EP3559282A1 - Use of a duplex stainless steel object - Google Patents
Use of a duplex stainless steel objectInfo
- Publication number
- EP3559282A1 EP3559282A1 EP17829629.9A EP17829629A EP3559282A1 EP 3559282 A1 EP3559282 A1 EP 3559282A1 EP 17829629 A EP17829629 A EP 17829629A EP 3559282 A1 EP3559282 A1 EP 3559282A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- stainless steel
- duplex stainless
- solution
- less
- equal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 229910001039 duplex stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 20
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 19
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 11
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000004210 cathodic protection Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen atom Chemical compound [H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000943 NiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Raney nickel Chemical compound [Al].[Ni] NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004113 Sepiolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFGZSIPAQKLCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium carbide Chemical compound [Cr]#C[Cr]C#[Cr] UFGZSIPAQKLCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000368 spark atomic emission spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003470 tongbaite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004846 x-ray emission Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0247—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment
- C21D8/0273—Final recrystallisation annealing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/004—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr and Ni
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
- C21D8/0226—Hot rolling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
- C21D8/0236—Cold rolling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0247—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0247—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment
- C21D8/0263—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment following hot rolling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/005—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing rare earths, i.e. Sc, Y, Lanthanides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/001—Austenite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/005—Ferrite
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a use of an object made of a duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steel in sea water applications wherein this object has a surprisingly good resistance against hydrogen induced stress corrosion (HISC).
- HISC hydrogen induced stress corrosion
- Cathodic protection offshore for prevention of pitting corrosion of duplex and superduplex stainless steels used for subsea components on high temperature wells has been used for more than 20 years.
- Cathodic protection is defined as an electrochemical protection by decreasing the corrosion potential to a level at which the corrosion rate of the metal is significantly reduced.
- it is a technique to reduce corrosion of a metal surface by making that surface the cathode of an electrochemical cell.
- the duplex stainless steel will be the cathode and another metal will be the anode (usually Zn).
- HISC hydrogen induced stress corrosion cracking
- duplex stainless steel used for manufacturing objects which are to be use in sea water applications, especially in applications where the duplex stainless steel will be used for cathodic protection (the duplex stainless steel will function as the cathode).
- duplex-austenitic stainless steel which object is to be used in sea water applications.
- This duplex stainless steel object has an element composition which together with the manufacturing method will provide good resistance against hydrogen induced stress corrosion (HISC).
- HISC hydrogen induced stress corrosion
- the present disclosure relates to the use of a solution-annealed object made of a duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steel, having the following composition in weight% (wt%):
- Si less than or equal to 0.5
- Mn less than or equal to 1.0
- the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities
- the duplex stainless steel fulfills the condition that Cr+50N ⁇ 35; and wherein the duplex stainless steel has a ferrite content in the range of from 40% to 60 % by volume and an austenite content in the range of 40% to 60 % by volume; in sea water applications.
- the use of the object comprises the use of the duplex stainless steel alloy as defined hereinabove or hereinafter in cathode protection, i.e. such as a cathode.
- the object comprising the duplex stainless steel will have a high corrosion resistance and good structure stability.
- the present duplex stainless steel has due to this complex optimization been found to combine several good properties, such as shown in the following disclosure
- the present disclosure provides an object of a duplex stainless steel, which object will have high corrosion resistance, high strength and toughness. Also, the object of the present disclosure is easy to manufacture and has good workability, which, for example enables extrusion into seamless tubes. Due to the its composition and its manufacturing process, the object will contain essentially no sigma phase (essentially no sigma phase is present). This is very advantageous as this means that the problems with corrosion, brittle fracture and nitride formation during welding are reduced and/or eliminated.
- Solution annealing means that the object is heat treated in a temperature above the recrystallization temperature of the duplex stainless steel as defined hereinabove or hereinafter.
- Carbon (C) is an impurity contained in duplex stainless steels.
- the content of C exceeds 0.03 wt , the corrosion resistance is reduced due to the precipitation of chromium carbide in the grain boundaries.
- the content of C is less than or equal to 0.03 wt , such as less than or equal to 0.02 wt .
- Silicon (Si) is an element which may be added for deoxidization. However, too much Si will promote the precipitation of intermetallic phases, such as sigma phase; therefore, the content of Si is 0.5 wt or less.
- Manganese (Mn) is used in most duplex stainless steels at levels up to about 1.0 wt%.
- Mn has the ability to bind sulphur, which is an impurity, into MnS, which is favorable to the hot ductility.
- the content of Mn is less than or equal to 1.0 wt%.
- Nickel is an austenite stabilizing element and needs to be present to achieve the desired phase balance between ferrite phase and austenite phase.
- the content of Ni is of from 5.0 to 7.0 wt , such as of from 6.0 to 7.0 wt .
- Chromium is the most important element in a duplex stainless steel as Cr is essential for creating the passive oxide film, which will protect the duplex stainless steel from corrosion. Also, the addition of Cr will increase the solubility of nitrogen (N). If the Cr content is too low, the pitting resistance is reduced. If the Cr content is too high, the resistance against HISC is reduced. As shown in Figure 1, a linear relation between the HISC- resistance and the equation Cr + 50N has been found meaning that the resistance against HISC within the duplex stainless steel as defined hereinabove or hereinafter is related to the content of both Cr and N. As can be seen from figure 1, if the Cr and N are too high, then the resistance against HISC will be reduced. Accordingly, the content of Cr is of from 22.0 to 26.0 wt%, such as of from 23.0 to 24.0 wt%.
- Molybdenum is an effective element in stabilizing the passive oxide film formed on the surface of the duplex stainless steel and is also effective in improving the stress corrosion cracking-and pitting resistance.
- the content of Mo is less than 2.5 wt%, then the stress corrosion cracking-and pitting resistance is not high enough. If the Mo content is too high, there will be a risk for the formation of intermetallic phases which will make the material brittle. Accordingly, the content of Mo is of from 2.5 to 4.5 wt%, such as of from 2.8 to 4.0 wt%.
- N Nitrogen
- the content of N is of from 0.10 to 0.20 wt%, such as of from 0.12 to 0.20 wt%.
- Phosphorus (P) is an impurity contained in the duplex stainless steel and it is well known that P will have a negative effect on the hot workability. Accordingly, the content of P is set at 0.03 wt or less, such as 0.02 wt or less.
- S Sulphur
- S is an impurity contained in the duplex stainless steel, and it will deteriorate the hot workability at low temperatures. Accordingly, the allowable content of S is less than or equal to 0.03 wt , such as less than or equal to 0.02 wt .
- Copper is an optional element which may or may not be included in the present duplex stainless steel depending on which scrap is used as a starting material for making the melt.
- Cu as such may stabilize the passive film formed on the surface of the duplex stainless steel and may in low concentration improve the pitting resistance and the corrosion resistance. Therefore, the allowable content of Cu is less than or equal to 0.3 wt , such as less than or equal to 0.2 wt .
- Aluminum (Al) is a deoxidizing element and may be optionally contained in the present duplex stainless steel. If the Al content is more than 0.10 wt , the formation of intermetallic phases, such as sigma phase, will be promoted. Also, if Al is added at levels above 0.10 wt , AIN or NiAl may be formed which will have an effect on the mechanical properties. Therefore, in order to obtain a duplex stainless steel having the properties as described hereinabove or hereinafter, the Al content is less than or equal 0.10 wt .
- duplex grades commonly used for these applications have a content of 25 wt Cr and more than 0,25 wt N.
- Cr+50N is less than or equal to 34, such less than or equal to 33.
- the process for manufacturing an object comprising of the duplex stainless steel as defined hereinabove or hereinafter must comprise a step of solution annealing before being used in sea water applications.
- Solution annealing means that the object is heat treated and this step will improve the micro structure of the duplex stainless steel whereby the ductility and toughness will be increased.
- the solution annealing should be performed at temperatures above the recrystallisation temperature of the duplex stainless steel. According to one embodiment, the solution annealing
- the solution annealing is followed by rapid cooling in air or in water.
- the solution annealing is performed after a cold working step, such as cold deformation, such as squeezing, bending, shearing, pilgering or drawing.
- the micro structure of a duplex stainless steel is a two-phased structure comprising austenite islands embedded in a ferritic matrix.
- the more closely packed austenite phase (FCC) has larger voids in the structure than the ferritic BCC structure.
- FCC austenite phase
- This structure will have implications for hydrogen diffusion and the hydrogen solubility.
- the diffusion rate of hydrogen is much faster in the ferrite phase compared to austenite phase, while the solubility of hydrogen is higher in austenite phase than the ferrite phase. It has been shown that cracks due to HISC often start in the ferrite phase and that the austenite phase in many cases will act as a crack inhibitor.
- the distribution of the two phases is balanced in the object in order to provide approximately equal amounts of ferrite phase and austenite phase in the solution-annealed condition.
- the ferrite phase content of object is in the range of from 40% to 60 % by volume, such as in the range of from 45% to55 % by volume, balanced by the austenite phase.
- duplex stainless steel as defined hereinabove or hereinafter for example during the manufacturing process in order to improve for example the process ability, such as the hot workability, the machinability etc.
- examples of such elements are Titanium (Ti), Calcium (Ca), Cerium (Ce) and Boron (B). If added, these elements are in an amount of max 0.5 wt% in total.
- the duplex stainless steel according to the present disclosure consist of all the elements as defined hereinabove or hereinafter in the ranges as defined hereinabove or hereinafter.
- the balance in the duplex stainless steel is Iron (Fe) and unavoidable impurities.
- unavoidable impurities are elements and compounds which have not been added on purpose, but cannot be fully avoided as they normally occur as impurities in e.g. the material used for manufacturing the duplex stainless steel.
- Microstructural features such as the austenite spacing (the mean distance in the ferrite between the austenite areas) and grain size is influenced by the manufacturing method.
- the austenite spacing can be reduced by a larger degree of hot working and/or cold working before the solution-annealing heat treatment.
- a duplex stainless steel with smaller austenite spacing has better HISC-resistance.
- the austenite spacing of the duplex stainless steel as defined hereinabove or hereinafter in solution-annealed condition may be below 35 ⁇ , such as in the range of from 5-35 ⁇ , such as in the range of from 5-20 ⁇ , such as in the range of from 5-15 ⁇ .
- the pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of a stainless steel is primarily determined by the wt% content of Cr, Mo and N.
- An index used to compare this resistance is the PRE (Pitting Resistance Equivalent), which is described as Cr+3.3Mo+16N.
- the pitting corrosion resistance is dependent on the PRE value in both the ferrite phase and the austenite phase. This means that the phase with the lowest PRE value will set the limit for localized corrosion resistance of the duplex stainless steel.
- the PRE of the duplex stainless steel according to the present disclosure may be at least 31, such as at least 34.
- the proof strength is the load to which a material can be deformed, without changing its dimension.
- the proof strength (R p o. 2 ) of the duplex stainless steel according to the present disclosure in solution annealed condition is in the range of from 450-700 MPa, such as in the range of from 475-650 MPa.
- the elongation (A) of the duplex stainless steel according to the present disclosure in solution annealed condition is in the range of from 15-45%, such as in the range of from 20-45 %, such as in the range of from 25-45 %.
- the duplex stainless steel object may be manufactured according to conventional methods, i.e. casting or forging, followed by hot working and/or cold working, solution annealing and an optional additional heat treatment or be manufactured as a powder product by for example a hot isostatic pressure process (HIP).
- HIP hot isostatic pressure process
- the important step in the manufacturing method is the solution annealing step as this will set the final microstructure
- the object comprised of duplex stainless steel as defined hereinabove or hereinafter is manufactured by a process comprising the following steps: a. melting;
- the duplex stainless steel object may be in the form of; a bar, a tube; a seamless or a welded tube, a constructive part, such as for example a flange and a coupling, a plate, a sheet or a strip, or a wire.
- Figure 1 discloses HISC-testing at constant load at 4°C in 3 wt sodium chloride
- Table 1 shows the compositions of the duplex stainless steels used. Both inventive and comparative examples are shown below.
- the points El and E2 stand for Example 1 and Example 2 of the present disclosure, while the points C1-C3 stands for the comparative examples 1-3.
- the mold was removed and the ingot was held at 1050°C for 2 hours and then quenched in water. A sample for chemical analysis was taken from each ingot. The chemical analyses were performed using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and Spark Atomic Emission Spectrometry and combustion technique.
- the obtained ingots were forged to 130 x 60-70 mm billets in a hammer. Prior to forging, the ingots were heated to 1250-1280°C with a holding time of 2 hours.
- the forged billets were machined to 120 x 50 mm billets that were hot rolled to 10-12 mm in a Robertson rolling mill. Before hot rolling, the billets were heated to 1150°C-1220°C with a holding time of 1.5-2 hours.
- the billets were held at 1100°C-1120°C for 10 minutes then cooled in air to 900°C-950°C where they were quenched in oil.
- the duplex stainless steels billets were cold rolled to 7- 8 mm thickness and then heat treated by solution annealing at 1000-1150°C and thereafter cooled in air.
- HISC-testing was performed at constant load with dead weight testers in a solution of 3 wt NaCl at 4°C and subject to a cathodic protection at approximately 1050 mVscE. The testing time was 500 hours or until failure and the load correlated to the proof strength. Prior the experiment, the samples were galvanostatically charged with hydrogen with a current density of 0.02 A/cm 2 .
- the solution-annealed objects made of duplex stainless steel of the present disclosure have an advantageous microstructure with very good mechanical properties as well as corrosion properties. This means that objects made from said duplex stainless steel will withstand the load/stress and hydrogen ingress of hydrogen formed at the steel surface due to the cathodic protection in sea water applications. Accordingly, the duplex stainless steel objects will have increased life time, since minimization of the risk of equipment damage or any serious accidents by hydrogen induced stress corrosion will be low, if present at all.
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- Heat Treatment Of Sheet Steel (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP16205946 | 2016-12-21 | ||
PCT/EP2017/083410 WO2018114867A1 (en) | 2016-12-21 | 2017-12-18 | Use of a duplex stainless steel object |
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EP3559282A1 true EP3559282A1 (en) | 2019-10-30 |
EP3559282B1 EP3559282B1 (en) | 2022-03-09 |
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US (1) | US20190376156A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3559282B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP7144418B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20190099232A (en) |
CN (1) | CN110088305B (en) |
CA (1) | CA3045542A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2018114867A1 (en) |
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KR20230057394A (en) * | 2020-08-21 | 2023-04-28 | 자비스 비. 젠킨스 | Portable containers, regulators and devices for storing fluids |
JP7469707B2 (en) | 2020-10-23 | 2024-04-17 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | Duplex stainless steel welded joints |
CN114107827B (en) * | 2021-12-08 | 2022-10-14 | 福州大学 | Duplex stainless steel powder for 3D printing and preparation and printing methods thereof |
Family Cites Families (20)
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JP3779043B2 (en) * | 1997-07-30 | 2006-05-24 | 株式会社日本製鋼所 | Duplex stainless steel |
SE527175C2 (en) * | 2003-03-02 | 2006-01-17 | Sandvik Intellectual Property | Duplex stainless steel alloy and its use |
SE527178C2 (en) * | 2003-03-02 | 2006-01-17 | Sandvik Intellectual Property | Use of a duplex stainless steel alloy |
JP2005194624A (en) | 2003-12-08 | 2005-07-21 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | Corrosion prevention method for apparatus made of duplex stainless steel |
SE530711C2 (en) * | 2006-10-30 | 2008-08-19 | Sandvik Intellectual Property | Duplex stainless steel alloy and use of this alloy |
JP5288980B2 (en) * | 2008-10-02 | 2013-09-11 | 新日鐵住金ステンレス株式会社 | Duplex stainless steel with excellent impact toughness and its manufacturing method |
FI121340B (en) * | 2008-12-19 | 2010-10-15 | Outokumpu Oy | Duplex stainless steel |
JP5726537B2 (en) * | 2011-01-06 | 2015-06-03 | 山陽特殊製鋼株式会社 | Duplex stainless steel with excellent toughness |
JP5717479B2 (en) * | 2011-03-14 | 2015-05-13 | 新日鐵住金ステンレス株式会社 | High-strength, high-corrosion-resistant stainless steel bolts excellent in stress-corrosion-resistant cracks and methods for producing the same |
JP5777387B2 (en) | 2011-04-19 | 2015-09-09 | 日本冶金工業株式会社 | Bright annealing method for duplex stainless steel |
FI125854B (en) * | 2011-11-04 | 2016-03-15 | Outokumpu Oy | Duplex stainless steel |
JP5803890B2 (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2015-11-04 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Duplex stainless clad steel excellent in pitting corrosion resistance, duplex stainless clad steel using the same, and method for producing the same |
JP5890330B2 (en) * | 2013-01-15 | 2016-03-22 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | Duplex stainless steel and duplex stainless steel pipe |
CN104919072B (en) * | 2013-01-15 | 2017-07-14 | 株式会社神户制钢所 | Two phase stainless steel steel and two phase stainless steel steel pipe |
FI125734B (en) * | 2013-06-13 | 2016-01-29 | Outokumpu Oy | Duplex ferritic austenitic stainless steel |
JP6023029B2 (en) | 2013-09-25 | 2016-11-09 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Electrocorrosion protection system and pump device provided with the same |
WO2015064128A1 (en) * | 2013-10-31 | 2015-05-07 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Ferrite-martensite two-phase stainless steel exhibiting low-temperature toughness, and method for producing same |
WO2015169572A1 (en) * | 2014-05-06 | 2015-11-12 | Nv Bekaert Sa | Aquaculture net with coated steel wires |
JP6482074B2 (en) * | 2014-09-02 | 2019-03-13 | 日本冶金工業株式会社 | Duplex stainless steel sheet and its manufacturing method |
CN105624580B (en) * | 2016-03-07 | 2017-11-03 | 江苏科技大学 | A kind of dual-phase stainless steel wire and preparation method thereof |
-
2017
- 2017-12-18 US US16/470,743 patent/US20190376156A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2017-12-18 WO PCT/EP2017/083410 patent/WO2018114867A1/en unknown
- 2017-12-18 KR KR1020197020186A patent/KR20190099232A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2017-12-18 EP EP17829629.9A patent/EP3559282B1/en active Active
- 2017-12-18 JP JP2019533528A patent/JP7144418B2/en active Active
- 2017-12-18 CN CN201780078255.1A patent/CN110088305B/en active Active
- 2017-12-18 CA CA3045542A patent/CA3045542A1/en active Pending
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JP2020509201A (en) | 2020-03-26 |
US20190376156A1 (en) | 2019-12-12 |
CN110088305B (en) | 2021-05-14 |
CN110088305A (en) | 2019-08-02 |
EP3559282B1 (en) | 2022-03-09 |
JP7144418B2 (en) | 2022-09-29 |
WO2018114867A1 (en) | 2018-06-28 |
CA3045542A1 (en) | 2018-06-28 |
KR20190099232A (en) | 2019-08-26 |
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