EP3580772B1 - Saftey fuse for low-voltage applications - Google Patents
Saftey fuse for low-voltage applications Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3580772B1 EP3580772B1 EP18702984.8A EP18702984A EP3580772B1 EP 3580772 B1 EP3580772 B1 EP 3580772B1 EP 18702984 A EP18702984 A EP 18702984A EP 3580772 B1 EP3580772 B1 EP 3580772B1
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- Prior art keywords
- fuse
- short
- circuit
- safety fuse
- housing
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
- H01H85/0039—Means for influencing the rupture process of the fusible element
- H01H85/0047—Heating means
- H01H85/0065—Heat reflective or insulating layer on the fusible element
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H39/00—Switching devices actuated by an explosion produced within the device and initiated by an electric current
- H01H39/006—Opening by severing a conductor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
- H01H85/0039—Means for influencing the rupture process of the fusible element
- H01H85/0047—Heating means
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
- H01H85/0039—Means for influencing the rupture process of the fusible element
- H01H85/0047—Heating means
- H01H85/0056—Heat conducting or heat absorbing means associated with the fusible member, e.g. for providing time delay
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
- H01H85/02—Details
- H01H85/04—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges
- H01H85/05—Component parts thereof
- H01H85/055—Fusible members
- H01H85/12—Two or more separate fusible members in parallel
Definitions
- the invention is based on a fuse for low-voltage applications to protect devices that can be connected to a supply network, in particular overvoltage protection devices such as spark gaps or varistors, consisting of at least one fusible link located between two contacts in a fuse housing and a short-circuit auxiliary contact with an internal isolating gap to the fusible link according to claim 1.
- overvoltage protection devices such as spark gaps or varistors
- fuses are used as backup protection for surge arresters in the so-called shunt branch.
- a corresponding fuse must guarantee protection in the event of a short circuit.
- the use of the "short-circuit” method can solve the problem of the volatile short-circuit values mentioned above to a very limited extent. Rather, the “short circuit” method converts an undefined impedance of the overvoltage protection device into a defined impedance in the event of a fault. This can be seen in the same way as a short-circuiter that is connected in parallel to the overvoltage protection. In the case of a low-resistance metallic connection, the fuse can withstand the short-circuit current of the network are loaded and only if this is sufficiently large, a defined shutdown takes place by the fuse. This is not always the case in networks with volatile short-circuit currents.
- the fuse In the event of a low-resistance short circuit, the fuse is loaded with the maximum available short-circuit current. In the event of an impedance-related short circuit, the current load on the fuse drops, which means that shutdown at low currents is questionable.
- the arc or arc erosion to the fusible conductor has an impedance-like effect, which limits the current. This may result in a delayed disconnection or only further local damage to the fusible conductor, as a result of which very long arcing times or a destruction of the fuse by the arc extension occur, with the consequence of higher residual risks.
- circuit breakers with tripping characteristics is an alternative here, but these switches are significantly more expensive than fuses and so, for reasons of cost, are not suitable for all applications.
- the special properties of a fuse basically allow only very few design options with regard to a variation or setting of the protection area of the fuse.
- the DE 10 2008 047 256 A1 discloses a high-voltage fuse with a controllable drive for a shear bar, which destroys several bottlenecks.
- the control can be carried out from a separate control depending on the fault current.
- the DE 10 2014 215 279 A1 discloses a fuse for a device to be protected which is connected in series with the fuse.
- the melting of a fusible conductor is determined by its material and geometric properties, so that, depending on the material and / or geometry of the fusible conductor, a respective amount of heat Q is necessary for the evaporation of the fusible conductor.
- the DE 10 2014 215 279 A1 to a further development of a fuse in such a way that additional contacts are provided, one of the additional contacts representing a trigger contact in order to cause the fusible conductor to melt directly or indirectly.
- the fusible conductor can have a predetermined breaking point in the area of one of the further contacts.
- the fusible conductor is surrounded at least in sections with an extinguishing medium, in particular with sand.
- An arc is ignited between the additional contact and the fusible link, creating a current flow in an auxiliary path parallel to the device to be protected.
- This parallel path relieves the device to be protected and increases the current load on the fusible conductor. This can then lead to a faster power cut-off by the fuse.
- the effect is similar here those known separate short-circuiters.
- the impedance of the path is increased, among other things, by the relatively long arc, which bridges the separating distance between the auxiliary contact and the fusible conductor, so that the effectiveness of the current increase remains limited. A disconnection of the fuse cannot therefore be guaranteed under all conditions.
- the DE 10 2013 005 783 A1 shows a device for generating a safe, low-resistance electrical short circuit independent of the operating voltage.
- This device is based on two electrical, in particular plate-shaped connection parts, which carry a different potential.
- An insulation path is formed between the connection parts.
- the short circuit can be implemented by at least partially penetrating or destroying the insulation path.
- connection parts are arranged closely adjacent and including the isolation path.
- the isolation path is designed as an isolation film or a film-like coating. Furthermore, there is an exothermic mass in the immediate vicinity of the insulation section, which releases its exothermic energy when energized and leads to melting or deformation of the insulation section, so that the potential separation between the connection parts is canceled and the desired short circuit occurs.
- DE 10 2013 005 783 A1 requires a coordinated, separate, external overcurrent protection device to interrupt the short circuit.
- the fuse consists of at least one fusible link located between two contacts and arranged in a fuse housing, as well as a short-circuit auxiliary contact with an internal isolating distance to the fusible link.
- the fuse to be specified should can be implemented in a space-saving and cost-effective manner and have the option of triggering a short-circuit current via the auxiliary connection or auxiliary contact. External, short-circuit-resistant switches should be dispensed with.
- the fuse according to the invention is intended for use in the shunt branch in combination with overvoltage protection devices.
- the possibility of active control of the short-circuit auxiliary path takes place by destroying an insulation element, in particular in the form of an insulation film, with recourse to an exothermic reaction.
- the insulation element used in particular the insulation film, meets the necessary electrical requirements for an insulation path for use in the shunt branch, so that no additional external switching devices are necessary.
- both a metallic, low-resistance short circuit between the fusible conductor or conductors and the auxiliary contact, but also a short circuit with impedance and spark formation, can be implemented.
- the insulation element is protected from thermal damage in the event of pulse loads due to the heating of the fusible conductor or conductors.
- the fuse according to the invention can have one or more parallel fusible conductors.
- the fusible conductors can be surrounded by an extinguishing medium within the fuse housing.
- the fusible link (s) can have conventional bottlenecks.
- the fuse according to the invention is also the possibility of additionally designing the fuse according to the invention as a triggerable fuse, with a trigger device being activated for the controlled disconnection of the fusible conductor in the event of malfunctions or overload states of the respectively connected device.
- a section of the fusible conductor in the fuse housing can be designed to be exposed, with a mechanical separating element being able to be introduced into the extinguishing agent-free area via an access in the housing in order to mechanically destroy the at least one fusible conductor independently of its melting integral, depending on the trigger device.
- Such a separating element can be designed as a blade or a cutting edge. It is also possible to drive the separating element from a bridge igniter in the direction of the fusible link.
- the at least one fusible conductor can have a large number of known electrical bottlenecks, as already mentioned above, which are designed for the nominal load of the respective fuse. Further, additional geometric constrictions can be provided which, when subjected to tension, can be separated by tearing as a function of the trigger unit.
- the fuse link there is at least one inside the fuse housing Externally activated switching device designed to overcome the isolating distance in order to trigger a low-resistance or impedance short circuit.
- the switching device has an insulation element which forms the isolating distance and which undergoes a change of state due to an exothermic activator and the activator is connected to at least one control connection.
- the insulation element can be designed as an insulation film.
- the exothermic activator can also be implemented as a film, here as a reaction film, the reaction film being connected to an ignition device.
- the exothermic activator can have a bridge igniter which directly or indirectly destroys the insulation element.
- the bridge igniter can also drive a conductive element to overcome the isolating distance, whereby the desired short circuit can be triggered.
- the ignition device preferably has an ignition element which heats up when a current flows, the ignition element being connected to the at least one control connection.
- a plurality of fusible conductors can be formed parallel to one another in the fuse housing, the plurality of fusible conductors being guided through a disk located in the housing and supported on the fuse housing.
- the switching device can then be located on or on the pane.
- the fusible conductor or conductors have sections with a reduced area and / or a reduced cross-section over their respective length expansion.
- the switching device according to the invention is, however, located outside of these sections which are reduced in terms of area and / or cross-section.
- cap-shaped contacts are preferably used on the end face, the short-circuit auxiliary contact being guided over one of the cap-shaped contacts.
- an isolated, separated area can be formed in the respective cap, which area forms the auxiliary contact.
- overvoltage protection devices or overvoltage protection elements use spark gaps or varistors, suppressor diodes, gas discharge tubes, capacitors and non-linear resistors and combinations thereof.
- the previously known elements generally have a non-linear response behavior or a non-linear characteristic curve. If the overvoltage protection elements respond frequently or if there is an overload due to excessively high or long-lasting overvoltages or overcurrents, the corresponding overvoltage protection devices may gradually age or be destroyed.
- the causes of such an overload are varied and often specific to the respective type of protective device.
- varistors When using varistors as overvoltage protection elements, there is a risk that they will be destroyed over a long period of time by very small leakage currents as they age gradually.
- Known thermal disconnection devices are used to protect against such loads.
- the thermal disconnection devices can, within their switching capacity, with small leakage currents in the range from milliamperes to a few amperes and in the nominal voltage range of the varistor Realize adequate protection. If the varistor is loaded with pulse currents above its capacity or with extremely high current and voltage steepnesses, the varistor can break down or flash over. When exposed to long-lasting transient or line-frequency overvoltages, thermal breakdown or breakdown of the varistor can occur after a period of a few 10 ms. Such error states cannot be controlled by the usual thermal disconnection devices, since their response time is several seconds.
- varistors often specify the maximum rated current value of backup fuses for adequate protection.
- Conventional fuses generally respond at a rated current load well below their theoretical adiabatic melting integral value.
- the load limit of the varistors is already well above the theoretical values of the fuses and thus far above the practical maximum values. This means that pulse values that the varistors can derive multiple times without any problems can destroy the backup fuse even with a single load.
- manufacturers of varistors often recommend using larger, more powerful fuses. In the event of a fault, however, this can lead to considerable damage to the device due to the higher I 2 t load, which occurs as a result of the too late triggering.
- Fuses with rated currents in the range of less than 100 A with passive behavior are not able to provide complete protection for surge protection devices. If a fire or arc hazard is taken into account, currents of a few milliamperes up to maximum short-circuit currents must be interrupted or short-circuited safely and quickly. The driving line voltage can even be above the line voltage.
- the above-mentioned problem is often circumvented or solved by a combination of different protective devices. The combination of several protective devices, however, requires functional coordination and requires additional space. If a protective device becomes effective outside of its switching capacity or if two different protective devices respond at the same time, a risk to the environment can often not be safely ruled out.
- the proposed solution is based on one or more parallel fuse fusible conductors, preferably arranged in an extinguishing medium.
- the fusible conductors have bottlenecks in a row, the number of which corresponds to the usual design for the corresponding nominal voltage of the fuse.
- the fuses according to the invention have a third connection capable of carrying short-circuit currents, which is led radially or axially outward.
- the switching device according to the invention is located within the fuse and can be activated actively but also passively if necessary.
- This switching device meets the dielectric strength requirements for use in the shunt branch.
- the dielectric strength corresponds at least to the protection level of the arrester to be protected during normal operation.
- the switching device is designed in such a way that a preferably metallic short circuit is implemented between the auxiliary connection and the main fusible conductor.
- the switch is designed for a short reaction time as a short-circuiter on the basis of an exothermic reacting film or on the basis using a bridge igniter.
- an internal short-circuit bridge When using parallel fusible conductors, an internal short-circuit bridge enables a single switch to be used.
- the short-circuit bridge can be designed with low resistance but also with impedance.
- the highest requirements for the short-circuit current carrying capacity of the short-circuit auxiliary contact when used with overvoltage protection devices are tied to the required pulse current carrying capacity of the fusible conductor (s), in which the fuse in the fusible conductor is not to be disconnected.
- the dimensioning of the fusible link determines, among other things, the time / current characteristic.
- the auxiliary contact of the fuse and thus also the entire short-circuit path has a current-carrying capacity which satisfies this characteristic curve, at least in the range of the short-circuit currents to be expected.
- the pulse current loads for arresters based on varistors are lower than those for arresters based on spark gaps.
- a maximum load of 100 kA 10/350 ⁇ s is achieved with lightning arresters.
- the Fusible link of a fuse should meet the above-mentioned requirement in the application described.
- this requirement corresponds approximately to a fuse with a nominal current of 315 A.
- a voltage in the range of the line-to-line voltage of the network in which the arrester is used is selected. This means that the fuse is suitable for a voltage of 400 V in a standard 230/400 V network.
- the Fig. 1 shows a conventional fusible link for a fuse, designed as a ribbon-shaped fusible link 1 with constrictions 2, which lead to a reduction in area or cross-section in the corresponding area.
- the bottlenecks 2 shown in principle according to Fig. 1 are already made longer in the longitudinal direction of the fusible conductor 1 in comparison to known bottlenecks. This results in an advantageous reduction in the rated current of the fuse with the same pulse current carrying capacity.
- the Fig. 2 now shows a longitudinal section through a fuse with fuse housing 6 and cap-shaped connection contacts 9.
- the switching device according to the invention which can be activated externally, is located inside the fuse housing 6.
- the fusible conductor 1 shown has the constrictions 2 already explained in a partial section of its longitudinal extent.
- a short-circuit auxiliary contact 3 is located below the fusible conductor and another short-circuit auxiliary contact 3 is located above the fusible conductor 1.
- a sandwich arrangement of an insulation film 4 and an exothermic reaction film 5 is located inside the housing 6 of the fuse.
- the exothermic reaction film 5 is connected to an ignition device 7, which can be controlled via one or more control lines 8.
- passive ignition options (not shown) can be provided.
- the ignition takes place with an ignition element, which is overloaded with a small current and forms an arc (see Figure 4b ).
- the ignition can also take place with a flashover through a spark gap, a transformer or the like or by means of a thermal heating circuit.
- the externally accessible part of the short-circuit auxiliary contact 3 is located in a wall section of the housing 6, but can also, as in FIG Figure 6a and 6b shown, are led out isolated in the region of one of the connection caps 9.
- the switching device according to Fig. 2 Above the fusible conductor 1 starts from a reaction film 5 which is almost in direct contact with the fusible conductor 1. This arrangement ensures that the reaction film 5 is not triggered unintentionally or is not damaged when the fusible conductor 1 is heated up in the event of a pulse load.
- an example of an arrangement below the fusible conductor 1 with an electrically conductive part 10, possibly also with impedance, can avoid excessive temperature loading.
- the insulation film 4 is dimensioned in such a way that the operating voltage of the network and also the usual function of the overvoltage protection do not cause a flashover due to breakdown.
- a brief temperature load for example in the case of impulse loads, does not lead to thermal damage to the insulation film and thus does not trigger an exothermic reaction. In the case of higher loads and thus greater or longer temperature increases, however, ignition is definitely desirable.
- the stacking arrangement "insulation film - reaction film" can be exchanged.
- the film 4 can be attached in the area of the undiminished cross section of the fusible conductor (as shown).
- the fusible conductor can also have additional cooling surfaces, for example in the form of widened areas.
- another material can be arranged between the fusible conductor and the insulation film, which forms a thermal barrier.
- the Fig. 3 shows according to the illustration Fig. 1 a band-shaped fusible conductor 1 with constrictions 2.
- the further developed fusible conductor 1 has an enlarged area 11. This makes it possible to fix the switching device according to the invention in this area 11 on the fusible conductor.
- the Figure 4a illustrates a side view of a fusible conductor 1 with a switching device according to the invention, omitting the fuse housing and the connection caps.
- the switching device is designed as a stacked arrangement.
- reaction film 5 is located above the insulation film 4 and is connected in a suitable manner by means of an ignition device 7, which is controlled via connections 8.
- the arrangement of the element 10 between the fusible conductor 1 and the insulation film 4 protects the latter from thermal overload.
- a minimal gap area 12 can be provided between the fusible conductor 1 and the insulation film 4 or the part 10. This gap area can be designed in such a way that when the switch is actuated, the gap area 12 is passively overturned.
- the embodiment according to Figure 4a In principle, it also enables the switching device to be arranged in the immediate vicinity of one of the constrictions 2.
- the Figure 4b shows design variants for an ignition device with an ignition element A or B in different views.
- the ignition element A can be implemented, for example, as a printed fusible conductor on a circuit board.
- the ignition element B is arranged as a wire in a cutout of a printed circuit board, which is subject to heating when there is a corresponding current flow, so that the exothermic reaction of the reaction film can be triggered.
- the fusible conductors 1 are passed through a common disk 13 made of a material with good electrical conductivity or impedance.
- the disk 13 is supported on the inner wall of the fuse housing 6.
- the switching device according to the invention is located on or on the disk 13.
- an electric arc can also occur in the lead-through area between the disk 13 and the fusible conductors 1, which can cause greater damage to the fusible conductor, particularly when it is attached in the narrow point area.
- the disk 13 can consist of metal, but also of conductive ceramic or graphite.
- switching devices using a bridge igniter are also possible, as shown in FIG Figures 6a and 6b is illustrated.
- the metallic part 16 bridges the distance to the auxiliary contact 3 or by means of an insulating film between the aforementioned parts.
- the Figure 6a and 6b show a film insulation 14 in this regard.
- auxiliary contact 3 and the control lines 8 can be introduced axially through one of the connection caps 9.
- the auxiliary contact 3 is electrically isolated from the cap 9, for example with an insulating part 15. Within the fuse, near the pane 13, there is an area without an extinguishing agent filling.
- the insulating film 14, which is isolated from the pane 13 by the auxiliary contact 3, is attached in this area.
- the aforementioned movable part 16, in which the bridge igniter is located as an actuator 17, is integrated in the area of the auxiliary contact 3.
- the part 16 is moved in the direction of the film 14 and disc 13.
- the insulation film 14 is destroyed in the process.
- the part 13, that is to say the disk, but also the conductive part 16 can be provided with a notch device in order to sever the insulation film 14 quickly and safely.
- the movement of the part 16 is stopped at the disk 13.
- the disk 13 is connected in an electrically conductive manner to the auxiliary connection 3 via the metallic part 16.
- This connection can be supported positively.
- a further improvement of the connection is possible if a deformation of the metallic part 16 takes place or is supported in a targeted manner.
- the current carrying capacity of this embodiment is matched with the desired time / current characteristic and the fuse in the event of short-circuit currents.
- the Figure 6a shows the normal state of the switching device and the fuse before the short circuit and the Figure 6b the state of the switch or the switching device in the event of a short circuit.
- shape memory alloys or other shape-, geometry- or volume-changing materials can also be used to activate the switching device.
- the fuse is activated in relation to the short circuit by means of a shape memory alloy or a bridge igniter or a reaction film, this can be done via a proportional current.
- This electricity can be obtained from the connected network or from a separate energy store.
- bridge detonators however, the necessary energy can also be provided galvanically separated by a transformer.
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- Fuses (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung geht aus von einer Schmelzsicherung für Niederspannungsanwendungen zum Schutz von an ein Versorgungsnetz anschließbaren Einrichtungen, insbesondere von Überspannungsschutzgeräten, wie Funkenstrecken oder Varistoren, bestehend aus mindestens einem, zwischen zwei Kontakten befindlichen, in einem Sicherungsgehäuse angeordneten Schmelzleiter sowie einem Kurzschlusshilfskontakt mit interner Trennstrecke zum Schmelzleiter gemäß Anspruch 1.The invention is based on a fuse for low-voltage applications to protect devices that can be connected to a supply network, in particular overvoltage protection devices such as spark gaps or varistors, consisting of at least one fusible link located between two contacts in a fuse housing and a short-circuit auxiliary contact with an internal isolating gap to the fusible link according to
Konventionelle Schmelzsicherungen werden in großen Stückzahlen und bei vielen Anwendungsfällen eingesetzt, um einen Überstrom- oder Kurzschlussschutz für Kabel und Leitungen aber auch für angeschlossene Betriebsmittel sicherzustellen.Conventional fuses are used in large numbers and in many applications to ensure overcurrent or short-circuit protection for cables and lines, but also for connected equipment.
Darüber hinaus werden Sicherungen als Backup-Schutz für Überspannungsableiter im sogenannten Querzweig eingesetzt. Hier muss eine entsprechende Sicherung den Schutz im Kurzschlussfall gewährleisten.In addition, fuses are used as backup protection for surge arresters in the so-called shunt branch. A corresponding fuse must guarantee protection in the event of a short circuit.
Durch den zunehmenden Einsatz und die Integration regenerativer Energiequellen in Versorgungsnetzen treten zunehmend volatile Kurzschlusswerte an den Installationsorten der Betriebsmittel je nach Einspeisesituation auf. Dies kann die Konsequenz nach sich ziehen, dass die erforderlichen Schmelz- bzw. Ausschaltintegrale die Sicherungen über einen weiten Bereich variiert werden müssen. Unter Umständen kann die gewählte Sicherung nicht mehr den Schutz unter allen denkbaren Einspeisebedingungen sicherstellen.Due to the increasing use and integration of regenerative energy sources in supply networks, increasingly volatile short-circuit values occur at the installation locations of the equipment, depending on the feed-in situation. This can have the consequence that the required melting or switch-off integrals of the fuses have to be varied over a wide range. Under certain circumstances, the selected fuse can no longer ensure protection under all conceivable feed-in conditions.
Die Anwendung der Methode "Kurzschluss" kann sehr begrenzt das Problem der erwähnten volatilen Kurzschlusswerte lösen. Vielmehr wandelt die Methode "Kurzschluss" eine undefinierte Impedanz des Überspannungsschutzgerätes im Fehlerfall in eine definierte Impedanz um. Dies ist analog zu einem Kurzschließer zu sehen, welcher parallel zum Überspannungsschutz geschalten ist. Bei einer niederohmigen metallischen Verbindung kann die Sicherung mit dem Kurzschlussstrom des Netzes belastet werden und nur wenn dieser ausreichend groß ist, erfolgt durch die Sicherung eine definierte Abschaltung. In Netzen mit volatilen Kurzschlussströmen ist dies nicht in jedem Fall gegeben.The use of the "short-circuit" method can solve the problem of the volatile short-circuit values mentioned above to a very limited extent. Rather, the "short circuit" method converts an undefined impedance of the overvoltage protection device into a defined impedance in the event of a fault. This can be seen in the same way as a short-circuiter that is connected in parallel to the overvoltage protection. In the case of a low-resistance metallic connection, the fuse can withstand the short-circuit current of the network are loaded and only if this is sufficiently large, a defined shutdown takes place by the fuse. This is not always the case in networks with volatile short-circuit currents.
Bei niederohmigem Kurzschluss wird die Sicherung mit dem verfügbaren maximalen Kurzschlussstrom belastet. Bei impedanzbehaftetem Kurzschluss sinkt die Strombelastung der Sicherung, wodurch die Abschaltung bei kleinen Strömen fraglich ist. Der Lichtbogen oder die Lichtbogenerosion zum Schmelzleiter wirkt impedanzähnlich, wodurch der Strom begrenzt wird. Hieraus resultiert gegebenenfalls eine verzögerte Abschaltung oder nur eine weitere lokale Schädigung des Schmelzleiters, wodurch sehr lange Lichtbogenzeiten bzw. eine Zerstörung der Sicherung durch die Lichtbogenverlängerung eintreten mit der Folge höherer Restrisiken.In the event of a low-resistance short circuit, the fuse is loaded with the maximum available short-circuit current. In the event of an impedance-related short circuit, the current load on the fuse drops, which means that shutdown at low currents is questionable. The arc or arc erosion to the fusible conductor has an impedance-like effect, which limits the current. This may result in a delayed disconnection or only further local damage to the fusible conductor, as a result of which very long arcing times or a destruction of the fuse by the arc extension occur, with the consequence of higher residual risks.
Grundsätzlich ist hier der Einsatz von Leistungsschaltern mit Auslösecharakteristik eine Alternative, jedoch sind diese Schalter wesentlich teurer als Sicherungen und insofern bereits aus Kostengründen nicht für alle Anwendungen geeignet.In principle, the use of circuit breakers with tripping characteristics is an alternative here, but these switches are significantly more expensive than fuses and so, for reasons of cost, are not suitable for all applications.
Die speziellen Eigenschaften einer Schmelzsicherung ermöglichen grundsätzlich nur sehr geringe Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten hinsichtlich einer Variation oder einer Einstellung des Schutzbereiches der Sicherung.The special properties of a fuse basically allow only very few design options with regard to a variation or setting of the protection area of the fuse.
Um den Einsatzbereich von Sicherungen anpassen und erweitern zu können, wurde bereits vorgeschlagen, den Stromleiter eines elektrischen Sicherungselementes mit Hilfe einer pyrotechnisch betriebenen Trennvorrichtung zu durchtrennen. Die
Die
Die
Bezogen auf die Dimensionierung von Schmelzsicherungen verweist die
Besondere Anforderungen gelten für den Fall, in dem das von der Sicherung zu schützende Gerät eine Überspannungsschutzeinrichtung ist, denn diese soll kurzfristig hohe Ströme passieren lassen, ohne dass die Schmelzsicherung auslöst, zugleich aber auch bei gering andauernden Fehlerströmen, wie sie zum Beispiel bei einer Schädigung der Überspannungsschutzeinrichtung oder als Netzfolgestrom auftreten können, frühzeitig abschalten. Die erste der genannten Anforderungen führt häufig zu hohen Bemessungsstromwerten der Sicherung. Die zweite der genannten Anforderungen ist nur mit geringen Nennstromwerten sinnvoll zu realisieren.Special requirements apply in the event that the device to be protected by the fuse is an overvoltage protection device, because this should allow high currents to pass briefly without triggering the fuse, but at the same time also in the case of low-lasting fault currents, such as in the event of damage the overvoltage protection device or as a line follow current, switch off early. The first of the requirements mentioned often leads to high rated current values for the fuse. The second of the requirements mentioned can only be sensibly implemented with low nominal current values.
Unter Beachtung dieser Problematik verweist die
Zwischen dem Zusatzkontakt und dem Schmelzleiter wird ein Lichtbogen gezündet, wodurch ein Stromfluss in einem Hilfspfad parallel zur zu schützenden Einrichtung entsteht. Durch diesen Parallelpfad wird die zu schützende Einrichtung entlastet und die Strombelastung des Schmelzleiters erhöht. Diese kann dann zu einer schnelleren Stromabschaltung durch die Sicherung führen. Die Wirkung ist hier ähnlich derjenigen bekannter separater Kurzschließer. Im Unterschied zu einem Kurzschließer ist die Impedanz des Pfades unter anderem durch den relativ langen Lichtbogen, welcher die Trennstrecke zwischen Hilfskontakt und Schmelzleiter überbrückt, jedoch erhöht, so dass die Wirksamkeit der Stromerhöhung begrenzt bleibt. Eine Abschaltung der Sicherung kann damit nicht unter allen Bedingungen gewährleistet werden.An arc is ignited between the additional contact and the fusible link, creating a current flow in an auxiliary path parallel to the device to be protected. This parallel path relieves the device to be protected and increases the current load on the fusible conductor. This can then lead to a faster power cut-off by the fuse. The effect is similar here those known separate short-circuiters. In contrast to a short-circuiter, the impedance of the path is increased, among other things, by the relatively long arc, which bridges the separating distance between the auxiliary contact and the fusible conductor, so that the effectiveness of the current increase remains limited. A disconnection of the fuse cannot therefore be guaranteed under all conditions.
Die
Die Anschlussteile sind gemäß der vorbekannten Lösung eng benachbart und unter Einschluss der Isolationsstrecke angeordnet. Die Isolationsstrecke ist als Isolationsfolie oder folienartige Beschichtung ausgebildet. Weiterhin befindet sich in unmittelbarer Nähe der Isolationsstrecke eine exotherme Masse, welche bei Energiebeaufschlagung ihre exotherme Energie freisetzt und zum Schmelzen oder Deformieren der Isolationsstrecke führt, so dass die Potentialtrennung zwischen den Anschlussteilen aufgehoben ist und der gewünschte Kurzschlussfall entsteht.According to the previously known solution, the connection parts are arranged closely adjacent and including the isolation path. The isolation path is designed as an isolation film or a film-like coating. Furthermore, there is an exothermic mass in the immediate vicinity of the insulation section, which releases its exothermic energy when energized and leads to melting or deformation of the insulation section, so that the potential separation between the connection parts is canceled and the desired short circuit occurs.
Eine Einrichtung mit einer internen Kurzschließerfunktion entsprechend
Aus dem Vorbenannten ist es Aufgabe der Erfindung, eine weiterentwickelte Schmelzsicherung für Niederspannungsanwendungen zum Schutz von an ein Versorgungsnetz anschließbaren Einrichtungen, insbesondere Überspannungsschutzgeräten, anzugeben. Die Schmelzsicherung besteht hierbei aus zwischen zwei Kontakten befindlichen, in einem Sicherungsgehäuse angeordneten, mindestens einen Schmelzleiter sowie einem Kurzschlusshilfskontakt mit interner Trennstrecke zum Schmelzleiter. Die anzugebende Schmelzsicherung soll platzsparend und kostengünstig realisiert werden und über den Hilfsanschluss oder Hilfskontakt die Möglichkeit des Auslösens eines Kurzschlussstromes besitzen. Dabei soll auf externe, kurzschlusstragfähige Schalter verzichtet werden.From the above, it is the object of the invention to provide a further developed fuse for low-voltage applications for protecting devices that can be connected to a supply network, in particular overvoltage protection devices. The fuse consists of at least one fusible link located between two contacts and arranged in a fuse housing, as well as a short-circuit auxiliary contact with an internal isolating distance to the fusible link. The fuse to be specified should can be implemented in a space-saving and cost-effective manner and have the option of triggering a short-circuit current via the auxiliary connection or auxiliary contact. External, short-circuit-resistant switches should be dispensed with.
Die Lösung der Aufgabe der Erfindung erfolgt durch eine Schmelzsicherung gemäß der Merkmalskombination nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Unteransprüche mindestens zweckmäßige Ausgestaltungen und Weiterbildungen umfassen.The object of the invention is achieved by a fuse according to the combination of features according to
Die erfindungsgemäße Sicherung ist für den Einsatz im Querzweig in Kombination mit Überspannungsschutzgeräten vorgesehen. Die Möglichkeit der aktiven Ansteuerung des Kurzschluss-Hilfspfades erfolgt über eine Zerstörung eines Isolationselementes, insbesondere ausgebildet als Isolationsfolie, und zwar unter Rückgriff auf eine exotherme Reaktion.The fuse according to the invention is intended for use in the shunt branch in combination with overvoltage protection devices. The possibility of active control of the short-circuit auxiliary path takes place by destroying an insulation element, in particular in the form of an insulation film, with recourse to an exothermic reaction.
Das eingesetzte Isolationselement, insbesondere die Isolationsfolie, erfüllt die notwendigen elektrischen Anforderungen an eine Isolationsstrecke für den Einsatz im Querzweig, so dass keine zusätzlichen externen Schalteinrichtungen notwendig werden.The insulation element used, in particular the insulation film, meets the necessary electrical requirements for an insulation path for use in the shunt branch, so that no additional external switching devices are necessary.
Erfindungsgemäß kann sowohl ein metallischer, niederohmiger Kurzschluss zwischen dem oder den Schmelzleitern und dem Hilfskontakt aber auch ein Kurzschluss mit Impedanz und Funkenbildung realisiert werden.According to the invention, both a metallic, low-resistance short circuit between the fusible conductor or conductors and the auxiliary contact, but also a short circuit with impedance and spark formation, can be implemented.
In Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist das Isolationselement vor einer thermischen Schädigung bei Impulsbelastungen aufgrund Erwärmung des oder der Schmelzleiter geschützt.In an embodiment of the invention, the insulation element is protected from thermal damage in the event of pulse loads due to the heating of the fusible conductor or conductors.
Damit der Kurzschlusspfad der Schmelzsicherung bei Normalfunktionen nicht anspricht, werden erfindungsgemäß die Anforderungen an die Trennstrecke erfüllt, ohne dass externe kurzschlusstragfähige Schalter eingesetzt werden müssen.So that the short-circuit path of the fuse does not respond during normal functions, the requirements for the isolating distance are met according to the invention without the need to use external short-circuit-resistant switches.
Die erfindungsgemäße Schmelzsicherung kann einen oder mehrere parallele Schmelzleiter aufweisen. Die Schmelzleiter können innerhalb des Sicherungsgehäuses von einem Löschmedium umgeben sein.The fuse according to the invention can have one or more parallel fusible conductors. The fusible conductors can be surrounded by an extinguishing medium within the fuse housing.
Der oder die Schmelzleiter können über konventionelle Engstellen verfügen. Alternativ oder ergänzend besteht die Möglichkeit, die Engstellen zu modifizieren, das heißt die die Länge der Engstellen des Schmelzleiters bei gleichem Querschnitt zu erhöhen, so dass kurze Schmelzzeiten bei kleinen Überströmen erreichbar sind, was zu einer vorteilhaften Absenkung der Nennstromstärke der Sicherung bei gleicher Impulsstromtragfähigkeit führt.The fusible link (s) can have conventional bottlenecks. Alternatively or in addition, there is the possibility of modifying the constrictions, i.e. increasing the length of the constrictions of the fusible conductor with the same cross-section, so that short melting times can be achieved with small overcurrents, which leads to an advantageous reduction in the rated amperage of the fuse with the same pulse current carrying capacity .
Es besteht darüber hinaus die Möglichkeit, die erfindungsgemäße Schmelzsicherung ergänzend als triggerbare Schmelzsicherung auszuführen, wobei eine Triggereinrichtung zum gesteuerten Auftrennen des Schmelzleiters bei Fehlfunktionen oder Überlastzuständen der jeweils angeschlossenen Einrichtung aktiviert wird. Diesbezüglich kann beispielsweise ein Abschnitt des Schmelzleiters im Sicherungsgehäuse freiliegend ausgebildet werden, wobei über einen Zugang im Gehäuse ein mechanisches Trennelement in den löschmittelfreien Bereich einbringbar ist, um in Abhängigkeit von der Triggereinrichtung den mindestens einen Schmelzleiter unabhängig von seinem Schmelzintegral mechanisch zu zerstören.There is also the possibility of additionally designing the fuse according to the invention as a triggerable fuse, with a trigger device being activated for the controlled disconnection of the fusible conductor in the event of malfunctions or overload states of the respectively connected device. In this regard, for example, a section of the fusible conductor in the fuse housing can be designed to be exposed, with a mechanical separating element being able to be introduced into the extinguishing agent-free area via an access in the housing in order to mechanically destroy the at least one fusible conductor independently of its melting integral, depending on the trigger device.
Ein solches Trennelement kann als Klinge oder Schneide ausgebildet werden. Ebenso ist es möglich, das Trennelement von einem Brückenzünder in Richtung Schmelzleiter anzutreiben.Such a separating element can be designed as a blade or a cutting edge. It is also possible to drive the separating element from a bridge igniter in the direction of the fusible link.
Diesbezüglich kann der mindestens eine Schmelzleiter eine Vielzahl an sich bekannter elektrischer Engstellen aufweisen, wie oben bereits erwähnt, welche auf die Nennbelastung der jeweiligen Sicherung ausgelegt sind. Weitere, zusätzliche geometrische Engstellen können vorgesehen werden, welche auf Zug beansprucht in Abhängigkeit von der Triggereinheit durch Zerreißen auftrennbar sind.In this regard, the at least one fusible conductor can have a large number of known electrical bottlenecks, as already mentioned above, which are designed for the nominal load of the respective fuse. Further, additional geometric constrictions can be provided which, when subjected to tension, can be separated by tearing as a function of the trigger unit.
An dieser Stelle kurz zusammenfassend ist bei der erfindungsgemäßen Schmelzsicherung innerhalb des Sicherungsgehäuses mindestens eine extern aktivierbare Schalteinrichtung zur Überwindung der Trennstrecke ausgebildet, um einen niederohmigen oder impedanzbehafteten Kurzschluss auszulösen.To summarize briefly at this point, in the fuse link according to the invention there is at least one inside the fuse housing Externally activated switching device designed to overcome the isolating distance in order to trigger a low-resistance or impedance short circuit.
Die Schalteinrichtung weist ein die Trennstrecke bildendes Isolationselement auf, welches durch einen exothermen Aktivator eine Zustandsänderung erfährt und der Aktivator mit mindestens einem Steueranschluss in Verbindung steht.The switching device has an insulation element which forms the isolating distance and which undergoes a change of state due to an exothermic activator and the activator is connected to at least one control connection.
Das Isolationselement kann als Isolationsfolie ausgebildet werden.The insulation element can be designed as an insulation film.
Der exotherme Aktivator kann ebenfalls als Folie, hier als Reaktionsfolie, realisiert werden, wobei die Reaktionsfolie mit einer Zündeinrichtung in Verbindung steht.The exothermic activator can also be implemented as a film, here as a reaction film, the reaction film being connected to an ignition device.
Der exotherme Aktivator kann einen Brückenzünder aufweisen, welcher unmittelbar oder mittelbar das Isolationselement zerstört.The exothermic activator can have a bridge igniter which directly or indirectly destroys the insulation element.
Der Brückenzünder kann weiterhin ein leitfähiges Element zur Überwindung der Trennstrecke antreiben, wodurch der gewünschte Kurzschluss auslösbar ist.The bridge igniter can also drive a conductive element to overcome the isolating distance, whereby the desired short circuit can be triggered.
Die Zündeinrichtung weist bevorzugt ein bei Stromfluss sich erhitzendes Zündelement auf, wobei das Zündelement mit dem mindestens einen Steueranschluss in Verbindung steht.The ignition device preferably has an ignition element which heats up when a current flows, the ignition element being connected to the at least one control connection.
Im Sicherungsgehäuse können mehrere Schmelzleiter parallel zueinander ausgebildet werden, wobei die mehreren Schmelzleiter durch eine sich am Sicherungsgehäuse abstützende, im Gehäuse befindliche Scheibe geführt sind. Die Schalteinrichtung kann sich dann an oder auf der Scheibe befinden.A plurality of fusible conductors can be formed parallel to one another in the fuse housing, the plurality of fusible conductors being guided through a disk located in the housing and supported on the fuse housing. The switching device can then be located on or on the pane.
Der oder die Schmelzleiter weisen über ihre jeweilige Längenausdehnung Abschnitte mit reduzierter Fläche und/oder reduziertem Querschnitt auf. Die erfindungsgemäße Schalteinrichtung ist jedoch außerhalb dieser flächen- und/oder querschnittsseitig reduzierten Abschnitte befindlich.The fusible conductor or conductors have sections with a reduced area and / or a reduced cross-section over their respective length expansion. The switching device according to the invention is, however, located outside of these sections which are reduced in terms of area and / or cross-section.
Bei einem zylindrischen Sicherungsgehäuse kommen bevorzugt stirnseitig kappenförmige Kontakte zum Einsatz, wobei der Kurzschlusshilfskontakt über einen der kappenförmigen Kontakte geführt ist. Diesbezüglich kann ein isolierter, abgetrennter Bereich in der jeweiligen Kappe ausgebildet werden, der den Hilfskontakt bildet. Ergänzend besteht die Möglichkeit, den mindestens einen Steueranschluss ebenfalls über einen der kappenförmigen Kontakte zu führen. Dies kann entweder über einen ebenfalls isolierten Kontaktabschnitt erfolgen oder es kann eine Durchführung zur Aufnahme eines Steuerleitungsanschlusskabels vorhanden sein.In the case of a cylindrical fuse housing, cap-shaped contacts are preferably used on the end face, the short-circuit auxiliary contact being guided over one of the cap-shaped contacts. In this regard, an isolated, separated area can be formed in the respective cap, which area forms the auxiliary contact. In addition, there is the possibility of also routing the at least one control connection via one of the cap-shaped contacts. This can either take place via a contact section, which is also insulated, or there can be a bushing for receiving a control line connection cable.
Die Erfindung soll nachstehend anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen sowie von Figuren näher erläutert werden.The invention is to be explained in more detail below on the basis of exemplary embodiments and figures.
Hierbei zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- eine Draufsicht auf einen Schmelzleiter für eine Kapselsicherung mit Engstellen;
- Fig. 2
- eine Schnittdarstellung durch eine Schmelzsicherung mit kappenförmigen Kontakten und integrierter Schalteinrichtung;
- Fig. 3
- einen weitergebildeten Schmelzleiter für eine Kapselsicherung mit Engstellen und zusätzlicher Fläche zur Positionierung der erfindungsgemäßen Schalteinrichtung;
- Fig. 4a
- eine Detaildarstellung der erfindungsgemäßen Schalteinrichtung in Stapelanordnung unter Weglassung des Sicherungsgehäuses nebst Anschlusskappen zur leichteren Erkennbarkeit;
- Fig. 4b
- beispielhafte Ausführungsformen der Zündeinrichtung mit einem bei Stromfluss sich erhitzenden Zündelement A; B;
- Fig. 5
- eine weitere Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Schmelzsicherung in prinzipieller Darstellung und im Längsschnitt mit zwei im Wesentlichen parallel verlaufenden Schmelzleitern, die von einer Scheibe geführt sind, wobei die Schalteinrichtung sich auf der Scheibe befindet;
- Fig. 6a; 6b
- eine weitere Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Schmelzsicherung mit Sicherungsgehäuse und kappenförmigen Anschlusskontakten in einer Ausbildung mit zwei Schmelzleitern nebst Scheibe zur Führung der Schmelzleiter, wobei ein Brückenzünder als Aktivator Verwendung findet, welcher das Isolationselement zerstört und über ein bewegliches Teil, welches leitfähig ist, den Kurzschlusszustand herstellt, wobei
Fig. 6a den Normalzustand der Schalteinrichtung vor dem Schließen und dieFig. 6b den Zustand der Schalteinrichtung nach dem Schließen, das heißt dem Kurzschlussfall, illustriert.
- Fig. 1
- a plan view of a fusible conductor for a capsule fuse with constrictions;
- Fig. 2
- a sectional view through a fuse with cap-shaped contacts and integrated switching device;
- Fig. 3
- a further developed fusible conductor for a capsule fuse with constrictions and additional area for positioning the switching device according to the invention;
- Figure 4a
- a detailed representation of the switching device according to the invention in a stacked arrangement with the omission of the fuse housing together with connection caps for easier recognition;
- Figure 4b
- exemplary embodiments of the ignition device with an ignition element A which heats up when a current flows; B;
- Fig. 5
- a further embodiment of the fuse according to the invention in a schematic representation and in longitudinal section with two essentially parallel fusible conductors, which from a disk are guided, wherein the switching device is located on the disk;
- Fig. 6a; 6b
- Another embodiment of the fuse according to the invention with fuse housing and cap-shaped connection contacts in a design with two fusible conductors plus a disk for guiding the fusible conductors, a bridge igniter being used as an activator, which destroys the insulation element and creates the short-circuit state via a movable part that is conductive in which
Figure 6a the normal state of the switching device before closing and theFigure 6b the state of the switching device after closing, that is, the case of a short circuit, illustrates.
Es ist bekannt, dass Überspannungsschutzgeräte oder Überspannungsschutzelemente Funkenstrecken oder Varistoren, Suppressordioden, Gasableiter, Kapazitäten und nicht-lineare Widerstände sowie deren Kombinationen einsetzen. Die vorbekannten Elemente besitzen im Allgemeinen ein nicht-lineares Ansprechverhalten bzw. eine nicht-lineare Kennlinie. Bei häufigem Ansprechen der Überspannungsschutzelemente bzw. bei Überlast infolge zu hoher bzw. zu lange andauernder Überspannungen oder Überströmen kann es zur allmählichen Alterung bzw. zur Zerstörung der entsprechenden Überspannungsschutzgeräte kommen.It is known that overvoltage protection devices or overvoltage protection elements use spark gaps or varistors, suppressor diodes, gas discharge tubes, capacitors and non-linear resistors and combinations thereof. The previously known elements generally have a non-linear response behavior or a non-linear characteristic curve. If the overvoltage protection elements respond frequently or if there is an overload due to excessively high or long-lasting overvoltages or overcurrents, the corresponding overvoltage protection devices may gradually age or be destroyed.
Die Ursachen für eine solche Überlastung sind vielfältiger Art und häufig spezifisch für den jeweiligen Schutzgerätetyp.The causes of such an overload are varied and often specific to the respective type of protective device.
Beim Einsatz von Varistoren als Überspannungsschutzelemente besteht die Gefahr, dass diese bei allmählicher Alterung durch sehr kleine Leckströme über einen längeren Zeitraum zerstört werden. Als Schutz gegen solche Belastungen werden bekannte thermische Abtrennvorrichtungen eingesetzt.When using varistors as overvoltage protection elements, there is a risk that they will be destroyed over a long period of time by very small leakage currents as they age gradually. Known thermal disconnection devices are used to protect against such loads.
Die thermischen Abtrennvorrichtungen können innerhalb ihres Schaltvermögens bei kleinen Leckströmen im Bereich von Milliampere bis einigen Ampere und im Nennspannungsbereich des Varistors einen ausreichenden Schutz realisieren. Wird der Varistor mit Impulsströmen oberhalb seines Leistungsvermögens bzw. mit extrem hohen Strom- und Spannungssteilheiten belastet, kann der Varistor durchschlagen oder überschlagen werden. Bei der Belastung mit lang andauernden transienten bzw. netzfrequenten Überspannungen, kann es zum thermischen Durchlegieren oder zum Durchschlagen des Varistors nach einer Zeit von einigen 10 ms kommen. Derartige Fehlerzustände können durch die üblichen thermischen Abtrennvorrichtungen nicht beherrscht werden, da deren Ansprechzeit mehrere Sekunden beträgt.The thermal disconnection devices can, within their switching capacity, with small leakage currents in the range from milliamperes to a few amperes and in the nominal voltage range of the varistor Realize adequate protection. If the varistor is loaded with pulse currents above its capacity or with extremely high current and voltage steepnesses, the varistor can break down or flash over. When exposed to long-lasting transient or line-frequency overvoltages, thermal breakdown or breakdown of the varistor can occur after a period of a few 10 ms. Such error states cannot be controlled by the usual thermal disconnection devices, since their response time is several seconds.
Aus diesem Grunde ist es bekannt, Varistoren in Reihenschaltung mit einer konventionellen elektrischen Schmelzsicherung oder Schaltgeräten zu betreiben.For this reason, it is known to operate varistors in series with a conventional electrical fuse or switching devices.
Die Hersteller von Varistoren geben für einen ausreichenden Schutz häufig den maximalen Nennstromwert von Vorsicherungen an. Übliche Schmelzsicherungen sprechen bei Nennstrombelastung im Allgemeinen bereits deutlich unterhalb ihres theoretischen adiabatischen Schmelzintegralwertes an. Bei kurzen aber hohen Impulsströmen, mit denen die Varistoren belastet werden, liegt jedoch die Belastungsgrenze der Varistoren bereits deutlich über den theoretischen Werten der Sicherungen und somit weit über den praktischen Maximalwerten. Das heißt, Impulswerte, welche die Varistoren problemlos mehrfach ableiten, können bereits bei einmaliger Belastung zur Zerstörung der Vorsicherung führen. Aus diesem Grunde wird von Herstellern von Varistoren häufig empfohlen, größere, leistungsstärkere Sicherungen einzusetzen. Dies kann jedoch im Fehlerfall aufgrund der höheren I2t-Belastung, welche infolge der zu späten Auslösung auftritt, zu erheblichen Geräteschäden führen.The manufacturers of varistors often specify the maximum rated current value of backup fuses for adequate protection. Conventional fuses generally respond at a rated current load well below their theoretical adiabatic melting integral value. However, with short but high pulse currents with which the varistors are loaded, the load limit of the varistors is already well above the theoretical values of the fuses and thus far above the practical maximum values. This means that pulse values that the varistors can derive multiple times without any problems can destroy the backup fuse even with a single load. For this reason, manufacturers of varistors often recommend using larger, more powerful fuses. In the event of a fault, however, this can lead to considerable damage to the device due to the higher I 2 t load, which occurs as a result of the too late triggering.
Aufgrund des Einsatzes der Sicherungen im Querzweig, das heißt ohne Dauerstrombelastung, ist es möglich, Sicherungen oder Abtrenneinrichtungen so zu gestalten, dass trotz gleicher Impulsstromtragfähigkeit die Nennstromstärke der Sicherung stark reduziert werden kann, wodurch sich der Schutzbereich bereits deutlich erweitert.Due to the use of the fuses in the shunt branch, i.e. without continuous current load, it is possible to design fuses or disconnecting devices in such a way that the rated current of the fuse can be greatly reduced despite the same pulse current carrying capacity, which already significantly expands the protection area.
Sicherungen mit Nennstromstärken im Bereich kleiner 100 A bei passiven Verhalten sind nicht in der Lage, einen vollständigen Schutz für Überspannungsschutzgeräte zu realisieren. Bei Berücksichtigung einer Brand- bzw. Lichtbogengefahr müssen Ströme von einigen Milliampere bis hin zu maximalen Kurzschlussströmen sicher und schnell unterbrochen bzw. kurzgeschlossen werden. Die treibende Netzspannung kann hierbei sogar oberhalb der Netzspannung liegen. Die vorstehend genannte Problematik wird häufig durch eine Kombination verschiedener Schutzeinrichtungen umgangen bzw. gelöst. Die Kombination von mehreren Schutzeinrichtungen bedarf jedoch einer funktionalen Abstimmung und erfordert zusätzlichen Platzbedarf. Mit dem Wirksamwerden einer Schutzeinrichtung außerhalb ihres Schaltvermögens oder auch dem zeitgleichen Ansprechen von zwei verschiedenen Schutzreinrichtungen kann eine Gefährdung der Umgebung häufig nicht sicher ausgeschlossen werden.Fuses with rated currents in the range of less than 100 A with passive behavior are not able to provide complete protection for surge protection devices. If a fire or arc hazard is taken into account, currents of a few milliamperes up to maximum short-circuit currents must be interrupted or short-circuited safely and quickly. The driving line voltage can even be above the line voltage. The above-mentioned problem is often circumvented or solved by a combination of different protective devices. The combination of several protective devices, however, requires functional coordination and requires additional space. If a protective device becomes effective outside of its switching capacity or if two different protective devices respond at the same time, a risk to the environment can often not be safely ruled out.
Aus diesem Grunde wurde bereits vorgeschlagen, triggerbare Sicherungen einzusetzen. Damit Sicherungen nach der Abschaltung eine möglichst hohe Spannungsfestigkeit besitzen, ist die Lichtbogenbildung an mehreren Engstellen, wie sie im Allgemeinen bei Kurzschlussstromabschaltungen auftreten, erforderlich. In Geräten mit entsprechender Kurzschlussleitung kann dies durch bekannte Sicherungen mit Hilfsanschluss zum Kurzschließen der zu schützenden Einrichtung bewerkstelligt werden.For this reason, it has already been proposed to use triggerable fuses. In order for fuses to have as high a dielectric strength as possible after they have been switched off, arcing is required at several bottlenecks, as generally occurs with short-circuit current switch-offs. In devices with a corresponding short-circuit line, this can be achieved by known fuses with an auxiliary connection for short-circuiting the device to be protected.
Gemäß dem Ausführungsbeispiel beruht die vorgeschlagene Lösung auf einem oder mehreren parallelen Sicherungsschmelzleitern, bevorzugt angeordnet in einem Löschmedium. Die Schmelzleiter besitzen Engstellen in Reihe, deren Anzahl der üblichen Auslegung für die entsprechende Nennspannung der Sicherung entspricht.According to the exemplary embodiment, the proposed solution is based on one or more parallel fuse fusible conductors, preferably arranged in an extinguishing medium. The fusible conductors have bottlenecks in a row, the number of which corresponds to the usual design for the corresponding nominal voltage of the fuse.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Sicherungen besitzen einen dritten, kurzschlussstromtragfähigen Anschluss, welcher radial oder axial nach außen geführt ist. Innerhalb der Sicherung befindet sich die erfindungsgemäße Schalteinrichtung, welche aktiv aber gegebenenfalls auch passiv betätigbar ist.The fuses according to the invention have a third connection capable of carrying short-circuit currents, which is led radially or axially outward. The switching device according to the invention is located within the fuse and can be activated actively but also passively if necessary.
Diese Schalteinrichtung erfüllt die Anforderungen bezüglich der Spannungsfestigkeit für die Anwendung im Querzweig. Mindestens entspricht die Spannungsfestigkeit dem Schutzpegel des zu schützenden Ableiters bei Normalfunktion.This switching device meets the dielectric strength requirements for use in the shunt branch. The dielectric strength corresponds at least to the protection level of the arrester to be protected during normal operation.
Die Schalteinrichtung ist dabei so ausgeführt, dass ein bevorzugt metallischer Kurzschluss zwischen dem Hilfsanschluss und dem Hauptschmelzleiter realisiert wird.The switching device is designed in such a way that a preferably metallic short circuit is implemented between the auxiliary connection and the main fusible conductor.
Gemäß einer ersten Ausführungsform wird der Schalter für eine geringe Reaktionszeit als Kurzschließer auf der Basis einer exotherm reagierenden Folie oder aber auf der Basis unter Nutzung eines Brückenzünders ausgeführt. Diese Lösungsansätze begrenzen den Aufwand für die Aktivierung und den Energiebedarf auf ein Mindestmaß.According to a first embodiment, the switch is designed for a short reaction time as a short-circuiter on the basis of an exothermic reacting film or on the basis using a bridge igniter. These approaches limit the effort for activation and the energy requirement to a minimum.
Bei dem Einsatz von parallelen Schmelzleitern kann durch eine interne Kurzschlussbrücke mit einem einzigen Schalter gearbeitet werden. Die Kurzschlussbrücke kann niederohmig aber auch impedanzbehaftet ausgeführt sein.When using parallel fusible conductors, an internal short-circuit bridge enables a single switch to be used. The short-circuit bridge can be designed with low resistance but also with impedance.
Die höchsten Anforderungen an die Kurzschlussstromtragfähigkeit des Kurzschlusshilfskontaktes bei der Anwendung mit Überspannungsschutzgeräten sind gebunden an die erforderliche Impulsstromtragfähigkeit des oder der Schmelzleiter, bei welcher keine Auftrennung der Sicherung im Schmelzleiter bewirkt werden soll.The highest requirements for the short-circuit current carrying capacity of the short-circuit auxiliary contact when used with overvoltage protection devices are tied to the required pulse current carrying capacity of the fusible conductor (s), in which the fuse in the fusible conductor is not to be disconnected.
Die Dimensionierung der Schmelzleiter bestimmt unter anderem auch die Zeit/Strom-Kennlinie. Der Hilfskontakt der Sicherung und somit auch der gesamte Kurzschlusspfad besitzt eine Stromtragfähigkeit, welche dieser Kennlinie zumindest im Bereich der zu erwartenden Kurzschlussströme genügt.The dimensioning of the fusible link determines, among other things, the time / current characteristic. The auxiliary contact of the fuse and thus also the entire short-circuit path has a current-carrying capacity which satisfies this characteristic curve, at least in the range of the short-circuit currents to be expected.
Die Impulsstrombelastungen bei Ableitern auf Varistorbasis sind gegenüber einem Ableiter auf der Basis von Funkenstrecken geringer. Im Allgemeinen wird bei Blitzableitern eine maximale Belastung von 100 kA 10/350 µs erreicht. Bei üblichen Wechselspannungsnetzen bedeutet dies für die einzelne Funkenstrecke eine Belastung von 25 kA 10/350 µs. Der Schmelzleiter einer Sicherung soll bei der beschriebenen Anwendung der vorstehend erwähnten Anforderung genügen.The pulse current loads for arresters based on varistors are lower than those for arresters based on spark gaps. In general, a maximum load of 100
Bei einer üblichen NH-Sicherung entspricht diese Anforderung ca. einer Sicherung mit einer Nennstromstärke von 315 A. Bezüglich der Nennspannung der Sicherung wird eine Spannung im Bereich der verketteten Spannung des Netzes, in denen die Ableiter eingesetzt werden, gewählt. Damit ist die Sicherung in einem üblichen 230/400 V Netz für eine Spannung von 400 V geeignet.With a conventional NH fuse, this requirement corresponds approximately to a fuse with a nominal current of 315 A. With regard to the nominal voltage of the fuse, a voltage in the range of the line-to-line voltage of the network in which the arrester is used is selected. This means that the fuse is suitable for a voltage of 400 V in a standard 230/400 V network.
Vorteilhaft bei Erzeugung des Kurzschlusses zur Abschaltung einer Sicherung ist die Reduzierung der Nennstromstärke der Sicherung bzw. die Gestaltung einer flachen Zeit/Strom-Kennlinie. Dies erlaubt eine Verbesserung der Selektivität zu vorgeordneten Überstromschutzeinrichtungen, insbesondere bei begrenzten Kurzschlussströmen. Zusätzlich kann die Lichtbogenerosion zwischen Schmelzleiter und Hilfskontakt genutzt werden, um insbesondere bei kleinen Strömen schneller eine hinreichende Trennstrecke zu erreichen.When generating the short circuit to switch off a fuse, it is advantageous to reduce the rated current of the fuse or to create a flat time / current characteristic. This allows an improvement in the selectivity to upstream overcurrent protection devices, especially with limited short-circuit currents. In addition, the arc erosion between the fusible conductor and the auxiliary contact can be used in order to achieve a sufficient isolating distance more quickly, especially with small currents.
Die
Die prinzipiell dargestellten Engstellen 2 gemäß
Die
Der gezeigte Schmelzleiter 1 weist die bereits erläuterten Engstellen 2 in einem Teilabschnitt seiner Längsausdehnung auf.The
In dem von Engstellen nicht besetzten Abschnitt des Schmelzleiters 1 ist ein Kurzschlusshilfskontakt 3 unterhalb des Schmelzleiters und ein weiterer Kurzschlusshilfskontakt 3 oberhalb des Schmelzleiters 1 befindlich.In the section of the
Weiterhin ist eine Sandwichanordnung aus einer Isolationsfolie 4 und einer exothermen Reaktionsfolie 5 innerhalb des Gehäuses 6 der Sicherung befindlich.Furthermore, a sandwich arrangement of an
Die exotherme Reaktionsfolie 5 ist mit einer Zündeinrichtung 7 in Verbindung stehend, welche über ein oder mehrere Steuerleitungen 8 ansteuerbar ist. Zusätzlich können nicht gezeigte passive Zündmöglichkeiten vorgesehen sein.The
Im dargestellten Fall nach
Der von außen zugängliche Teil des Kurzschlusshilfskontaktes 3 befindet sich in einem Wandabschnitt des Gehäuses 6, kann aber auch wie in den
Die Schalteinrichtung gemäß
Ist dies aufgrund von Belastungen oder der gegebenen Konstruktion nicht oder nur eingeschränkt möglich, kann durch eine beispielhafte Anordnung unterhalb des Schmelzleiters 1 mit einem elektrisch leitfähigen gegebenenfalls auch impedanzbehafteten Teil 10 eine Vermeidung einer zu starken Temperaturbelastung erfolgen.If this is not possible or is only possible to a limited extent due to loads or the given construction, an example of an arrangement below the
Die Isolationsfolie 4 ist so bemessen, dass die Betriebsspannung des Netzes und auch die übliche Funktion des Überspannungsschutzes keinen Überschlag durch Durchschlag bedingen. Eine kurzzeitige Temperaturbelastung, beispielsweise bei Impulsbelastungen, führt nicht zu einer thermischen Schädigung der Isolationsfolie und damit nicht zur Auslösung einer exothermen Reaktion. Bei höheren Belastungen und somit stärkeren oder längeren Temperaturerhöhungen ist eine Zündung jedoch durchaus gewünscht. Hierfür kann die Stapelanordnung "Isolationsfolie - Reaktionsfolie" getauscht werden.The
Um die thermische Belastung der Isolationsfolie 4 bei einer Anordnung entsprechend
Zusätzlich kann zwischen Schmelzleiter und Isolationsfolie ein weiteres Material angeordnet werden, welches eine Wärmebarriere bildet.In addition, another material can be arranged between the fusible conductor and the insulation film, which forms a thermal barrier.
Die
Der weitergebildete Schmelzleiter 1 weist eine Flächenvergrößerung 11 auf. Dadurch besteht die Möglichkeit, die erfindungsgemäße Schalteinrichtung in diesem Bereich 11 am Schmelzleiter zu fixieren.The further developed
Die
Gemäß der Darstellung nach
Diesbezüglich befindet sich die Reaktionsfolie 5 oberhalb der Isolationsfolie 4 und wird in geeigneter Weise mittels Zündeinrichtung 7, welche über Anschlüsse 8 angesteuert wird, verbunden.In this regard, the
Durch die Anordnung des Elementes 10 zwischen Schmelzleiter 1 und Isolationsfolie 4 wird letztere vor einer thermischen Überlastung geschützt.The arrangement of the
Zusätzlich kann ein minimaler Spaltbereich 12 zwischen Schmelzleiter 1 und Isolationsfolie 4 bzw. dem Teil 10 vorgesehen werden. Die Auslegung dieses Spaltbereiches kann dabei so erfolgen, dass bei Betätigung des Schalters der Spaltbereich 12 passiv überschlagen wird.In addition, a
Die Ausführungsform gemäß
Die
Das Zündelement A kann zum Beispiel als gedruckter Schmelzleiter auf einer Leiterplatte realisiert werden. Bei der in
Die gezeigten Varianten gemäß
Bei der Darstellung gemäß
Die Schmelzleiter 1 werden durch eine gemeinsame Scheibe 13 aus elektrisch gut leitendem bzw. impedanzbehafteten Material geführt. Die Scheibe 13 stützt sich an der Innenwandung des Sicherungsgehäuses 6 ab. Die erfindungsgemäße Schalteinrichtung befindet sich auf bzw. an der Scheibe 13.The
Beim Schließen der Schalteinrichtung fließt ein Strom zum Hilfskontakt 3 über beide Schmelzleiter 1.When the switching device is closed, a current flows to the
Bei einem impedanzbehafteten Material kann es zusätzlich zu einem Lichtbogen im Durchführungsbereich zwischen der Scheibe 13 und den Schmelzleitern 1 kommen, wodurch insbesondere bei der Anbringung im Engstellenbereich zu eine stärkere Schädigung des Schmelzleiters bewirkbar ist. Die Scheibe 13 kann aus Metall, aber auch aus leitfähiger Keramik bzw. aus Graphit bestehen.In the case of an impedance-affected material, an electric arc can also occur in the lead-through area between the
Neben einer Schalteinrichtung mit exothermer Reaktionsfolie in Sandwichanordnung sind auch Schalteinrichtungen unter Nutzung eines Brückenzünders möglich, wie dies anhand der
Bei Anwendung und Nutzung eines Brückenzünders 17 wird die Ausdehnung der Gase infolge der Erwärmung bei Zündung genutzt, um ein metallisches Teil 16 in Kontakt mit dem Schmelzleiter 1 bzw. mit der Scheibe 13 zu bringen.When applying and using a
Hierbei überbrückt das metallische Teil 16 die Distanz zum Hilfskontakt 3 bzw. durch eine Isolationsfolie zwischen den vorgenannten Teilen.Here, the
Die
In der gezeigten Sicherung gemäß den
Der Hilfskontakt 3 ist beispielsweise mit einem Isolationsteil 15 von der Kappe 9 elektrisch getrennt. Innerhalb der Sicherung befindet sich in der Nähe der Scheibe 13 ein Bereich ohne Löschmittelfüllung. In diesem Bereich ist die Isolationsfolie 14 angebracht, welche durch den Hilfskontakt 3 von der Scheibe 13 isoliert wird.The
Im Bereich des Hilfskontaktes 3 ist das erwähnte bewegliche Teil 16 integriert, in welchem sich der Brückenzünder als Aktor 17 befindet.The aforementioned
Das Teil 16 wird im aktivierten Fall in Richtung Folie 14 und Scheibe 13 bewegt. Hierbei wird die Isolationsfolie 14 zerstört.In the activated case, the
Insofern kann das Teil 13, das heißt die Scheibe, aber auch das leitfähige Teil 16 mit einer Kerbeinrichtung versehen sein, um die Isolationsfolie 14 schnell und sicher zu zertrennen.In this respect, the
Die Bewegung des Teiles 16 wird an der Scheibe 13 gestoppt. Die Scheibe 13 ist über das metallische Teil 16 mit dem Hilfsanschluss 3 elektrisch leitfähig verbunden. Diese Verbindung kann formschlüssig unterstützt werden. Eine weitere Verbesserung der Verbindung ist dann möglich, wenn gezielt eine Deformation des metallischen Teiles 16 erfolgt bzw. unterstützt wird.The movement of the
Die Stromtragfähigkeit dieser Ausführungsform ist mit der gewünschten Zeit/Strom-Kennlinie und der Sicherung bei Kurzschlussströmen in Übereinstimmung gebracht.The current carrying capacity of this embodiment is matched with the desired time / current characteristic and the fuse in the event of short-circuit currents.
Die
Zur Betätigung der Schalteinrichtung können aber auch Formgedächtnislegierungen oder andere form-, geometrie- oder volumenändernde Materialien zur Aktivierung genutzt werden.However, shape memory alloys or other shape-, geometry- or volume-changing materials can also be used to activate the switching device.
Wenn die Sicherung bezogen auf den Kurzschlussfall mittels Formgedächtnislegierung oder Brückenzünder oder aber Reaktionsfolie aktiviert wird, kann dies über einen anteiligen Strom erfolgen. Dieser Strom kann aus dem anliegenden Netz oder einem separaten Energiespeicher gewonnen werden. Bei Brückenzündern kann die notwendige Energie aber auch galvanisch getrennt durch einen Übertrager bereitgestellt werden.If the fuse is activated in relation to the short circuit by means of a shape memory alloy or a bridge igniter or a reaction film, this can be done via a proportional current. This electricity can be obtained from the connected network or from a separate energy store. In the case of bridge detonators, however, the necessary energy can also be provided galvanically separated by a transformer.
Claims (10)
- A safety fuse for low-voltage applications for the protection of surge protection devices that are adapted to be connected to a power supply grid, such as spark gaps or varistors, consisting of at least one fuse element (1) located between two contacts (3) and arranged in a fuse housing (6), and a short-circuit auxiliary contact (3) with an internal isolating distance to the fuse element,
characterized in that
an externally activatable switching means (7) is formed inside the fuse housing to overcome the isolating distance in order to trigger a low-impedance or resistive short circuit, the switching means including an insulating element (4) which forms the isolating distance and undergoes a change of state caused by an external activator (5), and the activator being connected to at least one control terminal (8), wherein the safety fuse can be arranged in the shunt arm in connection with the surge protection device. - The safety fuse according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the insulating element (4) is in the form of an insulating film or foil. - The safety fuse according to claim 1 or 2,
characterized in that
the exothermic activator (5) is in the form of a reaction film or foil which is connected to an ignition device (7). - The safety fuse according to claim 1 or 2,
characterized in that
the exothermic activator (5) includes a bridgewire detonator, which directly or indirectly destroys the insulating element (4). - The safety fuse according to claim 4,
characterized in that
the bridgewire detonator drives a conductive member to overcome the isolating distance. - The safety fuse according to claim 3,
characterized in that
the ignition device (7) includes an ignition member (A; B) which heats up when a current flows, the ignition member (A; B) being connected to the control terminal (8). - The safety fuse according to any of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
a plurality of fuse elements (1) are formed parallel to each other in the fuse housing (6), the plurality of fuse elements (1) being led through a disk (13) that is supported in the fuse housing (6), and the switching means being arranged at or on the disk (13). - The safety fuse according to any of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
the fuse element or elements (1) include(s), over its or their respective longitudinal extent, sections having a reduced surface area and/or a reduced cross-section, the switching means being located in a section that is not reduced in terms of surface area and/or cross-section. - The safety fuse according to any of the preceding claims,
characterized in that
in the case of a substantially cylindrical housing (6) having cap-shaped contacts (9) on the face sides, the short-circuit auxiliary contact (3) is led via one of the cap-shaped contacts (9). - The safety fuse according to claim 9,
characterized in that
the at least one control terminal (8) is led via one of the cap-shaped contacts (9).
Priority Applications (1)
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SI201830335T SI3580772T1 (en) | 2017-02-08 | 2018-02-01 | Saftey fuse for low-voltage applications |
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DE102017126419.1A DE102017126419A1 (en) | 2017-02-08 | 2017-11-10 | Fuse for low voltage applications |
PCT/EP2018/052457 WO2018145978A1 (en) | 2017-02-08 | 2018-02-01 | Saftey fuse for low-voltage applications |
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JP (1) | JP6884231B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN110383413B (en) |
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JPS5222751A (en) * | 1975-08-13 | 1977-02-21 | Hitachi Ltd | High speed fuse |
JPS5976059U (en) * | 1983-06-23 | 1984-05-23 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Fuse |
DE4211079A1 (en) | 1992-04-03 | 1993-10-07 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Method for securing circuits, in particular circuits carrying high currents, against overcurrents and electrical fuse element, in particular high current fuse element |
JPH11250790A (en) * | 1998-03-03 | 1999-09-17 | Yazaki Corp | Forced blowout fuse and electric current limiting device |
EP0996137A1 (en) * | 1998-09-24 | 2000-04-26 | Ascom Systec AG | Power fuse |
DE19928713C2 (en) * | 1999-06-23 | 2001-07-19 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Active fuse element with fuse element |
CN2859885Y (en) * | 2005-11-01 | 2007-01-17 | 李彦 | High-velocity liquid limit circuit breaker |
TW200929310A (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2009-07-01 | Chun-Chang Yen | Surface Mounted Technology type thin film fuse structure and the manufacturing method thereof |
DE102008047256A1 (en) | 2008-09-14 | 2010-03-25 | Fritz Driescher KG Spezialfabrik für Elektrizitätswerksbedarf GmbH & Co. | Method for disconnecting current during high voltage with disconnecting unit, involves controlling flowing current of controlling medium by backup units |
JP5817685B2 (en) * | 2012-08-31 | 2015-11-18 | 豊田合成株式会社 | Conduction interruption device |
DE102013005783B4 (en) * | 2012-10-31 | 2019-06-13 | DEHN + SÖHNE GmbH + Co. KG. | Device for operating voltage-independent generation of a safe, low-resistance electrical short circuit |
US9324533B2 (en) * | 2013-03-14 | 2016-04-26 | Mersen Usa Newburyport-Ma, Llc | Medium voltage controllable fuse |
DE102014215280B3 (en) * | 2014-08-04 | 2015-09-24 | Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co. Kg | Combined surge protection device with integrated spark gap |
DE102014215279A1 (en) | 2014-08-04 | 2016-02-04 | Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co. Kg | Fuse for a device to be protected |
-
2017
- 2017-11-10 DE DE102017126419.1A patent/DE102017126419A1/en not_active Ceased
-
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- 2018-02-01 EP EP18702984.8A patent/EP3580772B1/en active Active
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JP2020508557A (en) | 2020-03-19 |
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