EP3300172A1 - Orientation du faisceau en utilisant des métamatériaux - Google Patents

Orientation du faisceau en utilisant des métamatériaux Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3300172A1
EP3300172A1 EP16190219.2A EP16190219A EP3300172A1 EP 3300172 A1 EP3300172 A1 EP 3300172A1 EP 16190219 A EP16190219 A EP 16190219A EP 3300172 A1 EP3300172 A1 EP 3300172A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
electromagnetic wave
beamsteering
metamaterial
beamforming
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Ceased
Application number
EP16190219.2A
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German (de)
English (en)
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designation of the inventor has not yet been filed The
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British Telecommunications PLC
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British Telecommunications PLC
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Publication date
Application filed by British Telecommunications PLC filed Critical British Telecommunications PLC
Priority to EP16190219.2A priority Critical patent/EP3300172A1/fr
Publication of EP3300172A1 publication Critical patent/EP3300172A1/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/241—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
    • H01Q1/246—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for base stations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0013—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective
    • H01Q15/002—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective said selective devices being reconfigurable or tunable, e.g. using switches or diodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/006—Selective devices having photonic band gap materials or materials of which the material properties are frequency dependent, e.g. perforated substrates, high-impedance surfaces
    • H01Q15/0066—Selective devices having photonic band gap materials or materials of which the material properties are frequency dependent, e.g. perforated substrates, high-impedance surfaces said selective devices being reconfigurable, tunable or controllable, e.g. using switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/2605—Array of radiating elements provided with a feedback control over the element weights, e.g. adaptive arrays
    • H01Q3/2611—Means for null steering; Adaptive interference nulling
    • H01Q3/2617—Array of identical elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/2658—Phased-array fed focussing structure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
    • H01Q3/46—Active lenses or reflecting arrays

Definitions

  • This invention relates a method and apparatus for beamsteering at an antenna in a mobile base station in a telecommunications network.
  • MIMO radio systems are designed to improve robustness and throughput of wireless transmission links, and is a fundamental technology in wireless technologies such as the 4th Generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol.
  • a MIMO radio system consists of a number of transmit and receive antennas, providing functions such as transmit diversity, spatial multiplexing, and beamforming.
  • Transmit diversity is when the same data is transmitted redundantly over more than one antenna to improve robustness of transmission.
  • Spatial multiplexing is when the data is divided into separate streams to increase throughput.
  • Beamforming is when multiple antenna elements are controlled to form beams in certain direction/shape by applying individual transmission magnitude and phase weights to each antenna element forming array gains (also referred to as beamforming gains).
  • Beamforming in the downlink direction is illustrated in Figure 1 from a transmitter 102 to a receiver 104 (e.g. mobile base station to a mobile terminal), where a main beam 106 is formed for the receiver 104.
  • the beamforming uses direction of arrival and path loss information, which are derived from uplink measurements from the receiver 108 to the transmitter 102. With beamforming, it is possible for a transmitter to provide better coverage to a certain area, for example along a cell edge to improve the Signal to Noise and Interference Ratio (SINR), and ultimately the network's spectral efficiency.
  • SINR Signal to Noise and Interference Ratio
  • beamforming can be used to supress some interference by applying a null beam pattern to the interference source in adaptive manner.
  • receiver 104 Whilst the transmitter 102 forms a beam 106 for receipt by the receiver 104, side-lobes typically result, such as side-lobe 110 and 114. Here, side-lobe 110 is received as interference by receiver 108. However, receiver 112 can null the interference from side-lobe 114 using a suitable null beam pattern.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a linear array antenna (top view) with d being the distance between each of the antenna elements 102a-102e. Typically d> ⁇ /2, where ⁇ is the carrier wavelength of the transmitted wave. Assuming a plane wavefront, the wave will traverse additional distance (d * sin ⁇ ) to the next antenna element at the speed of light c. Elements are usually identical and can be of any antenna type.
  • the total field of an antenna array is the vector superposition of fields radiated by the each individual element. For beamformed beam patterns of some shape, the partial fields generated by the individual elements interfere in a constructive manner in the desired direction and interfere destructively in the remaining space. This can be is controlled by the phase and amplitude weights W n applied to the beam signal for each element.
  • the geometric dimensions and arrangement of the elements of an antenna array significantly affect the radiation characteristics and beamforming capabilities of the antenna.
  • Conventional base station antennas typically consist of multiple orthogonal cross-polarized elements in the vertical and horizontal planes or at 45 degree to each other as illustrated in Figure 3 . Outer elements are used for spatial diversity and inner elements for beamforming (+45° or -45°). This usually results in a very wide antenna beam patterns deliberately designed to provide as much coverage as possible. However, this type of wide beam antenna configuration is not ideal for separating users or group of users, particularly in small range cells.
  • Multi-user MIMO (Transmission mode 5) and Dual Layer Beamforming (Transmission mode 8) are two of the most advanced transmission modes in LTE. Beamforming is a fundamental technique in these transmission modes as it can increase the signal strength at the receiver by up to a factor that is proportional to the number of transmit antennas. For these modes to perform effectively, the formed antenna beams, which are shaped in direction of a target receiver(s) and use the same time and frequency resources but different codewords, need to be spatially separated in order to avoid interference amongst receivers or a group of receivers.
  • the basestation can select receivers that report orthogonal precoding matrix indicators (PMIs) and create beams for each one or groups of receivers whose channel fading conditions are similar except for direction dependent phase difference.
  • PMIs orthogonal precoding matrix indicators
  • a method known as beamsteering can be applied to steer the formed beam in different directions by applying different phase shifts to the signals transmitted on different antenna elements.
  • each antenna element requires a phase shifter in either the analogue or digital domain, which limits beamsteering to only small-scale MIMO architectures.
  • a phase shifter for each antenna element is not economical for mass market and commercial deployments.
  • antenna elements are usually closely spaced in order to achieve high correlation paths that add constructively at the receiver location to create the beams.
  • This short separation distance between antenna elements results in a very wide beam, and imposes limits on both the dimensioning and shaping of the coverage areas and the ability to spatially decorrelate users.
  • creating narrower beam widths is possible by simply making the antenna element separation larger (in the order of multiple wavelengths), the result would be physically larger antennas, which is in practice is problematic for small cells.
  • narrow beam antennas are typically associated with undesirable, high side-lobes which sharply increase interference levels to other receivers.
  • a transmitter for a base station in a cellular telecommunications network comprising:
  • the metamaterial beamsteering structure may be tuned to resonate at the carrier frequency of the transmitted electromagnetic wave.
  • the desired direction may be a direction towards a receiver, and the desired direction may be determined using direction of arrival feedback information received by the base station from the receiver.
  • the metamaterial beamsteering structure may be positioned in the near-field region of the antenna.
  • Examples of the invention complement beamforming in LTE links based on beamsteering using active metamaterial transmitarray structures that attach to an existing mobile basestation antenna.
  • Standard LTE beamsteering/beamforming methods which are based on selecting antenna weight coefficients from codebook lookup tables, can be further optimised with this approach to improve coverage by focusing or steering the beam in a certain direction. As such, capacity can be improved by reducing interference levels.
  • the structure itself consists of standard of-the-shelf PCB materials and surface mount components, making it ideal for mass production economics, resonating at the required carrier frequency and exhibiting filtering/beamsteering capabilities at an RF level within the antenna's near-field region.
  • Standard basestation antennas with RF phase shifters provide elevation tilt only.
  • Embodiments of the invention can provide azimuth tilt capabilities as an extra spatial degree of freedom.
  • the metamaterial structure invention eliminates the need for expensive phase shifters for each or group of antenna elements, which are very costly and present implementation challenges for economic mass productions.
  • Examples of the invention present a transmitter arrangement comprising a standard beamforming antenna in conjunction with an active metamaterial structure that provides beamsteering capability and attaches to the existing antenna.
  • the metamaterial structure is active and digitally controlled, positioned in the near-field region of the main antenna elements, and behaves like a phase shifter.
  • Standard antenna arrangements can be further optimised with this approach, which improves coverage by focusing or steering the beam in a certain direction, and improves capacity by reducing interference levels.
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating the physical (PHY) downlink modules 400 in a known LTE system.
  • the process of converting bit streams into RF structured transmission starts at the scrambling module 402, which performs scrambling to help reduce interference levels at the receiver. This is implemented by multiplying the coded sequence of bits by a scrambling sequence at the bit level.
  • the modulation mapper 404 then maps the scrambled bit values into complex modulation symbols such as QPSK (Quadrature phase shift keying), 16QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and 64QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).
  • the layer mapper 406 splits the modulated data sequence bits into a number of layers depending on the transmission scheme used.
  • Precoding at the precoding module 410 is a technique used to adapt the transmitted complex waveforms to the channel conditions with an appropriate gain and phase weighting in order to maximize the received signal level at the receiver side.
  • each layer is mapped to an antenna port and all layers are multiplied by a precoding matrix W selected from a predefined codebook. This selection is based on feedback from the receiver in the form a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) as part of the channel state information (CSI) along with the rank indicator (RI).
  • PMI precoding matrix indicator
  • CSI channel state information
  • RI rank indicator
  • RI refers to how many layers the receiver can support at a given instantaneous channel condition for downlink transmission, which is fed back to the base station in terms of the index, i.e. the PMI, of the most suitable matrix from the predefined codebook table known to both the transmitter and receiver.
  • the resource-mapping block 412 maps the resulting precoded data symbols onto specific resource elements (the subcarriers and symbols) from the resource grid.
  • the signal generator 414 generates the final (time-domain OFDM) signal for the antenna 416.
  • FIG. 5 shows a simplified block diagram of a transmitter in an example of the present invention.
  • the transmitter 500 comprises a standard LTE antenna 502 and a further metamaterial beamsteering structure 504 positioned in the transmission path of the antenna 502.
  • the metamaterial beamsteering structure 504 positioned in the near-field region of the antenna 502.
  • the antenna 502 is connected to a control unit 506, and the metamaterial structure 504 is connected to control unit 508.
  • the control units control the operation of the respective antenna and metamaterial structure. Whilst two control units have been shown, the control units may be implemented as a single control unit.
  • the antenna 502 is capable of beamforming and transmits an electromagnetic wave (or beam), which is received at the metamaterial structure 504.
  • the metamaterial structure 504, a type of transmitarray acts like a phase shifter by introducing phase delays into the incident electromagnetic wave, beamsteering the electromagnetic wave in a direction controlled by the control unit 508.
  • additional beam steering is applied to the beam output by the antenna 502 (at the RF signal level) using the metamaterial transmitarray structure 504, which is positioned in the transmission path of the antenna 502.
  • Operating at the RF level means no changes are required to the baseband or the actual radio of the existing antenna.
  • the weighting vector a is effectively applied by the metamaterial structure at the RF level.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating the physical (PHY) downlink modules 600 in an example of the present invention.
  • the system 600 in Figure 6 shares many of the modules with the known LTE system shown in Figure 4 , with like reference numerals used to identify such modules.
  • the metamaterial structure 602 is positioned after the antenna 416, and is controlled a digital controller 604.
  • the digital controller 604 which corresponds to the controller 508 in Figure 5 , controls the phase delays introduced by the metamaterial structure, and thus the direction the beam is steered in.
  • the metamaterial structure is comprised of a number of unit-cells arranged in a planar array.
  • An example of a unit-cell 700 is illustrated in Figure 7a .
  • Unit-cell 700 is a printed circuit board forming a square slot frequency selective surface (FSS), loaded with surface mount components (SMC), resulting in spatial band-pass filtering characteristics with phase control capabilities.
  • the SMCs are varactor diodes, which vary in capacitance in dependence on the voltage applied to them.
  • the unit-cell 700 can be decomposed to an equivalent resonant circuit (or LC circuit) 702 as shown in Figure 7b exhibiting the corresponding resonant behaviour.
  • L represents the inductance effect of the vertical wire with thickness w and length I
  • Cg represents the capacitance introduced by the gap g with length d
  • C smd represents the capacitance resulting from the surface mount capacitors.
  • the unit-cell can be tuned to a resonant frequency f 0 matching that of the carrier frequency of the electromagnetic wave transmitted by the antenna 502.
  • a plurality of unit cells (700a to 700e) are stacked on top of each other as shown in Figure 7c .
  • the cells are stacked to create the effect of an optical RF filter, with the number of layers affecting the beam steering angle and filtering performance.
  • An electromagnetic wave passing through the metamaterial structure will experience a phase delay that is dependent on the capacitance of the varactor diodes.
  • the capacitance of each unit cell can be varied, which in turn varies the phase delay experienced by an electromagnetic wave passing through the respective unit cell.
  • the electromagnetic wave can be steered in a desired direction, theta ( ⁇ ).
  • the metamaterial structure is controlled by the digital controller 604.
  • the digital controller 604 can use direction of arrival feedback information from the receiver available at the base station to set a desired steering direction ⁇ towards the receiver.
  • the controller 604 adjusts the voltages applied to the varactor diodes in each unit cell in the metamaterial structure to induce the required phase delay to cause the electromagnetic wave received from the antenna to be steered to in the desired steering direction ⁇ .
  • the unit-cell When the metamaterial structure is excited by an incident electromagnetic wave from the base station antenna with a carrier frequency close to the structure's resonant frequency f 0 , due to the structure's band-pass frequency response, the unit-cell will allow the wave to propagate through the metamaterial structure with minimum insertion loss.
  • Design criteria for the unit cell is fundamentally dependent on the antenna geometry and the frequency range of operation.
  • a unit-cell with dimensions and substrate detailed in Table I of Figure 7d is designed to exhibit a band-pass response shifted from 5 GHz to 5.5 GHz when the capacitance (C smd ) is varied from 2.8 pF to 0.7 pF.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
EP16190219.2A 2016-09-22 2016-09-22 Orientation du faisceau en utilisant des métamatériaux Ceased EP3300172A1 (fr)

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110165414A (zh) * 2019-05-13 2019-08-23 复旦大学 一种用于宽带RCS减缩的反射型宽带4-bit编码超表面
CN110855589A (zh) * 2019-10-31 2020-02-28 东南大学 实现多种调制方案无线通信的时域编码超表面
CN111313157A (zh) * 2020-02-28 2020-06-19 重庆邮电大学 一种双波束反射编码超表面
CN111853154A (zh) * 2020-07-20 2020-10-30 上海交通大学 用于低频域宽带隔振的主动编码可调超材料***
EP3675283A4 (fr) * 2018-04-17 2021-01-13 Southeast University Système de communication numérique sans fil à rayonnement direct et procédé basé sur un métamatériau de codage numérique
WO2021107327A1 (fr) 2019-11-29 2021-06-03 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Procédé et appareil d'émission et de réception de signal dans un système de communication sans fil
EP3756237A4 (fr) * 2018-02-22 2021-11-24 University Of Massachusetts Matériel et commande d'antenne
WO2022112553A1 (fr) * 2020-11-30 2022-06-02 Sony Group Corporation Dispositif répéteur reconfigurable comprenant une unité de mise en forme de faisceau
US20220294112A1 (en) * 2021-02-25 2022-09-15 ST Engineering iDirect, Inc. dba iDirect Unit cell for a reconfigurable antenna
EP4246724A1 (fr) * 2022-03-14 2023-09-20 Tata Consultancy Services Limited Antenne d'orientation de faisceau de métasurface et procédé de réglage d'angle de faisceau d'antenne

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WO2008115881A1 (fr) * 2007-03-16 2008-09-25 Rayspan Corporation Réseaux d'antennes métamatériaux avec mise en forme de motif de rayonnement et commutation de faisceau
US20150009070A1 (en) * 2010-11-03 2015-01-08 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Low cost, 2d, electronically-steerable, artificial-impedance-surface antenna

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WO2008115881A1 (fr) * 2007-03-16 2008-09-25 Rayspan Corporation Réseaux d'antennes métamatériaux avec mise en forme de motif de rayonnement et commutation de faisceau
US20150009070A1 (en) * 2010-11-03 2015-01-08 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Low cost, 2d, electronically-steerable, artificial-impedance-surface antenna

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KIHUN CHANG ET AL: "active frequency selective surfaces using incorporated PIN diodes", IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS, INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS, TOKYO, JP, vol. E91-C, no. 12, 1 December 2008 (2008-12-01), pages 1917 - 1922, XP002582503, ISSN: 0916-8524, DOI: 10.1093/IETELE/E91-C.12.1917 *

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3756237A4 (fr) * 2018-02-22 2021-11-24 University Of Massachusetts Matériel et commande d'antenne
US11811138B2 (en) * 2018-02-22 2023-11-07 University Of Massachusetts Antenna hardware and control
EP3675283A4 (fr) * 2018-04-17 2021-01-13 Southeast University Système de communication numérique sans fil à rayonnement direct et procédé basé sur un métamatériau de codage numérique
CN110165414A (zh) * 2019-05-13 2019-08-23 复旦大学 一种用于宽带RCS减缩的反射型宽带4-bit编码超表面
CN110855589A (zh) * 2019-10-31 2020-02-28 东南大学 实现多种调制方案无线通信的时域编码超表面
CN110855589B (zh) * 2019-10-31 2022-05-10 东南大学 实现多种调制方案无线通信的时域编码超表面
EP4018567A4 (fr) * 2019-11-29 2022-10-26 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Procédé et appareil d'émission et de réception de signal dans un système de communication sans fil
WO2021107327A1 (fr) 2019-11-29 2021-06-03 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Procédé et appareil d'émission et de réception de signal dans un système de communication sans fil
US11545759B2 (en) 2019-11-29 2023-01-03 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving signal in a wireless communication system
CN111313157A (zh) * 2020-02-28 2020-06-19 重庆邮电大学 一种双波束反射编码超表面
CN111853154A (zh) * 2020-07-20 2020-10-30 上海交通大学 用于低频域宽带隔振的主动编码可调超材料***
WO2022112553A1 (fr) * 2020-11-30 2022-06-02 Sony Group Corporation Dispositif répéteur reconfigurable comprenant une unité de mise en forme de faisceau
US20220294112A1 (en) * 2021-02-25 2022-09-15 ST Engineering iDirect, Inc. dba iDirect Unit cell for a reconfigurable antenna
EP4246724A1 (fr) * 2022-03-14 2023-09-20 Tata Consultancy Services Limited Antenne d'orientation de faisceau de métasurface et procédé de réglage d'angle de faisceau d'antenne

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