EP3536921A1 - System und verfahren zur genauen messung von nox- und nh3-konzentrationen in abgasen - Google Patents

System und verfahren zur genauen messung von nox- und nh3-konzentrationen in abgasen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3536921A1
EP3536921A1 EP18160410.9A EP18160410A EP3536921A1 EP 3536921 A1 EP3536921 A1 EP 3536921A1 EP 18160410 A EP18160410 A EP 18160410A EP 3536921 A1 EP3536921 A1 EP 3536921A1
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Prior art keywords
exhaust
sensor
nox
contents
sensors
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EP18160410.9A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3536921B1 (de
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Bernard Guiot
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Crmt
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/008—Mounting or arrangement of exhaust sensors in or on exhaust apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/08—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits
    • F01N13/082—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits of tailpipe, e.g. with means for mixing air with exhaust for exhaust cooling, dilution or evacuation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
    • F01N2560/021—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting ammonia NH3
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
    • F01N2560/026—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting NOx
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/14—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics having more than one sensor of one kind

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a system and method for accurately measuring the nitrogen oxides, i.e. NOx and ammonia i.e. NH 3 contents in exhaust fumes.
  • exhaust fumes designates gases formed during the combustion process for example in vehicle engines, and include among others nitrogen oxides (NOx) such as NO, NO 2 and the like and ammonia (NH 3 ).
  • NOx nitrogen oxides
  • NH 3 ammonia
  • the term "sensor” designates a module that can detect the presence and content of a particular gas and process the signal to convert said signal into a usable data.
  • exhaust designates a duct or a pipe through which exhaust fumes from a combustion process are evacuated.
  • the term "interfere" when used for a gas designates the phenomena by which a given gas can alter the measurement of a target gas.
  • Cross-sensitivity is one example of interference.
  • downstream and upstream are used with reference to the exhaust evacuation outlet.
  • the emissions from exhaust can be measured using different methods and instruments.
  • Portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) devices can give reliable NOx contents in exhaust fumes. These devices are designed for measurement campaigns and the bulkiness of such devices make them not suitable for long term measurements and for control systems on vehicles.
  • NOx sensors are commonly used for long term measurements and for engine controls.
  • Commercially available NOx sensors can give an accurate measurement of NOx contents in exhaust fumes, but in some circumstances NH 3 also present in the exhaust fumes can interfere with NOx measurements. The cross-sensitivity of NOx sensors to NH 3 can thus give false readings.
  • the inventors have compared the NOx contents measured by a PEMS commercialized by SENSORS, INC. under the designation SEMTECH and by NOx and O 2 sensors under the designation EGS-NX commercialized by the BOSCH company. The measurements were carried out on a NH 3 non-emitting vehicle.
  • the challenge also consists to obtain accurate measurements for stoichiometric combustion engine, because NOx and NH3 sensors are not designed to operate in such conditions.
  • the ECM company has already commercialized a NOx and NH 3 analyzer following this strategy.
  • the analyzer uses two NOx sensors placed in series. The first sensor is used to measure the combined NOx and NH 3 contents in the raw exhaust fumes i.e. untreated exhaust fumes.
  • the second sensor measures the NOx contents in treated exhaust fumes where the NH 3 is removed using a NH 3 scrubber. The difference between the contents measured by the first sensor and the contents measured by the second sensor gives the NH 3 contents.
  • One of the drawbacks of such analyzer is the fact that the NH 3 scrubber needs to be regenerated now and then, cupric sulfate is used to prepare the scrubber solution.
  • the system also requires a sampling pump which makes combined with the NH 3 scrubber the analyzer bulky.
  • WO2016/068831 patent application discloses a system with a NH 3 oxidation catalyst layered on top of a NOx sensor.
  • the oxidation catalyst converts the NH 3 present in the exhaust fumes into N 2 while leaving the NOx intact, which can then be analyzed without the interference of NH 3 .
  • One of the drawback of this system is related to the deactivation process of catalysts on the long run, which eventually will require regeneration or replacement of the catalyst.
  • the general aim of the invention is to meet at least partially this need.
  • a first subject of the present invention is a system for accurately measuring NOx and NH 3 contents in exhaust fumes including for stoichiometric combustion engines, comprising:
  • the invention consists essentially in measuring NOx and O 2 contents in exhaust fumes at two locations, respectively inside the exhaust and downstream from the exhaust evacuation outlet. NH 3 contents in the exhaust fumes are also measured downstream from the exhaust evacuation outlet.
  • the NOx contents measured by the first and second sensors are actually measuring the combined NOx and NH 3 contents because of the cross-sensitivity of the sensors to said gases.
  • the first approach is to subtract the NH 3 contents measured by the third sensor to the NOx contents measured by the second sensor. This gives the NOx contents downstream from the exhaust evacuation outlet.
  • the second approach is to calculate first the NH 3 contents in the exhaust using the dilution ratio and the NH 3 contents measured by the third sensor. By subtracting the calculated NH 3 contents to the NOx contents measured by the first sensor the NOx contents without the NH 3 contents can be determined.
  • the measured NOx and NH 3 contents can be used to monitor the performance of the combustion process for example in vehicle engines or other combustion processes. But also to evaluate the efficiency of a treatment process of exhaust fumes. Indeed, the measured contents can give for example information on the performance of a three way catalytic converter.
  • the measured contents can also be used for control systems.
  • the data can be transmitted to a control unit to fine tune the different parameters for the exhaust fumes treatment processes or the performance of a combustion process.
  • the collected data can be stored on a memory unit for future studies or transmitted in real time intermittently to another location via wireless communications, which can be a telematics system.
  • the second and third downstream sensors are placed in such a way that the exhaust fumes reaching said sensors are diluted with at least one gas not interfering with the sensors.
  • the diluting gas is air.
  • the second and third downstream sensors are placed in a sensor housing designed to allow exhaust fumes reach the sensors while protecting the sensors from external factors.
  • the exhaust evacuation outlet is configured as a venturi tube having an air inlet at the constriction.
  • the venturi tube has a protective hood on the air inlet.
  • the system comprises a memory unit to store collected data of NOx, NH 3 and O 2 contents.
  • the system comprises a transmitter to send the collected NOx, NH 3 and O 2 data to an engine control unit or to another location by a wireless protocol.
  • the transmitter is a telematics system.
  • the invention concerns an assembly comprising:
  • the engine of the assembly is adapted to operate on a stoichiometric mixture of air and fuel, the fuel is preferably natural gas.
  • the assembly has a three-way catalytic converter to treat the fumes leaving the engine before reaching the exhaust.
  • the invention concerns also, a method for accurately measuring the NOx and NH 3 contents in exhaust fumes comprising the following steps:
  • the invention concerns also the use of a system according to the invention for control systems of a combustion process or an exhaust treatment process.
  • the invention concerns a vehicle comprising a system according to the invention.
  • the system according to the present invention can be used on exhaust fumes emanating from the combustion of fossil fuels or any other type of combustion susceptible to produce NH 3 and NOx or simply containing these gases.
  • the system can be used particularly on vehicles with an internal combustion engine using gasoline, diesel, natural gas, biogas, synthetic fuel and multiple fuels.
  • the NOx formation from combustion involves multiple step reactions and depend on the temperature range, the stoichiometric ratio (air to fuel) and the nitrous species present in the combustion zone.
  • Thermal NOx is formed when atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen react at elevated temperatures.
  • Fuel NOx is formed when a fuel containing organically bound nitrogen reacts with oxygen.
  • TWC three way catalyst
  • HC hydrocarbons
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • the hydrogen molecules can further react with NOx and CO to form NH 3 . This kind of emission was observed in diesel and natural gas engines.
  • SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction
  • the system according to this invention can give reliable NOx and NH 3 measurements. Using this information an engine control unit (ECN) or other control units can fine tune the exhaust fumes treatment process.
  • ECN engine control unit
  • the system according to the present invention can be used to adapt the amount of NH 3 injected in the system for efficient conversion of NOx gases without NH 3 -slip.
  • Figure 2 shows a system 1 for the measurement of NOx and NH 3 in exhaust fumes embodying the principle of the present invention.
  • the system 1 comprises an exhaust 2 adapted to evacuate exhaust fumes 52 produced by the combustion of a fuel.
  • the exhaust 2 has an exhaust evacuation outlet 4 for the evacuation of exhaust fumes to the ambient atmosphere.
  • At least one first sensor 3, adapted to measure NOx and O 2 contents, is installed upstream from the exhaust outlet 4.
  • the first sensor 3 can be a unique sensor capable of measuring NOx and O 2 at the same time or includes two separate sensors one dedicated to NOx measurements and another one dedicated to O 2 measurements.
  • the exhaust fumes 52 come into contact in the zone 5 with a diluting gas 51.
  • This diluting gas must not interfere with the NOx and NH 3 measurements.
  • the diluting gas can be air.
  • the sensor housing 7 is designed to allow exhaust fumes reach the sensors while protecting the sensors from external factors.
  • a pair of sensors 6 is installed inside the sensor housing 7, downstream from the exhaust evacuation outlet 4, to measure the NOx, O 2 and NH 3 contents.
  • the pair of sensors 6 inside the sensor housing 7 includes two sensors 61, 62, each separately dedicated for NOx and O 2 and for NH 3 measurements. More particularly, the sensor for NOx and O 2 contents measurement is referred to as the second sensor 61 and the sensor for NH 3 contents measurements is referred to as the third sensor 62.
  • the two sensors are preferably placed at an equal distance from the exhaust evacuation outlet.
  • the exhaust 2 has at its free end a venturi tube 8 with a diluting gas inlet 9 at the constriction of the venturi tube.
  • the diluting gas is introduced in the exhaust by suction caused by the venturi effect.
  • the venturi tube 8 has a protective hood 100 on the air inlet which allows to protect from the external environment, and hence to the external conditions, notably humidity, rain...
  • the exhaust fumes 52 can thus be diluted in the zone 5 with a diluting gas 51 before reaching the sensor 6 installed downstream from the venturi tube.
  • the diluting gas can be air.
  • the sensor 6 can be two sensors, each separately dedicated for NOx and O 2 and for NH 3 measurements.
  • a first sensor 3 adapted to measure NOx and O 2 contents is installed upstream from the venturi tube 8.
  • the following example illustrates how the system according to the present invention can be implemented on a vehicle.
  • the measurements presented here were recorded on a vehicle with a truck trailer of 18 tons loading equipped with a 9 liter natural gas engine.
  • the composition of the natural gas used in the vehicle for the measurements of emissions is presented on Table 1. Methane is the main component of the gas used with a molar percentage of 90.594.
  • the natural gas used also contains ethane and other alkanes, generally the measured concentrations of the different components of the natural gas are within a range of commonly used natural gases.
  • composition the natural gas used is assumed to be stable during the measurement campaign.
  • the engine is operating with stoichiometric air-fuel mixture without Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR) and is equipped with a three way catalytic converter to treat exhaust fumes.
  • EGR Enhanced Gas Recovery
  • the Air-fuel ratio also referred to as AFR defines the ratio between the mass of air and the mass of fuel.
  • the air-fuel ratio will have an impact on the energy released and the extent of the combustion. Indeed, depending on the amount of air the combustion reaction can be total, partial or none.
  • a complete combustion occurs when all the fuel is burned and there is no unburned fuel in the exhaust fumes.
  • This ideal combustion is also called stoichiometric air to fuel ratio.
  • the stoichiometric air to fuel ratio for a combustion with natural gas is an AFR of 17: 1. In other words, 17.2 kg of air is needed for the total combustion of 1 kg of natural gas.
  • the value of the coefficient ⁇ (lambda) defines the ratio of actual AFR to stoichiometry for a given mixture. For the given example when the AFR ratio is equal to 16.97:1, the ⁇ equals to 1.
  • a first sensor 3 adapted to measure NOx and O 2 contents is installed upstream from the exhaust evacuation outlet.
  • the sensor is one commercialized by the BOSCH company under the designation EGS-NX.
  • the sensor is in contact with exhaust fumes produced by the internal combustion of natural gas and treated by a three way catalytic converter.
  • a second sensor 61 adapted to measure NOx and O 2 contents is installed downstream from the exhaust evacuation outlet and finally a third sensor 62 adapted to measure NH 3 contents is also installed downstream from the exhaust evacuation outlet.
  • the distance between the upstream and downstream sensors is one meter, the dephasing is assumed to be negligible.
  • the second and the third sensors are placed in such a way that the exhaust fumes reaching them is diluted with the ambient air, such as shown on figures 2 and 2A .
  • a sampler with a flow meter is installed in the exhaust fume and is connected to a PEMS under the designation SEMTECH commercialized by SENSORS, INC.
  • the measurements recorded by the PEMS are assumed to be the accurate measurements of NOx contents in the exhaust fumes.
  • Figure 4 presents the engine rpm and the speed of the vehicle during the measurements. It was previously noticed that the highest NH 3 emissions were recorded when the engine was operating at a stabilized regime for example on highways.
  • the number 21 represents the ratio of oxygen in natural air (vol%).
  • the NOx contents measured by the second sensor were compared to the NOx contents measured by the first sensor.
  • the contents measured by the first and second sensors actually measured the NOx content and the NH 3 which might be present in the exhaust fumes.
  • the cumulative NOx contents measured by the first and the second sensor are presented on figure 6D .
  • the difference observed between the two curves is explained by the saturation of the first sensor for NOx contents above 3000 ppm but the trends are identical.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
EP18160410.9A 2018-03-07 2018-03-07 System und verfahren zur genauen messung von nox- und nh3-konzentrationen in abgasen Active EP3536921B1 (de)

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EP18160410.9A EP3536921B1 (de) 2018-03-07 2018-03-07 System und verfahren zur genauen messung von nox- und nh3-konzentrationen in abgasen

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EP18160410.9A EP3536921B1 (de) 2018-03-07 2018-03-07 System und verfahren zur genauen messung von nox- und nh3-konzentrationen in abgasen

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EP3536921A1 true EP3536921A1 (de) 2019-09-11
EP3536921B1 EP3536921B1 (de) 2020-12-23

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001084111A1 (en) * 2000-04-28 2001-11-08 Pp & L Resources, Inc. Emission monitoring system and method
US20020178714A1 (en) * 2001-05-30 2002-12-05 Guojun Shi Methodology of robust initialization of catalyst for consistent oxygen storage capacity measurement
US20100107605A1 (en) * 2008-05-02 2010-05-06 Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. PASSIVE AMMONIA-SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION FOR NOx CONTROL IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
WO2016068831A1 (en) 2014-10-27 2016-05-06 Cummins Emission Solutions, Inc. Highly selective nox sensor in presence of nh3

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001084111A1 (en) * 2000-04-28 2001-11-08 Pp & L Resources, Inc. Emission monitoring system and method
US20020178714A1 (en) * 2001-05-30 2002-12-05 Guojun Shi Methodology of robust initialization of catalyst for consistent oxygen storage capacity measurement
US20100107605A1 (en) * 2008-05-02 2010-05-06 Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. PASSIVE AMMONIA-SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION FOR NOx CONTROL IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
WO2016068831A1 (en) 2014-10-27 2016-05-06 Cummins Emission Solutions, Inc. Highly selective nox sensor in presence of nh3

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