EP3408208B1 - Crane, and method for controlling such a crane - Google Patents

Crane, and method for controlling such a crane Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3408208B1
EP3408208B1 EP17721521.7A EP17721521A EP3408208B1 EP 3408208 B1 EP3408208 B1 EP 3408208B1 EP 17721521 A EP17721521 A EP 17721521A EP 3408208 B1 EP3408208 B1 EP 3408208B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
crane
tower
movements
deformations
control
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EP17721521.7A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3408208A1 (en
Inventor
Michael PALBERG
Jürgen Resch
Oliver Fenker
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Liebherr Werk Biberach GmbH
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Liebherr Components Biberach GmbH
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66CCRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C13/00Other constructional features or details
    • B66C13/04Auxiliary devices for controlling movements of suspended loads, or preventing cable slack
    • B66C13/06Auxiliary devices for controlling movements of suspended loads, or preventing cable slack for minimising or preventing longitudinal or transverse swinging of loads
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66CCRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C13/00Other constructional features or details
    • B66C13/04Auxiliary devices for controlling movements of suspended loads, or preventing cable slack
    • B66C13/06Auxiliary devices for controlling movements of suspended loads, or preventing cable slack for minimising or preventing longitudinal or transverse swinging of loads
    • B66C13/063Auxiliary devices for controlling movements of suspended loads, or preventing cable slack for minimising or preventing longitudinal or transverse swinging of loads electrical
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66CCRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C23/00Cranes comprising essentially a beam, boom, or triangular structure acting as a cantilever and mounted for translatory of swinging movements in vertical or horizontal planes or a combination of such movements, e.g. jib-cranes, derricks, tower cranes
    • B66C23/16Cranes comprising essentially a beam, boom, or triangular structure acting as a cantilever and mounted for translatory of swinging movements in vertical or horizontal planes or a combination of such movements, e.g. jib-cranes, derricks, tower cranes with jibs supported by columns, e.g. towers having their lower end mounted for slewing movements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a crane in the form of a tower crane, with a load-handling device attached to a hoist rope, drive devices for moving several crane elements and methods of the load-handling device, a control device for controlling the drive devices in such a way that the load-handling device moves along a travel path, and a sway damping device for damping of pendulum movements of the load suspension device, said pendulum damping device having a control module for influencing the control of the drive devices as a function of pendulum-relevant criteria.
  • the invention also relates to a method for controlling a crane, in which the control of the drive devices is influenced by a sway damping device as a function of parameters relevant to swaying.
  • the mentioned drive devices are usually operated and controlled by the crane operator using appropriate operating elements such as joysticks, toggle switches, rotary knobs and sliders and the like, which experience has shown requires a lot of feeling and experience in order to approach the target points quickly and yet gently without major pendulum movements of the load hook .
  • the aim is to drive as quickly as possible between the target points in order to achieve a high level of work performance, the aim is to stop gently at the respective target point without the load hook swinging with the load attached to it.
  • Such sway damping devices for cranes are known in various designs, for example by controlling the slewing gear, luffing and trolley drives as a function of certain sensor signals, for example inclination and / or gyroscope signals.
  • certain sensor signals for example inclination and / or gyroscope signals.
  • the scriptures show DE 20 2008 018 260 U1 or DE 10 2009 032 270 A1 known load sway damping systems on cranes, the subject matter of which is expressly referred to in this respect, i.e. with regard to the fundamentals of the sway damping device.
  • the cable angle relative to the vertical and its change in the form of the cable angular speed is measured by means of a gyroscope unit in order to automatically intervene in the control when a limit value for the cable angular speed relative to the vertical is exceeded.
  • a load sway damping system for maritime cranes is known from the Liebherr company under the name "Cycoptronic", which calculates load movements and influences such as wind in advance and automatically initiates compensation movements on the basis of this pre-calculation in order to prevent the load from swinging.
  • the cable angle relative to the vertical and its changes are recorded by means of gyroscopes in order to intervene in the control as a function of the gyroscope signals.
  • the present invention is based on the object of creating an improved crane and an improved method for controlling it, avoiding the disadvantages of the prior art and further developing the latter in an advantageous manner.
  • improved sway damping is to be achieved in tower cranes, which takes better account of the various influences of the crane structure.
  • the pendulum-damping measures not only take into account the actual pendulum movement of the rope itself, but also the dynamics of the steel structure of the crane and its drive trains.
  • the crane is no longer assumed to be an immovable rigid body that converts drive movements of the drive devices directly and identically, ie 1: 1 into movements of the suspension point of the hoist rope.
  • the sway dampening device regards the crane as a soft structure with elasticity and flexibility in its steel components, such as the tower lattice, and in the drive trains shows and takes into account these dynamics of the structural parts of the crane in the sway-damping influence on the control of the drive devices.
  • the pendulum damping device comprises determining means for determining dynamic deformations and movements of structural components under dynamic loads, the control module of the pendulum damping device, which influences the control of the drive device in a sway-damping manner, is designed to influence the control of the drive devices, the determined dynamic deformations of at least the tower and other structural components of the crane to be taken into account.
  • the pendulum damping device does not consider the crane or machine structure as a rigid, so to speak infinitely stiff structure, but assumes an elastically deformable and / or flexible and / or relatively soft structure that - in addition to the adjusting axes of movement of the machine such as the boom luffing axis or the Tower axis of rotation - allows movements and / or changes in position due to deformation of the structural components.
  • the steel construction is also spared and less stressed. In particular, shock loads are reduced by the control behavior.
  • This method can also be used to define the influence of driving behavior.
  • the knowledge of the structural dynamics and the control method can, in particular, reduce and dampen the pitching oscillation. As a result, the load behaves more calmly and no longer fluctuates up and down later in the rest position.
  • the said determination means can include an estimation device that determines the deformations and movements of the machine structure under dynamic loads that occur as a function of control commands entered at the control station and / or as a function of certain control actions of the drive devices and / or as a function of certain speed and / or result in acceleration profiles of the drive devices, taking into account the circumstances characterizing the crane structure.
  • Such an estimation device can, for example, access a data model in which structural parameters of the crane such as tower height, boom length, stiffness, area moments of inertia and the like are stored and / or linked to one another in order to then use a specific load situation, i.e. weight of the load picked up on the load hook and the current radius to estimate the dynamic effects, i.e. deformations in the steel construction and in the drive trains result for a specific actuation of a drive device.
  • the pendulum damping device can then intervene in the control of the drive devices and influence the manipulated variables of the drive controllers of the drive devices in order to avoid or reduce pendulum movements of the load hook and the hoist rope.
  • the determination device for determining such structural deformations can have a calculation unit which calculates these structural deformations and the resulting structural part movements on the basis of a stored calculation model as a function of the control commands entered at the control station.
  • a model can be constructed similarly to a finite element model or a finite element model, but advantageously a model that is significantly simplified compared to a finite element model is used which, for example, empirically by detecting structural deformations under certain control commands and / or load conditions on the real crane or the real machine can be determined.
  • Such a calculation model can work, for example, with tables in which certain control commands are assigned certain deformations, with intermediate values of the control commands being able to be converted into corresponding deformations by means of an interpolation device.
  • the pendulum damping device can also comprise a suitable sensor system, by means of which such elastic deformations and movements of structural components are detected under dynamic loads.
  • a sensor system can include, for example, deformation sensors such as strain gauges on the steel structure of the crane, for example the lattice framework of the tower and / or the boom.
  • acceleration and / or speed sensors can be provided in order to detect certain movements of structural components such as, for example, pitching movements of the boom tip and / or rotational dynamic effects to be recorded on the boom.
  • inclination sensors or gyroscopes can also be provided, for example on the tower, in particular on its upper section on which the boom is mounted, in order to detect the dynamics of the tower.
  • jerky lifting movements lead to pitching movements of the boom, which are accompanied by bending movements of the tower, with post-swinging of the tower in turn leading to pitching vibrations of the boom, which is associated with corresponding load hook movements.
  • motion and / or acceleration sensors can also be assigned to the drive trains in order to be able to detect the dynamics of the drive trains.
  • rotary encoders can be assigned to the pulleys of the trolley for the hoist rope and / or pulleys for a guy rope of a luffing jib in order to be able to detect the actual rope speed at the relevant point.
  • suitable movement and / or speed and / or acceleration sensors are also assigned to the drive devices themselves in order to be able to detect the drive movements of the drive devices accordingly and to be able to relate them to the estimated and / or recorded deformations of the structural components such as the steel structure and in the drive trains .
  • the pendulum damping device in a further development of the invention can comprise a filter device or an observer who observes the crane reactions that occur with certain manipulated variables of the drive controller and taking into account predetermined regularities of a dynamic model of the crane, which can be fundamentally different, and through analysis and simulation of the steel construction can be obtained, influences the manipulated variables of the controller based on the observed crane reactions.
  • Such a filter or observer device can in particular be designed in the form of a so-called Kalman filter, to which the manipulated variables of the drive controller of the crane and the crane movements, in particular the Load hook movement, in particular its pendulum movement, is supplied and which, from these input variables, uses Kalman equations that model the dynamic system of the crane structure, in particular its steel components and drive trains, to influence the control variables of the drive controller accordingly in order to achieve the desired sway dampening effect.
  • Kalman filter to which the manipulated variables of the drive controller of the crane and the crane movements, in particular the Load hook movement, in particular its pendulum movement, is supplied and which, from these input variables, uses Kalman equations that model the dynamic system of the crane structure, in particular its steel components and drive trains, to influence the control variables of the drive controller accordingly in order to achieve the desired sway dampening effect.
  • the position of the load hook in particular also its oblique pull relative to the vertical, that is, the deflection of the hoist rope relative to the vertical, is detected by means of a suitable sensor system and fed to the aforementioned Kalman filter.
  • the detection device for detecting the position of the load hook can advantageously comprise an imaging sensor system, for example a camera, which looks essentially vertically downward from the suspension point of the hoist rope, for example the trolley.
  • An image evaluation device can identify the crane hook in the image provided by the imaging sensor system and determine its eccentricity or its displacement from the image center, which is a measure of the deflection of the crane hook relative to the vertical and thus characterizes the swaying of the load.
  • the position sensor system can advantageously be designed to detect the load relative to a fixed world coordinate system and / or the displacement control device can be designed to position the load relative to a fixed world coordinate system.
  • an inclined tension control By detecting the load position, an inclined tension control can be implemented which eliminates or at least reduces static deformation caused by the attached load.
  • the pendulum damping device can be designed to correct the slewing gear and the trolley so that the rope is always perpendicular to the load as far as possible, even if the crane moves as a result of the increasing Load torque tends more and more forward.
  • the crane's pitching motion as a result of its deformation under the load can be taken into account and the trolley under consideration the detected load position can be followed or positioned with predictive estimation of the pitching deformation so that the hoist rope is perpendicular to the load when the crane deformation occurs.
  • the slewing gear can be followed up and / or positioned with anticipatory estimation of a transverse deformation, taking into account the detected load position, so that the hoist rope is perpendicular to the load in the event of the resulting crane deformation.
  • Such a diagonal tension control can be reactivated at a later point in time by the operator, who can then use the crane as a manipulator. This means that the operator can only reposition the load by pushing and / or pulling. The diagonal tension control tries to follow the deflection caused by the operator. This enables manipulator control to be implemented.
  • the mentioned pendulum damping device can monitor the input commands of the crane operator when the crane is operated manually by operating appropriate control elements such as joysticks and the like and override them if necessary, in particular in the sense that accelerations that are too strong, for example, are reduced by the crane operator or counter movements are automatically initiated if a crane movement specified by the crane operator has or would lead to a swinging of the load hook.
  • the sway damping device can also be used for automated actuation of the crane, in which the control device of the crane automatically moves the crane's load suspension device between at least two target points along a travel path in the sense of an autopilot.
  • the control device of the crane automatically moves the crane's load suspension device between at least two target points along a travel path in the sense of an autopilot.
  • a travel path determination module of the control device determines a desired travel path, for example in the sense of a path control
  • an automatic travel control module the control device controls the drive controller or drive devices in such a way that the load hook is moved along the specific travel path
  • the sway damping device can intervene in the activation of the drive controller by the mentioned movement control module in order to move the crane hook without swaying or to dampen swaying movements.
  • the crane can be designed as a tower crane.
  • the in Fig. 1 The tower crane shown can, for example, in a manner known per se, have a tower 201 which carries a boom 202 which is supported by a counter-jib 203 is balanced, on which a counterweight 204 is provided.
  • Said boom 202 can be rotated together with the counter-boom 203 about an upright axis of rotation 205, which can be coaxial to the tower axis, by a rotating mechanism.
  • a trolley 206 can be moved on the boom 202 by a trolley drive, with a hoisting rope 207 running from the trolley 206 to which a load hook 208 is attached.
  • the crane 2 can have an electronic control device 3, which can include, for example, a control computer arranged on the crane itself.
  • the named control device 3 can control various actuators, hydraulic circuits, electric motors, drive devices and other working units on the respective construction machine. In the case of the crane shown, this can be, for example, its hoisting gear, its slewing gear, its trolley drive, its -ggf. existing - boom luffing drive or the like.
  • Said electronic control device 3 can communicate with a terminal 4, which can be arranged at the control station or in the driver's cab and can, for example, have the form of a tablet with a touchscreen and / or joysticks, rotary knobs, slide switches and similar control elements, so that on the one hand different Information from the control computer 3 is displayed on the terminal 4 and, conversely, control commands can be entered into the control device 3 via the terminal 4.
  • a terminal 4 can be arranged at the control station or in the driver's cab and can, for example, have the form of a tablet with a touchscreen and / or joysticks, rotary knobs, slide switches and similar control elements, so that on the one hand different Information from the control computer 3 is displayed on the terminal 4 and, conversely, control commands can be entered into the control device 3 via the terminal 4.
  • Said control device 3 of crane 1 can in particular be designed to control said drive devices of the hoist, trolley and slewing gear even when a pendulum damping device 340 detects pendulum-relevant movement parameters.
  • the crane 1 can have a detection device 60, which detects an oblique pull of the hoist rope 207 and / or deflections of the load hook 208 with respect to a vertical 61, which is caused by the suspension point of the load hook 208, ie, the trolley 206 is walking, detected.
  • the cable pull angle ⁇ can be detected against the line of action of gravity, ie the vertical 62, cf. Fig. 1 .
  • the determination means 62 of the detection device 60 can work optically, for example, in order to determine the said deflection.
  • a camera 63 or another imaging sensor system can be attached to the trolley 206, which looks vertically downward from the trolley 206 so that when the load hook 208 is undeflected, its image reproduction is in the center of the image provided by the camera 63. If, however, the load hook 208 is deflected relative to the vertical 61, for example by jerking the trolley 206 or suddenly braking the slewing gear, the image reproduction of the load hook 208 moves out of the center of the camera image, which can be determined by an image evaluation device 64.
  • control device 3 can control the slewing gear drive and the trolley drive with the aid of the pendulum damping device 340 in order to bring the trolley 206 more or less precisely over the load hook 208 again and to compensate for pendulum movements, or to reduce them or not to allow them to occur in the first place.
  • the sway damping device 430 comprises determination means 342 for determining dynamic deformations of structural components, the control module 341 of the sway damping device 340, which influences the control of the drive device in a sway-damping manner, is designed to apply the determined dynamic deformations of the structural components of the crane when influencing the control of the drive devices consider.
  • the determination means 342 can include an estimation device 343 that determines the deformations and movements of the machine structure under dynamic loads that are dependent on control commands entered at the control station and / or dependent on certain control actions of the drive devices and / or are estimated as a function of certain speed and / or acceleration profiles of the drive devices, taking into account conditions characterizing the crane structure.
  • a calculation unit 348 can calculate the structural deformations and the resulting structural part movements on the basis of a stored calculation model as a function of the control commands entered at the control station.
  • the sway damping device 340 can also include a suitable sensor system 344, by means of which such elastic deformations and movements of structural components are detected under dynamic loads.
  • a sensor system 344 can include, for example, deformation sensors such as strain gauges on the steel structure of the crane, for example the lattice frameworks of the tower 201 or of the boom 202.
  • acceleration and / or speed sensors can be provided in order to detect certain movements of structural components such as, for example, pitching movements of the boom tip or rotational dynamic effects on boom 202.
  • inclination sensors or gyroscopes can also be provided, for example, on the tower 201, in particular on its upper section on which the boom is mounted, in order to detect the dynamics of the tower 201.
  • motion and / or acceleration sensors can also be assigned to the drive trains in order to be able to detect the dynamics of the drive trains.
  • rotary encoders can be assigned to the pulleys of the trolley 206 for the hoist rope and / or pulleys for a guy rope of a luffing jib in order to be able to detect the actual rope speed at the relevant point.
  • pendulum damping device 340 has a filter device or an observer 345, which observes the crane reactions that occur with certain manipulated variables of the drive controller 347 and taking into account predetermined regularities of a dynamic model of the crane, which can be fundamentally different and through analysis and simulation of the Steel construction can be obtained, influences the manipulated variables of the controller on the basis of the observed crane reactions.
  • Such a filter or observer device 345b can be designed in particular in the form of a so-called Kalman filter 346, to which the manipulated variables of the drive controller 347 of the crane and the crane movements, in particular the cable angle ⁇ relative to the vertical 62 and / or its change over time or the Angular velocity of the mentioned diagonal pull, and which from these input variables using Kaiman equations, which model the dynamic system of the crane structure, in particular its steel components and drive trains, influences the manipulated variables of the drive controller 347 accordingly in order to achieve the desired sway-damping effect.
  • a so-called Kalman filter 346 to which the manipulated variables of the drive controller 347 of the crane and the crane movements, in particular the cable angle ⁇ relative to the vertical 62 and / or its change over time or the Angular velocity of the mentioned diagonal pull, and which from these input variables using Kaiman equations, which model the dynamic system of the crane structure, in particular its steel components and drive trains, influences the manipulated variables of the drive controller 347 accordingly in order to achieve the
  • Fig. 3 are shown by way of example, the partial view a.) initially showing schematically a pitching deformation of the tower extension crane under load as a result of bending of the tower 201 with the associated lowering of the boom 202 and an associated diagonal pull of the hoist rope.
  • the partial views show b.) And c.) Of Fig. 3 for example, in a schematic manner, a transverse deformation of the tower crane in a perspective illustration and in a plan view from above with the deformations of the tower 201 and the boom 202 occurring in the process.
  • the sway damping device 430 can include a diagonal tension control.
  • the position of the load hook 208, in particular also its oblique pull relative to the vertical, that is to say the deflection is determined by means of the determination means 62 of the hoist rope 207 detected relative to the vertical and fed to the aforementioned Kalman filter 346.
  • the position sensor system can advantageously be designed to detect the load or the load hook 208 relative to a fixed world coordinate system and / or the sway damping device 430 can be designed to position the load relative to a fixed world coordinate system.
  • an inclined tension control By detecting the load position, an inclined tension control can be implemented which eliminates or at least reduces static deformation caused by the attached load.
  • the pendulum damping device 430 can be designed to correct the slewing gear and the trolley so that the rope is always perpendicular to the load, even if the crane moves through the increasing load torque tends more and more forward.
  • the crane's pitching motion as a result of its deformation under the load can be taken into account and the trolley, taking into account the detected load position, can be tracked or positioned with a predictive estimation of the pitching deformation so that the hoist rope is vertical when the crane is deformed Perpendicular to the load. The greatest static deformation occurs at the point where the load leaves the ground. Then diagonal tension control is no longer necessary.
  • the slewing gear can be followed up and / or positioned with anticipatory assessment of a transverse deformation, taking into account the detected load position, so that the hoist rope is perpendicular above the load in the event of the resulting crane deformation.
  • Such a diagonal tension control can be reactivated at a later point in time by the operator, who can then use the crane as a manipulator. This means that the operator can only reposition the load by pushing and / or pulling. The diagonal tension control tries to follow the deflection caused by the operator. A manipulator control can thereby be implemented.

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Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft einen Kran in Form eines Turmdrehkrans, mit einem an einem Hubseil angebrachten Lastaufnahmemittel, Antriebseinrichtungen zum Bewegen mehrerer Kranelemente und Verfahren des Lastaufnahmemittels, einer Steuervorrichtung zum Steuern der Antriebseinrichtungen derart, dass das Lastaufnahmemittel entlang eines Verfahrwegs verfährt, sowie einer Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung zum Dämpfen von Pendelbewegungen des Lastaufnahmemittels, wobei die genannte Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung einen Steuerbaustein zum Beeinflussen der Ansteuerung der Antriebseinrichtungen in Abhängigkeit von pendelrelevanten Kriterien aufweist. Die Erfindung betrifft ferner auch ein Verfahren zum Steuern eines Krans, bei dem die Ansteuerung der Antriebseinrichtungen von einer Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung in Abhängigkeit von pendelrelevanten Parametern beeinflusst wird.The present invention relates to a crane in the form of a tower crane, with a load-handling device attached to a hoist rope, drive devices for moving several crane elements and methods of the load-handling device, a control device for controlling the drive devices in such a way that the load-handling device moves along a travel path, and a sway damping device for damping of pendulum movements of the load suspension device, said pendulum damping device having a control module for influencing the control of the drive devices as a function of pendulum-relevant criteria. The invention also relates to a method for controlling a crane, in which the control of the drive devices is influenced by a sway damping device as a function of parameters relevant to swaying.

Aus der Schrift DE 100 64 182 A1 und der Schrift EP 18 80 971 A2 sind jeweils Hafenmobilkrane bekannt, bei denen eine Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung in die Ansteuerung der Antriebe eingreift, um ein Pendeln des Lasthakens zu vermeiden. Dabei wird vorgeschlagen, die Biegung und die Wippwinkelgeschwindigkeit des wippbaren Auslegers zu berücksichtigen. Die Schrift DE 10 2011 001 112 A1 , die die Merkmale der Oberbegriffe der Ansprüche 1 und 14 offenbart, beschreibt einen Turmdrehkran mit einer Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung, die zur Reduzierung von Schwingungen in der Kranstruktur die Eigenfrequenz sowie die Dämpfungsrate des Kransystems berechnet und diese bei der Ansteuerung der Antriebe berücksichtigt. Weitere Krane mit Pendeldämpfung sind aus der Schrift DE 43 15 005 A1 bekannt.From scripture DE 100 64 182 A1 and the writing EP 18 80 971 A2 Mobile harbor cranes are known in each case in which a sway damping device intervenes in the control of the drives in order to prevent the load hook from swinging. It is proposed that the bending and the luffing angular speed of the luffing boom be taken into account. The font DE 10 2011 001 112 A1 , which discloses the features of the preambles of claims 1 and 14, describes a tower crane with a pendulum damping device that calculates the natural frequency and the damping rate of the crane system to reduce vibrations in the crane structure and takes these into account when controlling the drives. Further cranes with sway control are from the script DE 43 15 005 A1 known.

Um den Lasthaken eines Krans entlang eines Verfahrwegs bzw. zwischen zwei Zielpunkten verfahren zu können, müssen üblicherweise diverse Antriebseinrichtungen betätigt und gesteuert werden. Bei einem Turmdrehkran, bei dem das Hubseil von einer Laufkatze abläuft, die am Ausleger des Krans verfahrbar ist, muss üblicherweise das Drehwerk, mittels dessen der Turm mit dem darauf vorgesehenen Ausleger bzw. der Ausleger relativ zum Turm um eine aufrechte Drehachse verdreht werden, sowie der Katzantrieb, mittels dessen die Laufkatze entlang des Auslegers verfahren werden kann, und das Hubwerk, mittels dessen das Hubseil verstellt und damit der Lasthaken angehoben und abgesenkt werden kann, jeweils betätigt und gesteuert werden. Die genannten Antriebseinrichtungen werden hierbei üblicherweise vom Kranführer über entsprechende Bedienelemente wie beispielsweise in Form von Joysticks, Kippschaltern, Drehknöpfen und Schiebern und dergleichen betätigt und gesteuert, was erfahrungsgemäß viel Gefühl und Erfahrung benötigt, um die Zielpunkte rasch und dennoch sanft ohne größere Pendelbewegungen des Lasthakens anzufahren. Während zwischen den Zielpunkten möglichst rasch gefahren werden soll, um eine hohe Arbeitsleistung zu erzielen, soll am jeweiligen Zielpunkt sanft angehalten werden, ohne dass der Lasthaken mit der daran angeschlagenen Last nachpendelt.In order to be able to move the load hook of a crane along a travel path or between two target points, various drive devices usually have to be actuated and controlled. In the case of a tower crane, in which the hoist rope runs off a trolley that can be moved on the boom of the crane, the slewing gear, by means of which the tower with the one on it, usually has to be provided boom or the boom are rotated relative to the tower about an upright axis of rotation, as well as the trolley drive, by means of which the trolley can be moved along the boom, and the hoist, by means of which the hoist rope can be adjusted and thus the load hook can be raised and lowered, each operated and controlled. The mentioned drive devices are usually operated and controlled by the crane operator using appropriate operating elements such as joysticks, toggle switches, rotary knobs and sliders and the like, which experience has shown requires a lot of feeling and experience in order to approach the target points quickly and yet gently without major pendulum movements of the load hook . While the aim is to drive as quickly as possible between the target points in order to achieve a high level of work performance, the aim is to stop gently at the respective target point without the load hook swinging with the load attached to it.

Ein solches Steuern der Antriebseinrichtungen eines Krans ist angesichts der erforderlichen Konzentration für den Kranführer ermüdend, zumal oft immer wiederkehrende Verfahrwege und monotone Aufgaben zu erledigen sind, beispielsweise wenn beim Betonieren ein am Kranhaken aufgenommener Betonkübel vielfach zwischen einem Betonmischer, an dem der Betonkübel befüllt wird, und einem Betonbereich, in dem der Betonkübel entleert wird, hin und her verfahren werden muss. Zum anderen kommt es bei nachlassender Konzentration oder auch bei einer nicht ausreichenden Erfahrung mit dem jeweiligen Krantyp zu größeren Pendelbewegungen der aufgenommenen Last und damit zu einem entsprechenden Gefährdungspotenzial, wenn der Kranführer die Bedienhebel bzw. -elemente des Krans nicht feinfühlig genug bedient.Such control of the drive equipment of a crane is tiring in view of the necessary concentration for the crane operator, especially since recurring travel paths and monotonous tasks have to be carried out, for example when a concrete bucket held on the crane hook is often placed between a concrete mixer, on which the concrete bucket is filled, during concreting. and a concrete area in which the concrete bucket is emptied must be moved back and forth. On the other hand, if concentration declines or if there is insufficient experience with the respective crane type, larger pendulum movements of the picked up load occur and thus a corresponding risk potential if the crane operator does not operate the crane's operating levers or elements sensitively enough.

Um der Problematik unerwünschter Pendelbewegungen zu begegnen, wurde bereits vorgeschlagen, die Steuervorrichtung des Krans mit Pendeldämpfeinrichtungen zu versehen, die mittels Steuerungsbausteinen in die Steuerung eingreifen und das Ansteuern der Antriebseinrichtungen beeinflussen, beispielsweise zu große Beschleunigungen einer Antriebseinrichtung durch zu schnelles oder zu starkes Betätigen des Bedienhebels verhindern oder abschwächen oder bestimmte Verfahrgeschwindigkeiten bei größeren Lasten beschränken oder in ähnlicher Weise in die Verfahrbewegungen eingreifen, um ein zu starkes Pendeln des Lasthakens zu verhindern.In order to counteract the problem of undesirable pendulum movements, it has already been proposed to equip the control device of the crane with pendulum damping devices that intervene in the control by means of control modules and influence the control of the drive devices, for example excessive accelerations of a drive device due to excessive or excessive actuation of the operating lever prevent or weaken or certain travel speeds limit it for larger loads or intervene in the traversing movements in a similar way to prevent the load hook from swinging too much.

Solche Pendeldämpfungseinrichtungen für Krane sind in verschiedenen Ausführungen bekannt, beispielsweise durch Ansteuerung der Drehwerk-, Wipp- und Laufkatzenantriebe in Abhängigkeit von bestimmten Sensorsignalen, beispielsweise Neigungs- und/oder Gyroskopsignalen. Beispielsweise zeigen die Schriften DE 20 2008 018 260 U1 oder DE 10 2009 032 270 A1 bekannte Lastpendeldämpfungen an Kranen, auf deren Gegenstand insoweit, das heißt hinsichtlich der Grundlagen der Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung, ausdrücklich Bezug genommen wird. Bei der DE 20 2008 018 206 U1 wird beispielsweise mittels einer Gyroskopeinheit der Seilwinkel relativ zur Vertikalen und dessen Änderung in Form der Seilwinkelgeschwindigkeit gemessen, um bei Überschreiten eines Grenzwerts für die Seilwinkelgeschwindigkeit gegenüber der Vertikalen automatisch in die Steuerung einzugreifen.Such sway damping devices for cranes are known in various designs, for example by controlling the slewing gear, luffing and trolley drives as a function of certain sensor signals, for example inclination and / or gyroscope signals. For example, the scriptures show DE 20 2008 018 260 U1 or DE 10 2009 032 270 A1 known load sway damping systems on cranes, the subject matter of which is expressly referred to in this respect, i.e. with regard to the fundamentals of the sway damping device. In the DE 20 2008 018 206 U1 For example, the cable angle relative to the vertical and its change in the form of the cable angular speed is measured by means of a gyroscope unit in order to automatically intervene in the control when a limit value for the cable angular speed relative to the vertical is exceeded.

Ferner ist von der Firma Liebherr unter dem Namen "Cycoptronic" ein Lastpendeldämpfungssystem für maritime Krane bekannt, welches Lastbewegungen und Einflüsse wie Wind im Voraus berechnet und auf Basis dieser Vorausberechnung automatisch Kompensationsbewegungen einleitet, um ein Schwingen der Last zu vermeiden. Konkret werden auch bei diesem System mittels Gyroskopen der Seilwinkel gegenüber der Vertikalen und dessen Änderungen erfasst, um in Abhängigkeit der Gyroskopsignale in die Steuerung einzugreifen.Furthermore, a load sway damping system for maritime cranes is known from the Liebherr company under the name "Cycoptronic", which calculates load movements and influences such as wind in advance and automatically initiates compensation movements on the basis of this pre-calculation in order to prevent the load from swinging. Specifically, in this system too, the cable angle relative to the vertical and its changes are recorded by means of gyroscopes in order to intervene in the control as a function of the gyroscope signals.

Bei langen, schlanken Kranstrukturen mit ambitionierter Traglastauslegung, wie dies inbesondere bei Turmdrehkranen der Fall ist, ist es mit herkömmlichen Pendeldämpfungseinrichtungen jedoch bisweilen schwierig, in der richtigen Art und Weise in die Ansteuerung der Antriebe einzugreifen, um die gewünschte, pendeldämpfende Wirkung zu erzielen. Hierbei kommt es im Bereich der Strukturteile, insbesondere des Turms zu dynamischen Effekten und elastischem Verformen der Strukturteile, wenn ein Antrieb beschleunigt oder abgebremst wird, sodass sich Eingriffe in die Antriebseinrichtungen - beispielsweise Abbremsen oder Beschleunigen des Katzantriebs oder des Drehwerks - nicht direkt in der gewünschten Weise auf die Pendelbewegung des Lasthakens auswirken. Zum einen kann es durch dynamische Wirkungen in den Strukturteilen zu Zeitverzögerungen bei der Übertragung auf das Hubseil und den Lasthaken kommen, wenn Antriebe pendeldämpfend betätigt werden. Zum anderen können die genannten dynamischen Effekte auch übermäßige oder sogar kontraproduktive Auswirkungen auf ein Lastpendel haben. Wenn beispielsweise eine Last durch zunächst zu schnelles Betätigen des Laufkatzantriebs nach hinten zum Turm hin pendelt und die Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung gegensteuert, indem der Katzantrieb verzögert wird, kann es zu einer Nickbewegungen des Auslegers kommen, da sich der Turm entsprechend verformt, wodurch die gewünschte pendeldämpfende Wirkung beeinträchtigt werden kann. Hiervon ausgehend liegt der vorliegenden Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen verbesserten Kran sowie ein verbessertes Verfahren zu dessen Steuerung zu schaffen, die Nachteile des Standes der Technik vermeiden und letzteren in vorteilhafter Weise weiterbilden. Insbesondere soll eine verbesserte Pendeldämpfung bei Turmdrehkranen erzielt werden, die die mannigfachen Einflüsse der Kranstruktur besser berücksichtigt.In the case of long, slim crane structures with an ambitious load-bearing design, as is the case in particular with tower cranes, it is sometimes difficult to intervene in the control of the drives in the right way with conventional pendulum-damping devices in order to achieve the desired, pendulum-damping effect. In this case, dynamic effects and elastic deformation of the structural parts occur in the area of the structural parts, in particular the tower, when a drive is accelerated or decelerated so that Interventions in the drive devices - for example braking or accelerating the trolley drive or the slewing gear - do not directly affect the pendulum movement of the load hook in the desired manner. On the one hand, dynamic effects in the structural parts can lead to time delays in the transmission to the hoist rope and the load hook when drives are actuated to dampen sway. On the other hand, the mentioned dynamic effects can also have excessive or even counterproductive effects on a load swing. If, for example, a load swings backwards towards the tower when the trolley drive is initially operated too quickly and the pendulum damping device counteracts this by decelerating the trolley drive, the boom may pitch because the tower is deformed accordingly, which impairs the desired sway dampening effect can be. Proceeding from this, the present invention is based on the object of creating an improved crane and an improved method for controlling it, avoiding the disadvantages of the prior art and further developing the latter in an advantageous manner. In particular, improved sway damping is to be achieved in tower cranes, which takes better account of the various influences of the crane structure.

Erfindungsgemäß wird die genannte Aufgabe durch einen Kran gemäß Anspruch 1 sowie ein Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 14 gelöst. Bevorzugte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindungen sind Gegenstand der abhängigen Ansprüche.According to the invention, the stated object is achieved by a crane according to claim 1 and a method according to claim 14. Preferred embodiments of the inventions are the subject of the dependent claims.

Es wird also vorgeschlagen, bei den pendeldämpfenden Maßnahmen nicht nur die eigentliche Pendelbewegung des Seils an sich zu berücksichtigen, sondern auch die Dynamik des Stahlbaus des Krans und dessen Antriebsstränge. Der Kran wird nicht mehr als unbeweglicher Starrkörper angenommen, der Antriebsbewegungen der Antriebseinrichtungen unmittelbar und identisch, d.h. 1:1 in Bewegungen des Aufhängungspunktes des Hubseils umsetzt. Stattdessen betrachtet die Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung den Kran als weiche Struktur, die in ihren Stahlbauteilen wie beispielsweise dem Turmgitter, und in Antriebssträngen Elastizitäten und Nachgiebigkeiten bei Beschleunigungen zeigt, und berücksichtigt diese Dynamik der Strukturteile des Krans bei der pendeldämpfenden Beeinflussung der Ansteuerung der Antriebseinrichtungen.It is therefore proposed that the pendulum-damping measures not only take into account the actual pendulum movement of the rope itself, but also the dynamics of the steel structure of the crane and its drive trains. The crane is no longer assumed to be an immovable rigid body that converts drive movements of the drive devices directly and identically, ie 1: 1 into movements of the suspension point of the hoist rope. Instead, the sway dampening device regards the crane as a soft structure with elasticity and flexibility in its steel components, such as the tower lattice, and in the drive trains shows and takes into account these dynamics of the structural parts of the crane in the sway-damping influence on the control of the drive devices.

Erfindungsgemäß umfasst die Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung Bestimmungsmittel zum Bestimmen von dynamischen Verformungen und Bewegungen von Strukturbauteilen unter dynamischen Lasten, wobei der Steuerbaustein der Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung, der das Ansteuern der Antriebseinrichtung pendeldämpfend beeinflusst, dazu ausgebildet ist, beim Beeinflussen der Ansteuerung der Antriebseinrichtungen die bestimmten dynamischen Verformungen zumindest des Turms und weiterer Strukturbauteile des Krans zu berücksichtigen.According to the invention, the pendulum damping device comprises determining means for determining dynamic deformations and movements of structural components under dynamic loads, the control module of the pendulum damping device, which influences the control of the drive device in a sway-damping manner, is designed to influence the control of the drive devices, the determined dynamic deformations of at least the tower and other structural components of the crane to be taken into account.

Die Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung betrachtet also die Kran- bzw. Maschinenstruktur nicht als starre, sozusagen unendlich steife Struktur, sondern geht von elastisch verformbaren und/oder nachgiebigen und/oder relativ weichen Struktur aus, die - zusätzlich zu den Stellbewegungsachsen der Maschine wie beispielsweise der Auslegerwippachse oder der Turmdrehachse - Bewegungen und/oder Positionsänderungen durch Verformungen der Strukturbauteile zulässt.The pendulum damping device does not consider the crane or machine structure as a rigid, so to speak infinitely stiff structure, but assumes an elastically deformable and / or flexible and / or relatively soft structure that - in addition to the adjusting axes of movement of the machine such as the boom luffing axis or the Tower axis of rotation - allows movements and / or changes in position due to deformation of the structural components.

Die Berücksichtigung der Beweglichkeit der Maschinenstruktur infolge von Strukturverformungen unter Last oder dynamischen Belastungen ist gerade bei langgestreckten, schlanken und von den statischen und dynamischen Randbedingungen her bewusst - unter Berücksichtigung der notwendigen Sicherheiten - ausgereizten Strukturen wie bei Turmdrehkranen von Bedeutung, da hier spürbare Bewegungsanteile beispielsweise für den Ausleger und damit die Lasthakenposition durch die Verformungen der Strukturbauteile hinzukommen. Um die Pendelursachen besser bekämpfen zu können, berücksichtigt die Pendeldämpfung solche Verformungen und Bewegungen der Maschinenstruktur unter dynamischen Belastungen.Taking into account the mobility of the machine structure as a result of structural deformations under load or dynamic loads is particularly important in the case of elongated, slender structures that are deliberately exhausted from the static and dynamic boundary conditions - taking into account the necessary safety factors - such as tower cranes, as here noticeable movement components, for example The boom and thus the load hook position are added by the deformation of the structural components. In order to better combat the causes of pendulum oscillation, the pendulum damping takes into account such deformations and movements of the machine structure under dynamic loads.

Hierdurch können beträchtliche Vorteile erreicht werden:
Zunächst wird die Schwingungsdynamik der Strukturbauteile durch das Regelverhalten der Steuereinrichtung reduziert. Dabei wird durch das Fahrverhalten die Schwingung aktiv gedämpft bzw. durch das Regelverhalten erst gar nicht angeregt.
Considerable advantages can be achieved in this way:
First, the vibration dynamics of the structural components is reduced by the control behavior of the control device. The vibration is actively damped by the driving behavior or not even stimulated by the control behavior.

Ebenso wird der Stahlbau geschont und weniger beansprucht. Insbesondere Stoßbelastungen werden durch das Regelverhalten reduziert.The steel construction is also spared and less stressed. In particular, shock loads are reduced by the control behavior.

Ferner kann durch dieses Verfahren der Einfluss des Fahrverhaltens definiert werden.This method can also be used to define the influence of driving behavior.

Durch die Kenntnisse der Strukturdynamik und das Reglerverfahren kann insbesondere die Nickschwingung reduziert und gedämpft werden. Dadurch verhält sich die Last ruhiger und schwankt später in Ruhelage nicht mehr auf und ab.The knowledge of the structural dynamics and the control method can, in particular, reduce and dampen the pitching oscillation. As a result, the load behaves more calmly and no longer fluctuates up and down later in the rest position.

Die vorgenannten elastischen Verformungen und Bewegungen der Strukturbauteile und Antriebsstränge und die sich hierdurch einstellenden Eigenbewegungen können grundsätzlich in verschiedener Art und Weise bestimmt werden. In Weiterbildung der Erfindung können die genannten Bestimmungsmittel eine Schätzeinrichtung umfassen, die die Verformungen und Bewegungen der Maschinenstruktur unter dynamischen Belastungen, die sich in Abhängigkeit von am Steuerstand eingegegebenen Steuerbefehlen und/oder in Abhängigkeit von bestimmten Ansteueraktionen der Antriebseinrichtungen und/oder in Abhängigkeit bestimmter Geschwindigkeits- und/oder Beschleunigungsprofile der Antriebseinrichtungen ergeben, unter Berücksichtigung von die Kranstruktur charakterisierenden Gegebenheiten abschätzt.The aforementioned elastic deformations and movements of the structural components and drive trains and the resulting inherent movements can in principle be determined in various ways. In a further development of the invention, the said determination means can include an estimation device that determines the deformations and movements of the machine structure under dynamic loads that occur as a function of control commands entered at the control station and / or as a function of certain control actions of the drive devices and / or as a function of certain speed and / or result in acceleration profiles of the drive devices, taking into account the circumstances characterizing the crane structure.

Eine solche Schätzeinrichtung kann beispielsweise auf ein Datenmodell zugreifen, in dem Strukturgrößen des Krans wie Turmhöhe, Auslegerlänge, Steifigkeiten, Flächenträgheitsmomente und ähnliches abgelegt und/oder miteinander verknüpft sind, um dann anhand einer konkreten Lastsituation, also Gewicht der am Lasthaken aufgenommenen Last und momentane Ausladung, abzuschätzen, welche dynamischen Effekte, das heißt Verformungen im Stahlbau und in den Antriebssträngen für eine bestimmte Betätigung einer Antriebseinrichtung ergeben. In Abhängigkeit einer solchermaßen geschätzten dynamischen Wirkung kann die Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung dann in die Ansteuerung der Antriebseinrichtungen eingreifen und die Stellgrößen der Antriebsregler der Antriebseinrichtungen beeinflussen, um Pendelbewegungen des Lasthakens und des Hubseils zu vermeiden bzw. zu reduzieren.Such an estimation device can, for example, access a data model in which structural parameters of the crane such as tower height, boom length, stiffness, area moments of inertia and the like are stored and / or linked to one another in order to then use a specific load situation, i.e. weight of the load picked up on the load hook and the current radius to estimate the dynamic effects, i.e. deformations in the steel construction and in the drive trains result for a specific actuation of a drive device. Depending on such an estimated dynamic effect, the pendulum damping device can then intervene in the control of the drive devices and influence the manipulated variables of the drive controllers of the drive devices in order to avoid or reduce pendulum movements of the load hook and the hoist rope.

Insbesondere kann die Bestimmungseinrichtung zur Bestimmung solcher Strukturverformungen eine Berechnungseinheit aufweisen, die diese Strukturverformungen und sich daraus ergebende Strukturteilbewegungen anhand eines gespeicherten Berechnungsmodells in Abhängigkeit der am Steuerstand eingegebenen Steuerbefehle berechnet. Ein solches Modell kann ähnlich einem Finite-Elemente-Modell aufgebaut sein oder ein Finite-Elemente-Modell sein, wobei vorteilhafterweise jedoch ein gegenüber einem Finite-Elemente-Modell deutlich vereinfachtes Modell verwendet wird, das beispielsweise empirisch durch Erfassung von Strukturverformungen unter bestimmten Steuerbefehlen und/oder Belastungszuständen am echten Kran bzw. der echten Maschine bestimmt werden kann. Ein solches Berechnungsmodell kann beispielsweise mit Tabellen arbeiten, in denen bestimmten Steuerbefehlen bestimmte Verformungen zugeordnet sind, wobei Zwischenwerte der Steuerbefehle mittels einer Interpolationsvorrichtung in entsprechende Verformungen umgerechnet werden können.In particular, the determination device for determining such structural deformations can have a calculation unit which calculates these structural deformations and the resulting structural part movements on the basis of a stored calculation model as a function of the control commands entered at the control station. Such a model can be constructed similarly to a finite element model or a finite element model, but advantageously a model that is significantly simplified compared to a finite element model is used which, for example, empirically by detecting structural deformations under certain control commands and / or load conditions on the real crane or the real machine can be determined. Such a calculation model can work, for example, with tables in which certain control commands are assigned certain deformations, with intermediate values of the control commands being able to be converted into corresponding deformations by means of an interpolation device.

Alternativ oder zusätzlich zu einem Abschätzen oder Berechnen der elastischen Verformungen und dynamischen Bewegungen der Strukturbauteile kann die Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung auch eine geeignete Sensorik umfassen, mittels derer solche elastischen Verformungen und Bewegungen von Strukturbauteilen unter dynamischen Belastungen erfasst werden. Eine solche Sensorik kann beispielsweise Verformungssensoren wie Dehnungsmessstreifen am Stahlbau des Krans, beispielsweise den Gitterfachwerken des Turms und/oder des Auslegers umfassen. Alternativ oder zusätzlich können Beschleunigungs- und/oder Geschwindigkeitssensoren vorgesehen sein, um bestimmte Bewegungen von Strukturbauteilen wie beispielsweise Nickbewegungen der Auslegerspitze und/oder rotatorische Dynamikeffekte am Ausleger zu erfassen. Alternativ oder zusätzlich können auch Neigungssensoren oder Gyroskope beispielsweise am Turm, insbesondere an dessen oberen Abschnitt, an dem der Ausleger gelagert ist, vorgesehen sein, um die Dynamik des Turms zu erfassen. Beispielsweise führen ruckartige Hubbewegungen zu Nickbewegungen des Auslegers, die mit Biegebewegungen des Turm einhergehen, wobei eine Nachschwingen des Turm wiederum zu Nickschwingungen des Auslegers führt, was mit entsprechenden Lasthakenbewegungen einhergeht. Alternativ oder zusätzlich können auch den Antriebssträngen Bewegungs- und/oder Beschleunigungssensoren zugeordnet sein, um die Dynamik der Antriebsstränge erfassen zu können. Beispielsweise können den Umlenkrollen der Laufkatze für das Hubseil und/oder Umlenkrollen für ein Abspannseil eines Wippauslegers Drehgeber zugeordnet sein, um die tatsächliche Seilgeschwindigkeit am relevanten Punkt erfassen zu können.As an alternative or in addition to estimating or calculating the elastic deformations and dynamic movements of the structural components, the pendulum damping device can also comprise a suitable sensor system, by means of which such elastic deformations and movements of structural components are detected under dynamic loads. Such a sensor system can include, for example, deformation sensors such as strain gauges on the steel structure of the crane, for example the lattice framework of the tower and / or the boom. Alternatively or additionally, acceleration and / or speed sensors can be provided in order to detect certain movements of structural components such as, for example, pitching movements of the boom tip and / or rotational dynamic effects to be recorded on the boom. Alternatively or additionally, inclination sensors or gyroscopes can also be provided, for example on the tower, in particular on its upper section on which the boom is mounted, in order to detect the dynamics of the tower. For example, jerky lifting movements lead to pitching movements of the boom, which are accompanied by bending movements of the tower, with post-swinging of the tower in turn leading to pitching vibrations of the boom, which is associated with corresponding load hook movements. As an alternative or in addition, motion and / or acceleration sensors can also be assigned to the drive trains in order to be able to detect the dynamics of the drive trains. For example, rotary encoders can be assigned to the pulleys of the trolley for the hoist rope and / or pulleys for a guy rope of a luffing jib in order to be able to detect the actual rope speed at the relevant point.

Vorteilhafterweise sind auch den Antriebseinrichtungen selbst geeignete Bewegungs- und/oder Geschwindigkeits- und/oder Beschleunigungssensoren zugeordnet, um die Antriebsbewegungen der Antriebseinrichtungen entsprechend erfassen und in Zusammenhang mit den abgeschätzten und/oder erfassten Verformungen der Strukturbauteile wie des Stahlbaus und in den Antriebssträngen setzen zu können.Advantageously, suitable movement and / or speed and / or acceleration sensors are also assigned to the drive devices themselves in order to be able to detect the drive movements of the drive devices accordingly and to be able to relate them to the estimated and / or recorded deformations of the structural components such as the steel structure and in the drive trains .

Insbesondere kann die Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung in Weiterbildung der Erfindung eine Filtereinrichtung bzw. einen Beobachter umfassen, der die Kranreaktionen beobachtet, die sich bei bestimmten Stellgrößen der Antriebsregler einstellen und unter Berücksichtigung vorbestimmter Gesetzmäßigkeiten eines Dynamikmodells des Krans, das grundsätzlich verschieden beschaffen sein kann und durch Analyse und Simulation des Stahlbaus gewonnen werden kann, anhand der beobachteten Kran-reaktionen die Stellgrößen des Reglers beeinflusst.In particular, the pendulum damping device in a further development of the invention can comprise a filter device or an observer who observes the crane reactions that occur with certain manipulated variables of the drive controller and taking into account predetermined regularities of a dynamic model of the crane, which can be fundamentally different, and through analysis and simulation of the steel construction can be obtained, influences the manipulated variables of the controller based on the observed crane reactions.

Eine solche Filter- bzw. Beobachtereinrichtung kann insbesondere in Form eines sogenannten Kalmanfilters ausgebildet sein, dem als Eingangsgröße die Stellgrößen der Antriebsregler des Krans und die Kranbewegungen, insbesondere die Lasthakenbewegung, insbesondere deren Pendelbewegung, zugeführt wird und der aus diesen Eingangsgrößen anhand von Kalman-Gleichungen, die das Dynamiksystem der Kranstruktur, insbesondere dessen Stahlbauteile und Antriebsstränge, modellieren, die Stellgrößen der Antriebsregler entsprechend beeinflusst, um die gewünschte pendeldämpfende Wirkung zu erzielen.Such a filter or observer device can in particular be designed in the form of a so-called Kalman filter, to which the manipulated variables of the drive controller of the crane and the crane movements, in particular the Load hook movement, in particular its pendulum movement, is supplied and which, from these input variables, uses Kalman equations that model the dynamic system of the crane structure, in particular its steel components and drive trains, to influence the control variables of the drive controller accordingly in order to achieve the desired sway dampening effect.

Insbesondere wird mittels einer geeigneten Sensorik die Position des Lasthakens, insbesondere auch dessen Schrägzug gegenüber der Vertikalen, das heißt die Auslenkung des Hubseils gegenüber der Vertikalen erfasst und dem genannten Kalmanfilter zugeführt. Die Erfassungseinrichtung für die Positionserfassung des Lasthakens kann vorteilhafterweise eine bildgebende Sensorik, beispielsweise eine Kamera umfassen, die vom Aufhängungspunkt des Hubseils, beispielsweise der Laufkatze, im Wesentlichen senkrecht nach unten blickt. Eine Bildauswerteeinrichtung kann in dem von der bildgebenden Sensorik bereitgestellten Bild den Kranhaken identifizieren und dessen Exzentrizität bzw. dessen Verschiebung aus dem Bildzentrum heraus bestimmen, welche ein Maß für die Auslenkung des Kranhakens gegenüber der Vertikalen ist und damit das Lastpendeln charakterisiert.In particular, the position of the load hook, in particular also its oblique pull relative to the vertical, that is, the deflection of the hoist rope relative to the vertical, is detected by means of a suitable sensor system and fed to the aforementioned Kalman filter. The detection device for detecting the position of the load hook can advantageously comprise an imaging sensor system, for example a camera, which looks essentially vertically downward from the suspension point of the hoist rope, for example the trolley. An image evaluation device can identify the crane hook in the image provided by the imaging sensor system and determine its eccentricity or its displacement from the image center, which is a measure of the deflection of the crane hook relative to the vertical and thus characterizes the swaying of the load.

Vorteilhafterweise kann die Positionssensorik dazu ausgebildet sein, die Last relativ zu einem fixem Weltkoordinatensystem zu erfassen und/oder die Verfahr-Steuereinrichtung dazu ausgebildet sein, die Last relativ zu einem fixem Weltkoordinatensystem zu postionieren.The position sensor system can advantageously be designed to detect the load relative to a fixed world coordinate system and / or the displacement control device can be designed to position the load relative to a fixed world coordinate system.

Durch die Lastpositionserfassung kann dabei eine Schrägzugreglung realisiert werden, welche eine statische Verformung durch die angehängte Last eliminiert bzw. zumindest reduziert. Um eine Schwingungsdynamik zu reduzieren bzw. gar nicht erst entstehen zu lassen, kann die Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung dazu ausgebildet sein, das Drehwerk und das Katzfahrwerk so zu korrigieren, dass das Seil möglichst immer im senkrechten Lot zur Last steht, auch wenn sich der Kran durch das zunehmende Lastmoment immer mehr nach vorne neigt. Beispielsweise kann beim Anheben einer Last vom Boden die Nickbewegung des Krans infolge seiner Verformung unter der Last berücksichtigt und das Katzfahrwerk unter Berücksichtigung der erfassten Lastposition so nachgefahren bzw. unter vorausschauender Abschätzung der Nickverformung so positioniert werden, dass das Hubseil bei der sich ergebenden Kranverformung im senkrechten Lot über der Last steht. Die größte statische Verformung tritt dabei an dem Punkt auf, an dem die Last den Boden verlässt. Dann ist keine Schrägzugregelung mehr notwendig. In entsprechender Weise kann alternativ oder zusätzlich auch das Drehwerk unter Berücksichtuigung der erfassten Lastposition so nachgefahren und/oder unter vorausschauender Abschätzung einer Querverformung so positioniert werden, dass das Hubseil bei der sich ergebenden Kranverformung im senkrechten Lot über der Last steht.By detecting the load position, an inclined tension control can be implemented which eliminates or at least reduces static deformation caused by the attached load. In order to reduce vibration dynamics or prevent them from occurring in the first place, the pendulum damping device can be designed to correct the slewing gear and the trolley so that the rope is always perpendicular to the load as far as possible, even if the crane moves as a result of the increasing Load torque tends more and more forward. For example, when lifting a load from the ground, the crane's pitching motion as a result of its deformation under the load can be taken into account and the trolley under consideration the detected load position can be followed or positioned with predictive estimation of the pitching deformation so that the hoist rope is perpendicular to the load when the crane deformation occurs. The greatest static deformation occurs at the point where the load leaves the ground. Then diagonal tension control is no longer necessary. In a corresponding manner, alternatively or additionally, the slewing gear can be followed up and / or positioned with anticipatory estimation of a transverse deformation, taking into account the detected load position, so that the hoist rope is perpendicular to the load in the event of the resulting crane deformation.

Eine solche Schrägzugregelung kann zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt vom Bediener wieder aktiviert werden, der dadurch den Kran als Manipulator verwenden kann. Hierddurch kann dieser die Last nur durch Drücken und/oder Ziehen nachpositionieren. Die Schrägzugregelung versucht dabei der Auslenkung, welche vom Bediener hervorgerufen wird, zu folgen. Dadurch kann eine Manipulatorsteuerung realisiert werden.Such a diagonal tension control can be reactivated at a later point in time by the operator, who can then use the crane as a manipulator. This means that the operator can only reposition the load by pushing and / or pulling. The diagonal tension control tries to follow the deflection caused by the operator. This enables manipulator control to be implemented.

Die genannte Pendeldämpfeinrichtung kann bei manueller Betätigung des Krans durch Betätigung entsprechender Bedienelemente wie Joysticks und dergleichen die Eingabebefehle des Kranführers überwachen und bei Bedarf übersteuern, insbesondere in dem Sinne, dass vom Kranführer beispielsweise zu stark vorgegebene Beschleunigungen reduziert werden oder auch Gegenbewegungen automatisch eingeleitet werden, wenn eine vom Kranführer vorgegebene Kranbewegung zu einem Pendeln des Lasthakens geführt hat oder führen würde.The mentioned pendulum damping device can monitor the input commands of the crane operator when the crane is operated manually by operating appropriate control elements such as joysticks and the like and override them if necessary, in particular in the sense that accelerations that are too strong, for example, are reduced by the crane operator or counter movements are automatically initiated if a crane movement specified by the crane operator has or would lead to a swinging of the load hook.

Alternativ oder zusätzlich kann die Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung auch bei einer automatisierten Betätigung des Krans eingesetzt werden, bei der die Steuervorrichtung des Krans im Sinne eines Autopiloten das Lastaufnahmemittel des Krans automatisch zwischen zumindest zwei Zielpunkten entlang eines Verfahrwegs verfährt. Bei einem solchen Automatikbetrieb, bei dem ein Verfahrweg-Bestimmungsmodul der Steuervorrichtung einen gewünschten Verfahrweg beispielsweise im Sinne einer Bahnsteuerung bestimmt und ein automatisches Verfahrsteuermodul der Steuervorrichtung die Antriebsregler bzw. Antriebseinrichtungen so ansteuert, dass der Lasthaken entlang des bestimmten Verfahrwegs verfahren wird, kann die Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung in die Ansteuerung der Antriebsregler durch das genannte Verfahrsteuermodul eingreifen, um den Kranhaken pendelfrei zu verfahren bzw. Pendelbewegungen zu dämpfen.As an alternative or in addition, the sway damping device can also be used for automated actuation of the crane, in which the control device of the crane automatically moves the crane's load suspension device between at least two target points along a travel path in the sense of an autopilot. In such an automatic mode, in which a travel path determination module of the control device determines a desired travel path, for example in the sense of a path control, and an automatic travel control module the control device controls the drive controller or drive devices in such a way that the load hook is moved along the specific travel path, the sway damping device can intervene in the activation of the drive controller by the mentioned movement control module in order to move the crane hook without swaying or to dampen swaying movements.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand eines bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiels und zugehöriger Zeichnungen näher erläutert. In den Zeichnungen zeigen:

Fig. 1:
eine schematische Darstellung eines Turmdrehkrans, bei dem die Last-hakenposition und ein Seilwinkel gegenüber der Vertikalen durch eine bildgebende Sensorik erfasst wird, und bei dem eine Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung die Ansteuerung der Antriebseinrichtungen beeinflusst, um Pendelbewegungen des Lasthakens und dessen Hubseils zu verhindern,
Fig. 2:
eine schematische Darstellung eines Kalmanfilters der Pendeldämp-fungseinrichtung und die von diesem vorgenommene Beeinflussung der Stellgrößen der Antriebsregler,
Fig. 3:
eine schematische Darstellung von Verformungen und Schwingungsformen eines Turmdrehkrans unter Last und deren Dämpfung bzw. Ver-meidung durch eine Schrägzugregelung, wobei die Teilansicht a.) eine Nickverformung des Turmdehkrans unter Last und einen damit verknüpf-ten Schrägzug des Hubseils zeigt, die Teilansichten b.) und c.) eine Querverformung des Turmdrehkrans in perspektivischer Darstellung so-wie in Draufsicht von oben zeigen, und die Teilansichten d.) und e.) ei-nen mit solchen Querverformungen verknüpften Schrägzug des Hubseils zeigen.
The invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of a preferred exemplary embodiment and associated drawings. In the drawings show:
Fig. 1:
a schematic representation of a tower crane in which the load hook position and a rope angle relative to the vertical are recorded by an imaging sensor system, and in which a pendulum damping device influences the control of the drive devices in order to prevent pendulum movements of the load hook and its hoist rope,
Fig. 2:
a schematic representation of a Kalman filter of the pendulum damping device and the influencing of the manipulated variables of the drive controller,
Fig. 3:
a schematic representation of deformations and oscillation forms of a tower crane under load and their damping or avoidance by means of diagonal tension control, the partial view a.) showing a pitching deformation of the tower crane under load and an associated diagonal pull of the hoist rope, the partial views b. ) and c.) show a transverse deformation of the tower crane in a perspective representation as well as in a top view from above, and the partial views d.) and e.) show a diagonal pull of the hoist rope associated with such transverse deformations.

Wie Fig. 1 zeigt, kann der Kran als Turmdrehkran ausgebildet sein. Der in Fig. 1 gezeigte Turmdrehkran kann beispielsweise in an sich bekannter Weise einen Turm 201 aufweisen, der einen Ausleger 202 trägt, der von einem Gegenausleger 203 ausbalanciert wird, an dem ein Gegengewicht 204 vorgesehen ist. Der genannte Ausleger 202 kann zusammen mit dem Gegenausleger 203 um eine aufrechte Drehachse 205, die koaxial zur Turmachse sein kann, durch ein Drehwerk verdreht werden. An dem Ausleger 202 kann eine Laufkatze 206 durch einen Katzantrieb verfahren werden, wobei von der Laufkatze 206 ein Hubseil 207 abläuft, an dem ein Lasthaken 208 befestigt ist.As Fig. 1 shows, the crane can be designed as a tower crane. The in Fig. 1 The tower crane shown can, for example, in a manner known per se, have a tower 201 which carries a boom 202 which is supported by a counter-jib 203 is balanced, on which a counterweight 204 is provided. Said boom 202 can be rotated together with the counter-boom 203 about an upright axis of rotation 205, which can be coaxial to the tower axis, by a rotating mechanism. A trolley 206 can be moved on the boom 202 by a trolley drive, with a hoisting rope 207 running from the trolley 206 to which a load hook 208 is attached.

Wie Fig. 1 ebenfalls zeigt, kann der Kran 2 dabei eine elektronische Steuervorrichtung 3 aufweisen, die beispielsweise einen am Kran selbst angeordneten Steuerungsrechner umfassen kann. Die genannte Steuervorrichtung 3 kann hierbei verschiedene Stellglieder, Hydraulikkreise, Elektromotoren, Antriebsvorrichtungen und andere Arbeitsaggregate an der jeweiligen Baumaschine ansteuern. Dies können beispielsweise bei dem gezeigten Kran dessen Hubwerk, dessen Drehwerk, dessen Katzantrieb, dessen -ggf. vorhandener - Ausleger-Wippantrieb oder dergleichen sein.As Fig. 1 also shows, the crane 2 can have an electronic control device 3, which can include, for example, a control computer arranged on the crane itself. The named control device 3 can control various actuators, hydraulic circuits, electric motors, drive devices and other working units on the respective construction machine. In the case of the crane shown, this can be, for example, its hoisting gear, its slewing gear, its trolley drive, its -ggf. existing - boom luffing drive or the like.

Die genannte elektronische Steuervorrichtung 3 kann hierbei mit einem Endgerät 4 kommunizieren, das am Steuerstand bzw. in der Führerkabine angeordnet sein kann und beispielsweise die Form eines Tablets mit Touchscreen und/oder Joysticks, Drehknöpfe, Schiebeschalter und ähnliche Bedienelemente aufweisen kann, so dass einerseits verschiedene Informationen vom Steuerungsrechner 3 an dem Endgerät 4 angezeigt und umgekehrt Steuerbefehle über das Endgerät 4 in die Steuervorrichtung 3 eingegeben werden können.Said electronic control device 3 can communicate with a terminal 4, which can be arranged at the control station or in the driver's cab and can, for example, have the form of a tablet with a touchscreen and / or joysticks, rotary knobs, slide switches and similar control elements, so that on the one hand different Information from the control computer 3 is displayed on the terminal 4 and, conversely, control commands can be entered into the control device 3 via the terminal 4.

Die genannte Steuervorrichtung 3 des Krans 1 kann insbesondere dazu ausgebildet sein, die genannten Antriebsvorrichtungen des Hubwerks, der Laufkatze und des Drehwerks auch dann anzusteuern, wenn eine Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung 340 pendelrelevante Bewegungsparameter erfaßt.Said control device 3 of crane 1 can in particular be designed to control said drive devices of the hoist, trolley and slewing gear even when a pendulum damping device 340 detects pendulum-relevant movement parameters.

Hierzu kann der Kran 1 eine Erfassungseinrichtung 60 aufweisen, die einen Schrägzug des Hubseils 207 und/oder Auslenkungen des Lasthakens 208 gegenüber einer Vertikalen 61, die durch den Aufhängungspunkt des Lasthakens 208, d.h. die Laufkatze 206 geht, erfasst. Insbesondere kann der Seilzugwinkel ϕ gegen die Schwerkraftwirklinie, d.h. die Vertikale 62 erfaßt werden, vgl. Fig. 1.For this purpose, the crane 1 can have a detection device 60, which detects an oblique pull of the hoist rope 207 and / or deflections of the load hook 208 with respect to a vertical 61, which is caused by the suspension point of the load hook 208, ie, the trolley 206 is walking, detected. In particular, the cable pull angle ϕ can be detected against the line of action of gravity, ie the vertical 62, cf. Fig. 1 .

Die hierzu vorgesehenen Bestimmungsmittel 62 der Erfassungseinrichtung 60 können beispielsweise optisch arbeiten, um die genannte Auslenkung zu bestimmen. Insbesondere kann an der Laufkatze 206 eine Kamera 63 oder eine andere bildgebende Sensorik angebracht sein, die von der Laufkatze 206 senkrecht nach unten blickt, so dass bei unausgelenktem Lasthaken 208 dessen Bildwiedergabe im Zentrum des von der Kamera 63 bereitgestellten Bilds liegt. Wird indes der Lasthaken 208 gegenüber der Vertikalen 61 ausgelenkt, beispielsweise durch ruckhaftes Anfahren der Laufkatze 206 oder abruptes Bremsen des Drehwerks, wandert die Bildwiedergabe des Lasthakens 208 aus dem Zentrum des Kamerabilds heraus, was durch eine Bildauswerteeinrichtung 64 bestimmt werden kann.The determination means 62 of the detection device 60 provided for this purpose can work optically, for example, in order to determine the said deflection. In particular, a camera 63 or another imaging sensor system can be attached to the trolley 206, which looks vertically downward from the trolley 206 so that when the load hook 208 is undeflected, its image reproduction is in the center of the image provided by the camera 63. If, however, the load hook 208 is deflected relative to the vertical 61, for example by jerking the trolley 206 or suddenly braking the slewing gear, the image reproduction of the load hook 208 moves out of the center of the camera image, which can be determined by an image evaluation device 64.

In Abhängigkeit der erfassten Auslenkung gegenüber der Vertikalen 61, insbesondere unter Berücksichtigung der Richtung und Größe der Auslenkung, kann die Steuervorrichtung 3 mithilfe der Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung 340 den Drehwerksantrieb und den Laufkatzenantrieb ansteuern, um die Laufkatze 206 wieder mehr oder minder exakt über den Lasthaken 208 zu bringen und Pendelbewegungen zu kompensieren, bz. Zu reduzieren oder gar nicht erst eintreten zu lassen.Depending on the detected deflection relative to the vertical 61, in particular taking into account the direction and size of the deflection, the control device 3 can control the slewing gear drive and the trolley drive with the aid of the pendulum damping device 340 in order to bring the trolley 206 more or less precisely over the load hook 208 again and to compensate for pendulum movements, or to reduce them or not to allow them to occur in the first place.

Hierzu umfasst die Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung 430 Bestimmungsmittel 342 zum Bestimmen von dynamischen Verformungen von Strukturbauteilen, wobei der Steuerbaustein 341 der Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung 340, der das Ansteuern der Antriebseinrichtung pendeldämpfend beeinflusst, dazu ausgebildet ist, beim Beeinflussen der Ansteuerung der Antriebseinrichtungen die bestimmten dynamischen Verformungen der Strukturbauteile des Krans zu berücksichtigen.For this purpose, the sway damping device 430 comprises determination means 342 for determining dynamic deformations of structural components, the control module 341 of the sway damping device 340, which influences the control of the drive device in a sway-damping manner, is designed to apply the determined dynamic deformations of the structural components of the crane when influencing the control of the drive devices consider.

Dabei können die Bestimmungsmittel 342 eine Schätzeinrichtung 343 umfassen, die die Verformungen und Bewegungen der Maschinenstruktur unter dynamischen Belastungen, die sich in Abhängigkeit von am Steuerstand eingegegebenen Steuerbefehlen und/oder in Abhängigkeit von bestimmten Ansteueraktionen der Antriebseinrichtungen und/oder in Abhängigkeit bestimmter Geschwindigkeits-und/oder Beschleunigungsprofile der Antriebseinrichtungen ergeben, unter Berücksichtigung von die Kranstruktur charakterisierenden Gegebenheiten abschätzt. Insbesondere kann eine Berechnungseinheit 348 die Strukturverformungen und sich daraus ergebende Strukturteilbewegungen anhand eines gespeicherten Berechnungsmodells in Abhängigkeit der am Steuerstand eingegebenen Steuerbefehle berechnen.The determination means 342 can include an estimation device 343 that determines the deformations and movements of the machine structure under dynamic loads that are dependent on control commands entered at the control station and / or dependent on certain control actions of the drive devices and / or are estimated as a function of certain speed and / or acceleration profiles of the drive devices, taking into account conditions characterizing the crane structure. In particular, a calculation unit 348 can calculate the structural deformations and the resulting structural part movements on the basis of a stored calculation model as a function of the control commands entered at the control station.

Alternativ oder zusätzlich kann die Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung 340 auch eine geeignete Sensorik 344 umfassen, mittels derer solche elastischen Verformungen und Bewegungen von Strukturbauteilen unter dynamischen Belastungen erfasst werden. Eine solche Sensorik 344 kann beispielsweise Verformungssensoren wie Dehnungsmessstreifen am Stahlbau des Krans, beispielsweise den Gitterfachwerken des Turms 201 oder des Auslegers 202 umfassen. Alternativ oder zusätzlich können Beschleunigungs- und/oder Geschwindigkeitssensoren vorgesehen sein, um bestimmte Bewegungen von Strukturbauteilen wie beispielsweise Nickbewegungen der Auslegerspitze oder rotatorische Dynamikeffekte am Ausleger 202 zu erfassen. Alternativ oder zusätzlich können auch Neigungssensoren oder Gyroskope beispielsweise am Turm 201, insbesondere an dessen oberen Abschnitt, an dem der Ausleger gelagert ist, vorgesehen sein, um die Dynamik des Turms 201 zu erfassen. Alternativ oder zusätzlich können auch den Antriebssträngen Bewegungs- und/oder Beschleunigungssensoren zugeordnet sein, um die Dynamik der Antriebsstränge erfassen zu können. Beispielsweise können den Umlenkrollen der Laufkatze 206 für das Hubseil und/oder Umlenkrollen für ein Abspannseil eines Wippauslegers Drehgeber zugeordnet sein, um die tatsächliche Seilgeschwindigkeit am relevanten Punkt erfassen zu können.As an alternative or in addition, the sway damping device 340 can also include a suitable sensor system 344, by means of which such elastic deformations and movements of structural components are detected under dynamic loads. Such a sensor system 344 can include, for example, deformation sensors such as strain gauges on the steel structure of the crane, for example the lattice frameworks of the tower 201 or of the boom 202. Alternatively or additionally, acceleration and / or speed sensors can be provided in order to detect certain movements of structural components such as, for example, pitching movements of the boom tip or rotational dynamic effects on boom 202. As an alternative or in addition, inclination sensors or gyroscopes can also be provided, for example, on the tower 201, in particular on its upper section on which the boom is mounted, in order to detect the dynamics of the tower 201. As an alternative or in addition, motion and / or acceleration sensors can also be assigned to the drive trains in order to be able to detect the dynamics of the drive trains. For example, rotary encoders can be assigned to the pulleys of the trolley 206 for the hoist rope and / or pulleys for a guy rope of a luffing jib in order to be able to detect the actual rope speed at the relevant point.

Wie Fig. 2 zeigt, besitzt Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung 340 eine Filtereinrichtung bzw. einen Beobachter 345, der die Kranreaktionen beobachtet, die sich bei bestimmten Stellgrößen der Antriebsregler 347 einstellen und unter Berücksichtigung vorbestimmter Gesetzmäßigkeiten eines Dynamikmodells des Krans, das grundsätzlich verschieden beschaffen sein kann und durch Analyse und Simulation des Stahlbaus gewonnen werden kann, anhand der beobachteten Kranreaktionen die Stellgrößen des Reglers beeinflusst.As Fig. 2 shows, pendulum damping device 340 has a filter device or an observer 345, which observes the crane reactions that occur with certain manipulated variables of the drive controller 347 and taking into account predetermined regularities of a dynamic model of the crane, which can be fundamentally different and through analysis and simulation of the Steel construction can be obtained, influences the manipulated variables of the controller on the basis of the observed crane reactions.

Eine solche Filter- bzw. Beobachtereinrichtung 345b kann insbesondere in Form eines sogenannten Kalmanfilters 346 ausgebildet sein, dem als Eingangsgröße die Stellgrößen der Antriebsregler 347 des Krans und die Kranbewegungen, insbesondere der Seilzugwinkel ϕ gegenüber der Vertikalen 62 und/oder dessen zeitliche Änderung bzw. die Winkelgeschwindigkeit des genannten Schrägzugs, zugeführt wird und der aus diesen Eingangsgrößen anhand von Kaiman-Gleichungen, die das Dynamiksystem der Kranstruktur, insbesondere dessen Stahlbauteile und Antriebsstränge, modellieren, die Stellgrößen der Antriebsregler 347 entsprechend beeinflusst, um die gewünschte pendeldämpfende Wirkung zu erzielen.Such a filter or observer device 345b can be designed in particular in the form of a so-called Kalman filter 346, to which the manipulated variables of the drive controller 347 of the crane and the crane movements, in particular the cable angle ϕ relative to the vertical 62 and / or its change over time or the Angular velocity of the mentioned diagonal pull, and which from these input variables using Kaiman equations, which model the dynamic system of the crane structure, in particular its steel components and drive trains, influences the manipulated variables of the drive controller 347 accordingly in order to achieve the desired sway-damping effect.

Mithilfe einer solchen Schrägzugregelung können insbesondere Verformungen und Schwingungsformen des Turmdrehkrans unter Last gedämpft bzw. von Anfang an vermieden werden, wie sie in Fig. 3 beispielhaft gezeigt sind, wobei dort die Teilansicht a.) zunächst schematisch eine Nickverformung des Turmdehkrans unter Last infolge eines Durchbiegens des Turms 201 mit dem damit einhergenden Absenken des Auslegers 202 und einen damit verknüpften Schrägzug des Hubseils zeigt,.With the help of such a diagonal tension control, deformations and forms of oscillation of the tower crane in particular can be dampened under load or avoided from the start, as shown in Fig. 3 are shown by way of example, the partial view a.) initially showing schematically a pitching deformation of the tower extension crane under load as a result of bending of the tower 201 with the associated lowering of the boom 202 and an associated diagonal pull of the hoist rope.

Ferner zeigen die Teilansichten b.) und c.) der Fig. 3 beispielhaft in schematischer Weise eine Querverformung des Turmdrehkrans in perspektivischer Darstellung sowie in Draufsicht von oben mit den dabei auftretenden Verformungen des Turms 201 und des Auslegers 202.Furthermore, the partial views show b.) And c.) Of Fig. 3 for example, in a schematic manner, a transverse deformation of the tower crane in a perspective illustration and in a plan view from above with the deformations of the tower 201 and the boom 202 occurring in the process.

Schließlich zeigt die Fig. 3 in ihren Teilansichten d.) und e.) einen mit solchen Querverformungen verknüpften Schrägzug des Hubseils.Finally shows the Fig. 3 in their partial views d.) and e.) an inclined pull of the hoist rope associated with such transverse deformations.

Um der entsprechenden Schwingungsdynamik entgegenzuwirken, kann die Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung 430 eine Schrägzugregelung umfassen. Insbesondere wird mittels der Bestimmungsmittel 62 die Position des Lasthakens 208, insbesondere auch dessen Schrägzug gegenüber der Vertikalen, das heißt die Auslenkung des Hubseils 207 gegenüber der Vertikalen erfasst und dem genannten Kalmanfilter 346 zugeführt.In order to counteract the corresponding vibration dynamics, the sway damping device 430 can include a diagonal tension control. In particular, the position of the load hook 208, in particular also its oblique pull relative to the vertical, that is to say the deflection, is determined by means of the determination means 62 of the hoist rope 207 detected relative to the vertical and fed to the aforementioned Kalman filter 346.

Vorteilhafterweise kann die Positionssensorik dazu ausgebildet sein, die Last bzw. den Lasthaken 208 relativ zu einem fixem Weltkoordinatensystem zu erfassen und/oder die Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung 430 dazu ausgebildet sein, die Last relativ zu einem fixem Weltkoordinatensystem zu postionieren.The position sensor system can advantageously be designed to detect the load or the load hook 208 relative to a fixed world coordinate system and / or the sway damping device 430 can be designed to position the load relative to a fixed world coordinate system.

Durch die Lastpositionserfassung kann dabei eine Schrägzugreglung realisiert werden, welche eine statische Verformung durch die angehängte Last eliminiert bzw. zumindest reduziert. Um eine Schwingungsdynamik zu reduzieren bzw. gar nicht erst entstehen zu lassen, kann die Pendeldämpfungseinrichtung 430 dazu ausgebildet sein, das Drehwerk und das Katzfahrwerk so zu korrigieren, dass das Seil möglichst immer im senkrechten Lot zur Last steht, auch wenn sich der Kran durch das zunehmende Lastmoment immer mehr nach vorne neigt.By detecting the load position, an inclined tension control can be implemented which eliminates or at least reduces static deformation caused by the attached load. In order to reduce vibration dynamics or prevent them from occurring in the first place, the pendulum damping device 430 can be designed to correct the slewing gear and the trolley so that the rope is always perpendicular to the load, even if the crane moves through the increasing load torque tends more and more forward.

Beispielsweise kann beim Anheben einer Last vom Boden die Nickbewegung des Krans infolge seiner Verformung unter der Last berücksichtigt und das Katzfahrwerk unter Berücksichtigung der erfassten Lastposition so nachgefahren bzw. unter vorausschauender Abschätzung der Nickverformung so positioniert werden, dass das Hubseil bei der sich ergebenden Kranverformung im senkrechten Lot über der Last steht. Die größte statische Verformung tritt dabei an dem Punkt auf, an dem die Last den Boden verlässt. Dann ist keine Schrägzugregelung mehr notwendig. In entsprechender Weise kann alternativ oder zusätzlich auch das Drehwerk unter Berücksichtuigung der erfassten Lastposition so nachgefahren und/oder unter vorausschauender Abschätzung einer Querverformung so positioniert werden, dass das Hubseil bei der sich ergebenden Kranverformung im senkrechten Lot über der Last steht.For example, when lifting a load from the ground, the crane's pitching motion as a result of its deformation under the load can be taken into account and the trolley, taking into account the detected load position, can be tracked or positioned with a predictive estimation of the pitching deformation so that the hoist rope is vertical when the crane is deformed Perpendicular to the load. The greatest static deformation occurs at the point where the load leaves the ground. Then diagonal tension control is no longer necessary. In a corresponding manner, alternatively or additionally, the slewing gear can be followed up and / or positioned with anticipatory assessment of a transverse deformation, taking into account the detected load position, so that the hoist rope is perpendicular above the load in the event of the resulting crane deformation.

Eine solche Schrägzugregelung kann zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt vom Bediener wieder aktiviert werden, der dadurch den Kran als Manipulator verwenden kann. Hierddurch kann dieser die Last nur durch Drücken und/oder Ziehen nachpositionieren. Die Schrägzugregelung versucht dabei der Auslenkung, welche vom Bediener hervorgerufen wird, zu folgen. Dadurch kann eine Manipulatorsteuerung realisiert werden.Such a diagonal tension control can be reactivated at a later point in time by the operator, who can then use the crane as a manipulator. This means that the operator can only reposition the load by pushing and / or pulling. The diagonal tension control tries to follow the deflection caused by the operator. A manipulator control can thereby be implemented.

Claims (15)

  1. Tower crane with a tower (201) that supports a boom (202), on which a trolley is displaceable, from which trolley a hoist rope (207) is unwound, a load suspension means (208) attached to the hoist rope (207), drive devices for moving a plurality of crane elements and for traveling the load suspension means (208), a control apparatus (3) for controlling the drive devices such that the load suspension means (208) travels along a travel path, as well as an oscillation damping device (340) for damping oscillation movements of the load suspension means (208) and/or of the hoist rope (207), wherein the oscillation damping device (340) comprises a control module (341) for influencing the control of the drive devices in dependence on oscillation-relevant parameters, characterized in that the oscillation damping device (340) comprises determination means (342) for determining deformations of the tower (201) and further structural elements of the crane as a result of dynamic loads, wherein the control module (341) of the oscillating damping device (340) is configured to take account of the determined deformations of the tower and of further structural elements as a result of dynamic loads on the influencing of the control of the drive devices.
  2. Tower crane in accordance with the preceding claim, wherein the structural elements comprise a boom (202), and the determination means (342) are configured to determine deformations and/or loads of the tower (201) and/or of the boom (202) as a result of dynamic loads.
  3. Tower crane in accordance with one of the two preceding claims, wherein the structural elements comprise drivetrain parts such as slewing gear parts, trolley drive parts, and the like, and the determination means (342) are configured to determine deformations and/or movements of the drivetrain parts as a result of dynamic loads.
  4. Tower crane in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the determination means (342) comprise an estimation device (343) for estimating the deformations and/or movements of the structural components as a result of dynamic loads on the basis of digital data of a data model describing the crane structure.
  5. Tower crane in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the determination means (342) comprise a calculation unit (348) that calculates structural deformations and movements of the structural parts resulting therefrom on the basis of a stored calculation model in dependence on control commands input at the control station.
  6. Tower crane in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the determination means (342) comprise a sensor system (344) for detecting deformations and/or dynamic parameters of the structural elements.
  7. Tower crane in accordance with the preceding claim, wherein the sensor system (344) comprises an inclination sensor and/or acceleration sensor for detecting tower inclinations and/or tower speeds; a rotational speed sensor and/or rotational acceleration sensor for detecting the rotational speed and/or rotational acceleration of a boom; and/or a pitching movement sensor for detecting pitching movements and/or pitching accelerations of the boom; and/or a rope speed sensor and/or rope acceleration sensor for detecting rope speeds and/or rope accelerations of the hoist rope (207).
  8. Tower crane in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein a detection device (60) for detecting a deflection (ϕ) of the hoist rope (207) and/or of the load suspension means (208) with respect to a vertical (61) is provided, wherein the control module (341) of the oscillation damping device (340) is configured to influence the control of the drive devices in dependence on the determined deflection of the hoist rope (207) and/or of the load suspension means (208) with respect to the vertical (61).
  9. Tower crane in accordance with the preceding claim, wherein the detection device (60) comprises an imaging sensor system, in particular a camera (62) that looks substantially straight down in the region of a suspension point of the hoist rope (207), in particular of a trolley (206), wherein an image evaluation device (64) is provided for evaluating an image provided by the imaging sensor system with respect to the position of the load suspension means (208) in the provided image and for determining the deflection (ϕ) of the load suspension means (208) and/or of the hoist rope (207) and/or of the deflection speed with respect to the vertical (61).
  10. Tower crane in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the oscillation damping device (340) comprises a filter device and/or observation device (345) for influencing the adjustment values of drive regulators (347) for controlling the drive devices, wherein the said filter device and/or observer device (345) is configured to obtain the adjustment values of the driver regulators (347) and the detected and/or estimated movements of crane elements and/or deformations and/or movements of structural elements that occur as a result of dynamic loads as input values and to influence the regulator adjustment values in dependence on the dynamically induced movements of crane elements and/or deformations of structural elements obtained for specific regulator adjustment values.
  11. Tower crane in accordance with the preceding claim, wherein the filter device and/or observer device (345) is configured as a Kalman filter (346), wherein detected and/or estimated and/or calculated and/or simulated functions that characterize the dynamics of the structural elements of the crane are implemented in the Kalman filter (346).
  12. Tower crane in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the oscillation damping device (340) comprises a position sensor system that is configured to detect the load suspension means (208) relative to a fixed global coordinate system and/or is configured to position the load suspension means (208) relative to a fixed global coordinate system.
  13. Tower crane in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the oscillation damping device (340) comprises an oblique pull regulator and is configured to actuate the drive devices for moving the crane elements and for traveling the load suspension means (208) such that the hoist rope (207), where possible, is always perpendicular to the load, even if the crane deforms more and more due to the increasing load torque and/or due to increasing transverse forces and/or increasing transverse twisting torques.
  14. Method of controlling a tower crane, whose load suspension means (208) attached to a hoist rope (207) is traveled by drive devices, which drive devices are controlled by a control apparatus (3) of the crane, wherein the control of the drive devices is influenced by an oscillation damping device (340) in dependence on oscillation-relevant parameters, characterized in that the oscillation damping device (340) determines deformations of the tower (201) and of further structural elements of the crane that occur as a result of dynamic loads and takes them into account on the influencing of the control of the drive devices.
  15. Method in accordance with the preceding claim, wherein the oscillation damping device (340) comprises a Kalman filter (346) to which the adjustment values of drive regulators (347) are supplied as input values for controlling the drive devices and crane movements and/or deformations and/or dynamically induced movements of the structural parts adopted with these adjustment values are supplied as input values, with the Kalman filter (346) performing an influencing of the adjustment values of the drive regulators (347) in dependence on said input values.
EP17721521.7A 2016-04-11 2017-04-07 Crane, and method for controlling such a crane Active EP3408208B1 (en)

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DE102016004350.4A DE102016004350A1 (en) 2016-04-11 2016-04-11 Crane and method for controlling such a crane
PCT/EP2017/000450 WO2017178106A1 (en) 2016-04-11 2017-04-07 Crane, and method for controlling such a crane

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CN108883913B (en) 2021-02-19
RU2018139354A3 (en) 2020-05-19
RU2018139354A (en) 2020-05-12
US11919749B2 (en) 2024-03-05
CN108883913A (en) 2018-11-23
RU2728315C2 (en) 2020-07-29
US20190119078A1 (en) 2019-04-25
EP3408208A1 (en) 2018-12-05
DE102016004350A1 (en) 2017-10-12
WO2017178106A1 (en) 2017-10-19
ES2901160T3 (en) 2022-03-21

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