EP3728949B1 - Burner and assembly of compact burners - Google Patents

Burner and assembly of compact burners Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3728949B1
EP3728949B1 EP18827212.4A EP18827212A EP3728949B1 EP 3728949 B1 EP3728949 B1 EP 3728949B1 EP 18827212 A EP18827212 A EP 18827212A EP 3728949 B1 EP3728949 B1 EP 3728949B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
burner
air inlet
inlet tube
diameter
gas injection
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EP18827212.4A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3728949A1 (en
Inventor
Pascal LAROCHE
Fouad SAID
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Fives Pillard SA
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Fives Pillard SA
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/02—Premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air upstream of the combustion zone
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/26—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid with provision for a retention flame
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C5/00—Disposition of burners with respect to the combustion chamber or to one another; Mounting of burners in combustion apparatus
    • F23C5/08—Disposition of burners
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C6/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion
    • F23C6/02—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in parallel arrangement
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46—Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/62—Mixing devices; Mixing tubes
    • F23D14/64—Mixing devices; Mixing tubes with injectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46—Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/70—Baffles or like flow-disturbing devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46—Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/84—Flame spreading or otherwise shaping
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D23/00—Assemblies of two or more burners
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in air; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23C2900/06043—Burner staging, i.e. radially stratified flame core burners
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2203/00—Gaseous fuel burners
    • F23D2203/007—Mixing tubes, air supply regulation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2205/00—Assemblies of two or more burners, irrespective of fuel type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2209/00—Safety arrangements
    • F23D2209/20—Flame lift-off / stability
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for burners using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in a carrier gas
    • F23D2900/00015—Pilot burners specially adapted for low load or transient conditions, e.g. for increasing stability
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for burners using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in a carrier gas
    • F23D2900/11401—Flame intercepting baffles forming part of burner head
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for burners using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in a carrier gas
    • F23D2900/14—Special features of gas burners
    • F23D2900/14701—Swirling means inside the mixing tube or chamber to improve premixing

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a burner and a set of industrial gas burners. These burners emit nitrogen oxides (NOx) which are sources of pollution.
  • NOx nitrogen oxides
  • the installations are of various shapes and the burner must be able to adapt as much as possible to the geometries of the combustion chambers.
  • a premix burner is described by the document CN104501208A .
  • the object of the invention is a compact gas burner based on premixing technology and consisting of a single gas inlet.
  • This burner consists of an elementary module developing a low-NOx and low-CO flame with a controlled shape and adapted to the shape of the combustion chamber.
  • the object of the invention is also the association of several elementary modules in an assembly which makes it possible to obtain greater thermal power while maintaining a low level of NOx and CO emissions. It also makes it possible to increase the variability of the assembly to allow more flexibility in the management of the power.
  • the burner is thus more compact and simpler.
  • the air inlet tube has a length L and a diameter D1, such that the length L is between three and six times the diameter D1. This dimension makes it possible to obtain a burner that is both compact and efficient.
  • the upstream gas injector is located at a distance L1 from an upstream end of the air inlet tube of between 0.5 times the diameter D1 and the length L.
  • the upstream gas injector comprises at least two elements with axes x and x' arranged radially to the air inlet tube, each element comprising gas injection holes arranged along its axis.
  • the upstream gas injector comprises at least two y and y' axis mixing elements inclined with respect to the radius of the air inlet tube and connecting the air inlet tube and the injection duct gas and each mixing element has gas injection holes arranged along its axis y or y'. This simultaneously makes it possible to ensure turbulence such as to promote the mixing of gas and air and to minimize the pressure drop on the air side.
  • upstream gas injector above can be used in other types of burners from those described above.
  • the current state of the art consists in ensuring the gas injection function by an injector and the mixing function by a specific mechanical part (mixer, rosette, etc.) placed upstream or downstream of the gas injector.
  • the major problem with this implementation lies in the high pressure drop generated by the mixer, which is incompatible with the user's recommendations because it involves the choice of more powerful air fans (cost, electrical consumption).
  • the object of the upstream gas injector described above consists in performing the two functions of gas injection and mixing via a single mechanical part.
  • the injection of gas upstream makes it possible to minimize the pressure drops by an aerodynamic shape and to create turbulence by a twisted and inclined shape with respect to the radius of the air inlet tube.
  • the diffuser is located at a distance L4 from an upstream end of the air inlet tube between L and L-D1.
  • the diffuser has a section less than or equal to 0.5 times the section of the air inlet tube.
  • the diffuser comprises a stabilizing element of diameter D5 and a concentrator of diameter D8 and of length L7, the stabilizing element is pierced with holes distributed over two concentric circles of diameter D6 and D7, that D7 ⁇ D8 ⁇ D6 and that the length L7 is between 0 and D5.
  • the combination of the diffuser and the concentrator above can be used for other types of burners than those described in the present description.
  • the gas and air In order to achieve ultra low-NOx performance using premix technology, the gas and air must be supplied in specific proportions while remaining within the flammability range of the gas to be burned.
  • the flammability range of methane is between 5% and 15%.
  • the flammability range of methane is then defined by: 0.66 ⁇ R ⁇ 2
  • the stabilization element has the shape of a cylindrical disc and comprises several holes of calibrated section and arranged on different diameters and a concentrator mechanically connected to the stabilization element upstream of the latter.
  • downstream gas injection is located at a distance L3 from an upstream end of the air inlet tube comprised between L4 ⁇ (0.5 ⁇ D1) and L4.
  • the air inlet tube is extended by mechanical flame protection walls.
  • post-combustion burners are fitted downstream of the gas turbines (cogeneration).
  • the burners When the turbine is stopped, the burners must be able to operate in fresh air mode while respecting the environmental regulations in force (NOx and CO). In this operating mode, the burners have the function of heating large volumes of air.
  • the set of burners, object of the present invention makes it possible to obtain low NOx values thanks to the premixing technology.
  • the premix flames must be protected from the flow of fresh air coming from the sheath, in order to avoid the phenomena of rapid cooling of the flame (quenching), at the origin of the formation of gaseous unburned matter (CO).
  • the mechanical flame protection walls have a diameter D2 comprised between the diameter D1 of the air inlet tube and 5 ⁇ D1.
  • the mechanical flame protection walls have an angle of inclination ⁇ 2 with respect to the axis of the burner comprised between 0° and 20°.
  • a peripheral gas injection is located at a distance L6 from an upstream end of the air inlet tube such that: 0 ⁇ I ⁇ I 6 ⁇ 2 x D 1 .
  • the mixer is located at a distance L2 from an upstream end of the air inlet tube such that: I ⁇ I 3 ⁇ I ⁇ I 2 ⁇ I .
  • the mixer has a section less than or equal to 0.5 times the section of the air inlet tube.
  • the set of burners comprises a second secondary air tube of diameter D4 concentric with the air tube of diameter D1 such that D4>D1.
  • an intermediate gas injection is located at a distance L8 from the upstream end of the air inlet tube such that L8>0.
  • the assembly according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises a number Nmax of burners, said burners having at least one of the preceding characteristics. It is possible to choose an embodiment adapted to the combustion chamber and make it possible to obtain a higher power set.
  • the burners are preferably juxtaposed in the hearth and can have several gas inlets or a single inlet for all.
  • the number Nmax of burners develop a power between Pmax and Pmin
  • Vp (Nmax ⁇ Pmax) / (Nmin ⁇ Pmin).
  • the variation in power (or load) of a set of burners is an important parameter for the user because it makes it possible to provide operating flexibility to the installation.
  • the maximum power is defined according to the need while the minimum power is defined in accordance with the technical possibilities achievable. For a given maximum power, the lower the minimum load, the greater the variation in power and the more flexible the installation.
  • the set of burners comprises m injections of peripheral gas, such that m>1.
  • the purpose of the gas injection associated with the set of burners is to reduce the excess air to usable proportions and to limit the lengthening of the flame in the combustion chamber.
  • This injection of gas is arranged at the periphery of the set of burners and can be set back upstream with respect to the air inlet tube.
  • the part of the burner located further forward with respect to the gas flow or the air flow will be called upstream, and downstream the part located further in the direction of said flow.
  • the gas arrives according to arrow G and the air according to arrow A and the secondary air according to arrow A2.
  • the gas arrives via the specific gas injection system 3 via the conduit 31 to exit via the upstream gas injection 4 and the downstream gas injection 6.
  • the air for its part, circulates in the inlet tube of air 2.
  • the upstream gas injection 4 is detailed figure 6 And 7 .
  • FIG. 6 it comprises two elements 40 arranged radially. They each start from the gas inlet duct 31 and extend as far as the air inlet tube 2. These elements 40 are perforated with holes 400 arranged in the downstream part. The holes 400 are either aligned in the middle or on the sides, or distributed in staggered rows as on the figure 6 .
  • the elements 41 are inclined with respect to the radius of the air inlet tube 2 and each start from the gas inlet duct 31 and extend to the air inlet tube 2. They can have a aerodynamic shape.
  • Diffuser 7 is detailed in figures 5a and 5b . It consists of a disc 71, of diameter D5, pierced with holes 72 and of a concentrator 73.
  • the concentrator 73 is cylindrical in shape with a diameter D8 and a length L7.
  • the holes 72 are arranged on different concentric diameters: D6 and D7.
  • a series of holes 720 of diameter D6 is arranged outside the concentrator 73 and a series of holes 721 of diameter D7 is arranged inside the concentrator 73.
  • the downstream gas injection 6 is placed inside the concentrator 73. In the example illustrated there are only two series of holes 720 and 721, but there could be more.
  • a mechanical flame protection system 82 located inside the hearth 8, it consists of a wall 9 of conical shape of length L5, of minimum inside diameter D2 and located at the downstream end 21 of the tube d air inlet 2.
  • the cone makes an angle a2 with respect to the axis X of the tube 2.
  • the gas injections have not been represented in this figure 2 .
  • Peripheral gas injections 10 are arranged on the direct outer periphery of the air inlet tube 2 in the example of the picture 3 . They are fed by the specific gas injection system 3 of the burner 1. It is better to preferably provide two injections symmetrical with respect to the axis X in order to balance the flame 82.
  • the air inlet tube 2 is surrounded by a second secondary air inlet tube 22 concentric and of the same length, intermediate gas injections 11 are arranged in an annular space 23 defined by the two tubes 2 and 22. These intermediate gas injections 11 enter the annular space 23 with a length L8.
  • the length L8 must be non-zero to prevent the gas from being sent elsewhere than into the annular space.
  • Stabilizing elements, such as diffusers 70, are placed at the exit from annular space 23.
  • FIG. 10 And 11 illustrate different burner settings according to the invention that can be used in the minerals industry with the premixing technology with air factors R. Gas injections have not been represented in these two figures.
  • the premix is adjusted with an air factor R of between 1 and 2. It can be seen that in this case the flame 82 is long and therefore the secondary air is introduced directly into the flame a combustion in excess of air and a low quantity of NOx in the primary zone 80 and a high quantity in the secondary zone 81.
  • the premix is set with an air factor R between 0.25 and 1.
  • the flame 82 is short and, therefore, the introduction of the secondary air is delayed after the flame 82 this which causes combustion with a lack of air and a low quantity of NOx both in the primary zone 80 and the secondary zone 81, there is then a "reburning" effect.
  • the burners are arranged in a hearth 8 according to different arrangements to constitute a set 12 of burners such as those illustrated in figures 8a, 8b Or 9 .
  • the number and arrangement of burners in the assembly depends on the type of application involved and the power required.
  • the burners are aligned vertically in two vertical lines of 5 burners and two additional burners are arranged on each side in the middle in order to concentrate the flame 82.
  • the burners are aligned vertically along several vertical lines and peripheral gas injections 10 are placed on the periphery of the hearth 8. It is possible to arrange other peripheral injections at other places of the hearth 8.
  • the number and arrangement of the burners may vary. Depending on the characteristics of the combustion chamber, a minimum number of burners is required.
  • DeltaP is the pressure difference between burner 1 and burner 8.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Control Devices (AREA)
  • Pre-Mixing And Non-Premixing Gas Burner (AREA)

Description

La présente invention se rapporte à un brûleur et un ensemble de brûleurs industriels à gaz. Ces brûleurs émettent des oxydes d'azote (NOx) qui sont des sources de pollution.The present invention relates to a burner and a set of industrial gas burners. These burners emit nitrogen oxides (NOx) which are sources of pollution.

L'obtention d'une flamme stable à faible émission d'oxydes d'azote est un enjeu majeur de développement des brûleurs industriels.Obtaining a stable flame with low nitrogen oxide emissions is a major challenge in the development of industrial burners.

Il existe un besoin d'équipements faciles à intégrer au sein des installations existantes, ces installations n'ont souvent qu'une seule arrivée gaz et sont de taille réduite ce qui nécessite d'avoir un brûleur d'encombrement réduit.There is a need for equipment that is easy to integrate into existing installations, these installations often have only one gas inlet and are small in size, which requires having a burner of reduced size.

Les installations sont de forme variées et le brûleur doit pouvoir s'adapter le plus possible aux géométries des chambres de combustion.The installations are of various shapes and the burner must be able to adapt as much as possible to the geometries of the combustion chambers.

On recherche également de la flexibilité et donc des variations de charges importantes afin d'optimiser la consommation de combustible selon les besoins.Flexibility and therefore significant load variations are also sought in order to optimize fuel consumption according to requirements.

Il faut malgré tout maintenir des émissions de NOx et CO faibles et des rendements corrects.Despite everything, it is necessary to maintain low NOx and CO emissions and correct yields.

Un brûleur à prémélange est décrit par le document CN104501208A .A premix burner is described by the document CN104501208A .

L'objet de l'invention est un brûleur gaz compact basé sur la technologie de prémélange et constitué d'une seule arrivée de gaz. Ce brûleur constitue d'un module élémentaire développant une flamme bas-NOx et bas-CO de forme maîtrisée et adaptée à la forme de la chambre de combustion.The object of the invention is a compact gas burner based on premixing technology and consisting of a single gas inlet. This burner consists of an elementary module developing a low-NOx and low-CO flame with a controlled shape and adapted to the shape of the combustion chamber.

L'objet de l'invention est également l'association de plusieurs modules élémentaires dans un ensemble qui permet d'obtenir une puissance thermique plus importante tout en conservant un faible niveau d'émissions de NOx et de CO. Elle permet également d'augmenter la variabilité de l'ensemble pour permettre de donner plus de flexibilité dans la gestion de la puissance.The object of the invention is also the association of several elementary modules in an assembly which makes it possible to obtain greater thermal power while maintaining a low level of NOx and CO emissions. It also makes it possible to increase the variability of the assembly to allow more flexibility in the management of the power.

Le brûleur à prémélange selon l'invention est décrit par la revendication 1.The premix burner according to the invention is described by claim 1.

Le brûleur est ainsi plus compact et plus simple.The burner is thus more compact and simpler.

Avantageusement, le tube d'arrivée d'air a une longueur L et un diamètre D1, tel que la longueur L est comprise entre trois et six fois le diamètre D1. Cette dimension permet d'obtenir un brûleur à la fois compact et performant.Advantageously, the air inlet tube has a length L and a diameter D1, such that the length L is between three and six times the diameter D1. This dimension makes it possible to obtain a burner that is both compact and efficient.

Avantageusement, l'injecteur de gaz amont est situé à une distance L1 d'une extrémité amont du tube d'arrivée d'air comprise entre 0,5 fois le diamètre D1 et la longueur L.Advantageously, the upstream gas injector is located at a distance L1 from an upstream end of the air inlet tube of between 0.5 times the diameter D1 and the length L.

Avantageusement, l'injecteur de gaz amont comprend au moins deux éléments d'axes x et x' disposés radialement au tube d'arrivée d'air, chaque élément comportant des trous d'injections de gaz disposés le long de son axe.Advantageously, the upstream gas injector comprises at least two elements with axes x and x' arranged radially to the air inlet tube, each element comprising gas injection holes arranged along its axis.

Avantageusement, l'injecteur de gaz amont comprend au moins deux éléments mélangeurs d'axe y et y' inclinés par rapport au rayon du tube d'arrivée d'air et reliant le tube d'arrivée d'air et le conduit d'injection gaz et chaque élément mélangeur comporte des trous d'injections de gaz disposés le long de son axe y ou y'. Cela permet simultanément d'assurer une turbulence de nature à favoriser le mélange du gaz et de l'air et de minimiser la perte de charge du côté air.Advantageously, the upstream gas injector comprises at least two y and y' axis mixing elements inclined with respect to the radius of the air inlet tube and connecting the air inlet tube and the injection duct gas and each mixing element has gas injection holes arranged along its axis y or y'. This simultaneously makes it possible to ensure turbulence such as to promote the mixing of gas and air and to minimize the pressure drop on the air side.

Il est à noter que l'injecteur de gaz amont ci-dessus peut être utilisé dans d'autres types de brûleurs de ceux décrits précédemment.It should be noted that the upstream gas injector above can be used in other types of burners from those described above.

Afin d'obtenir des performances ultra bas-NOx en utilisant la technologie du prémélange, il faut non seulement apporter le gaz et l'air dans des proportions spécifiques mais également assurer un mélange intime entre le gaz et l'air sur la distance la plus courte possible.In order to achieve ultra-low-NOx performance using premix technology, not only must the gas and air be supplied in specific proportions, but also ensure intimate mixing between the gas and air over the furthest distance. possible short.

L'état de l'art actuel consiste à assurer la fonction d'injection gaz par un injecteur et la fonction de mélange par une pièce mécanique spécifique (mélangeur, rosace...) placée en amont ou en aval de l'injecteur gaz. Le problème majeur de cette mise en oeuvre réside dans la perte de charge importante générée par le mélangeur, incompatible avec les préconisations de l'utilisateur car impliquant le choix de ventilateurs d'air plus puissants (coût, consommation électrique).The current state of the art consists in ensuring the gas injection function by an injector and the mixing function by a specific mechanical part (mixer, rosette, etc.) placed upstream or downstream of the gas injector. The major problem with this implementation lies in the high pressure drop generated by the mixer, which is incompatible with the user's recommendations because it involves the choice of more powerful air fans (cost, electrical consumption).

Selon l'invention, l'objet de l'injecteur gaz amont décrit ci-dessus consiste à assurer les deux fonctions d'injection de gaz et de mélange par l'intermédiaire d'une seule pièce mécanique. L'injection de gaz amont permet de minimiser les pertes de charge par une forme aérodynamique et de créer de la turbulence par une forme torsionnée et inclinée par rapport au rayon du tube d'arrivée d'air.According to the invention, the object of the upstream gas injector described above consists in performing the two functions of gas injection and mixing via a single mechanical part. The injection of gas upstream makes it possible to minimize the pressure drops by an aerodynamic shape and to create turbulence by a twisted and inclined shape with respect to the radius of the air inlet tube.

Avantageusement, le diffuseur est situé à une distance L4 d'une extrémité amont du tube d'arrivée d'air comprise entre L et L - D1.Advantageously, the diffuser is located at a distance L4 from an upstream end of the air inlet tube between L and L-D1.

Avantageusement, le diffuseur a une section inférieure ou égale à 0,5 fois la section du tube d'arrivée d'air.Advantageously, the diffuser has a section less than or equal to 0.5 times the section of the air inlet tube.

Avantageusement, le diffuseur comprend un élément de stabilisation de diamètre D5 et un concentrateur de diamètre D8 et de longueur L7, le élément de stabilisation est percé de trous répartis sur deux cercles concentriques de diamètre D6 et D7, que D7 < D8 < D6 et que la longueur L7 est comprise entre 0 et D5.Advantageously, the diffuser comprises a stabilizing element of diameter D5 and a concentrator of diameter D8 and of length L7, the stabilizing element is pierced with holes distributed over two concentric circles of diameter D6 and D7, that D7 <D8 <D6 and that the length L7 is between 0 and D5.

La combinaison du diffuseur et du concentrateur ci-dessus pourra être utilisée pour d'autres types de brûleurs que ceux décrits dans la présente description.The combination of the diffuser and the concentrator above can be used for other types of burners than those described in the present description.

Afin d'obtenir des performances ultra bas-NOx en utilisant la technologie du prémélange, il faut apporter le gaz et l'air dans des proportions spécifiques tout en restant dans la plage d'inflammabilité du gaz à brûler. Par exemple, la plage d'inflammabilité du méthane, constituant principal du gaz naturel, est comprise entre 5% et 15%.
Si on définit le facteur d'air R par la formule suivante : R = Qair / Qgaz × PCO

Figure imgb0001
avec PCO = pouvoir comburivore
La plage d'inflammabilité du méthane est alors définie par : 0,66 < R < 2In order to achieve ultra low-NOx performance using premix technology, the gas and air must be supplied in specific proportions while remaining within the flammability range of the gas to be burned. For example, the flammability range of methane, the main constituent of natural gas, is between 5% and 15%.
If we define the air factor R by the following formula: R = Qair / Qgas × PCO
Figure imgb0001
 with PCO = combustion power
The flammability range of methane is then defined by: 0.66 < R < 2

Le fonctionnement d'un brûleur avec un facteur d'air supérieur à 2 qui permet d'obtenir des valeurs de NOx encore plus faibles, n'est pas possible avec les brûleurs classiques car la flamme ne bénéficierait pas d'une stabilité suffisante.The operation of a burner with an air factor greater than 2, which makes it possible to obtain even lower NOx values, is not possible with conventional burners because the flame would not benefit from sufficient stability.

La mise en oeuvre d'une injection de gaz aval combinée à une combinaison d'un élément de stabilisation d'un concentrateur tel que décrit ci-dessus, permet de créer une flamme pilote par enrichissement local en gaz, laquelle flamme pilote assure la stabilité de la flamme principale, permettant ainsi l'augmentation du facteur d'air au-delà de R=2 pour diminuer davantage les NOx.The implementation of a downstream gas injection combined with a combination of a stabilization element of a concentrator as described above, makes it possible to create a pilot flame by local gas enrichment, which pilot flame ensures the stability of the main flame, thus allowing the air factor to be increased beyond R=2 to further reduce NOx.

Le élément de stabilisation présente la forme d'un disque cylindrique et comporte plusieurs trous de section calibrée et disposés sur des diamètres différents et d'un concentrateur relié mécaniquement au élément de stabilisation en amont de celui-ci.The stabilization element has the shape of a cylindrical disc and comprises several holes of calibrated section and arranged on different diameters and a concentrator mechanically connected to the stabilization element upstream of the latter.

Avantageusement, l'injection de gaz aval est située à une distance L3 d'une extrémité amont du tube d'arrivée d'air comprise entre L4 - (0,5 × D1) et L4.Advantageously, the downstream gas injection is located at a distance L3 from an upstream end of the air inlet tube comprised between L4 − (0.5×D1) and L4.

Avantageusement, le tube d'arrivée d'air est prolongé de parois de protection mécanique de la flamme.Advantageously, the air inlet tube is extended by mechanical flame protection walls.

Dans certaines applications industrielles, des brûleurs de postcombustion sont montés en aval des turbines gaz (cogénération). Lorsque la turbine est à l'arrêt, les brûleurs doivent pouvoir fonctionner en mode air frais tout en respectant la réglementation environnementale en vigueur (NOx et CO). Dans ce mode de fonctionnement, les brûleurs ont pour fonction de réchauffer des grands volumes d'air. L'ensemble de brûleurs, objet de la présente invention, permet d'obtenir des valeurs de NOx faibles grâce à la technologie de prémélange. Dans le même temps, afin de limiter les émissions de CO en dessous des valeurs réglementaires, les flammes de prémélange doivent être protégées de l'écoulement d'air frais provenant de la gaine, afin d'éviter les phénomènes de refroidissement rapide de la flamme (trempe), à l'origine de la formation des imbrûlés gazeux (CO).In certain industrial applications, post-combustion burners are fitted downstream of the gas turbines (cogeneration). When the turbine is stopped, the burners must be able to operate in fresh air mode while respecting the environmental regulations in force (NOx and CO). In this operating mode, the burners have the function of heating large volumes of air. The set of burners, object of the present invention, makes it possible to obtain low NOx values thanks to the premixing technology. At the same time, in order to limit CO emissions below the regulatory values, the premix flames must be protected from the flow of fresh air coming from the sheath, in order to avoid the phenomena of rapid cooling of the flame (quenching), at the origin of the formation of gaseous unburned matter (CO).

La mise en oeuvre de parois de protection mécanique de la flamme permet de retarder le mélange entre les grands volumes d'air frais et la flamme, limitant ainsi la formation de CO.The implementation of mechanical flame protection walls makes it possible to delay the mixing between the large volumes of fresh air and the flame, thus limiting the formation of CO.

Avantageusement, les parois de protection mécanique de la flamme ont un diamètre D2 compris entre le diamètre D1 du tube d'arrivée d'air et 5 × D1.Advantageously, the mechanical flame protection walls have a diameter D2 comprised between the diameter D1 of the air inlet tube and 5×D1.

Avantageusement, les parois de protection mécanique de la flamme ont un angle d'inclinaison a2 par rapport à l'axe du brûleur compris entre 0° et 20°.Advantageously, the mechanical flame protection walls have an angle of inclination α2 with respect to the axis of the burner comprised between 0° and 20°.

Avantageusement, une injection de gaz périphérique est située à une distance L6 d'une extrémité amont du tube d'arrivée d'air tel que : 0 ≤ L − L 6 ≤ 2 x D 1 .

Figure imgb0002
Advantageously, a peripheral gas injection is located at a distance L6 from an upstream end of the air inlet tube such that: 0 ≤ I − I 6 ≤ 2 x D 1 .
Figure imgb0002

En complément de la technologie de prémélange et pour réduire l'excès d'air dans des proportions exploitables, une injection de gaz est disposée à la périphérie du tube d'arrivée d'air. Cette injection de gaz périphérique, nécessaire dans certaines applications industrielles, est réalisée de manière à :

  • contenir la remontée des émissions d'oxydes d'azote en dessous des valeurs réglementaires.
  • limiter l'allongement de la flamme dans la chambre de combustion.
In addition to the premix technology and to reduce excess air to usable proportions, a gas injection is placed around the periphery of the air inlet tube. This peripheral gas injection, necessary in certain industrial applications, is carried out in such a way as to:
  • contain the rise in nitrogen oxide emissions below regulatory values.
  • limit the lengthening of the flame in the combustion chamber.

La possibilité de décaler l'injection de gaz périphérique en retrait par rapport au tube d'arrivée d'air permet de limiter l'action des deux phénomènes décrits ci-dessus.The possibility of offsetting the injection of peripheral gas set back relative to the air inlet tube makes it possible to limit the action of the two phenomena described above.

Dans une configuration ne faisant pas partie de l'invention telle que définie par les revendications, le mélangeur est situé à une distance L2 d'une extrémité amont du tube d'arrivée d'air telle que : L − L 3 ≤ L − L 2 ≤ L .

Figure imgb0003
In a configuration not forming part of the invention as defined by the claims, the mixer is located at a distance L2 from an upstream end of the air inlet tube such that: I − I 3 ≤ I − I 2 ≤ I .
Figure imgb0003

Avantageusement, le mélangeur a une section inférieure ou égale à 0,5 fois la section du tube d'arrivée d'air.Advantageously, the mixer has a section less than or equal to 0.5 times the section of the air inlet tube.

Avantageusement, l'ensemble de brûleurs comprend un second tube d'air secondaire de diamètre D4 concentrique au tube d'air de diamètre D1 tel que D4 > D1. L'injection de gaz dans l'espace annulaire entre le tube d'arrivée d'air et le second tube, permet d'aspirer par effet venturi une partie du débit d'air nécessaire à la combustion en prémélange, permettant ainsi de réduire la perte de charge totale du brûleur et permet d'augmenter la puissance du brûleur.Advantageously, the set of burners comprises a second secondary air tube of diameter D4 concentric with the air tube of diameter D1 such that D4>D1. The injection of gas into the annular space between the air inlet tube and the second tube, makes it possible to suck in by venturi effect part of the air flow necessary for the combustion in premix, thus making it possible to reduce the total pressure drop of the burner and makes it possible to increase the power of the burner.

Avantageusement, une injection de gaz intermédiaire est située à une distance L8 de l'extrémité amont du tube d'arrivée d'air telle que L8 > 0.Advantageously, an intermediate gas injection is located at a distance L8 from the upstream end of the air inlet tube such that L8>0.

L'ensemble selon l'invention est caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend un nombre Nmax de brûleurs, lesdits brûleurs ayant au moins une des caractéristiques précédentes. On peut choisir un mode de réalisation adapté à la chambre de combustion et permettre d'obtenir un ensemble de puissance plus importante. Les brûleurs sont de préférence juxtaposés dans le foyer et peuvent avoir plusieurs arrivées de gaz ou une arrivée unique pour tous.The assembly according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises a number Nmax of burners, said burners having at least one of the preceding characteristics. It is possible to choose an embodiment adapted to the combustion chamber and make it possible to obtain a higher power set. The burners are preferably juxtaposed in the hearth and can have several gas inlets or a single inlet for all.

Avantageusement, le nombre Nmax de brûleurs développent une puissance comprise entre Pmax et Pmin, l'ensemble est apte à fonctionner avec un nombre Nmin de brûleurs et sa puissance est variable selon le nombre N de brûleurs en fonctionnement, tel que sa variation de puissance Vp = (Nmax × Pmax) / (Nmin × Pmin). La variation de puissance (ou de charge) d'un ensemble de brûleurs est un paramètre important pour l'utilisateur car elle permet de donner de la flexibilité de fonctionnement à l'installation. La puissance maximale est définie en fonction du besoin tandis que la puissance minimale est définie en accord avec les possibilités techniques atteignables. Pour une puissance maximale donnée, plus le minimum de charge sera faible, plus la variation de puissance sera importante et plus l'installation sera flexible.Advantageously, the number Nmax of burners develop a power between Pmax and Pmin, the assembly is able to operate with a number Nmin of burners and its power is variable according to the number N of burners in operation, such as its power variation Vp = (Nmax × Pmax) / (Nmin × Pmin). The variation in power (or load) of a set of burners is an important parameter for the user because it makes it possible to provide operating flexibility to the installation. The maximum power is defined according to the need while the minimum power is defined in accordance with the technical possibilities achievable. For a given maximum power, the lower the minimum load, the greater the variation in power and the more flexible the installation.

Par exemple, en période estivale dans les chaufferies urbaines, un minimum de charge faible permet d'éviter des cycles de marche/arrêt intempestifs du brûleur et donc de faire des économies d'énergie.For example, during the summer period in urban boiler rooms, a low minimum load makes it possible to avoid inopportune on/off cycles of the burner and therefore to save energy.

La variation de puissance Vp est définie par le ratio de la puissance maximale Pmax sur la puissance minimale Pmin telle que Vp = Pmax/Pmin.The power variation Vp is defined by the ratio of the maximum power Pmax to the minimum power Pmin such that Vp=Pmax/Pmin.

Dans le cas d'une installation comprenant plusieurs brûleurs de puissance équivalente P pouvant varier de Pmin à Pmax, la variation de puissance Vp de l'ensemble dépend également du nombre maximal de brûleurs en service Nmax et du nombre minimal de brûleurs en service Nmin, telle que Vp = (Nmax × Pmax) / (Nmin × Pmin).In the case of an installation comprising several burners of equivalent power P which can vary from Pmin to Pmax, the power variation Vp of the assembly also depends on the maximum number of burners in service Nmax and the minimum number of burners in service Nmin, such that Vp = (Nmax × Pmax) / (Nmin × Pmin).

Avantageusement, l'ensemble de brûleurs comprend m injections de gaz périphérique, tel que m > 1. Cela permet d'obtenir un ensemble avec une puissance plus importante pour un même encombrement. L'injection de gaz associée à l'ensemble de brûleurs a pour but de réduire l'excès d'air dans des proportions exploitables et de limiter l'allongement de la flamme dans la chambre de combustion. Cette injection de gaz est disposée à la périphérie de l'ensemble de brûleurs et peut être décalée en retrait amont par rapport au tube d'arrivée d'air.Advantageously, the set of burners comprises m injections of peripheral gas, such that m>1. This makes it possible to obtain a set with greater power for the same size. The purpose of the gas injection associated with the set of burners is to reduce the excess air to usable proportions and to limit the lengthening of the flame in the combustion chamber. This injection of gas is arranged at the periphery of the set of burners and can be set back upstream with respect to the air inlet tube.

Dans certaines applications de l'industrie des minéraux, l'utilisation de ce type de brûleur utilisant la technologie de prémélange avec des facteurs d'air R compris entre 0,25 et 1 permet de réduire les oxydes d'azote par deux phénomènes :

  • en générant une flamme dans laquelle les NOx produits sont convertis en azote moléculaire par effet « reburning » via des mécanismes chimiques complexes schématisés comme suit :

            CH4 -7 radicaux CHi (en zone réductrice)

            CHi + NO → HCN

            HCN +NO → N2

  • en créant une flamme courte et parfaitement accrochée au nez du brûleur sans distance d'inflammation du mélange. L'absence de zone d'inflammation du mélange empêche l'air secondaire de participer à la combustion dans la zone primaire, et limite la formation de NOx.
In certain applications in the minerals industry, the use of this type of burner using premix technology with air factors R between 0.25 and 1 makes it possible to reduce nitrogen oxides by two phenomena:
  • by generating a flame in which the NOx produced is converted into molecular nitrogen by the "reburning" effect via complex chemical mechanisms schematized as follows:

    CH4 -7 CHi radicals (in the reducing zone)

    CHi + NO → HCN

    HCN +NO → N2

  • by creating a short flame perfectly attached to the nose of the burner with no ignition distance from the mixture. The absence of an ignition zone for the mixture prevents the secondary air from participating in the combustion in the primary zone, and limits the formation of NOx.

D'autres avantages pourront encore apparaître à l'homme du métier à la lecture des exemples ci-dessous, illustrés par les figures annexées, donnés à titre d'exemple :

  • La figure 1 représente une coupe d'un brûleur ne faisant pas partie de l'invention telle que définie par les revendications dans la mesure où le mélangeur est séparé de l'injecteur amont,
  • La figure 1a est une vue de face du brûleur de la figure 1,
  • La figure 2 est une coupe d'un brûleur avec des parois de protection mécanique de la flamme,
  • La figure 3 est une coupe d'un brûleur avec des injections périphérique de gaz,
  • La figure 4 est une coupe d'un brûleur avec un second tube concentrique d'air,
  • La figure 5a est une coupe du diffuseur,
  • La figure 5b est une vue de face de le diffuseur de la figure 5a,
  • La figure 6 est une vue de face de l'arrivée d'air avec des injections gaz selon un premier mode de réalisation,
  • La figure 7 est une vue de face de l'arrivée d'air avec des injections gaz selon un deuxième mode de réalisation,
  • Les figures 8a et 8b montrent différentes dispositions de brûleurs dans un ensemble de brûleurs selon l'invention,
  • La figure 9 est ensemble de brûleurs avec des injections gaz,
  • Les figures 10 et 11 montrent différents exemples de réglages possibles de brûleurs utilisés dans les applications de l'industrie des minéraux,
  • Les figures et 12a, 12b et 12c sont des exemples de diffuseurs.
Other advantages may also appear to those skilled in the art on reading the examples below, illustrated by the appended figures, given by way of example:
  • There figure 1 represents a section of a burner not forming part of the invention as defined by the claims insofar as the mixer is separated from the upstream injector,
  • There picture 1a is a front view of the burner from the figure 1 ,
  • There picture 2 is a section of a burner with mechanical flame protection walls,
  • There picture 3 is a section of a burner with peripheral gas injections,
  • There figure 4 is a section of a burner with a second concentric air tube,
  • There figure 5a is a cut of the diffuser,
  • There figure 5b is a front view of the diffuser from the figure 5a ,
  • There figure 6 is a front view of the air inlet with gas injections according to a first embodiment,
  • There figure 7 is a front view of the air inlet with gas injections according to a second embodiment,
  • THE figures 8a and 8b show different arrangements of burners in a set of burners according to the invention,
  • There figure 9 is a set of burners with gas injections,
  • THE figure 10 And 11 show different examples of possible burner settings used in mineral industry applications,
  • Figures 12a, 12b and 12c are examples of diffusers.

Dans la suite de la description on appellera amont la partie du brûleur située plus avant par rapport au flux de gaz ou au flux d'air, et aval la partie située plus loin dans le sens dudit flux.In the rest of the description, the part of the burner located further forward with respect to the gas flow or the air flow will be called upstream, and downstream the part located further in the direction of said flow.

Le brûleur 1 illustré figure 1 comprend un tube d'arrivée d'air 2 de longueur L et d'axe X, un système spécifique d'injection gaz 3 monobloc et composé de plusieurs éléments :

  • ■ un conduit d'arrivé de gaz 31 situé dans le tube d'arrivée d'air 2,
  • ■ une injection gaz amont 4 située dans le tube d'arrivée d'air 2, à une distance L1 de l'extrémité amont 20 dudit tube 2,
  • ■ une injection gaz aval 6 située à une distance L3 de l'extrémité amont 20 du tube d'arrivée d'air 2 et à l'intérieur de celui-ci,
  • ■ un élément mélangeur air/gaz 5 situé à l'intérieur du tube d'arrivée d'air 2, à une distance L2 de l'extrémité amont dudit tube 2,
  • ■ un élément de stabilisation tel qu'un diffuseur air/gaz 7 situé à une distance L4 de l'extrémité du tube d'arrivée d'air 2.
Burner 1 shown figure 1 comprises an air inlet tube 2 of length L and axis X, a specific gas injection system 3 in one piece and composed of several elements:
  • ■ a gas inlet duct 31 located in the air inlet tube 2,
  • ■ an upstream gas injection 4 located in the air inlet tube 2, at a distance L1 from the upstream end 20 of said tube 2,
  • ■ a downstream gas injection 6 located at a distance L3 from the upstream end 20 of the air inlet tube 2 and inside the latter,
  • ■ an air/gas mixing element 5 located inside the air inlet tube 2, at a distance L2 from the upstream end of said tube 2,
  • ■ a stabilizing element such as an air/gas diffuser 7 located at a distance L4 from the end of the air inlet tube 2.

Le gaz arrive selon la flèche G et l'air selon la flèche A et l'air secondaire selon la flèche A2. Le gaz arrive par le système spécifique d'injection gaz 3 en passant par le conduit 31 pour sortir par l'injection gaz amont 4 et l'injection gaz aval 6. L'air quant à lui, circule dans le tube d'arrivée d'air 2.The gas arrives according to arrow G and the air according to arrow A and the secondary air according to arrow A2. The gas arrives via the specific gas injection system 3 via the conduit 31 to exit via the upstream gas injection 4 and the downstream gas injection 6. The air, for its part, circulates in the inlet tube of air 2.

L'injection gaz amont 4 est détaillé figures 6 et 7.The upstream gas injection 4 is detailed figure 6 And 7 .

Dans l'exemple illustré figure 6, il comprend deux éléments 40 disposés radialement. Ils partent chacun du conduit d'arrivée de gaz 31 et s'étendent jusqu'au tube d'arrivée d'air 2. Ces éléments 40 sont perforés de trous 400 disposés en partie aval. Les trous 400 sont soit alignés au milieu ou sur les côtés, soit répartis en quinconce comme sur la figure 6.In the example shown figure 6 , it comprises two elements 40 arranged radially. They each start from the gas inlet duct 31 and extend as far as the air inlet tube 2. These elements 40 are perforated with holes 400 arranged in the downstream part. The holes 400 are either aligned in the middle or on the sides, or distributed in staggered rows as on the figure 6 .

Dans l'exemple de la figure 7, les éléments 41 sont inclinés par rapport au rayon du tube d'arrivé d'air 2 et partent chacun du conduit d'arrivée de gaz 31 et s'étendent jusqu'au tube d'arrivée d'air 2. Ils peuvent avoir une forme aérodynamique.In the example of the figure 7 , the elements 41 are inclined with respect to the radius of the air inlet tube 2 and each start from the gas inlet duct 31 and extend to the air inlet tube 2. They can have a aerodynamic shape.

Le diffuseur 7 est détaillé aux figures 5a et 5b. Il est constitué d'un disque 71, de diamètre D5, percé de trous 72 et d'un concentrateur 73. Le concentrateur 73 est de forme cylindrique de diamètre D8 et de longueur L7. Les trous 72 sont disposés sur des diamètres concentriques différents: D6 et D7. Une série de trous 720 de diamètre D6 est disposée à l'extérieur du concentrateur 73 et une série de trous 721 de diamètre D7 est disposée à l'intérieur du concentrateur 73. L'injection de gaz aval 6 est placée à l'intérieur du concentrateur 73. Dans l'exemple illustré il n'y a que deux séries de trous 720 et 721, mais il pourrait y en avoir plus.Diffuser 7 is detailed in figures 5a and 5b . It consists of a disc 71, of diameter D5, pierced with holes 72 and of a concentrator 73. The concentrator 73 is cylindrical in shape with a diameter D8 and a length L7. The holes 72 are arranged on different concentric diameters: D6 and D7. A series of holes 720 of diameter D6 is arranged outside the concentrator 73 and a series of holes 721 of diameter D7 is arranged inside the concentrator 73. The downstream gas injection 6 is placed inside the concentrator 73. In the example illustrated there are only two series of holes 720 and 721, but there could be more.

On voit sur la figure 2, un système de protection mécanique de la flamme 82 situé à l'intérieur du foyer 8, il est constitué d'une paroi 9 de forme conique de longueur L5, de diamètre intérieur minimum D2 et située à l'extrémité aval 21 du tube d'arrivée d'air 2. Le cône fait un angle a2 par rapport à l'axe X du tube 2. Les injections de gaz n'ont pas été représentées dans cette figure 2.We see on the figure 2 , a mechanical flame protection system 82 located inside the hearth 8, it consists of a wall 9 of conical shape of length L5, of minimum inside diameter D2 and located at the downstream end 21 of the tube d air inlet 2. The cone makes an angle a2 with respect to the axis X of the tube 2. The gas injections have not been represented in this figure 2 .

Des injections de gaz périphériques 10 sont disposées sur la périphérie extérieure directe du tube d'arrivée d'air 2 dans l'exemple de la figure 3. Ils sont alimentés par le système spécifique d'injection de gaz 3 du brûleur 1. Il vaut mieux prévoir de préférence deux injections symétriques par rapport à l'axe X afin d'équilibrer la flamme 82.Peripheral gas injections 10 are arranged on the direct outer periphery of the air inlet tube 2 in the example of the picture 3 . They are fed by the specific gas injection system 3 of the burner 1. It is better to preferably provide two injections symmetrical with respect to the axis X in order to balance the flame 82.

Selon la variante de la figure 4, le tube d'arrivée d'air 2 est entouré d'un second tube d'arrivée d'air secondaire 22 concentrique et de même longueur, des injections de gaz intermédiaires 11 sont disposées dans un espace annulaire 23 définit par les deux tubes 2 et 22. Ces injections de gaz intermédiaires 11 entrent dans l'espace annulaire 23 d'une longueur L8. La longueur L8 doit être non nulle pour éviter que le gaz soit envoyé ailleurs que dans l'espace annulaire. Des éléments stabilisateurs, comme des diffuseurs 70, sont placés à la sortie de l'espace annulaire 23.According to the variant of figure 4 , the air inlet tube 2 is surrounded by a second secondary air inlet tube 22 concentric and of the same length, intermediate gas injections 11 are arranged in an annular space 23 defined by the two tubes 2 and 22. These intermediate gas injections 11 enter the annular space 23 with a length L8. The length L8 must be non-zero to prevent the gas from being sent elsewhere than into the annular space. Stabilizing elements, such as diffusers 70, are placed at the exit from annular space 23.

Les figures 10 et 11 illustrent différents réglages de brûleurs selon l'invention que l'on peut utiliser dans l'industrie des minéraux avec la technologie de prémélange avec des facteurs d'air R. Les injections de gaz n'ont pas été représentées dans ces deux figures.THE figure 10 And 11 illustrate different burner settings according to the invention that can be used in the minerals industry with the premixing technology with air factors R. Gas injections have not been represented in these two figures.

A la figure 10, le prémélange est réglé avec un facteur d'air R compris entre 1 et 2. On constate que dans ce cas la flamme 82 est longue et de ce fait l'air secondaire s'introduit directement dans la flamme 82 ce qui entraîne une combustion en excès d'air et une quantité de NOx faible dans la zone primaire 80 et une quantité élevée dans la zone secondaire 81.To the figure 10 , the premix is adjusted with an air factor R of between 1 and 2. It can be seen that in this case the flame 82 is long and therefore the secondary air is introduced directly into the flame a combustion in excess of air and a low quantity of NOx in the primary zone 80 and a high quantity in the secondary zone 81.

A la figure 11, le prémélange est réglé avec un facteur d'air R compris entre 0,25 et 1. Dans ce cas, la flamme 82 est courte et, de ce fait, l'introduction de l'air secondaire est retardée après la flamme 82 ce qui entraîne une combustion en défaut d'air et une quantité de NOx faible à la fois dans la zone primaire 80 et la zone secondaire 81, on a alors un effet de "reburning".To the figure 11 , the premix is set with an air factor R between 0.25 and 1. In this case, the flame 82 is short and, therefore, the introduction of the secondary air is delayed after the flame 82 this which causes combustion with a lack of air and a low quantity of NOx both in the primary zone 80 and the secondary zone 81, there is then a "reburning" effect.

Les figures 12a, 12b et 12c montrent différentes variantes de diffuseurs 7.THE figures 12a, 12b and 12c show different variants of diffusers 7.

Les brûleurs sont disposés dans un foyer 8 selon différentes dispositions pour constituer un ensemble 12 de brûleurs tels que ceux illustrés aux figures 8a, 8b ou 9. Le nombre et la disposition des brûleurs dans l'ensemble dépendent du type d'application concernée et de la puissance recherchée.The burners are arranged in a hearth 8 according to different arrangements to constitute a set 12 of burners such as those illustrated in figures 8a, 8b Or 9 . The number and arrangement of burners in the assembly depends on the type of application involved and the power required.

A la figure 8a, les brûleurs sont alignés verticalement selon deux lignes verticales de 5 brûleurs et deux brûleurs supplémentaires sont disposées de chaque côté au milieu afin de concentrer la flamme 82.To the figure 8a , the burners are aligned vertically in two vertical lines of 5 burners and two additional burners are arranged on each side in the middle in order to concentrate the flame 82.

A la figure 8b, les brûleurs ^sont alignés horizontalement selon une seule ligne.To the figure 8b , the burners ^ are aligned horizontally in a single line.

A la figure 9, les brûleurs sont alignés verticalement selon plusieurs lignes verticales et des injections de gaz périphériques 10 sont placées sur la périphérie du foyer 8. Il est possible de disposer d'autres injections périphériques à d'autres endroits du foyer 8.To the figure 9 , the burners are aligned vertically along several vertical lines and peripheral gas injections 10 are placed on the periphery of the hearth 8. It is possible to arrange other peripheral injections at other places of the hearth 8.

Selon la puissance recherchée, le nombre et la disposition des brûleurs pourra varier. Selon les caractéristiques de la chambre de combustion, un nombre minimal de brûleurs est nécessaire.Depending on the power desired, the number and arrangement of the burners may vary. Depending on the characteristics of the combustion chamber, a minimum number of burners is required.

Ainsi si le brûleur a une puissance max Pmax = 1MW et une puissance min Pmin = 0,2 MW, sa variation de puissance est Vp= 1 / 0,2 = 5 .

Figure imgb0004
Thus if the burner has a max power Pmax = 1MW and a min power Pmin = 0.2 MW, its power variation is Vp= 1 / 0.2 = 5 .
Figure imgb0004

Un ensemble 12 de 9 brûleurs élémentaires aura une puissance max de Pmax = 9x1 = 9 MW.A set 12 of 9 elementary burners will have a maximum power of Pmax = 9x1 = 9 MW.

Si le nombre minimal de brûleur en service nécessaire au fonctionnement de la chambre de combustion est de 2, la puissance minimale de l'ensemble de brûleurs sera de Pmin = 2×0,2 = 0,4 MWIf the minimum number of burners in service necessary for the operation of the combustion chamber is 2, the minimum power of the set of burners will be Pmin = 2×0.2 = 0.4 MW

La variation de puissance de l'ensemble 12 de brûleurs sera Vp = 9 / 0,4 = 22,5 .

Figure imgb0005
The power variation of set 12 of burners will be vp = 9 / 0.4 = 22.5 .
Figure imgb0005

Exemples pour un brûleur de 32MW ultra bas NOx:Examples for a 32MW ultra low NOx burner:

Les mesures ont été faites avec un diamètre D1 de 324mm.The measurements were made with a D1 diameter of 324mm.

Les valeurs mesurées sont les suivantes:

  • D1 - diamètre du tube d'arrivée d'air 2
  • L- longueur du tube d'arrivée d'air 2
  • L1- distance de l'extrémité amont 20 du tube d'arrivée d'air 2 de l'injection gaz 4
  • L4- distance de l'extrémité amont 20 du tube d'arrivée d'air 2 du diffuseur 7 D8- diamètre du concentrateur 73
  • L7- distance de l'extrémité amont a0 du tube d'arrivée d'air 2 du concentrateur 73
  • L3- distance de l'extrémité amont 20 du tube d'arrivée d'air 2 de l'injection de gaz aval 6
  • D2- diamètre intérieur de la paroi 9
  • α2- angle α2 du cône de la paroi 9 par rapport à l'axe X du tube 2
  • L6- distance de l'extrémité amont 20 du tube d'arrivée d'air 2 de l'injection de gaz périphérique 10
  • L2- distance de l'extrémité amont 20 du tube d'arrivée d'air 2 du mélangeur 5
  • L8- distance de l'extrémité amont 20 du tube d'arrivée d'air 2 de l'injection de gaz intermédiaire 11, si l'injection de gaz intermédiaire 11 est disposée en amont de l'extrémité 20, alors cette longueur est négative.
The measured values are as follows:
  • D1 - diameter of the air inlet tube 2
  • L- length of the air inlet tube 2
  • L1- distance from the upstream end 20 of the air inlet tube 2 of the gas injection 4
  • L4- distance from upstream end 20 of air inlet tube 2 of diffuser 7 D8- diameter of concentrator 73
  • L7- distance from the upstream end a0 of the air inlet tube 2 of the concentrator 73
  • L3- distance from the upstream end 20 of the air inlet tube 2 to the downstream gas injection 6
  • D2- internal diameter of the wall 9
  • α2- angle α2 of the cone of the wall 9 with respect to the axis X of the tube 2
  • L6- distance from the upstream end 20 of the air inlet tube 2 of the peripheral gas injection 10
  • L2- distance from the upstream end 20 of the air inlet tube 2 of the mixer 5
  • L8- distance from the upstream end 20 of the air inlet tube 2 of the intermediate gas injection 11, if the intermediate gas injection 11 is arranged upstream of the end 20, then this length is negative .

DeltaP est la différence de pression entre le brûleur 1 et le foyer 8. Dimension borne inférieure borne supérieure valeur mesurées Résultat technique L 972 1944 1591 NOx < 10 ppm et coût brûleur optimisé 500 NOx > 25 ppm 2500 coût brûleur hors marché L1 162 1591 324 NOx < 10 ppm et DeltaP < 250 mmCE 50 DeltaP > 250 mmCE élément 40 d'axe x/x' 2 - 3 NOx < 10 ppm et coût brûleur optimisé 1 NOx > 25 ppm nb trous par élément 40 d'axe x/x' - - 20 NOx < 10 ppm 10 NOx > 25 ppm L4 1267 1591 1591 NOx < 10 ppm et CO < 20 ppm 1000 NOx > 25 ppm et CO < 10 ppm section diffuseur 7 (mm2) - 39661 15837 DeltaP < 250 mmCE 45239 DeltaP > 250 mmCE D8 37 78 58 stabilité de flamme avec R > 2 = OUI 30 stabilité de flamme avec R > 2 = NON L7 0 142 50 stabilité de flamme avec R > 2 = OUI 200 coût brûleur non-optimisé L3 1429 1591 1571 stabilité de flamme avec R > 2 = OUI 1200 stabilité de flamme avec R > 2 = NON D2 324 1620 1296 CO < 100 mg/Nm3 à 3%O2 1944 fragilisation de la tenue mécanique α2 0 20° 7° CO < 100 mg/Nm3 à 3%O2 30° stabilité de flamme = NON L6 0 648 324 NOx < 10 ppm 972 fragilisation de la tenue mécanique tube d'air L2 0 1591 644 NOx < 10 ppm pas de mélangeur NOx > 10 ppm section mélangeur 5 (mm2) - 39661 31729 DeltaP < 250 mmCE 55525 DeltaP > 250 mmCE L8 0 - 50 NOx < 10 ppm et DeltaP < 250 mmCE -20 DeltaP > 250 mmCE et risque injection gaz dans caisson d'air (valeurs en mm) DeltaP is the pressure difference between burner 1 and burner 8. Dimension lower bound upper bound measured values Technical result I 972 1944 1591 NOx < 10 ppm and optimized burner cost 500 NOx > 25ppm 2500 off-market burner cost L1 162 1591 324 NOx < 10 ppm and DeltaP < 250 mmCE 50 DeltaP > 250 mmWC x/x' axis element 40 2 - 3 NOx < 10 ppm and optimized burner cost 1 NOx > 25ppm number of holes per element 40 axis x/x' - - 20 NOx < 10ppm 10 NOx > 25ppm L4 1267 1591 1591 NOx < 10 ppm and CO < 20 ppm 1000 NOx > 25 ppm and CO < 10 ppm diffuser section 7 (mm 2 ) - 39661 15837 DeltaP < 250 mmCE 45239 DeltaP > 250 mmWC D8 37 78 58 flame stability with R > 2 = YES 30 flame stability with R > 2 = NO L7 0 142 50 flame stability with R > 2 = YES 200 non-optimized burner cost L3 1429 1591 1571 flame stability with R > 2 = YES 1200 flame stability with R > 2 = NO D2 324 1620 1296 CO < 100 mg/Nm3 at 3%O2 1944 weakening of the mechanical strength α2 0 20° 7° CO < 100 mg/Nm3 at 3%O2 30° flame stability = NO L6 0 648 324 NOx < 10ppm 972 embrittlement of the air tube mechanical strength L2 0 1591 644 NOx < 10ppm no mixer NOx > 10ppm section mixer 5 (mm 2 ) - 39661 31729 DeltaP < 250 mmCE 55525 DeltaP > 250 mmWC L8 0 - 50 NOx < 10 ppm and DeltaP < 250 mmCE -20 DeltaP > 250 mmCE and risk of gas injection in the air box (values in mm)

Claims (20)

  1. Premix burner (1), consisting of an air inlet tube (2) of length L and a single specific gas injection (3), said gas injection (3) comprising an upstream gas injector (4), a mixer (5), a downstream gas injection (6) located at a distance L3 from an upstream end of the air inlet tube (2), and a diffuser (7), the gas injection (3) forming a single-piece mechanical apparatus which provides a self-stable elementary flame (82), in which burner the upstream gas injector provides both the gas injection function and the mixing function via a single mechanical part.
  2. Burner (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the air inlet tube (2) has a length L and a diameter D1, such that the length L is between three and six times the diameter D1.
  3. Burner (1) according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the upstream gas injector (4) is located at a distance L1 of between 0.5 times the diameter D1 and the length L from an upstream end of the air inlet tube (2).
  4. Burner (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the upstream gas injector (4) comprises at least two elements (40) of axes x and x' arranged radially with respect to the air inlet tube (2), each element comprising gas injection holes arranged along its axis.
  5. Burner (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the upstream gas injector (4) comprises at least two mixer elements (41) of axes y and y', which are inclined relative to the radius of the tube (2) and connect the air inlet tube (2) to the gas injection duct (31) and in that each mixer element (41) comprises gas injection holes (410) arranged along its y or y' axis.
  6. Burner (1) according to claim 2, characterized in that the diffuser (7) is located at a distance L4 of between L and L - D1 from an upstream end of the air inlet tube (2).
  7. Burner (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the diffuser (7) has a cross-section less than or equal to 0.5 times the cross-section of the air inlet tube
  8. Burner (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the diffuser (7) comprises a stabilizing element (71) of diameter D5 and a concentrator (14) of diameter D8 and of length L7, in that the stabilizing element (71) is pierced with holes distributed over two concentric circles of diameter D6 and D7, in that D7 < D8 < D6, and in that the length 7 is between 0 and D5.
  9. Burner (1) according to claim 6, characterized in that the downstream gas injection (6) is located at a distance L3 of between L4 - (0.5 × D1) and L4 from an upstream end of the air inlet tube (2).
  10. Burner (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the air inlet tube is extended by walls (9) for mechanical protection of the flame (82).
  11. Burner (1) according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the walls (9) for mechanical protection of the flame (82) have a diameter D2 of between the diameter D1 of the air inlet tube (2) and 5 × D1.
  12. Burner (1) according to claim 10, characterized in that the walls (9) for mechanical protection of the flame (82) have an angle of inclination α2 of between 0° and 20° with respect to the axis of the burner.
  13. Burner (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the air inlet tube (2) has a diameter D1 and in that a peripheral gas injection (10) is located at a distance L6 from an upstream end of the air inlet tube (2) such that: 0 ≤ (L - L6) ≤ 2*D1
  14. Burner (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the mixer (5) is located at a distance L2 from an upstream end of the air inlet tube (2) such that: (L - L3) ≤ (L - L2) ≤ L.
  15. Burner (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the mixer (5) has a cross-section less than or equal to 0.5 times the cross-section of the air inlet tube.
  16. Burner (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a second secondary air tube (22) of diameter D4 concentric to the air tube (2) of diameter D1, such that D4 > D1.
  17. Burner (1) according to the preceding claim, characterized in that an intermediate gas injection (11) is located at a distance L8 from the upstream end of the air inlet tube (2), such that L8 > 0.
  18. Apparatus (12) characterized in that it comprises a number Nmax of burners (1) according to any of the preceding claims.
  19. Apparatus (12) according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the number Nmax of burners (1) develop a power of between Pmax and Pmin, in that the apparatus (12) is capable of operating with a number Nmin of burners (1), and in that its power is variable according to the number N of burners (1) in operation, such that its power variation Vp = (Nmax × Pmax) / (Nmin × Pmin).
  20. Burner apparatus (12) according to either of claims 18 or 19, characterized in that it comprises m peripheral gas injections, such that m > 1.
EP18827212.4A 2017-12-21 2018-11-29 Burner and assembly of compact burners Active EP3728949B1 (en)

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FR1762740A FR3075931B1 (en) 2017-12-21 2017-12-21 BURNER AND COMPACT BURNER SET
PCT/FR2018/053051 WO2019122566A1 (en) 2017-12-21 2018-11-29 Burner and assembly of compact burners

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FR3075931B1 (en) 2020-05-22
CN111492180A (en) 2020-08-04
ES2944436T3 (en) 2023-06-21
FR3075931A1 (en) 2019-06-28
LT3728949T (en) 2023-05-25
EP3728949A1 (en) 2020-10-28
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US11988378B2 (en) 2024-05-21
KR102683939B1 (en) 2024-07-11

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