EP3327744B1 - Device for detecting loss of vacuum in a vacuum bulb and vacuum-based cutoff apparatus comprising such a device - Google Patents
Device for detecting loss of vacuum in a vacuum bulb and vacuum-based cutoff apparatus comprising such a device Download PDFInfo
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- EP3327744B1 EP3327744B1 EP17189138.5A EP17189138A EP3327744B1 EP 3327744 B1 EP3327744 B1 EP 3327744B1 EP 17189138 A EP17189138 A EP 17189138A EP 3327744 B1 EP3327744 B1 EP 3327744B1
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- screen
- interrupter
- floating
- potential
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- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000644 propagated effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009422 external insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
- H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
- H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
- H01H33/668—Means for obtaining or monitoring the vacuum
Definitions
- the present invention thus relates to a device for detecting the loss of vacuum in a vacuum interrupter of a vacuum interrupting device, said interrupting device being located in a powered primary electrical network and the contacts of the interrupter being housed in an envelope, said envelope housing a fixed electrode secured to one of the aforementioned funds and supporting a fixed contact, and a mobile electrode supporting a mobile contact, said mobile electrode being slidably mounted across the other of the two funds, between a position closed position of the device in which the moving contact is in contact with the fixed contact and an open position of the device in which the moving contact is separated from the fixed contact, this detection being carried out by the method of measuring the electrical discharges between the contacts and at least one conductive screen with floating potential respectively surrounding at least one electrode and electrically connected to ground.
- the problem of detecting the loss of vacuum in a bulb in service can be solved by a deformable bellows system, which provides a late indication from the moment when the pressure has risen to a notable fraction (for example 10% or 100mbar ) atmospheric pressure, as described in the patent WO2007070700 .
- Another way of detecting the reduction in the dielectric properties of the vacuum when the pressure exceeds 10 -2 mbar consists of detecting the discharges which occur between, on the one hand, the electrodes (fixed and mobile contacts) brought to the operating voltage and 'on the other hand, a potential screen floating which surrounds them, by measuring the potential difference existing between these electrodes and this screen when a bulb is in use.
- This detection of discharges can be done either by measuring the electromagnetic wave signals generated when the pressure increases inside the bulb, or by capacitive coupling between the floating screen and the ground via the capacitance of the discharge detection circuit, by measuring the increase in the potential difference between the floating screen and the ground, as described in the patents, US 4553139 , WO 02/49057 (Meidensha ), EP 1 763 049 And EP 2 463 883 .
- the discharges stop when the bulb is raised to atmospheric pressure (Patm), due to the insulating properties of air at 1 bar and the design rules for bulbs to guarantee satisfactory dielectric strength during vacuum type tests between the electrodes and the screen.
- the voltage difference between the electrodes (contacts) and the floating screen is relatively small, due to the weak capacitive coupling between the floating screen and ground surrounding.
- the discharges are therefore likely to occur transiently, during the passage through the trough of the Paschen curve under the effect of a leak, and to be interrupted when the air pressure has risen sufficiently in the bulb.
- the indication given by the loss of vacuum indicator therefore risks being only transitory and brief, which leads to a difficulty of interpretation and the need to reliably memorize the passage through the trough of the Paschen curve in order to warn the operator of the fact that a bulb whose pressure has risen to atmospheric pressure is in a fault situation.
- the detector continues to indicate a permanent fault in the bulb when it has risen to atmospheric pressure.
- the document EP 1763049 describes the fact that the capacitive coupling between the floating potential screen and ground is greatly increased when the bulb is coated with solid insulation covered with a grounded conductive layer. This increases the voltage difference applied between the electrodes under the operating voltage and the screen. This principle makes it possible to simplify the detection of discharges but the discharges are not maintained at Patm.
- the present invention solves these problems and proposes a device for detecting the loss of vacuum in a vacuum interrupter making it possible to obtain a reliable and maintained indication over the entire pressure range going from approximately 10 -2 mbar to Patm, by method of measuring electric discharges, without removing the vacuum breaking device from the electrical network, as well as a vacuum breaking device comprising such a device.
- the subject of the present invention is a device for detecting the loss of vacuum in a vacuum interrupter according to claim 1.
- the so-called first means for increasing the electric field between the floating potential screen and the electrodes are supported at least partially by said screen.
- the so-called first means comprise specific shapes provided on the floating potential screen and/or on an additional conductive screen located opposite said floating potential screen, said additional conductive screen being mounted around one of the electrodes to which it is electrically connected so as to be at the same electric potential.
- this additional conductive screen is a bellows protection screen or a bulb insulating protection screen, brought to the network voltage.
- the distance between the aforementioned additional conductive screen and the floating potential screen is a few millimeters and/or aggressive shapes are provided on the additional conductive screen and/or on the floating potential screen.
- the so-called first means are positioned in the bulb on the side of the bulb remaining energized when the bulb is open or on both sides.
- this floating potential screen comprising a cylindrical conductive strip pressed against the internal face of the insulating part of the envelope can be an elastic split metal ring or a layer of conductive material deposited on this internal face.
- the so-called second means for increasing the capacitive coupling between the aforementioned screen and the ground consist in that the bulb is of the type coated in a shielded or screened solid insulation covered with a conductive layer connected to the potential of mass.
- the aforementioned floating potential screen has a T shape comprising a point oriented towards the additional conductive screen, and a bar oriented towards the mass in order to increase the surface and therefore the capacity on that side .
- the value of the aforementioned electric field is increased so as to reach a value of 3kV/mm under the effect of the operating voltage, this value being greater than the ionization threshold of the air at Patm.
- these so-called primary means are located in an electrically closed zone of the bulb so that the discharges which occur there do not risk propagating to the inter-contact space or along the insulator of the bulb during dielectric tests.
- these so-called primary means are located in an additional volume of the bulb dedicated to the detection of discharges, this volume being added to one of the ends of the bulb, and communicating with the main volume of the bulb. bulb through at least one orifice provided in the wall separating the two volumes of the bulb.
- the bulb includes an additional insulator dedicated to this additional volume or a single insulator extended to cover the aforementioned additional zone of the bulb.
- the detection of discharges is carried out by capacitive detection of discharges or by detection of electromagnetic waves produced by means of a radio antenna.
- the present invention also relates to a medium voltage vacuum electrical cut-off device comprising a discharge detection device comprising the previously mentioned characteristics taken alone or in combination.
- a pole I of a vacuum interrupter comprising a vacuum interrupter and its coating
- said bulb commonly comprising for the three embodiments, and in a manner known per se, an envelope E of substantially cylindrical shape closed by two funds 1,2.
- the envelope contains a fixed electrode 3 relative to said envelope, and a movable electrode 4 relative to said envelope, the two electrodes each supporting at their free end respectively a fixed contact 5 and a movable contact 6, said movable electrode being movable between a contact position of the two contacts and a separate position of the two contacts.
- the envelope comprises a cylindrical part 7 made of ceramic closed by two end covers 8.9 crossed respectively by the two aforementioned electrodes 3.4.
- the bulb also includes two additional conductive screens 12,13 electrically connected, one to the mobile electrode 4, and the other to the fixed electrode 3.
- the ceramic part of the envelope E is coated in a solid insulation 14 (typically epoxy resin) screened, covered with a conductive layer 15 connected to the ground potential.
- a solid insulation 14 typically epoxy resin
- the metallized exterior surface of this pole is connected to the mass M via a so-called measuring capacitor not shown belonging to a circuit for measuring the potential difference between the aforementioned electrodes and a so-called floating screen, placed between the 'one of the electrodes and ground.
- the dielectric strength between the mobile electrode 4 and the ceramic part E is reduced, and a reduction in the difference in temperature can be measured.
- the curve represents the so-called critical electrical voltage as a function of the pressure in the switch. This curve describes the principle that there is always a critical electrical voltage for a certain distance between the electrodes at a given pressure, allowing the electrical current to discharge into the gas.
- This electrical voltage for a certain distance corresponds to the minimum disruptive field, (valid only for the right branch of the Paschen curve), which is an electrical voltage per unit of length (V/m) expressed in this case classically in kV /mm).
- this voltage corresponds to Ds.
- the electric current is discharged into the gas from a potential difference equal to Up between the electrodes and the floating potential screen, the value of Ds less than Up being decreasing then progressive between these two values.
- this problem is solved by increasing (widening) the pressure interval within which electrical discharges are likely to occur, so that this interval reaches the value of atmospheric pressure.
- This is achieved by increasing the value of the electric field between the electrodes (contacts) 3,4 and the floating potential screen 16, when these electrodes are at network voltage.
- the figure 1 shows that when we go from the field corresponding to the Up voltage to a field corresponding to the UHP voltage, the pressure interval allowing the detection of discharges increases, and reaches the value of atmospheric pressure, so as to allow the detection of discharges. discharges up to this atmospheric pressure value.
- the present invention uses specific forms of conductive screens of the electrode 4 or floating screen in order to increase the electric field between the conductors and the floating screen under the influence of a potential of the ground close to the screen, the switch being covered with solid shielded insulation.
- Electrodes and screens are thus intended solely for the detection of loss of vacuum and make it possible to obtain a sufficient electric field between the electrodes and the screen so that the air ionization threshold is exceeded at atmospheric pressure and that discharges occur even after the pressure rises to atmospheric pressure.
- this vacuum switch comprises, on the side of the movable contact 6, a floating screen 16, this screen being formed by a cylindrical conductive strip pressed against the internal face of the insulating part of the envelope E and, located opposite this strip , a tip 17 projecting from the exterior surface of an additional conductive screen 13 surrounding the mobile electrode 4 and at the same potential as this electrode.
- the floating potential screen 16 faces an assembly comprising a central electrode 4 and an additional conductive screen 13 brought to the network voltage.
- the distance between the conductive screen 13 and the floating potential screen 16 must be relatively reduced, advantageously of a few millimeters, or else aggressive shapes can be provided on the screen 16 or the additional screen 13, such as the tip 17 illustrated on this figure 2 .
- this aggressive shape could consist of the edge of one or more thin discs provided on the conductive screen or the floating screen.
- the switch comprises a floating screen 16a in the form of a conductive strip such as in the previous embodiment, this strip being placed this time opposite the other electrode 3 associated with the fixed contact 5.
- This risk linked to the presence of this additional electrode and the local strengthening of the electric field in the bulb A which is associated with it is a reduction in the resistance performance of the bulb during dielectric tests.
- the position of the sensor will advantageously correspond to the side of the bulb remaining energized when the bulb is open (most often the side of the busbar). When the bulb is closed, which corresponds to the most frequent situation in service, the position of the sensor is of course irrelevant.
- a fallback solution is to add an additional part to the bulb to accommodate the sensor function in an electric field configuration corresponding to that of the closed bulb, presenting no risk of propagation of a partial breakdown between the central electrode and the sensor electrode (or floating screen), the potential being the even on either side of the conductive strip 16.
- the wall separating the “sensor” and “cutoff” zones would not extend as far as the ceramic, but would support the screen 22 protecting the cutoff chamber, leaving a reduced interval between the ceramic and the screen. In the latter case, even if the volume appears less “closed”, the field configuration is equivalent, and the risk of propagation of a partial breakdown is avoided.
- the principle of this fallback solution is therefore to provide an additional section of the bulb, dedicated to the vacuum loss sensor function, in which the configuration of the central electrode 23 (or conductive screen) facing the screen floating 16b of the sensor is U-shaped.
- This screen is constituted by all the live conductors of the network facing the sensor 16b in the volume 18, that is to say the old end cover 8, the electrode 3 and the new end cover 8a, the surface of these three parts having a U-shaped configuration.
- This U-shaped configuration therefore creates an electric field of essentially radial orientation relative to the cylindrical mass which surrounds, and to the floating electrode of the sensor, called floating screen, interposed between the conductive screen and this cylindrical mass.
- this U-shaped compartment can be provided both on the fixed contact side (shown on the figure 4 ) than the moving contact side of the bulb.
- the detection of partial discharges occurring between the floating screen 16 of the sensor and the conductors under operating voltage can be done either by the electromagnetic disturbances emitted, as described in the patent mentioned at the beginning, or more simply by capacitive coupling with the sensor electrode.
- This capacitive coupling is easily achievable in the case of a bulb coated in screened solid insulation using a dedicated area of the screen 15, facing the internal electrode of the sensor and connected to the rest of the screen and to ground by the measuring capacitance of the discharge detection circuit.
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- Measuring Fluid Pressure (AREA)
Description
La présente invention concerne ainsi un dispositif de détection de la perte de vide dans une ampoule à vide d'un appareil de coupure à vide, ledit appareil de coupure étant situé dans un réseau primaire électrique alimenté et les contacts de l'ampoule étant logés dans une enveloppe, ladite enveloppe logeant une électrode fixe solidaire de l'un des fonds précités et supportant un contact fixe, et une électrode mobile supportant un contact mobile, ladite électrode mobile étant montée coulissante à travers l'autre des deux fonds, entre une position fermée de l'appareil dans laquelle le contact mobile est en contact avec le contact fixe et une position ouverte de l'appareil dans laquelle le contact mobile est séparé du contact fixe, cette détection étant réalisée par la méthode de la mesure des décharges électriques entre les contacts et au moins un écran conducteur à potentiel flottant entourant respectivement au moins une électrode et relié électriquement à la masse.The present invention thus relates to a device for detecting the loss of vacuum in a vacuum interrupter of a vacuum interrupting device, said interrupting device being located in a powered primary electrical network and the contacts of the interrupter being housed in an envelope, said envelope housing a fixed electrode secured to one of the aforementioned funds and supporting a fixed contact, and a mobile electrode supporting a mobile contact, said mobile electrode being slidably mounted across the other of the two funds, between a position closed position of the device in which the moving contact is in contact with the fixed contact and an open position of the device in which the moving contact is separated from the fixed contact, this detection being carried out by the method of measuring the electrical discharges between the contacts and at least one conductive screen with floating potential respectively surrounding at least one electrode and electrically connected to ground.
Le problème de la détection de la perte de vide dans une ampoule en service peut être résolu par un système de soufflet déformable, lequel fournit une indication tardive à partir du moment où la pression est remontée à une fraction notable (par exemple 10% soit 100mbar) de la pression atmosphérique, tel que décrit dans le brevet
Une autre manière de détecter la diminution des propriétés diélectriques du vide lorsque la pression dépasse 10-2 mbar consiste à détecter les décharges qui se produisent entre d'une part, les électrodes (contacts fixe et mobile) portées à la tension de service et d'autre part, un écran à potentiel flottant qui les entoure, en mesurant la différence de potentiel existant entre ces électrodes et cet écran lorsqu'une ampoule est en service.Another way of detecting the reduction in the dielectric properties of the vacuum when the pressure exceeds 10 -2 mbar consists of detecting the discharges which occur between, on the one hand, the electrodes (fixed and mobile contacts) brought to the operating voltage and 'on the other hand, a potential screen floating which surrounds them, by measuring the potential difference existing between these electrodes and this screen when a bulb is in use.
Cette détection des décharges peut se faire soit en mesurant les signaux d'onde électromagnétiques générés lorsque la pression augmente à l'intérieur de l'ampoule, soit par couplage capacitif entre l'écran flottant et la masse par l'intermédiaire de la capacité du circuit de détection des décharges, en mesurant l'augmentation de la différence de potentiel entre l'écran flottant et la masse, tel que décrit dans les brevets,
Or, selon cette deuxième méthode, les décharges cessent lorsque l'ampoule est remontée à la pression atmosphérique (Patm), en raison des propriétés isolantes de l'air à 1 bar et des règles de conception des ampoules pour garantir une tenue diélectrique satisfaisante durant les essais de type sous vide entre les électrodes et l'écran.However, according to this second method, the discharges stop when the bulb is raised to atmospheric pressure (Patm), due to the insulating properties of air at 1 bar and the design rules for bulbs to guarantee satisfactory dielectric strength during vacuum type tests between the electrodes and the screen.
Dans les configurations habituelles des appareillages à coupure dans le vide isolés dans l'air, la différence de tension entre les électrodes (contacts) et l'écran flottant est relativement faible, en raison du faible couplage capacitif entre l'écran flottant et la masse environnante. Les décharges risquent donc de se produire de manière transitoire, pendant le passage par le creux de la courbe de Paschen sous l'effet d'une fuite, et de s'interrompre lorsque la pression d'air est suffisamment remontée dans l'ampoule. Dans le cas d'une remontée brutale à la pression atmosphérique (fuite rapide due par exemple à une fissuration soudaine d'une céramique, d'un soufflet,etc...), l'indication donnée par l'indicateur de perte de vide risque donc de n'être que transitoire et brève, ce qui conduit à une difficulté d'interprétation et à la nécessité de mémoriser de manière fiable le passage par le creux de la courbe de Paschen afin de prévenir l'exploitant du fait qu'une ampoule dont la pression est remontée à la pression atmosphérique est en situation de défaut.In typical configurations of air-insulated vacuum switchgear, the voltage difference between the electrodes (contacts) and the floating screen is relatively small, due to the weak capacitive coupling between the floating screen and ground surrounding. The discharges are therefore likely to occur transiently, during the passage through the trough of the Paschen curve under the effect of a leak, and to be interrupted when the air pressure has risen sufficiently in the bulb. In the case of a sudden rise to atmospheric pressure (rapid leak due for example to sudden cracking of a ceramic, a bellows, etc.), the indication given by the loss of vacuum indicator therefore risks being only transitory and brief, which leads to a difficulty of interpretation and the need to reliably memorize the passage through the trough of the Paschen curve in order to warn the operator of the fact that a bulb whose pressure has risen to atmospheric pressure is in a fault situation.
Il est donc préférable que le détecteur continue à indiquer un défaut permanent de l'ampoule lorsque celle-ci est remontée à la pression atmosphérique.It is therefore preferable that the detector continues to indicate a permanent fault in the bulb when it has risen to atmospheric pressure.
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La présente invention résout ces problèmes et propose un dispositif de détection de la perte de vide dans une ampoule à vide permettant d'obtenir une indication fiable et maintenue sur toute la plage de pression allant d'environ 10-2 mbar à Patm, par la méthode de la mesure des décharges électriques, sans retirer l'appareil de coupure à vide du réseau électrique, ainsi qu'un appareil de coupure à vide comportant un tel dispositif.The present invention solves these problems and proposes a device for detecting the loss of vacuum in a vacuum interrupter making it possible to obtain a reliable and maintained indication over the entire pressure range going from approximately 10 -2 mbar to Patm, by method of measuring electric discharges, without removing the vacuum breaking device from the electrical network, as well as a vacuum breaking device comprising such a device.
A cet effet, la présente invention a pour objet un dispositif de détection de la perte de vide dans une ampoule à vide selon la revendication 1.To this end, the subject of the present invention is a device for detecting the loss of vacuum in a vacuum interrupter according to
Selon une réalisation particulière, les moyens dits premiers pour augmenter le champ électrique entre l'écran à potentiel flottant et les électrodes sont supportés au moins partiellement par ledit écran.According to a particular embodiment, the so-called first means for increasing the electric field between the floating potential screen and the electrodes are supported at least partially by said screen.
Selon une caractéristique particulière, les moyens dits premiers comportent des formes spécifiques prévues sur l'écran à potentiel flottant et/ou sur un écran additionnel conducteur situé en regard dudit écran à potentiel flottant, ledit écran conducteur additionnel étant monté autour de l'une des électrodes à laquelle il est relié électriquement de manière à être au même potentiel électrique.According to a particular characteristic, the so-called first means comprise specific shapes provided on the floating potential screen and/or on an additional conductive screen located opposite said floating potential screen, said additional conductive screen being mounted around one of the electrodes to which it is electrically connected so as to be at the same electric potential.
Selon une caractéristique particulière, cet écran additionnel conducteur est un écran protège-soufflet ou à un écran protège-isolant de l'ampoule, porté à la tension du réseau.According to a particular characteristic, this additional conductive screen is a bellows protection screen or a bulb insulating protection screen, brought to the network voltage.
Selon une autre caractéristique, la distance entre l'écran conducteur additionnel précité et l'écran à potentiel flottant est de quelques millimètres et/ou des formes agressives sont prévues sur l'écran additionnel conducteur et/ou sur l'écran à potentiel flottant.According to another characteristic, the distance between the aforementioned additional conductive screen and the floating potential screen is a few millimeters and/or aggressive shapes are provided on the additional conductive screen and/or on the floating potential screen.
Selon une autre caractéristique, les moyens dits premiers sont positionnés dans l'ampoule du côté de l'ampoule restant sous tension lorsque l'ampoule est ouverte ou bien des deux côtés.According to another characteristic, the so-called first means are positioned in the bulb on the side of the bulb remaining energized when the bulb is open or on both sides.
Selon une autre caractéristique, cet écran à potentiel flottant comportant une bande conductrice cylindrique plaquée contre la face interne de la partie isolante de l'enveloppe peut être un anneau métallique fendu élastique ou bien une couche de matériau conducteur déposée sur cette face interne.According to another characteristic, this floating potential screen comprising a cylindrical conductive strip pressed against the internal face of the insulating part of the envelope can be an elastic split metal ring or a layer of conductive material deposited on this internal face.
Selon une autre caractéristique, les moyens dits seconds pour augmenter le couplage capacitif entre l'écran précité et la masse, consistent en ce que l'ampoule est du type enrobée dans une isolation solide blindée ou écrantée recouverte d'une couche conductrice reliée au potentiel de la masse.According to another characteristic, the so-called second means for increasing the capacitive coupling between the aforementioned screen and the ground, consist in that the bulb is of the type coated in a shielded or screened solid insulation covered with a conductive layer connected to the potential of mass.
Selon une autre caractéristique, l'écran à potentiel flottant précité présente une forme de T comportant une pointe orientée vers l'écran conducteur additionnel, et une barre orientée vers la masse afin d'augmenter la surface et donc la capacité de ce côté-là.According to another characteristic, the aforementioned floating potential screen has a T shape comprising a point oriented towards the additional conductive screen, and a bar oriented towards the mass in order to increase the surface and therefore the capacity on that side .
Selon une autre caractéristique, la valeur du champ électrique précité est augmentée de manière à atteindre une valeur de 3kV/mm sous l'effet de la tension de service, cette valeur étant supérieure au seuil d'ionisation de l'air à Patm.According to another characteristic, the value of the aforementioned electric field is increased so as to reach a value of 3kV/mm under the effect of the operating voltage, this value being greater than the ionization threshold of the air at Patm.
Selon une autre caractéristique, ces moyens dits premiers sont localisés dans une zone électriquement fermée de l'ampoule afin que les décharges qui s'y produisent ne risquent pas de se propager à l'espace inter-contacts ou le long de l'isolateur de l'ampoule lors de tests diélectriques.According to another characteristic, these so-called primary means are located in an electrically closed zone of the bulb so that the discharges which occur there do not risk propagating to the inter-contact space or along the insulator of the bulb during dielectric tests.
Selon une autre caractéristique, ces moyens dits premiers sont localisés dans un volume additionnel de l'ampoule dédié à la détection des décharges, ce volume étant ajouté à l'une des extrémités de l'ampoule, et communiquant avec le volume principal de l'ampoule par au moins un orifice prévu dans la paroi de séparation des deux volumes de l'ampoule.According to another characteristic, these so-called primary means are located in an additional volume of the bulb dedicated to the detection of discharges, this volume being added to one of the ends of the bulb, and communicating with the main volume of the bulb. bulb through at least one orifice provided in the wall separating the two volumes of the bulb.
Selon une autre caractéristique, l'ampoule comporte un isolateur additionnel dédié à ce volume additionnel ou bien un seul isolateur prolongé pour couvrir la zone additionnelle précitée de l'ampoule.According to another characteristic, the bulb includes an additional insulator dedicated to this additional volume or a single insulator extended to cover the aforementioned additional zone of the bulb.
Selon une autre caractéristique, la détection des décharges est réalisée par détection capacitive des décharges ou bien par détection des ondes électromagnétiques produites au moyen d'une antenne radio.According to another characteristic, the detection of discharges is carried out by capacitive detection of discharges or by detection of electromagnetic waves produced by means of a radio antenna.
La présente invention a encore pour objet un appareil de coupure électrique à vide moyenne tension comportant un dispositif de détection des décharges comportant les caractéristiques précédemment mentionnées prises seules ou en combinaison.The present invention also relates to a medium voltage vacuum electrical cut-off device comprising a discharge detection device comprising the previously mentioned characteristics taken alone or in combination.
Mais d'autres avantages et caractéristiques de l'invention apparaîtront mieux dans la description détaillée qui suit et se réfère aux dessins annexés donnés uniquement à titre d'exemple et dans lesquels :
- La
figure 1 est une courbe illustrant la loi de Paschen, et représentant en ordonnée la tension critique appliquée entre deux électrodes distantes de 1 cm, à partir de laquelle le courant électrique se décharge dans le gaz en fonction de la pression en abscisse dans un interrupteur à vide. - Les
figures 2 ,3 et4 sont des vues en coupe longitudinale, illustrant respectivement trois réalisations différentes d'un pôle d'appareil de coupure dans le vide selon l'invention.
- There
figure 1 is a curve illustrating Paschen's law, and representing on the ordinate the critical voltage applied between twoelectrodes 1 cm apart, from which the electric current discharges into the gas as a function of the pressure on the abscissa in a vacuum switch. - THE
figure 2 ,3 And4 are views in longitudinal section, respectively illustrating three different embodiments of a pole of a vacuum breaking device according to the invention.
Sur les
La partie en céramique de l'enveloppe E est enrobée dans une isolation solide 14 (typiquement résine époxy) écrantée, recouverte d'une couche conductrice 15 reliée au potentiel de la masse.The ceramic part of the envelope E is coated in a solid insulation 14 (typically epoxy resin) screened, covered with a
La surface extérieure métallisée de ce pôle est reliée à la masse M par l'intermédiaire d'une capacité dite de mesure non représentée appartenant à un circuit de mesure de la différence de potentiel entre les électrodes précitées et un écran dit flottant, placé entre l'une des électrodes et la masse.The metallized exterior surface of this pole is connected to the mass M via a so-called measuring capacitor not shown belonging to a circuit for measuring the potential difference between the aforementioned electrodes and a so-called floating screen, placed between the 'one of the electrodes and ground.
Ainsi, lorsqu' une perte de vide se produit à l'intérieur de l'ampoule A, la tenue diélectrique entre l'électrode mobile 4 et la partie en céramique E se réduit, et l'on peut mesurer une diminution de la différence de potentiel entre les électrodes 3,4 et l'écran flottant 16. Par exemple, cette diminution peut être mesurée par l'augmentation du courant capacitif traversant la capacité de mesure précitée.Thus, when a loss of vacuum occurs inside the bulb A, the dielectric strength between the
Sur la
Cette tension électrique pour une certaine distance correspond au champ disruptif minimal, (valable uniquement pour la branche droite de la courbe de Paschen), lequel est une tension électrique par unité de longueur (V/m) s'exprimant dans ce cas classiquement en kV/mm).This electrical voltage for a certain distance corresponds to the minimum disruptive field, (valid only for the right branch of the Paschen curve), which is an electrical voltage per unit of length (V/m) expressed in this case classically in kV /mm).
Sur la courbe représentée sur la
On voit ainsi qu'à une valeur de pression correspondant à la pression atmosphérique (105 Pa=1 bar), les décharges électriques ne se produisent plus pour la tension Up, et que de ce fait, l'information de l'existence du défaut est transitoire.We thus see that at a pressure value corresponding to atmospheric pressure (10 5 Pa = 1 bar), electric discharges do not occur. more for the Up voltage, and as a result, the information of the existence of the fault is transient.
Selon l'invention, ce problème est résolu en augmentant (élargissant) l'intervalle de pression à l'intérieur duquel les décharges électriques sont susceptibles de se produire, de manière que cet intervalle atteigne la valeur de la pression atmosphérique. Ceci est réalisé en augmentant la valeur du champ électrique entre les électrodes (contacts) 3,4 et l'écran à potentiel flottant 16, lorsque ces électrodes sont à la tension du réseau. Ainsi, la
A cet effet, la présente invention utilise des formes spécifiques d'écrans conducteurs de l'électrode 4 ou d'écran flottant afin d'augmenter le champ électrique entre les conducteurs et l'écran flottant sous l'influence d'un potentiel de la masse proche de l'écran, l'interrupteur étant recouvert d'isolation solide blindée.For this purpose, the present invention uses specific forms of conductive screens of the
Ces électrodes et écrans sont ainsi destinés uniquement à la détection de la perte de vide et permettent d'obtenir un champ électrique suffisant entre les électrodes et l'écran afin que le seuil d'ionisation de l'air soit dépassé à la pression atmosphérique et que les décharges se produisent même après une remontée de la pression jusqu'à la pression atmosphérique.These electrodes and screens are thus intended solely for the detection of loss of vacuum and make it possible to obtain a sufficient electric field between the electrodes and the screen so that the air ionization threshold is exceeded at atmospheric pressure and that discharges occur even after the pressure rises to atmospheric pressure.
Selon la réalisation particulière de l'invention illustrée sur la
Ainsi, l'écran à potentiel flottant 16 fait face à un ensemble comportant une électrode centrale 4 et un écran conducteur additionnel 13 portés à la tension du réseau.Thus, the floating
Pour que le champ électrique entre les deux électrodes 4,16 atteigne la valeur suffisamment élevée de 3 kV/mm sous la tension de service, la distance entre l'écran conducteur 13 et l'écran à potentiel flottant 16 doit être relativement réduite, avantageusement de quelques millimètres, ou bien des formes agressives peuvent être prévues sur l'écran 16 ou l'écran additionnel 13, telle que la pointe 17 illustrée sur cette
Selon une autre réalisation, cette forme agressive pourrait consister en l'arête d'un ou plusieurs disques minces prévus sur l'écran conducteur ou l'écran flottant.According to another embodiment, this aggressive shape could consist of the edge of one or more thin discs provided on the conductive screen or the floating screen.
Ainsi, c'est entre l'écran conducteur additionnel 13 et l'écran à potentiel flottant 16, qu'il est nécessaire que le champ électrique soit fort pour que cela continue à décharger à la pression atmosphérique.Thus, it is between the additional
Selon une autre réalisation de l'invention illustrée sur la
Ce risque est nul si les essais sont réalisés avec l'ampoule en position fermée, car même dans l'éventualité d'un claquage partiel entre l'électrode centrale et la bande plaquée sur la céramique, l'épaisseur combinée de céramique et d'isolation extérieure solide est suffisante pour prévenir une perforation entre l'électrode 16a du capteur et la masse 15.This risk is zero if the tests are carried out with the bulb in the closed position, because even in the event of a partial breakdown between the central electrode and the strip plated on the ceramic, the combined thickness of ceramic and solid external insulation is sufficient to prevent perforation between the
Lorsque l'ampoule est testée en position ouverte, dans l'éventualité d'un claquage partiel entre l'électrode centrale sous tension et l'électrode à potentiel flottant, le risque que l'électrode joue un rôle de relais et que le claquage évolue en franchissement entrée-sortie de l'ampoule doit être considéré.When the bulb is tested in the open position, in the event of a partial breakdown between the live central electrode and the floating potential electrode, the risk that the electrode plays a relay role and that the breakdown progresses crossing the entrance-exit of the bulb must be considered.
Pour le minimiser, on peut envisager soit de disposer les écrans flottants (16,16a,16b) suffisamment loin des extrémités médianes des écrans intérieurs de l'ampoule, soit de loger la bande métallique en retrait dans l'épaisseur de la céramique, soit de travailler les formes d'extrémités des bandes de manière similaire à celles de l'écran conducteur additionnel12.To minimize it, we can consider either arranging the floating screens (16,16a,16b) sufficiently far from the middle ends of the screens interiors of the bulb, either to accommodate the metal strip recessed in the thickness of the ceramic, or to work the end shapes of the strips in a manner similar to those of the additional conductive screen12.
Si ces dispositions (éventuellement combinées) permettent de préserver la tenue diélectrique des ampoules, on peut donc ajouter des électrodes additionnelles sans remise en cause de l'architecture normale des ampoules, tel qu'illustré sur les
On notera que la position du capteur correspondra avantageusement au côté de l'ampoule restant sous tension lorsque l'ampoule est ouverte (le plus souvent le côté du jeu de barres). Lorsque l'ampoule est fermée, ce qui correspond à la situation la plus fréquente en service, la position du capteur est bien sûr indifférente.Note that the position of the sensor will advantageously correspond to the side of the bulb remaining energized when the bulb is open (most often the side of the busbar). When the bulb is closed, which corresponds to the most frequent situation in service, the position of the sensor is of course irrelevant.
S'il s'avère difficile de maintenir la tenue diélectrique d'une ampoule enrobée écrantée d'architecture conventionnelle après incorporation d'électrodes additionnelles pour la fonction capteur, une solution de repli est d'ajouter une partie supplémentaire à l'ampoule pour loger la fonction capteur dans une configuration de champ électrique correspondant à celle de l'ampoule fermée, ne présentant aucun risque de propagation d'un claquage partiel entre l'électrode centrale et l'électrode du capteur (ou écran flottant), le potentiel étant le même de part et d'autre de la bande conductrice 16.If it proves difficult to maintain the dielectric strength of a screened coated bulb of conventional architecture after incorporating additional electrodes for the sensor function, a fallback solution is to add an additional part to the bulb to accommodate the sensor function in an electric field configuration corresponding to that of the closed bulb, presenting no risk of propagation of a partial breakdown between the central electrode and the sensor electrode (or floating screen), the potential being the even on either side of the
Une telle solution est illustrée par la
Dans ce cas, la paroi séparant les zones « capteur » et « coupure » ne s'étendrait pas jusqu'à la céramique, mais supporterait l'écran 22 protégeant la chambre de coupure, en laissant un intervalle réduit entre la céramique et l'écran. Dans ce dernier cas, même si le volume paraît moins « fermé », la configuration de champ est équivalente, et le risque de propagation d'un claquage partiel est écarté.In this case, the wall separating the “sensor” and “cutoff” zones would not extend as far as the ceramic, but would support the
Le principe de cette solution de repli est donc de prévoir une tranche additionnelle de l'ampoule, dédiée à la fonction capteur de perte de vide, dans laquelle la configuration de l'électrode centrale 23 (ou écran conducteur) faisant face à l'écran flottant 16b du capteur est en forme de U. Cet écran est constitué par l'ensemble des conducteurs sous tension du réseau faisant face au capteur 16b dans le volume 18, c'est-à-dire l'ancien capot d'extrémité 8, l'électrode 3 et le nouveau capot d'extrémité 8a, la surface de ces trois pièces présentant une configuration en forme de U. Cette configuration en U crée donc un champ électrique d'orientation essentiellement radiale par rapport à la masse cylindrique qui l'entoure, et à l'électrode flottante du capteur, dit écran flottant, intercalée entre l'écran conducteur et cette masse cylindrique. On notera que ce compartiment en U peut être prévu aussi bien côté contact fixe (montré sur la
Cette augmentation de longueur de l'enveloppe de l'ampoule ne nécessite pas forcément un allongement du circuit principal mais se traduit par un renchérissement de l'ampoule du fait de l'allongement de l'isolateur céramique et de l'addition des électrodes en U spécifiques. Cette solution ne doit donc être envisagée que s'il n'est pas possible de faire fonctionner de manière satisfaisante le capteur dans l'une ou l'autre des deux positions illustrées sur les
Finalement, la détection des décharges partielles se produisant entre l'écran flottant 16 du capteur et les conducteurs sous tension de service (si le vide est dégradé) peut se faire soit par les perturbations électromagnétiques émises, comme décrit dans le brevet mentionné au début, soit plus simplement par couplage capacitif avec l'électrode du capteur. Ce couplage capacitif est facilement réalisable dans le cas d'une ampoule enrobée dans une isolation solide écrantée en utilisant une zone dédiée de l'écran 15, faisant face à l'électrode interne du capteur et reliée au reste de l'écran et à la masse par la capacité de mesure du circuit de détection des décharges. On a donc réalisé grâce à l'invention, un dispositif permettant d'obtenir une indication de défaut fiable et maintenue sur toute une plage de pression allant de 10-2 mbar à la pression atmosphérique par la méthode des décharges.Finally, the detection of partial discharges occurring between the floating
Pour cela, l'on utilise le fait que le couplage capacitif entre un écran à potentiel flottant et la masse est fortement augmenté lorsque l'ampoule est enrobée d'isolation solide recouverte d'une couche conductrice mise à la masse, ce qui permet d'augmenter la différence de tension appliquée entre d'une part, les électrodes sous la tension de service et d'autre part, l'écran. On utilise donc en plus, des écrans spécifiques destinés uniquement à la détection de perte de vide qui permettent d'obtenir un champ électrique suffisant entre les électrodes (contacts) et ces écrans pour que le seuil d'ionisation de l'air soit dépassé à la pression atmosphérique et que les décharges se poursuivent même après une remontée de la pression à la pression atmosphérique.For this, we use the fact that the capacitive coupling between a floating potential screen and the ground is greatly increased when the bulb is coated with solid insulation covered with a grounded conductive layer, which allows 'increase the difference in voltage applied between, on the one hand, the electrodes under the operating voltage and on the other hand, the screen. We therefore also use specific screens intended only for the detection of loss of vacuum which make it possible to obtain a sufficient electric field between the electrodes (contacts) and these screens so that the air ionization threshold is exceeded at atmospheric pressure and that the discharges continue even after the pressure rises to atmospheric pressure.
Comme l'existence de ces champs électriques élevés dans l'ampoule, pourrait nuire à la tenue diélectrique entre l'entrée et la sortie de l'ampoule, diverses dispositions sont envisagées pour éviter cette perte de performance, dont l'une présentant une grande efficacité est de localiser ces écrans dans une zone électriquement fermée de l'ampoule, afin que les décharges qui s'y produiront ne risquent pas de se propager à l'espace inter-contacts ou le long de l'isolateur céramique.As the existence of these high electric fields in the bulb could harm the dielectric strength between the input and output of the bulb, various arrangements are considered to avoid this loss of performance, one of which presents a large effectiveness is to locate these screens in an electrically closed zone of the bulb, so that the discharges which will occur there are not likely to propagate to the inter-contact space or along the ceramic insulator.
Bien entendu, l'invention n'est pas limitée aux modes de réalisation décrits et illustrés qui n'ont été donnés qu'à titre d'exemple.Of course, the invention is not limited to the embodiments described and illustrated which have only been given by way of example.
Claims (15)
- Device for detecting the loss of vacuum in a vacuum interrupter A of a vacuum switching device, said switching device being situated in a powered electrical primary network and the contacts (5, 6) of said interrupter A being housed in a jacket E closed by two end plates housing a fixed electrode (3) secured to one of the abovementioned end plates and supporting a fixed contact (5), and a movable electrode (4) supporting a movable contact (6), said movable electrode (4) being slidingly mounted through the other of the two end plates, between a closed position of the device in which the movable contact (6) is in contact with the fixed contact (5) and an open position of the device in which the movable contact (6) is separated from the fixed contact (5), this detection being made by the method of measuring electrical discharges between the contacts and at least one floating-potential conductive screen (16) respectively surrounding at least one electrode (3, 4),this device comprising in combination, so-called first means, for increasing the electrical field between the electrodes (3, 4) and the abovementioned floating-potential screen (16, 16a, 16b), and so-called second means, for increasing the capacitive coupling between the abovementioned screen (16, 16a, 16b) and the ground M,characterized in that the floating-potential screen (16, 16a, 16b) comprises a cylindrical conductive strip pressed against the inner face of an insulating part of the jacket, separating said screen from the ground,and in that the first means and the second means cooperate so that the ionization threshold of the air is exceeded at atmospheric pressure in order for the electrical discharges to continue even after the pressure has risen back to atmospheric pressure.
- Detection device according to Claim 1, characterized in that the so-called first means for increasing the electrical field between the floating-potential screen (16, 16a, 16b) and the electrodes (3, 4) are supported at least partially by said screen (16).
- Detection device according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the so-called first means comprise aggressive forms provided on the floating-potential screen (16, 16a, 16b) and/or on a conductive additional screen (12, 13) situated opposite said floating-potential screen, said additional screen being mounted around the one of the electrodes to which it is electrically linked so as to be at the same electrical potential.
- Detection device according to Claim 3, characterized in that the so-called first means comprise aggressive forms provided on a conductive additional screen (12, 13), and in that this conductive additional screen is a bellows protection screen (13) or an interrupter insulation protection screen (12), brought to the voltage of the network.
- Detection device according to Claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the so-called first means comprise aggressive forms provided on a conductive additional screen (12, 13), and in that the distance between the abovementioned conductive additional screen (12, 13) and the floating-potential screen (16, 16a, 16b) is a few millimetres and/or aggressive forms (17) are provided on the additional screen (12, 13) and/or on the floating-potential screen (16, 16a, 16b).
- Detection device according to any one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the so-called first means are positioned in the interrupter A on the side of the interrupter that is still live when the interrupter is opened, or else on both sides.
- Detection device according to any one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that this floating-potential screen (16, 16a, 16b) comprising a cylindrical conductive strip pressed against the inner face of an insulating part of the jacket can be an elastic slit metal ring or else a layer of conductive material deposited on this inner face.
- Detection device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the so-called second means for increasing the capacitive coupling between the abovementioned screen (16, 16a, 16b) and the ground M, consist in that the interrupter is of the type coated in a shielded or screened solid insulation (14) covered with a conductive layer (15) linked to the potential of the ground M.
- Detection device according to any one of Claims 3 to 8, characterized in that the abovementioned floating-potential screen (16, 16a, 16b) has a T-shape comprising a point oriented towards the additional conductive screen (12, 13), and a bar oriented towards the ground M in order to increase the surface area and therefore the capacitance on that side.
- Detection device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the value of the abovementioned electrical field is 3kV/mm under the effect of the service voltage.
- Detection device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that these so-called first means are located in a closed zone of the interrupter A in order that the discharges which occur therein do not risk being propagated in an inter-contact space or along an insulator of the interrupter in dielectric tests.
- Detection device according to Claim 11, characterized in that these so-called first means are located in an additional volume (18) of the interrupter dedicated to the detection of the discharges, this volume being added to one of the ends of the interrupter, and communicating with the main volume (19) of the interrupter by at least one orifice provided in the wall separating the two volumes of the interrupter.
- Detection device according to Claim 12, characterized in that the interrupter comprises an additional insulator (20) dedicated to this additional volume (18) or else a single insulator extended to cover the abovementioned additional zone of the interrupter A.
- Detection device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the detection of the discharges is made by capacitive detection of the discharges or else by detection of the electromagnetic waves produced by means of a radio antenna.
- Medium-voltage vacuum electrical switching device comprising a device for detecting discharges according to any one of the preceding claims.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR1661565A FR3059461A1 (en) | 2016-11-28 | 2016-11-28 | DEVICE FOR DETECTING VACUUM LOSS IN A VACUUM BULB AND VACUUM CUTTING APPARATUS COMPRISING SUCH A DEVICE |
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EP3327744A1 EP3327744A1 (en) | 2018-05-30 |
EP3327744B1 true EP3327744B1 (en) | 2023-11-29 |
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EP17189138.5A Active EP3327744B1 (en) | 2016-11-28 | 2017-09-04 | Device for detecting loss of vacuum in a vacuum bulb and vacuum-based cutoff apparatus comprising such a device |
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FR (1) | FR3059461A1 (en) |
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JPS57148830A (en) * | 1981-03-11 | 1982-09-14 | Meidensha Electric Mfg Co Ltd | Vacuum degree checker for vacuum interrupter |
JP3168751B2 (en) * | 1992-04-02 | 2001-05-21 | 富士電機株式会社 | Method and apparatus for detecting vacuum leak of vacuum valve |
JP4169024B2 (en) * | 2005-09-13 | 2008-10-22 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Vacuum switchgear |
FR3023650B1 (en) * | 2014-07-10 | 2016-08-19 | Alstom Technology Ltd | VACUUM INSULATED SWITCH AUTHORIZING VACUUM TEST, SWITCH ASSEMBLY, AND TESTING METHOD |
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2016
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