shows the integrated particle number plotted as a function of pulse repetition rate, which decreases linearly with increasing repetition rate. Here, the total particle number decreases linearly with increasing repetition rate.
  • Figure 9A is a graph 900a that shows the particle distributions as a function of voltage dependence.
  • Figure 9B is a graph 900b that shows a plot of integrated peak areas (i.e., total particle mass) plotted as a function of pulser input voltage for the particle distributions of Figure 9A .
  • integrated peak areas i.e., total particle mass
  • a monotonic decrease is observed in the integrated area of the PM peak distribution (i.e., total PM mass), with an overall reduction of 40X observed at a pulser input voltage of 400 VDC.
  • These input voltages correspond to pulse energies of approximately 10, 20, 40, and 50mJ.
  • This plasma-based approach provides a fundamentally different mechanism for breaking down oil-based particulate matter that cannot be achieved with conventional UV and/or ozone approaches, both of which are present in the plasma.
  • highly reactive chemical radical species including atomic oxygen, are largely responsible for the effective breakdown of these oil aerosol particles.
  • the plasma discharge is produced in a 4" diameter cylindrical reactor (illustrated in Figures 10A and 10B ) with a 5-10 nanosecond high voltage (30 kV) pulse generator together with applied DC bias voltages up to 20 kV.
  • the distribution of nanoparticle sizes is centered around 225 nm in diameter, as measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) spectrometer and follows a log-normal distribution.
  • SMPS scanning mobility particle sizer
  • the plasma-based flow reactor used comprises a 4 foot-long, 4 inch-diameter stainless steel cylindrical anode with a 25mil single-wire cathode arranged in a coaxial geometry, as illustrated in Figures 10A and 10B .
  • This plasma-based flow system has electrical feedthroughs on either end of the reactor, one for supplying high DC voltages and the other for high voltage nanosecond pulses, as indicated in Figure 10A .
  • AC and DC filters have been built into these feedthroughs in order to protect the nanosecond pulse generator from the high voltage DC bias and vice versa.
  • the plasma is produced using a TPS Model 30X pulse generator operating at a peak voltage of 30kV, a pulse repetition rate of 200Hz, and a continuous power of 30W.
  • the generation of plasma is assisted by 20kV DC power supply capable of supplying up to 30W of continuous power.
  • Baseline particle distributions i.e., histograms
  • SMPS scanning mobility particle sizer
  • Figure 12A shows particle size distributions taken under an applied DC voltage of 5kV both with and without the nanosecond pulse generator running at a peak voltage of 30kV, pulse repetition rate of 200Hz, and continuous electrical power of 30W. A comparison of these two distributions shows a more than 12-fold reduction of total PM concentration (i.e., 92% remediation).
  • the integrated areas are indicated in the plot corresponding to the total particle concentrations both with and without the transient pulsed plasma.
  • Figure 12B shows particle size distributions taken with an applied DC voltage of 10kV both with and without a nanosecond pulse generator, exhibiting a more than 1500-fold reduction in PM concentration ( i.e., 99.9% remediation). It should be noted that the particle distributions taken with 5kVDC and lOkVDC only, without the nanosecond pulse generator, are nearly identical to the untreated baseline data (i.e., no remediation) plotted in Figure 11 .
  • soybean oil rather than PAO-4.
  • the soybean oil more closely resembles the oil-based nanoparticles that are generated by the charbroiling of hamburger meat and is often used as a surrogate grease generator following the UL 1046 standard method.
  • these soybean oil grease aerosol particles are generated at room temperature and do not contain any carbonaceous particles, such as those produced in the combustion of natural gas.
  • Figure 13A shows particle size distributions taken with an applied DC voltage of 2.5kV both with and without the nanosecond pulsed plasma.
  • Figure 13B shows particle size distributions taken with an applied DC voltage of 5kV both with and without the nanosecond pulsed plasma.
  • logic or information can be stored on any nontransitory computer-readable medium for use by or in connection with any computer and/or processor related system or method.
  • a memory is a computer-readable medium that is an electronic, magnetic, optical, or other another physical device or means that contains or stores a computer and/or processor program.
  • Logic and/or the information can be embodied in any computer-readable medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions associated with logic and/or information.
  • a "computer-readable medium” can be any means that can store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program associated with logic and/or information for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, and/or device.
  • the computer-readable medium can be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium.
  • the computer-readable medium could even be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program associated with logic and/or information is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, via for instance optical scanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted or otherwise processed in a suitable manner if necessary, and then stored in memory.
  • nontransitory signal bearing media include, but are not limited to, the following: recordable type media such as floppy disks, hard disk drives, CD ROMs, digital tape, and computer memory.

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EP20197970.5A 2019-09-27 2020-09-24 Verfahren und system zur behandlung von emissionen mithilfe eines transienten gepulsten plasmas Pending EP3798431A1 (de)

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US16/586,514 US11629860B2 (en) 2018-07-17 2019-09-27 Method and system for treating emissions using a transient pulsed plasma

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20010042372A1 (en) * 1999-11-17 2001-11-22 Magdi K. Khair Exhaust gas recirculation filtration system
US20040182832A1 (en) * 2003-03-21 2004-09-23 The Regents Of The University Of California Fast pulse nonthermal plasma reactor
US8115343B2 (en) 2008-05-23 2012-02-14 University Of Southern California Nanosecond pulse generator
US9617965B2 (en) 2013-12-16 2017-04-11 Transient Plasma Systems, Inc. Repetitive ignition system for enhanced combustion

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20010042372A1 (en) * 1999-11-17 2001-11-22 Magdi K. Khair Exhaust gas recirculation filtration system
US20040182832A1 (en) * 2003-03-21 2004-09-23 The Regents Of The University Of California Fast pulse nonthermal plasma reactor
US8115343B2 (en) 2008-05-23 2012-02-14 University Of Southern California Nanosecond pulse generator
US9617965B2 (en) 2013-12-16 2017-04-11 Transient Plasma Systems, Inc. Repetitive ignition system for enhanced combustion

Non-Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
MOHAPATRO SANKARSAN ET AL: "Nanosecond pulse discharge based nitrogen oxides treatment using different electrode configurations", HIGH VOLTAGE, THE INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE, SIX HILLS WAY, STEVENAGE, HERTS. SG1 2AY, UK, vol. 2, no. 2, 1 June 2017 (2017-06-01), pages 60 - 68, XP006076268, ISSN: 2397-7264, DOI: 10.1049/HVE.2017.0011 *
T. HUISKAMP ET AL: "Matching a Nanosecond Pulse Source to a Streamer Corona Plasma Reactor With a DC Bias", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE., vol. 43, no. 2, 1 February 2015 (2015-02-01), US, pages 617 - 624, XP055756470, ISSN: 0093-3813, DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2015.2388631 *
TAKAO MATSUMOTO ET AL: "Process Performances of 2 ns Pulsed Discharge Plasma", JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 50, no. 8, 1 August 2011 (2011-08-01), JP, pages 08JF14, XP055756386, ISSN: 0021-4922, DOI: 10.1143/JJAP.50.08JF14 *
YAMASHITA H ET AL: "Characteristics of negative-polarity DC superimposed nanosecond pulsed discharge and its applications", 2019 IEEE PULSED POWER & PLASMA SCIENCE (PPPS), IEEE, 23 June 2019 (2019-06-23), pages 1 - 4, XP033726763, DOI: 10.1109/PPPS34859.2019.9009784 *

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