EP3763650A1 - Method for feeding a plurality of yarns to a textile machine by way of respective positive yarn feeders - Google Patents
Method for feeding a plurality of yarns to a textile machine by way of respective positive yarn feeders Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3763650A1 EP3763650A1 EP20180924.1A EP20180924A EP3763650A1 EP 3763650 A1 EP3763650 A1 EP 3763650A1 EP 20180924 A EP20180924 A EP 20180924A EP 3763650 A1 EP3763650 A1 EP 3763650A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- textile machine
- yarn
- tension
- signal
- position signal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009940 knitting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009941 weaving Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H51/00—Forwarding filamentary material
- B65H51/30—Devices controlling the forwarding speed to synchronise with supply, treatment, or take-up apparatus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H59/00—Adjusting or controlling tension in filamentary material, e.g. for preventing snarling; Applications of tension indicators
- B65H59/40—Applications of tension indicators
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H51/00—Forwarding filamentary material
- B65H51/20—Devices for temporarily storing filamentary material during forwarding, e.g. for buffer storage
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H59/00—Adjusting or controlling tension in filamentary material, e.g. for preventing snarling; Applications of tension indicators
- B65H59/38—Adjusting or controlling tension in filamentary material, e.g. for preventing snarling; Applications of tension indicators by regulating speed of driving mechanism of unwinding, paying-out, forwarding, winding, or depositing devices, e.g. automatically in response to variations in tension
- B65H59/384—Adjusting or controlling tension in filamentary material, e.g. for preventing snarling; Applications of tension indicators by regulating speed of driving mechanism of unwinding, paying-out, forwarding, winding, or depositing devices, e.g. automatically in response to variations in tension using electronic means
- B65H59/385—Regulating winding speed
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H59/00—Adjusting or controlling tension in filamentary material, e.g. for preventing snarling; Applications of tension indicators
- B65H59/38—Adjusting or controlling tension in filamentary material, e.g. for preventing snarling; Applications of tension indicators by regulating speed of driving mechanism of unwinding, paying-out, forwarding, winding, or depositing devices, e.g. automatically in response to variations in tension
- B65H59/384—Adjusting or controlling tension in filamentary material, e.g. for preventing snarling; Applications of tension indicators by regulating speed of driving mechanism of unwinding, paying-out, forwarding, winding, or depositing devices, e.g. automatically in response to variations in tension using electronic means
- B65H59/388—Regulating forwarding speed
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2701/00—Handled material; Storage means
- B65H2701/30—Handled filamentary material
- B65H2701/31—Textiles threads or artificial strands of filaments
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for feeding a plurality of yarns to a textile machine by way of respective positive yarn feeders.
- This type of feeder is provided with a motorized reel, on which the yarn is repeatedly wound (e.g., 3 or 4 windings).
- the yarn is unwound from a spool and is fed to a textile machine downstream, e.g., a knitting machine or a warping machine.
- the yarn tension in output from the feeder is monitored continuously by a tension sensor which is connected to a control unit.
- This control unit modulates the speed of the reel on the basis of the signal received from the tension sensor, so as to maintain the tension of the yarn fed to the textile machine substantially constant at a desired level, to the advantage of the quality of the garment.
- the feeder might start too early, or start rotating too rapidly, faster than required, thus leading to the above mentioned instabilities.
- EP 1901984 B1 proposes using two tension sensors for each yarn, one of which is arranged at the exit of the feeder while the other is arranged at the entry of the textile machine.
- the control unit based on an adapted algorithm, controls the feeder by taking account of the tension values measured by both sensors, so as to limit the risk of instabilities arising.
- a drawback of the system described in EP 1901984 B1 is its high cost, in that it envisages using two tension sensors for each yarn.
- the aim of the present invention is to provide a method for feeding a plurality of yarns to a textile machine by way of respective positive yarn feeders, which makes it possible to control the tension with precision, keeping it constant even in the event of variations in the operating conditions deriving from factors like the ones cited above, but using a single tension sensor which is positioned proximate to the textile machine, so as to reduce costs.
- Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a feeding apparatus that uses the method according to the invention.
- a yarn feeding apparatus 10 comprises a yarn feeder 12 of the "positive" type.
- the feeder 12 is provided with a motorized reel 14, on which the yarn F is repeatedly wound (e.g., 3 or 4 windings).
- the yarn F is unwound from a spool 16 and is fed to a textile machine downstream, e.g., a warping machine (not shown in full) which is provided with a yarn winding drum 18.
- a control unit CU modulates the speed of the reel 14 by way of a first control loop CL1 on the basis of a reference position signal PS_ref.
- an encoder 22 which is connected to the motor 24 of the feeder 12, generates a real position signal PS_real.
- the real position signal PS_real is compared with the reference position signal PS_ref in a first subtracter node N1.
- the position error PS_err deriving from the comparison is sent to a position controller PC which, by way of an inverter I, drives the motor 24 in feedback.
- the feeder 12 is programmed to actuate the reel 14 with the warping machine 18 according to a given transmission ratio (known as "operation according to an electrical axis").
- the reference position signal PS_ref is generated by a second control loop CL2 which uses a position signal of the textile machine MP to maintain the aforementioned transmission ratio between the reel 14 and the warping machine 18.
- the position signal of the textile machine MP is generated by a synchronization device, e.g., an encoder 26, which is keyed on the yarn winding drum 18.
- a synchronization device e.g., an encoder 26, which is keyed on the yarn winding drum 18.
- the position signal of the textile machine MP is sent to a module TRM, which generates the reference position signal PS_ref.
- the module TRM is integrated in the control unit CU.
- the transmission ratio is automatically corrected by a third control loop CL3 on the basis of a measured tension signal T_meas generated by a tension sensor 28 which is associated with the yarn F, so as to compensate the slow variations in tension deriving from factors such as:
- the tension sensor 28 is advantageously arranged directly upstream of the warping machine 18, downstream of any transmission elements such as pulleys and yarn guide rings, which are schematically indicated by the rectangle 30 in Figure 1 , which can alter the real value of the tension with which the yarn enters the warping machine.
- a reference tension signal T_ref which is configurable by the user, is compared with the measured tension signal T_meas in a second subtracter node N2, and the tension error T_err deriving from the comparison is sent to a tension controller TC.
- the tension controller TC generates as a consequence a signal for correcting the transmission ratio TRC and sends it to the module TRM, which is programmed to generate the reference position signal PS_ref on the basis of the transmission ratio that was set which, as mentioned, is progressively corrected automatically.
- the third control loop CL3 can operate at a relatively low sampling frequency, e.g., a few Hz, so as to be insensitive to sudden variations in tension deriving from accidental factors.
- the method according to the invention fully achieves the set aim and objects in that, although it uses a single tension sensor which is positioned proximate to the textile machine, makes it possible to control the tension with precision, keeping it constant even in the event of any variations in the operating conditions deriving from factors like the ones cited previously.
- a different synchronization device can be used, e.g., a proximity sensor.
- the transmission ratio is set in the control unit, it may also be set directly on the feeder.
Landscapes
- Tension Adjustment In Filamentary Materials (AREA)
- Spinning Or Twisting Of Yarns (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a method for feeding a plurality of yarns to a textile machine by way of respective positive yarn feeders.
- As is known, in a generic weaving process, multiple yarns can be fed to a textile machine by way of respective yarn feeders of the "positive" type.
- This type of feeder is provided with a motorized reel, on which the yarn is repeatedly wound (e.g., 3 or 4 windings). When the reel is rotated, the yarn is unwound from a spool and is fed to a textile machine downstream, e.g., a knitting machine or a warping machine.
- The yarn tension in output from the feeder is monitored continuously by a tension sensor which is connected to a control unit. This control unit modulates the speed of the reel on the basis of the signal received from the tension sensor, so as to maintain the tension of the yarn fed to the textile machine substantially constant at a desired level, to the advantage of the quality of the garment.
- As is known, it would be preferable to measure the yarn tension in the immediate vicinity of the textile machine, downstream of any transmission pulleys and yarn guide rings which could alter the real value of the tension with which the yarn enters the textile machine.
- However, as is known, if only this signal is used to control the rotation speed of the feeder then instabilities could arise, for example, during the phase of starting up the textile machine. In this phase, in fact, the tension of the yarn, which jumps suddenly when adjacent to the textile machine, can take some time to become distributed over the whole yarn, also taking account of the fact that the length of yarn between the feeder and the textile machine can be several tens of meters.
- As a consequence, the feeder might start too early, or start rotating too rapidly, faster than required, thus leading to the above mentioned instabilities.
- In the attempt to overcome such problem,
EP 1901984 B1 proposes using two tension sensors for each yarn, one of which is arranged at the exit of the feeder while the other is arranged at the entry of the textile machine. The control unit, based on an adapted algorithm, controls the feeder by taking account of the tension values measured by both sensors, so as to limit the risk of instabilities arising. - A drawback of the system described in
EP 1901984 B1 is its high cost, in that it envisages using two tension sensors for each yarn. - Especially in applications wherein the consumption of yarn is practically constant or varies very slowly, e.g., in the feeding yarns to warping machines, it would be desirable to have a solution that is less costly but which is still capable of compensating the slow variations in tension deriving from factors such as:
- the progressively increasing diameter of the winding drum on the warping machine,
- variations in tension on the distaff upstream of the feeder,
- variations in friction of the yarn guide loops owing to wear or to heating,
- Therefore, the aim of the present invention is to provide a method for feeding a plurality of yarns to a textile machine by way of respective positive yarn feeders, which makes it possible to control the tension with precision, keeping it constant even in the event of variations in the operating conditions deriving from factors like the ones cited above, but using a single tension sensor which is positioned proximate to the textile machine, so as to reduce costs.
- This aim and other objects, which will become clearer from the description that follows, are achieved by the method having the characteristics cited in the appended claim 1, while the appended dependent claims define other characteristics of the invention which are advantageous, although secondary.
- Now the invention will be described in greater detail, with reference to a preferred but not exclusive embodiment thereof, which is illustrated for the purposes of non-limiting example in
Figure 1 , which is a schematic diagram of a feeding apparatus that uses the method according to the invention. - With reference to
Figure 1 , ayarn feeding apparatus 10 comprises ayarn feeder 12 of the "positive" type. - The
feeder 12 is provided with amotorized reel 14, on which the yarn F is repeatedly wound (e.g., 3 or 4 windings). When thereel 14 is rotated, the yarn F is unwound from aspool 16 and is fed to a textile machine downstream, e.g., a warping machine (not shown in full) which is provided with ayarn winding drum 18. - In a manner that is known per se, a control unit CU modulates the speed of the
reel 14 by way of a first control loop CL1 on the basis of a reference position signal PS_ref. - In detail, in the first control loop CL1, an
encoder 22, which is connected to themotor 24 of thefeeder 12, generates a real position signal PS_real. The real position signal PS_real is compared with the reference position signal PS_ref in a first subtracter node N1. The position error PS_err deriving from the comparison is sent to a position controller PC which, by way of an inverter I, drives themotor 24 in feedback. - The
feeder 12 is programmed to actuate thereel 14 with thewarping machine 18 according to a given transmission ratio (known as "operation according to an electrical axis"). - To this end, the reference position signal PS_ref is generated by a second control loop CL2 which uses a position signal of the textile machine MP to maintain the aforementioned transmission ratio between the
reel 14 and thewarping machine 18. - In the embodiment described herein, the position signal of the textile machine MP is generated by a synchronization device, e.g., an
encoder 26, which is keyed on theyarn winding drum 18. - The position signal of the textile machine MP is sent to a module TRM, which generates the reference position signal PS_ref.
- In the embodiment described herein, the module TRM is integrated in the control unit CU.
- According to the invention, the transmission ratio is automatically corrected by a third control loop CL3 on the basis of a measured tension signal T_meas generated by a
tension sensor 28 which is associated with the yarn F, so as to compensate the slow variations in tension deriving from factors such as: - the progressively increasing diameter of the winding drum on the warping machine,
- variations in tension on the distaff upstream of the feeder,
- variations in friction of the yarn guide loops owing to wear or to heating,
- The
tension sensor 28 is advantageously arranged directly upstream of thewarping machine 18, downstream of any transmission elements such as pulleys and yarn guide rings, which are schematically indicated by therectangle 30 inFigure 1 , which can alter the real value of the tension with which the yarn enters the warping machine. - In the third control loop CL3, a reference tension signal T_ref, which is configurable by the user, is compared with the measured tension signal T_meas in a second subtracter node N2, and the tension error T_err deriving from the comparison is sent to a tension controller TC. The tension controller TC generates as a consequence a signal for correcting the transmission ratio TRC and sends it to the module TRM, which is programmed to generate the reference position signal PS_ref on the basis of the transmission ratio that was set which, as mentioned, is progressively corrected automatically.
- As it is evident to the skilled person, the third control loop CL3 can operate at a relatively low sampling frequency, e.g., a few Hz, so as to be insensitive to sudden variations in tension deriving from accidental factors.
- As the skilled person will be able to appreciate, the method according to the invention fully achieves the set aim and objects in that, although it uses a single tension sensor which is positioned proximate to the textile machine, makes it possible to control the tension with precision, keeping it constant even in the event of any variations in the operating conditions deriving from factors like the ones cited previously.
- A preferred embodiment of the invention has been described, but obviously the person skilled in the art may make various modifications and variations within the scope of protection of the claims.
- For example, in place of the encoder a different synchronization device can be used, e.g., a proximity sensor.
- Furthermore, although in the embodiment described herein the transmission ratio is set in the control unit, it may also be set directly on the feeder.
- The disclosures in Italian Patent Application No.
102019000011448 - Where technical features mentioned in any claim are followed by reference signs, those reference signs have been included for the sole purpose of increasing the intelligibility of the claims and accordingly, such reference signs do not have any limiting effect on the interpretation of each element identified by way of example by such reference signs.
Claims (6)
- A method for feeding a plurality of yarns to a textile machine by way of respective yarn feeders (12), each one of said yarn feeders (12) being provided with a motorized reel (14) on which a yarn (F) that is adapted to be fed to said textile machine (18) is wound repeatedly, wherein a control unit (CU) modulates the speed of said reel (14) by way of a first control loop (CL1) on the basis of a reference position signal (PS_ref) generated by a second control loop (CL2) which uses a position signal of the textile machine (MP) in order to maintain a given transmission ratio (TRC) between said reel (14) and said textile machine (18), characterized in that said transmission ratio (TRC) is corrected automatically by a third control loop (CL3) on the basis of a measured tension signal (T_meas) generated by a tension sensor (28) which is associated with said yarn (F).
- The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said position signal of the textile machine (MP) is generated by a synchronization device (26) which is associated with said textile machine.
- The method according to claim 2, characterized in that said synchronization device comprises an encoder (26).
- The method according to claim 2, characterized in that said synchronization device comprises a proximity sensor.
- The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said third control loop (CL3) comprises a tension controller (TC) which is adapted to generate a signal for correcting the transmission ratio (TRC) on the basis of a comparison between a reference tension signal (T_ref) that can be set by the user and said measured tension signal (T_meas), and to send it to a module (TRM) which is adapted to generate said reference position signal (PS_ref) on the basis of said position signal of the textile machine (MP) and said signal for correcting the transmission ratio (TRC).
- The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said tension sensor (28) is located immediately upstream of said textile machine (18).
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IT102019000011448A IT201900011448A1 (en) | 2019-07-11 | 2019-07-11 | METHOD FOR FEEDING A PLURALITY OF YARNS TO A TEXTILE MACHINE BY MEANS OF THEIR POSITIVE YARN FEEDERS |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3763650A1 true EP3763650A1 (en) | 2021-01-13 |
EP3763650B1 EP3763650B1 (en) | 2022-03-09 |
Family
ID=68582144
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP20180924.1A Active EP3763650B1 (en) | 2019-07-11 | 2020-06-18 | Method for feeding a plurality of yarns to a textile machine by way of respective positive yarn feeders |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP3763650B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN112209180B (en) |
ES (1) | ES2912727T3 (en) |
IT (1) | IT201900011448A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IT202100017966A1 (en) * | 2021-07-08 | 2023-01-08 | Lgl Electronics Spa | MOTORIZED POSITIVE YARN FEEDER WITH SELECTABLE OPERATING MODE, AND YARN FEEDING EQUIPMENT USING THE SAME. |
IT202200007784A1 (en) * | 2022-04-20 | 2023-10-20 | Lgl Electronics Spa | METHOD FOR FEEDING A PLURALITY OF YARNS TO A WARPING MACHINE AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT SUCH METHOD |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6328081B1 (en) * | 1999-11-30 | 2001-12-11 | L.G.L. Electronics S.P.A. | Weft tension brake control |
EP1901984B1 (en) | 2005-07-12 | 2010-09-22 | B.T.S.R. International S.p.A. | Double control loop method and device for ensuring constant tension yarn feed to a textile machine |
EP2754742A1 (en) * | 2013-01-10 | 2014-07-16 | L.G.L. Electronics S.p.A. | Yarn-feeding assembly for textile machines |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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ITMI20020945A1 (en) * | 2002-05-03 | 2003-11-03 | Tiziano Barea | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE CONSTANT VOLTAGE SUPPLY AND RECOVERY OF A YARN SUPPLIED TO A TEXTILE MACHINE |
DE50305700D1 (en) * | 2003-10-04 | 2006-12-28 | Ssm Ag | Method and device for controlling the thread tension on a textile machine, and application of the method |
ES2402743T3 (en) * | 2008-01-17 | 2013-05-08 | B.T.S.R. International S.P.A. | System to control the feeding of a machine with a thread or wire and corresponding procedure |
EP2186932B1 (en) * | 2008-11-13 | 2012-09-19 | L.G.L. Electronics S.p.A. | Yarn-feeding apparatus for textile machines, with control of the feeding parameters |
ITTO20110840A1 (en) * | 2011-09-20 | 2013-03-21 | Lgl Electronics Spa | METHOD OF CALIBRATION OF TENSIONED YARN POWER SUPPLIES CONTROLLED ON WEAVING LINES. |
EP3103749B1 (en) * | 2015-06-12 | 2019-12-04 | L.G.L. Electronics S.p.A. | Method for controlling the consumption rate of a yarn being unwound from an accumulation feeder toward a textile machine, and apparatus for carrying out such method |
BE1023220B1 (en) * | 2015-07-03 | 2017-01-03 | Nv Michel Van De Wiele | FEEDING DEVICE FOR SUPPLY OF YARN, METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE YARN VOLTAGE AND USE OF CONTROL MEANS FOR CONTROLLING ACTUATORS FOR SUPPLY OF YARN |
ITUA20163183A1 (en) * | 2016-05-05 | 2017-11-05 | Btsr Int Spa | METHOD FOR MONITORING AND MONITORING THE POWER OF A WIRE TO A TEXTILE MACHINE AND ITS SUPPLY DEVICE. |
-
2019
- 2019-07-11 IT IT102019000011448A patent/IT201900011448A1/en unknown
-
2020
- 2020-06-18 EP EP20180924.1A patent/EP3763650B1/en active Active
- 2020-06-18 ES ES20180924T patent/ES2912727T3/en active Active
- 2020-07-02 CN CN202010634242.1A patent/CN112209180B/en active Active
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6328081B1 (en) * | 1999-11-30 | 2001-12-11 | L.G.L. Electronics S.P.A. | Weft tension brake control |
EP1901984B1 (en) | 2005-07-12 | 2010-09-22 | B.T.S.R. International S.p.A. | Double control loop method and device for ensuring constant tension yarn feed to a textile machine |
EP2754742A1 (en) * | 2013-01-10 | 2014-07-16 | L.G.L. Electronics S.p.A. | Yarn-feeding assembly for textile machines |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IT202100017966A1 (en) * | 2021-07-08 | 2023-01-08 | Lgl Electronics Spa | MOTORIZED POSITIVE YARN FEEDER WITH SELECTABLE OPERATING MODE, AND YARN FEEDING EQUIPMENT USING THE SAME. |
EP4116476A1 (en) * | 2021-07-08 | 2023-01-11 | L.G.L. Electronics S.p.A. | Motorized positive yarn feeder with selectable operating mode, and yarn feeding apparatus using the same |
IT202200007784A1 (en) * | 2022-04-20 | 2023-10-20 | Lgl Electronics Spa | METHOD FOR FEEDING A PLURALITY OF YARNS TO A WARPING MACHINE AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT SUCH METHOD |
EP4265831A1 (en) * | 2022-04-20 | 2023-10-25 | L.G.L. Electronics S.p.A. | Method for feeding a plurality of yarns to a warping machine and apparatus for performing the method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
IT201900011448A1 (en) | 2021-01-11 |
EP3763650B1 (en) | 2022-03-09 |
CN112209180B (en) | 2023-08-22 |
CN112209180A (en) | 2021-01-12 |
ES2912727T3 (en) | 2022-05-27 |
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