EP3232457B1 - Dc electrical circuit breaker - Google Patents

Dc electrical circuit breaker Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3232457B1
EP3232457B1 EP17166705.8A EP17166705A EP3232457B1 EP 3232457 B1 EP3232457 B1 EP 3232457B1 EP 17166705 A EP17166705 A EP 17166705A EP 3232457 B1 EP3232457 B1 EP 3232457B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
circuit breaker
contact
magnet
magnetic
electric arc
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP17166705.8A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3232457A1 (en
Inventor
Eric Domejean
Loïc Rondot
Stéphane DYE
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Schneider Electric Industries SAS
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Schneider Electric Industries SAS
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Publication of EP3232457A1 publication Critical patent/EP3232457A1/en
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Publication of EP3232457B1 publication Critical patent/EP3232457B1/en
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H33/04—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
    • H01H33/18—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts using blow-out magnet
    • H01H33/182—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts using blow-out magnet using permanent magnets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/30—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
    • H01H9/34—Stationary parts for restricting or subdividing the arc, e.g. barrier plate
    • H01H9/346—Details concerning the arc formation chamber
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H73/00—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches in which excess current opens the contacts by automatic release of mechanical energy stored by previous operation of a hand reset mechanism
    • H01H73/02—Details
    • H01H73/18—Means for extinguishing or suppressing arc
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
    • H01F1/047—Alloys characterised by their composition
    • H01F1/053—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals
    • H01F1/055—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H33/04—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
    • H01H33/08—Stationary parts for restricting or subdividing the arc, e.g. barrier plate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H73/00—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches in which excess current opens the contacts by automatic release of mechanical energy stored by previous operation of a hand reset mechanism
    • H01H73/02—Details
    • H01H73/04—Contacts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H73/00—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches in which excess current opens the contacts by automatic release of mechanical energy stored by previous operation of a hand reset mechanism
    • H01H73/02—Details
    • H01H73/20—Terminals; Connections
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H77/00—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting
    • H01H77/02—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting in which the excess current itself provides the energy for opening the contacts, and having a separate reset mechanism
    • H01H77/10—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting in which the excess current itself provides the energy for opening the contacts, and having a separate reset mechanism with electrodynamic opening
    • H01H77/107—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting in which the excess current itself provides the energy for opening the contacts, and having a separate reset mechanism with electrodynamic opening characterised by the blow-off force generating means, e.g. current loops
    • H01H77/108—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting in which the excess current itself provides the energy for opening the contacts, and having a separate reset mechanism with electrodynamic opening characterised by the blow-off force generating means, e.g. current loops comprising magnetisable elements, e.g. flux concentrator, linear slot motor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/30—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
    • H01H9/34—Stationary parts for restricting or subdividing the arc, e.g. barrier plate
    • H01H9/36—Metal parts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/30—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
    • H01H9/44—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts using blow-out magnet
    • H01H9/443—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts using blow-out magnet using permanent magnets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/30—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
    • H01H9/44—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts using blow-out magnet
    • H01H9/446—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts using blow-out magnet using magnetisable elements associated with the contacts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/12—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage
    • H01H1/14—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by abutting
    • H01H1/20—Bridging contacts
    • H01H1/2041—Rotating bridge
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/30—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
    • H01H9/46—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts using arcing horns

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a direct current air breaking electric circuit breaker having improved arc breaking capacity.
  • direct current electrical circuit breakers with air breaking which comprise electrical contacts, connected to input and output terminals of the electrical current and being selectively movable with respect to each other between a closed position, in which respective contact areas of the first and second electrical contacts are in contact with each other to allow the flow of direct electrical current between the first and second electrical contacts, and an open position, in which these contact zones are distant from each other.
  • circuit breakers make it possible to protect electrical systems against abnormal conditions, such as an electrical overcurrent or a short circuit, by rapidly interrupting the flow of the electrical current when such an abnormal condition is detected.
  • rapid is meant that the electric current should be interrupted within 100ms or, preferably, less than 10ms after detection of the abnormal condition.
  • the conductors are moved away from each other to their open position.
  • an electric arc then forms between their contact zones.
  • This arc must be extinguished in order to interrupt the flow of electric current.
  • the electric arc moves by blowing in the direction of an arc breaking chamber, where it is extinguished, thus allowing d '' interrupt the flow of current.
  • Such a blowing effect is partly caused by an electromagnetic force exerted on the electric arc, under the effect of the magnetic field created by the flow of electric current in the electric arc itself.
  • FR 2 632 772 B1 a circuit breaker in which a permanent magnet is placed on an arc horn at the input of the interrupting chamber, so as to generate a constant magnetic field to move an electric arc towards the chamber cut-off whatever the value of the electric current.
  • a device is not entirely satisfactory and, moreover, is complicated to produce industrially and sometimes requires significant modifications to existing circuit breakers for its integration.
  • EP 2 980 821-A1 discloses an electric circuit breaker according to the preamble of claim 1. Also known are the devices described in documents DE 10 2014 015 061-A1 , US 2014/061160-A1 and US 2013/105444-A1 .
  • the invention more particularly intends to remedy by proposing an electric circuit breaker with direct current and with reversible polarity and in which an electric arc can be interrupted reliably even for low values of intensity of electric currents. , and which can be produced industrially in a simple manner.
  • the invention relates to a direct current electric circuit breaker according to claim 1.
  • the magnetic field created by the magnet and by the magnetic circuit exerts a force on the electric arc which first displaces the latter away from the electric contact zones and perpendicular to the longitudinal plane. Due to the configuration of the magnetic field lines, the force exerted on the electric arc then changes direction, so as to then direct the electric arc towards the interrupting chamber. Due to the symmetrical configuration with respect to the longitudinal plane, the electric arc is displaced towards the interrupting chamber regardless of the direction of flow of the electric current in the circuit breaker.
  • the magnetic circuit can be easily integrated into existing circuit breakers, without imposing significant structural modifications on them.
  • the figure 1 represents a part of a circuit breaker 1 with direct current and breaking in the air.
  • the circuit breaker 1 here comprises a closed case, inside which are placed components of this circuit breaker 1. This case is for example made of thermoformed plastic. For clarity, the box of circuit breaker 1 is not shown in the figure 1 .
  • the circuit breaker 1 comprises electrical terminals 2 and 2 'for input and output of an electric current. Terminals 2 and 2 'are configured to electrically connect circuit breaker 1 to an electrical circuit that is to be protected.
  • the polarities of the circuit breaker 1 are reversible, that is to say that the terminals 2 and 2 'can alternately and indifferently serve as input or output terminals of the electric current in the circuit breaker 1.
  • the circuit breaker 1 here comprises two sub-assemblies 1a and 1b each associated with a terminal 2, 2 '.
  • the first sub-assembly 1a comprises the following elements: a first electrical contact 21 connected to the terminal 2, an arc breaking chamber 4 and a magnetic circuit 5.
  • the second sub-assembly 1b comprises the following elements: an electrical contact 21 'connected to terminal 2', an arc breaking chamber 4 'and a magnetic circuit 5'.
  • the elements of the second sub-assembly 1b are identical and have a function similar to those of the first sub-assembly 1a.
  • the elements of the second sub-assembly 1b bear the same numerical reference as those of the first sub-assembly 1a, increased by the symbol "'".
  • contact 21 ′ is similar to contact 21, and differs from it here only by its position in circuit breaker 1.
  • the circuit breaker 1 further comprises a movable part 3, movable in rotation about a fixed axis X1 of the circuit breaker 1.
  • the movable part 3 is mounted to pivot about an axis around a shaft integral with the circuit breaker housing. 1.
  • the movable part 3 is here electrically conductive between opposite contact zones 30 and 30 '.
  • P1 a longitudinal geometric plane of the circuit breaker 1.
  • the plane P1 forms a plane of symmetry of the circuit breaker 1.
  • the elements of the circuit breaker 1 are also arranged symmetrically with respect to the axis X1.
  • the axis X1 is perpendicular to the plane P1.
  • Z1 a geometric axis perpendicular to the axis X1 and contained in the plane P1 and which here defines a vertical direction.
  • the electrical contact 21 is provided with a contact zone 22 intended to be brought into contact with the corresponding zone 30 of part 3.
  • the contact zones 22 and 30 each comprise an electrically conductive contact pad, for example. made of a metallic material, such as silver or copper.
  • the electrical contact 21 is electrically connected to the terminal 2, while the mobile part 3 is electrically connected to the terminal 2 ', as explained below.
  • contact 21 is fixed relative to circuit breaker 1.
  • the electrical contact 21 is in the form of a bar made of an electrically conductive material, for example copper, which extends parallel to a fixed axis Y1 of the circuit breaker.
  • the axis Y1 here extends longitudinally with respect to the plane P1 and in a horizontal direction.
  • the electrical contact 21 is formed integrally with the terminal 2. More precisely, the bar comprises two straight portions superimposed, extending parallel to one another along the axis Y1 and connected. between them by a portion 20 of this bar, this portion 20 being curved in the shape of a "U".
  • the contact zone 22 is provided on one of the straight portions of the electrical contact 21.
  • the part of the terminal 2 intended to be connected to the outside is provided on the opposite right portion of the electrical contact 21. More precisely, the contact area 22 is provided on an upper part of the electrical contact 21 facing the corresponding contact zone 30 of the mobile part 3.
  • the mobile part 3 here plays the role of electrical contact vis-à-vis the electrical contact 21.
  • the movable part 3 and the electrical contact 21 are movable relative to one another, selectively and reversibly between closed and open positions.
  • the contact zones 22 and 30 are in direct contact with one another to allow the flow of electric current between the movable part 3 and the electric contact 21.
  • the contact zones 22 and 30 are distant from each other, which prevents the flow of electric current when no electric arc is present between the contacts 22 and 30.
  • the contact zones 22 and 30 are at least 5 mm apart, preferably at least 15 mm apart.
  • the arrows F1 illustrate the direction of movement of the movable part 3 from the closed position to the open position.
  • the movement of the movable part 3 between the closed and open positions is carried out along the plane P1, that is to say that the trajectory of the contact zone 30 during the movement is parallel to the plane P1.
  • the contact areas 21 and 30 are essentially aligned along an axis parallel to the Z1 axis.
  • Part 3 is here indirectly connected to terminal 2 ', in particular by means of electrical contact 21' of second sub-assembly 1b.
  • the circuit breaker 1 is arranged such that the part 3 is simultaneously either in the open position or in the closed position, vis-à-vis the electrical contacts 21 and 21 '.
  • the displacement towards the open position takes place simultaneously for each of these two sub-assemblies 1a and 1b.
  • the electric current can flow between the terminals 2 and 2 'passing through the contact areas 21 and 21', through the moving part 3 and through their respective contact areas.
  • the movement of the movable part 3 towards its open position aims to prevent the flow of this electric current between the terminals 2 and 2 '.
  • the electric current is prevented from flowing between the terminals 2 and 2 '.
  • the circuit breaker 1 also includes a trip circuit, not shown, configured to automatically move the mobile part 3 to the open position when an operating anomaly is detected, such as an overcurrent of the electric current flowing between the terminals 2. and 2 '.
  • a trip circuit not shown, configured to automatically move the mobile part 3 to the open position when an operating anomaly is detected, such as an overcurrent of the electric current flowing between the terminals 2. and 2 '.
  • the chamber 4 is at least partly delimited by walls of the circuit breaker box.
  • the interrupting chamber 4 comprises a stack of arc interrupting plates 41, electrically conductive and superimposed with one another. These plates are intended to extinguish the electric arc once this electric arc has penetrated inside the interrupting chamber 4.
  • these plates are identical to each other and have a planar shape, inscribed in a quadrilateral is in which an essentially "V" -shaped incision is made on an edge facing the zones 22 and 30.
  • the stack of plates 41 is surmounted by an upper horn 43 of an arc disposed above a plate 42 d end of the stack.
  • the circuit breaker 1 comprises an arcing chamber.
  • This chamber is, for example, at least partially defined by internal walls of the circuit breaker housing 1.
  • the contact zones 22 and 30 are located inside this arcing chamber.
  • the arcing chamber is in communication with the interrupting chamber 4 and opens inside the latter.
  • the arcing chamber and the interrupter chamber 4 are both filled with air.
  • P2 a geometric plane perpendicular to the plane P1 and extending in the direction Z1.
  • the plane P2 here forms a plane of longitudinal section of the arc-forming chamber.
  • the arc-forming chamber has the shape of a prism with a parallelepiped base, the lateral faces of which are parallel to the plane P1 and are formed by the lateral walls 31, 32.
  • the circuit breaker further comprises side walls 31 and 32, which delimit opposite faces of this arcing chamber parallel to the plane P1.
  • the walls 31 and 32 have an essentially planar shape and parallel to the plane P1.
  • the opposing walls 31 and 32 are arranged on either side of the contact 22 and 30 facing each other.
  • the walls 31 and 32 are made of a ferromagnetic material, such as steel or iron.
  • the walls 31 and 32 are each placed at a distance of between 10 mm and 100 mm from the contact zone 22, this distance being measured in a direction parallel to the axis X1.
  • the magnetic circuit 5 is configured to generate a magnetic field capable of guiding, in the direction of the interrupting chamber 4, an electric arc 6 forming between the contact zones 22 and 30 following the displacement, towards the open position, of the part. mobile 3. Due to the arrangement of the contact zones 22 and 30 in the open position, the electric arc 6 extends essentially along a direction parallel to the plane P1 and to the axis Z1.
  • the figure 2 shows the arcing chamber and the interrupting chamber, in a top view along arrow F2 of the figure 1 .
  • Reference 51 designates the magnetic field lines associated with the magnetic field created by the magnetic circuit 5.
  • R2 a central region of the arc-forming chamber, here delimited on either side by geometric planes parallel to the plane P1 on either side of the contact 22 and extending along the axis. Z1.
  • the central region R2 includes the contact zones 22 and 30. It has here the shape of a prism, the lower base of which is formed by a part of the upper surface of the electrical contact 21, and extends in height essentially parallel to the direction. vertical Z1.
  • R1 and R3 two lateral regions of the arc forming chamber which are disposed laterally on either side of the central region R2.
  • these lateral regions R1 and R3 are delimited laterally on the outside by the walls 31 and 32.
  • the regions R1 and R3 do not contain the contact zones 22 and 30.
  • the figures 3 and 4 represent these field lines 51 according to views in the planes P1 and P2 respectively.
  • the figure 5 represents the arcing chamber and the interrupting chamber 4 in the cutting plane P2, according to the viewing angle illustrated by the arrow F3 at the figure 1 .
  • the movable part 3 is shown in the open position.
  • field lines 51 of the figure 2 are calculated by means of a finite element numerical simulation program, such as the software known under the trade name "Flux” and marketed by the company CEDRAT.
  • the magnetic circuit 5 here comprises a permanent magnet 50 and a ferromagnetic core 23 which has the function of at least partly guiding the magnetic field created by the magnet 50.
  • the core 23 extends at least partly along the electrical contact. 21, along the Y1 axis.
  • the walls 31 and 32 here form part of the magnetic circuit 5 and participate in guiding the magnetic flux created by the magnet 50 in particular to obtain the spatial arrangement of the field lines 51.
  • the core 23 has the shape of a rectilinear bar which extends between the two straight portions of the electrical contact 21.
  • This core 23 is produced here in the form of a stack of ferromagnetic metal sheets.
  • the core 23 is formed by a single piece.
  • the magnet 50 is fixed here, for example by gluing, on one end of this part 23, here on the end located opposite the U-shaped part 20.
  • the magnet 50 is capable of generating a magnetic field greater than or equal to 0.5 tesla or, preferably greater than or equal to 1 tesla and here has a magnetic axis of magnetization M oriented parallel to the axis Y1.
  • the magnet 50 is a permanent magnet, for example made from a synthetic alloy containing an element of the rare earth family.
  • a Samarium-Cobalt alloy is used.
  • the magnet 50 is surrounded by a protective shell made of a non-magnetic material, such as plastic.
  • the spacing between the magnet 50 and the end of the core 23 on which it is placed is less than or equal to 2 mm or, preferably, less than or equal to 1 mm, or even preferably zero, that is, that is to say equal to 0 mm.
  • This spacing is here measured as being the distance between the adjacent edges of the magnet 50 and the end of the core 23.
  • the figure 6 represents the directions of the magnetic field created by the magnetic circuit 5 according to a view in the plane P2 from the interrupting chamber 4.
  • the vector J is here parallel to the direction Z1.
  • the electromagnetic forces E1, E2 and E3 are Lorentz forces and are proportional to the cross product between the vector J and to the magnetic induction, respectively, B1, B2 and B3 in the corresponding region R1, R2 or R3.
  • the forces E1 and E3 due to the orientation of the field lines 51 and the direction of the current J, the forces E1 and E3 have directions parallel to the axis Y1 and are in opposite directions.
  • the force E2 is directed parallel to the axis X1.
  • an electric arc 6 forms between the contact zones 22 and 30, it is subjected to a force E2 which first directs it towards one of the lateral regions, in this case here the lateral region R3. Due to the perpendicular orientation of the vector B3 with respect to the vector B2 and the direction of the vector J, the force E3 exerted on the electric arc 6, when it is located in the lateral region R3, is directed towards the inside the interrupting chamber 4 and therefore towards the stack of interrupting plates 41. The electric arc 6 is therefore moved towards the chamber 4 by the force E3.
  • the figure 7 is analogous to figure 6 and differs only by the direction of circulation of the electric current J in the electric arc 6, this direction being reversed compared to that illustrated in the figure 6 .
  • the force E2 exerted on the electric arc 6, when it is in the region R2 between the contact zones 22 and 30, is such that the electric arc 6 is displaced towards the lateral region R1 opposite to the lateral region R3.
  • the force E1 directs the electric arc 6 towards the interrupting chamber 4.
  • the electric arc 6 is moved towards the interrupting chamber 4 whatever the direction of flow of the electric current and whatever its value. intensity. Even if the intensity of the electric arc current 6 is small, the electric arc 6 will be moved to a region where the electromagnetic force E1 or E3 is sufficient to move it towards the interrupting chamber 4. The operation of the circuit breaker 1 is thereby improved.
  • the magnetic circuit 5 can be made differently.
  • the mobile part 3 is directly connected to the terminal 2 ', the second sub-assembly 1b then being omitted.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
  • Breakers (AREA)

Description

L'invention concerne un disjoncteur électrique à courant continu à coupure dans l'air présentant un pouvoir de coupure d'arc électrique amélioré.The invention relates to a direct current air breaking electric circuit breaker having improved arc breaking capacity.

On connait des disjoncteurs électriques à courant continu et à coupure dans l'air, qui comportent des contacts électriques, reliés à des terminaux d'entrée et de sortie du courant électrique et étant sélectivement déplaçables l'un par rapport à l'autre entre une position fermée, dans laquelle des zones de contact respectives des premier et deuxième contacts électriques sont en contact l'une avec l'autre pour autoriser la circulation du courant électrique continu entre les premier et deuxième contacts électriques, et une position ouverte, dans laquelle ces zones de contact sont distantes l'une de l'autre.There are known direct current electrical circuit breakers with air breaking, which comprise electrical contacts, connected to input and output terminals of the electrical current and being selectively movable with respect to each other between a closed position, in which respective contact areas of the first and second electrical contacts are in contact with each other to allow the flow of direct electrical current between the first and second electrical contacts, and an open position, in which these contact zones are distant from each other.

De façon connue, ces disjoncteurs permettent de protéger des systèmes électriques contre des conditions anormales, telles qu'une surintensité électrique ou un court-circuit, en interrompant rapidement la circulation du courant électrique lorsqu'une telle condition anormale est détectée. Par « rapidement », on entend que le courant électrique doit être interrompu en moins de 100ms ou, de préférence, moins de 10ms après la détection de la condition anormale.In a known manner, these circuit breakers make it possible to protect electrical systems against abnormal conditions, such as an electrical overcurrent or a short circuit, by rapidly interrupting the flow of the electrical current when such an abnormal condition is detected. By "rapidly" is meant that the electric current should be interrupted within 100ms or, preferably, less than 10ms after detection of the abnormal condition.

Pour interrompre la circulation du courant, les conducteurs sont éloignés l'un de l'autre vers leur position ouverte. Typiquement, un arc électrique se forme alors entre leurs zones de contact. Cet arc doit être éteint afin d'interrompre la circulation du courant électrique. En pratique, pour des courants électriques d'intensité élevée, par exemple supérieure à une dizaine d'ampères, l'arc électrique se déplace par soufflage en direction d'une chambre de coupure d'arc, où il est éteint, permettant ainsi d'interrompre la circulation du courant. Un tel effet de soufflage est en partie causé par une force électromagnétique exercée sur l'arc électrique, sous l'effet du champ magnétique créé par la circulation du courant électrique dans l'arc électrique lui-même. Toutefois, en présence d'un courant électrique d'intensité moindre, par exemple inférieur ou égal à dix ampères ou à un ampère, le champ magnétique généré par l'arc électrique lui-même n'est pas suffisant pour le déplacer par soufflage vers la chambre de coupure. L'arc électrique peut ainsi persister longtemps entre les deux zones de contact électriques. Ceci n'est pas souhaitable, car le disjoncteur n'interrompt pas rapidement la circulation du courant, ce qui peut causer une situation contraire à la sécurité.To interrupt the flow of current, the conductors are moved away from each other to their open position. Typically, an electric arc then forms between their contact zones. This arc must be extinguished in order to interrupt the flow of electric current. In practice, for electric currents of high intensity, for example greater than ten amperes, the electric arc moves by blowing in the direction of an arc breaking chamber, where it is extinguished, thus allowing d '' interrupt the flow of current. Such a blowing effect is partly caused by an electromagnetic force exerted on the electric arc, under the effect of the magnetic field created by the flow of electric current in the electric arc itself. However, in the presence of an electric current of less intensity, for example less than or equal to ten amps or to one ampere, the magnetic field generated by the electric arc itself is not sufficient to move it by blowing towards the interrupting chamber. The electric arc can thus persist for a long time between the two electric contact zones. This is undesirable, as the circuit breaker does not quickly interrupt the flow of current, which can cause an unsafe situation.

On connaît de FR 2 632 772 B1 un disjoncteur dans lequel un aimant permanent est disposé sur une corne d'arc en entrée de la chambre de coupure, de manière à générer un champ magnétique constant pour déplacer un arc électrique vers la chambre de coupure quelle que soit la valeur du courant électrique. Un tel dispositif ne donne cependant pas entière satisfaction et de plus est compliqué à réaliser industriellement et nécessite des modifications parfois importantes des disjoncteurs existants pour son intégration.We know of FR 2 632 772 B1 a circuit breaker in which a permanent magnet is placed on an arc horn at the input of the interrupting chamber, so as to generate a constant magnetic field to move an electric arc towards the chamber cut-off whatever the value of the electric current. However, such a device is not entirely satisfactory and, moreover, is complicated to produce industrially and sometimes requires significant modifications to existing circuit breakers for its integration.

EP 2 980 821-A1 divulgue un disjoncteur électrique selon le préambule de la revendication 1. On connaît également les dispositifs décrits dans les documents DE 10 2014 015 061-A1 , US 2014/061160-A1 et US 2013/105444-A1 . EP 2 980 821-A1 discloses an electric circuit breaker according to the preamble of claim 1. Also known are the devices described in documents DE 10 2014 015 061-A1 , US 2014/061160-A1 and US 2013/105444-A1 .

C'est à ces inconvénients qu'entend plus particulièrement remédier l'invention en proposant un disjoncteur électrique à courant continu et à polarité réversible et dans lequel un arc électrique puisse être interrompu de façon fiable même pour les faibles valeurs d'intensité de courants électriques, et pouvant être réalisé industriellement de façon simple.It is these drawbacks that the invention more particularly intends to remedy by proposing an electric circuit breaker with direct current and with reversible polarity and in which an electric arc can be interrupted reliably even for low values of intensity of electric currents. , and which can be produced industrially in a simple manner.

A cet effet, l'invention concerne un disjoncteur électrique à courant continu selon la revendication 1.To this end, the invention relates to a direct current electric circuit breaker according to claim 1.

Grâce à l'invention, le champ magnétique créé par l'aimant et par le circuit magnétique exerce une force sur l'arc électrique qui déplace d'abord ce dernier à l'écart des zones de contact électriques et perpendiculairement au plan longitudinal. Du fait de la configuration des lignes de champ magnétique, la force exercée sur l'arc électrique change alors de direction, de sorte à diriger ensuite l'arc électrique vers la chambre de coupure. Du fait de la configuration symétrique par rapport au plan longitudinal, l'arc électrique est déplacé vers la chambre de coupure quel que soit le sens de circulation du courant électrique dans le disjoncteur. De plus, le circuit magnétique est facilement intégrable à des disjoncteurs existants, sans leur imposer de modifications structurelles importantes.Thanks to the invention, the magnetic field created by the magnet and by the magnetic circuit exerts a force on the electric arc which first displaces the latter away from the electric contact zones and perpendicular to the longitudinal plane. Due to the configuration of the magnetic field lines, the force exerted on the electric arc then changes direction, so as to then direct the electric arc towards the interrupting chamber. Due to the symmetrical configuration with respect to the longitudinal plane, the electric arc is displaced towards the interrupting chamber regardless of the direction of flow of the electric current in the circuit breaker. In addition, the magnetic circuit can be easily integrated into existing circuit breakers, without imposing significant structural modifications on them.

Selon des aspects avantageux mais non obligatoires de l'invention, un tel disjoncteur peut incorporer une ou plusieurs des caractéristiques suivantes, prises dans toute combinaison techniquement admissible :

  • L'aimant présente un axe magnétique orienté parallèlement à une direction longitudinale contenue dans le plan longitudinal.
  • L'espacement entre l'aimant et l'extrémité du noyau magnétique est inférieure ou égale à 2mm ou, de préférence, inférieure ou égale à 1mm, ou encore de préférence nulle.
  • L'aimant est un aimant permanent.
  • L'aimant est réalisé dans un alliage synthétique contenant un élément de la famille des terres rares, par exemple un alliage de Samarium-Cobalt.
  • Le noyau magnétique est réalisé en acier ou en fer.
  • Les parois latérales sont réalisées en un matériau ferromagnétique.
According to advantageous but not mandatory aspects of the invention, such a circuit breaker can incorporate one or more of the following characteristics, taken in any technically admissible combination:
  • The magnet has a magnetic axis oriented parallel to a longitudinal direction contained in the longitudinal plane.
  • The spacing between the magnet and the end of the magnetic core is less than or equal to 2mm or, preferably, less than or equal to 1mm, or even preferably zero.
  • The magnet is a permanent magnet.
  • The magnet is made of a synthetic alloy containing an element of the rare earth family, for example a Samarium-Cobalt alloy.
  • The magnetic core is made of steel or iron.
  • The side walls are made of a ferromagnetic material.

L'invention sera mieux comprise et d'autres avantages de celle-ci apparaitront plus clairement à la lumière de la description qui va suivre, d'un mode de réalisation d'un disjoncteur donnée uniquement à titre d'exemple et faite en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels :

  • la figure 1 est une représentation schématique selon une vue en perspective d'une portion interne d'un disjoncteur électrique à courant continu conforme à l'invention ;
  • la figure 2 est une représentation schématique, d'une portion du disjoncteur de la figure 1, selon la vue illustrée par la flèche F2 de la figure 1 ;
  • les figures 3 et 4 représentent schématiquement des lignes de champ magnétique créées par le circuit magnétique du disjoncteur de la figure 1, selon des vues en coupe longitudinale dans le plan P1 et transversale dans le plan P2 de la figure 1 ;
  • la figure 5 est une représentation schématique d'une portion du disjoncteur de la figure 1, selon le plan de coupe P2 de la figure 1 ;
  • les figures 6 et 7 représentent schématiquement la direction d'une force électromagnétique exercée sur un arc électrique pour deux sens opposés de circulation du courant électrique dans le disjoncteur de la figure 1.
The invention will be better understood and other advantages thereof will appear more clearly in the light of the following description of an embodiment of a circuit breaker given solely by way of example and made with reference to accompanying drawings in which:
  • the figure 1 is a schematic representation according to a perspective view of an internal portion of a direct current electric circuit breaker according to the invention;
  • the figure 2 is a schematic representation of a portion of the circuit breaker figure 1 , according to the view illustrated by the arrow F2 of the figure 1 ;
  • the figures 3 and 4 schematically represent magnetic field lines created by the magnetic circuit of the circuit breaker of the figure 1 , according to views in longitudinal section in the plane P1 and transverse in the plane P2 of the figure 1 ;
  • the figure 5 is a schematic representation of a portion of the circuit breaker figure 1 , according to the cutting plane P2 of the figure 1 ;
  • the figures 6 and 7 schematically represent the direction of an electromagnetic force exerted on an electric arc for two opposite directions of flow of the electric current in the circuit breaker of the figure 1 .

La figure 1 représente une partie d'un disjoncteur 1 à courant continu et à coupure dans l'air. Le disjoncteur 1 comporte ici un boîtier fermé, à l'intérieur duquel sont placés des composants de ce disjoncteur 1. Ce boîtier est par exemple réalisé en matière plastique thermoformée. Pour plus de clarté, le boîtier du disjoncteur 1 n'est pas représenté sur la figure 1.The figure 1 represents a part of a circuit breaker 1 with direct current and breaking in the air. The circuit breaker 1 here comprises a closed case, inside which are placed components of this circuit breaker 1. This case is for example made of thermoformed plastic. For clarity, the box of circuit breaker 1 is not shown in the figure 1 .

Le disjoncteur 1 comporte des terminaux électriques 2 et 2' d'entrée et de sortie d'un courant électrique. Les terminaux 2 et 2' sont configurés pour raccorder électriquement le disjoncteur 1 à un circuit électrique qu'on souhaite protéger. Les terminaux 2 et 2' sont réalisés en un matériau électriquement conducteur, par exemple un métal tel que du cuivre. Ces terminaux 2 et 2' sont ici accessibles depuis l'extérieur du boîtier pour raccorder le disjoncteur 1 au circuit à protéger.The circuit breaker 1 comprises electrical terminals 2 and 2 'for input and output of an electric current. Terminals 2 and 2 'are configured to electrically connect circuit breaker 1 to an electrical circuit that is to be protected. The terminals 2 and 2 'are made of an electrically conductive material, for example a metal such as copper. These terminals 2 and 2 'are here accessible from outside the box in order to connect the circuit breaker 1 to the circuit to be protected.

Dans cet exemple, les polarités du disjoncteur 1 sont réversibles, c'est-à-dire que les terminaux 2 et 2' peuvent alternativement et indifféremment servir de terminaux d'entrée ou de sortie du courant électrique dans le disjoncteur 1.In this example, the polarities of the circuit breaker 1 are reversible, that is to say that the terminals 2 and 2 'can alternately and indifferently serve as input or output terminals of the electric current in the circuit breaker 1.

Le disjoncteur 1 comporte ici deux sous-ensembles 1a et 1b chacun associés à un terminal 2, 2'. Le premier sous-ensemble 1a comporte les éléments suivants : un premier contact électrique 21 raccordé au terminal 2, une chambre de coupure d'arc 4 et un circuit magnétique 5. Le deuxième sous-ensemble 1b comporte les éléments suivants: un contact électrique 21' raccordé au terminal 2', une chambre 4' de coupure d'arc et un circuit magnétique 5'.The circuit breaker 1 here comprises two sub-assemblies 1a and 1b each associated with a terminal 2, 2 '. The first sub-assembly 1a comprises the following elements: a first electrical contact 21 connected to the terminal 2, an arc breaking chamber 4 and a magnetic circuit 5. The second sub-assembly 1b comprises the following elements: an electrical contact 21 'connected to terminal 2', an arc breaking chamber 4 'and a magnetic circuit 5'.

Chacun de ces deux sous-ensembles 1a et 1b décrits fonctionne de façon analogue. Aussi, seul le premier sous-ensemble est décrit en détail dans ce qui suit.Each of these two sub-assemblies 1a and 1b described operates in a similar fashion. Also, only the first subset is described in detail in what follows.

Dans cet exemple, les éléments du deuxième sous-ensemble 1b sont identiques et ont une fonction analogue à ceux du premier sous-ensemble 1a. Les éléments du deuxième sous-ensemble 1b portent la même référence numérique que ceux du premier sous-ensemble 1a, augmentée du symbole « ' ». Par exemple, le contact 21' est analogue au contact 21, et n'en diffère ici que par sa position dans le disjoncteur 1.In this example, the elements of the second sub-assembly 1b are identical and have a function similar to those of the first sub-assembly 1a. The elements of the second sub-assembly 1b bear the same numerical reference as those of the first sub-assembly 1a, increased by the symbol "'". For example, contact 21 ′ is similar to contact 21, and differs from it here only by its position in circuit breaker 1.

Le disjoncteur 1 comporte en outre une partie mobile 3, déplaçable en rotation autour d'un axe fixe X1 du disjoncteur 1. Par exemple, la partie mobile 3 est montée pivotante autour d'un axe autour d'un arbre solidaire du boîtier du disjoncteur 1. La partie mobile 3 est ici électriquement conductrice entre des zones de contact 30 et 30' opposées.The circuit breaker 1 further comprises a movable part 3, movable in rotation about a fixed axis X1 of the circuit breaker 1. For example, the movable part 3 is mounted to pivot about an axis around a shaft integral with the circuit breaker housing. 1. The movable part 3 is here electrically conductive between opposite contact zones 30 and 30 '.

On note « P1 » un plan géométrique longitudinal du disjoncteur 1. Dans cet exemple, le plan P1 forme un plan de symétrie du disjoncteur 1. Ici, les éléments du disjoncteur 1 sont en outre disposés de façon symétrique par rapport à l'axe X1. L'axe X1 est perpendiculaire au plan P1. On note « Z1 » un axe géométrique perpendiculaire à l'axe X1 et contenu dans le plan P1 et qui définit ici une direction verticale.We denote by “P1” a longitudinal geometric plane of the circuit breaker 1. In this example, the plane P1 forms a plane of symmetry of the circuit breaker 1. Here, the elements of the circuit breaker 1 are also arranged symmetrically with respect to the axis X1. . The axis X1 is perpendicular to the plane P1. We denote “Z1” a geometric axis perpendicular to the axis X1 and contained in the plane P1 and which here defines a vertical direction.

Le contact électrique 21 est pourvu d'une zone de contact 22 destinée à être mise en contact avec la zone 30 correspondante de la partie 3. Par exemple, les zones de contact 22 et 30 comportent chacune une pastille de contact électriquement conductrice, par exemple réalisée en un matériau métallique, tel que de l'argent ou du cuivre.The electrical contact 21 is provided with a contact zone 22 intended to be brought into contact with the corresponding zone 30 of part 3. For example, the contact zones 22 and 30 each comprise an electrically conductive contact pad, for example. made of a metallic material, such as silver or copper.

Le contact électrique 21 est raccordé électriquement au terminal 2, tandis que la partie mobile 3 est reliée électriquement au terminal 2', comme expliqué dans ce qui suit.The electrical contact 21 is electrically connected to the terminal 2, while the mobile part 3 is electrically connected to the terminal 2 ', as explained below.

Ici, le contact 21 est fixe par rapport au disjoncteur 1.Here, contact 21 is fixed relative to circuit breaker 1.

Dans cet exemple, le contact électrique 21 se présente sous la forme d'une barre réalisée en un matériau électriquement conducteur, par exemple en cuivre, qui s'étend parallèlement à un axe fixe Y1 du disjoncteur. L'axe Y1 s'étend ici longitudinalement par rapport au plan P1 et selon une direction horizontale. Dans cet exemple illustratif, le contact électrique 21 est formé d'un seul tenant avec le terminal 2. Plus précisément, la barre comporte deux portions droites superposées, s'étendant parallèlement l'une à l'autre selon l'axe Y1 et raccordées entre elles par une portion 20 de cette barre, cette portion 20 étant recourbée en forme de « U ». La zone de contact 22 est ménagée sur une des portions droites du contact électrique 21. La partie du terminal 2 destinée à être raccordée à l'extérieur est ménagée sur la portion droite opposée du contact électrique 21. Plus précisément, la zone de contact 22 est ménagée sur une partie supérieure du contact électrique 21 faisant face à la zone de contact 30 correspondante de la partie mobile 3.In this example, the electrical contact 21 is in the form of a bar made of an electrically conductive material, for example copper, which extends parallel to a fixed axis Y1 of the circuit breaker. The axis Y1 here extends longitudinally with respect to the plane P1 and in a horizontal direction. In this illustrative example, the electrical contact 21 is formed integrally with the terminal 2. More precisely, the bar comprises two straight portions superimposed, extending parallel to one another along the axis Y1 and connected. between them by a portion 20 of this bar, this portion 20 being curved in the shape of a "U". The contact zone 22 is provided on one of the straight portions of the electrical contact 21. The part of the terminal 2 intended to be connected to the outside is provided on the opposite right portion of the electrical contact 21. More precisely, the contact area 22 is provided on an upper part of the electrical contact 21 facing the corresponding contact zone 30 of the mobile part 3.

La partie mobile 3 joue ici le rôle de contact électrique vis-à-vis du contact électrique 21.The mobile part 3 here plays the role of electrical contact vis-à-vis the electrical contact 21.

La partie mobile 3 et le contact électrique 21 sont déplaçables l'un par rapport à l'autre, sélectivement et réversiblement entre des positions fermée et ouverte. Dans la position fermée, les zones de contact 22 et 30 sont en contact direct l'une avec l'autre pour autoriser la circulation du courant électrique entre la partie mobile 3 et le contact électrique 21. Dans la position ouverte, les zones de contact 22 et 30 sont distantes l'une de l'autre, ce qui empêche la circulation du courant électrique lorsqu'aucun arc électrique n'est présent entre les contacts 22 et 30. Par exemple, dans cette position ouverte, les zones de contact 22 et 30 sont distantes d'au moins 5 mm, de préférence au moins 15 mm.The movable part 3 and the electrical contact 21 are movable relative to one another, selectively and reversibly between closed and open positions. In the closed position, the contact zones 22 and 30 are in direct contact with one another to allow the flow of electric current between the movable part 3 and the electric contact 21. In the open position, the contact zones 22 and 30 are distant from each other, which prevents the flow of electric current when no electric arc is present between the contacts 22 and 30. For example, in this open position, the contact zones 22 and 30 are at least 5 mm apart, preferably at least 15 mm apart.

Les flèches F1 illustrent le sens du déplacement de la partie mobile 3 depuis la position fermée vers la position ouverte.The arrows F1 illustrate the direction of movement of the movable part 3 from the closed position to the open position.

Dans cet exemple, le déplacement de la partie mobile 3 entre les positions fermée et ouverte est réalisé selon le plan P1, c'est-à-dire que la trajectoire de la zone de contact 30 lors du déplacement est parallèle au plan P1. Dans la position ouverte, les zones de contact 21 et 30 sont essentiellement alignées le long d'un axe parallèle à l'axe Z1.In this example, the movement of the movable part 3 between the closed and open positions is carried out along the plane P1, that is to say that the trajectory of the contact zone 30 during the movement is parallel to the plane P1. In the open position, the contact areas 21 and 30 are essentially aligned along an axis parallel to the Z1 axis.

La partie 3 est ici reliée indirectement au terminal 2', par l'intermédiaire, notamment, du contact électrique 21' du deuxième sous-ensemble 1b.Part 3 is here indirectly connected to terminal 2 ', in particular by means of electrical contact 21' of second sub-assembly 1b.

On définit, de façon analogue, des positions ouverte et fermée de la partie mobile 3 par rapport au contact électrique 21'. Le contact électrique 21' s'étend ici selon un axe fixe Y1' parallèle à l'axe Y1.In a similar fashion, open and closed positions of the movable part 3 relative to the electrical contact 21 'are defined. The electrical contact 21 'extends here along a fixed axis Y1' parallel to the axis Y1.

Le disjoncteur 1 est agencé de telle façon que la partie 3 se trouve simultanément soit dans la position ouverte, soit dans la position fermée, vis-à-vis des contacts électriques 21 et 21'. Ainsi, par symétrie, le déplacement vers la position ouverte se fait simultanément pour chacun de ces deux sous-ensembles 1a et 1b. Lorsque la partie mobile 3 est dans la position fermée, le courant électrique peut circuler entre les terminaux 2 et 2' en passant par les zones de contact 21 et 21', par la partie mobile 3 et par leurs zones de contact respectives. Le déplacement de la partie mobile 3 vers sa position ouverte vise à empêcher la circulation de ce courant électrique entre les terminaux 2 et 2'. Lorsque la partie mobile 3 est dans la position ouverte, en l'absence d'arc électrique entre les zones de contact respectives des contacts électriques 21, 21' et la partie mobile 3, le courant électrique est empêché de circuler entre les terminaux 2 et 2'.The circuit breaker 1 is arranged such that the part 3 is simultaneously either in the open position or in the closed position, vis-à-vis the electrical contacts 21 and 21 '. Thus, by symmetry, the displacement towards the open position takes place simultaneously for each of these two sub-assemblies 1a and 1b. When the mobile part 3 is in the closed position, the electric current can flow between the terminals 2 and 2 'passing through the contact areas 21 and 21', through the moving part 3 and through their respective contact areas. The movement of the movable part 3 towards its open position aims to prevent the flow of this electric current between the terminals 2 and 2 '. When the mobile part 3 is in the open position, in the absence of an electric arc between the respective contact zones of the electrical contacts 21, 21 'and the mobile part 3, the electric current is prevented from flowing between the terminals 2 and 2 '.

De façon connue, lorsque la partie mobile 3 est déplacée vers la position ouverte alors qu'un courant électrique circule entre les terminaux 2 et 2', il peut se former un arc électrique entre les deux zones de contact 22 et 30. Cet arc électrique permet au courant électrique de continuer à circuler et doit être éteint pour interrompre ce courant électrique.In a known manner, when the movable part 3 is moved to the open position while an electric current flows between the terminals 2 and 2 ', an electric arc can form between the two contact zones 22 and 30. This electric arc allows electric current to continue to flow and must be turned off to interrupt this electric current.

Le disjoncteur 1 comporte également un circuit de déclenchement, non illustré, configuré pour déplacer automatiquement la partie mobile 3 vers la position d'ouverture lorsqu'une anomalie de fonctionnement est détectée, telle qu'une surintensité du courant électrique qui circule entre les terminaux 2 et 2'.The circuit breaker 1 also includes a trip circuit, not shown, configured to automatically move the mobile part 3 to the open position when an operating anomaly is detected, such as an overcurrent of the electric current flowing between the terminals 2. and 2 '.

Par exemple, la chambre 4 est au moins en partie délimitée par des parois du boîtier du disjoncteur.For example, the chamber 4 is at least partly delimited by walls of the circuit breaker box.

De façon connue, la chambre de coupure 4 comporte un empilement de plaques de coupure d'arc 41, électriquement conductrices et superposées les unes avec les autres. Ces plaques sont destinées à éteindre l'arc électrique une fois que cet arc électrique a pénétré à l'intérieur de la chambre de coupure 4. Dans cet exemple, ces plaques sont identiques entre elles et présentent une forme plane, inscrite dans un quadrilatère est dans lesquelles est ménagée une incision essentiellement en forme de « V » sur un bord tourné vers les zones 22 et 30. L'empilement de plaques 41 est surmonté par une corne supérieure 43 d'arc disposée au-dessus d'une plaque 42 d'extrémité de l'empilement.In a known manner, the interrupting chamber 4 comprises a stack of arc interrupting plates 41, electrically conductive and superimposed with one another. These plates are intended to extinguish the electric arc once this electric arc has penetrated inside the interrupting chamber 4. In this example, these plates are identical to each other and have a planar shape, inscribed in a quadrilateral is in which an essentially "V" -shaped incision is made on an edge facing the zones 22 and 30. The stack of plates 41 is surmounted by an upper horn 43 of an arc disposed above a plate 42 d end of the stack.

Dans cet exemple, le disjoncteur 1 comporte une chambre de formation d'arc. Cette chambre est, par exemple, au moins en partie définie par des parois internes du boîtier du disjoncteur 1. Les zones de contact 22 et 30 sont situées à l'intérieur de cette chambre de formation d'arc. La chambre de formation d'arc est en communication avec la chambre de coupure 4 et débouche à l'intérieur de celle-ci. La chambre de formation d'arc et la chambre de coupure 4 sont toutes deux remplies d'air.In this example, the circuit breaker 1 comprises an arcing chamber. This chamber is, for example, at least partially defined by internal walls of the circuit breaker housing 1. The contact zones 22 and 30 are located inside this arcing chamber. The arcing chamber is in communication with the interrupting chamber 4 and opens inside the latter. The arcing chamber and the interrupter chamber 4 are both filled with air.

On note « P2 » un plan géométrique perpendiculaire au plan P1 et s'étendant selon la direction Z1. Le plan P2 forme ici un plan de coupe longitudinale de la chambre de formation d'arc.We denote by “P2” a geometric plane perpendicular to the plane P1 and extending in the direction Z1. The plane P2 here forms a plane of longitudinal section of the arc-forming chamber.

A titre d'exemple, la chambre de formation d'arc présente une forme de prisme à base parallélépipédique dont des faces latérales parallèles au plan P1 sont formées par les parois latérales 31, 32.By way of example, the arc-forming chamber has the shape of a prism with a parallelepiped base, the lateral faces of which are parallel to the plane P1 and are formed by the lateral walls 31, 32.

Dans cet exemple, le disjoncteur comporte en outre des parois latérales 31 et 32, qui délimitent des faces opposées de cette chambre de formation d'arc parallèlement au plan P1. Ici, les parois 31 et 32 présentent une forme essentiellement plane et parallèle au plan P1. Les parois 31 et 32 opposées sont disposées de part et d'autre des zones de contact 22 et 30 en se faisant face l'une avec l'autre. Par exemple, les parois 31 et 32 sont réalisées dans un matériau ferromagnétique, tel que de l'acier ou du fer.In this example, the circuit breaker further comprises side walls 31 and 32, which delimit opposite faces of this arcing chamber parallel to the plane P1. Here, the walls 31 and 32 have an essentially planar shape and parallel to the plane P1. The opposing walls 31 and 32 are arranged on either side of the contact 22 and 30 facing each other. For example, the walls 31 and 32 are made of a ferromagnetic material, such as steel or iron.

A titre d'illustration, les parois 31 et 32 sont placées chacune à une distance comprise entre 10 mm et 100 mm de la zone de contact 22, cette distance étant mesurée selon une direction parallèle à l'axe X1.By way of illustration, the walls 31 and 32 are each placed at a distance of between 10 mm and 100 mm from the contact zone 22, this distance being measured in a direction parallel to the axis X1.

Le circuit magnétique 5 est configuré pour générer un champ magnétique apte à guider, en direction de la chambre de coupure 4, un arc électrique 6 se formant entre les zones de contact 22 et 30 suite au déplacement, vers la position ouverte, de la partie mobile 3. Du fait de l'agencement des zones de contact 22 et 30 dans la position ouverte, l'arc électrique 6 s'étend essentiellement le long d'une direction parallèle au plan P1 et à l'axe Z1.The magnetic circuit 5 is configured to generate a magnetic field capable of guiding, in the direction of the interrupting chamber 4, an electric arc 6 forming between the contact zones 22 and 30 following the displacement, towards the open position, of the part. mobile 3. Due to the arrangement of the contact zones 22 and 30 in the open position, the electric arc 6 extends essentially along a direction parallel to the plane P1 and to the axis Z1.

Tout ce qui est décrit en référence au circuit magnétique 5 s'applique également au circuit magnétique 5' vis-à-vis des éléments correspondants du sous-ensemble 1b.All that is described with reference to the magnetic circuit 5 also applies to the magnetic circuit 5 'with respect to the corresponding elements of the sub-assembly 1b.

La figure 2 représente la chambre de formation d'arc et de la chambre de coupure, dans une vue de dessus selon la flèche F2 de la figure 1. La référence 51 désigne les lignes de champ magnétique associées au champ magnétique créé par le circuit magnétique 5.The figure 2 shows the arcing chamber and the interrupting chamber, in a top view along arrow F2 of the figure 1 . Reference 51 designates the magnetic field lines associated with the magnetic field created by the magnetic circuit 5.

On note « R2 » une région centrale de la chambre de formation d'arc, ici délimitée de part et d'autre par des plans géométriques parallèles au plan P1 de part et d'autre du contact 22 et s'étendant selon l'axe Z1.We denote "R2" a central region of the arc-forming chamber, here delimited on either side by geometric planes parallel to the plane P1 on either side of the contact 22 and extending along the axis. Z1.

La région centrale R2 englobe les zones de contact 22 et 30. Elle présente ici une forme de prisme, dont la base inférieure est formée par une partie de la surface supérieure du contact électrique 21, et s'étend en hauteur essentiellement parallèlement à la direction verticale Z1.The central region R2 includes the contact zones 22 and 30. It has here the shape of a prism, the lower base of which is formed by a part of the upper surface of the electrical contact 21, and extends in height essentially parallel to the direction. vertical Z1.

On note « R1 » et « R3 » deux régions latérales de la chambre de formation d'arc qui sont disposées latéralement de part et d'autre de la région centrale R2. Ici, ces régions latérales R1 et R3 sont délimitées latéralement extérieurement par les parois 31 et 32. Les régions R1 et R3 ne contiennent pas les zones de contact 22 et 30.We denote “R1” and “R3” two lateral regions of the arc forming chamber which are disposed laterally on either side of the central region R2. Here, these lateral regions R1 and R3 are delimited laterally on the outside by the walls 31 and 32. The regions R1 and R3 do not contain the contact zones 22 and 30.

Le circuit magnétique 5 est conformé de telle sorte que :

  • dans les régions latérales R1 et R3, les lignes de champ 51 s'étendent essentiellement perpendiculairement aux parois latérales 31 et 32, et
  • dans la région centrale R2, les lignes de champ 51 s'étendent essentiellement parallèlement au plan P1 en convergeant vers la chambre de coupure 4. Par exemple, dans la région centrale, le flux magnétique est tel que le champ magnétique vu par l'arc est supérieur ou égal à 20 microTeslas.
The magnetic circuit 5 is shaped so that:
  • in the side regions R1 and R3, the field lines 51 extend essentially perpendicular to the side walls 31 and 32, and
  • in the central region R2, the field lines 51 extend essentially parallel to the plane P1, converging towards the interrupting chamber 4. For example, in the central region, the magnetic flux is such that the magnetic field seen by the arc is greater than or equal to 20 microTeslas.

Les figures 3 et 4 représentent ces lignes de champ 51 selon des vues dans les plans P1 et P2 respectivement.The figures 3 and 4 represent these field lines 51 according to views in the planes P1 and P2 respectively.

La figure 5 représente la chambre de formation d'arc et la chambre de coupure 4 dans le plan de coupe P2, selon l'angle de vue illustré par la flèche F3 à la figure 1. La partie mobile 3 est illustrée dans la position ouverte.The figure 5 represents the arcing chamber and the interrupting chamber 4 in the cutting plane P2, according to the viewing angle illustrated by the arrow F3 at the figure 1 . The movable part 3 is shown in the open position.

Dans cet exemple, les lignes de champ 51 de la figure 2 sont calculées au moyen d'un programme de simulation numérique par éléments finis, tel que le logiciel connu sous la dénomination commerciale « Flux » et commercialisé par la société CEDRAT.In this example, field lines 51 of the figure 2 are calculated by means of a finite element numerical simulation program, such as the software known under the trade name "Flux" and marketed by the company CEDRAT.

Le circuit magnétique 5 comporte ici un aimant permanent 50 et un noyau 23 ferromagnétique qui a pour fonction de guider au moins en partie le champ magnétique créé par l'aimant 50. Le noyau 23 s'étend au moins en partie le long du contact électrique 21, le long de l'axe Y1. Les parois 31 et 32 font ici partie du circuit magnétique 5 et participent au guidage du flux magnétique créé par l'aimant 50 notamment pour obtenir la disposition spatiale des lignes de champ 51.The magnetic circuit 5 here comprises a permanent magnet 50 and a ferromagnetic core 23 which has the function of at least partly guiding the magnetic field created by the magnet 50. The core 23 extends at least partly along the electrical contact. 21, along the Y1 axis. The walls 31 and 32 here form part of the magnetic circuit 5 and participate in guiding the magnetic flux created by the magnet 50 in particular to obtain the spatial arrangement of the field lines 51.

Dans cet exemple, le noyau 23 présente une forme de barreau rectiligne qui s'étend entre les deux portions droites du contact électrique 21. Ce noyau 23 est réalisé ici sous la forme d'un empilement de tôles en métal ferromagnétique. En variante, le noyau 23 est formé par une pièce d'un seul tenant.In this example, the core 23 has the shape of a rectilinear bar which extends between the two straight portions of the electrical contact 21. This core 23 is produced here in the form of a stack of ferromagnetic metal sheets. As a variant, the core 23 is formed by a single piece.

L'aimant 50 est ici fixé, par exemple par collage, sur une extrémité de cette pièce 23, ici sur l'extrémité située à l'opposé de la partie 20 en forme de U.The magnet 50 is fixed here, for example by gluing, on one end of this part 23, here on the end located opposite the U-shaped part 20.

L'aimant 50 est apte à générer un champ magnétique supérieur ou égal à 0,5 tesla ou, de préférence supérieur ou égal à 1 tesla et présente ici un axe magnétique d'aimantation M orienté parallèlement à l'axe Y1.The magnet 50 is capable of generating a magnetic field greater than or equal to 0.5 tesla or, preferably greater than or equal to 1 tesla and here has a magnetic axis of magnetization M oriented parallel to the axis Y1.

De préférence, l'aimant 50 est un aimant permanent, par exemple réalisé dans un alliage synthétique contenant un élément de la famille des terres rares. Ici, on utilise un alliage de Samarium-Cobalt. Avantageusement, l'aimant 50 est entouré par une carapace de protection réalisée dans un matériau amagnétique, tel que du plastique.Preferably, the magnet 50 is a permanent magnet, for example made from a synthetic alloy containing an element of the rare earth family. Here, we use a Samarium-Cobalt alloy. Advantageously, the magnet 50 is surrounded by a protective shell made of a non-magnetic material, such as plastic.

Ici, l'espacement entre l'aimant 50 et l'extrémité du noyau 23 sur laquelle il est placé, est inférieur ou égal à 2 mm ou, de préférence, inférieur ou égal à 1 mm, ou encore de préférence nul, c'est-à-dire égal à 0 mm. Cet espacement est ici mesuré comme étant la distance entre les bords adjacents de l'aimant 50 et de l'extrémité du noyau 23. En réduisant autant que possible l'écart entre l'aimant 50 et cette extrémité du noyau 23, on diminue l'entrefer entre l'aimant 50 et le noyau 23, ce qui permet d'assurer une meilleure canalisation du flux magnétique généré par l'aimant 50.Here, the spacing between the magnet 50 and the end of the core 23 on which it is placed is less than or equal to 2 mm or, preferably, less than or equal to 1 mm, or even preferably zero, that is, that is to say equal to 0 mm. This spacing is here measured as being the distance between the adjacent edges of the magnet 50 and the end of the core 23. By reducing as much as possible the gap between the magnet 50 and this end of the core 23, the l 'air gap between the magnet 50 and the core 23, which ensures better channeling of the magnetic flux generated by the magnet 50.

La figure 6 représente les directions du champ magnétique créé par le circuit magnétique 5 selon une vue dans le plan P2 depuis la chambre de coupure 4.The figure 6 represents the directions of the magnetic field created by the magnetic circuit 5 according to a view in the plane P2 from the interrupting chamber 4.

On note :

  • « B1 », « B2 » et « B3 » les vecteurs d'induction magnétique dans les régions, respectivement R1, R2 et R3 de la chambre de formation d'arc ;
  • « J » le vecteur densité de courant électrique associé à l'arc électrique 6 ;
  • « E1 », « E2 » et « E3 » la force électromagnétique exercée sur l'arc électrique 6 sous l'action du champ magnétique créé par le circuit magnétique 5, pour chacune de ces régions R1, R2 et R3.
We notice :
  • “B1”, “B2” and “B3” the magnetic induction vectors in the regions, respectively R1, R2 and R3 of the arcing chamber;
  • "J" the electric current density vector associated with the electric arc 6;
  • “E1”, “E2” and “E3” the electromagnetic force exerted on the electric arc 6 under the action of the magnetic field created by the magnetic circuit 5, for each of these regions R1, R2 and R3.

Le vecteur J est ici parallèle à la direction Z1.The vector J is here parallel to the direction Z1.

Les forces électromagnétiques E1, E2 et E3 sont des forces de Lorentz et sont proportionnelles au produit vectoriel entre le vecteur J et à l'induction magnétique, respectivement, B1, B2 et B3 dans la région R1, R2 ou R3 correspondante. Dans cet exemple, du fait de l'orientation des lignes de champ 51 et de la direction du courant J, les forces E1 et E3 ont des directions parallèles à l'axe Y1 et sont de sens opposés. La force E2 est dirigée parallèlement à l'axe X1.The electromagnetic forces E1, E2 and E3 are Lorentz forces and are proportional to the cross product between the vector J and to the magnetic induction, respectively, B1, B2 and B3 in the corresponding region R1, R2 or R3. In this example, due to the orientation of the field lines 51 and the direction of the current J, the forces E1 and E3 have directions parallel to the axis Y1 and are in opposite directions. The force E2 is directed parallel to the axis X1.

Ainsi, lorsqu'un arc électrique 6 se forme entre les zones de contact 22 et 30, il subit une force E2 qui le dirige d'abord vers une des régions latérales, en l'occurrence ici la région latérale R3. Du fait de l'orientation perpendiculaire du vecteur B3 par rapport au vecteur B2 et de la direction du vecteur J, la force E3 exercée sur l'arc électrique 6, lorsqu'il est situé dans la région latérale R3, est dirigée vers l'intérieur de la chambre de coupure 4 et donc vers l'empilement de plaques de coupure 41. L'arc électrique 6 est donc déplacé vers la chambre 4 par la force E3.Thus, when an electric arc 6 forms between the contact zones 22 and 30, it is subjected to a force E2 which first directs it towards one of the lateral regions, in this case here the lateral region R3. Due to the perpendicular orientation of the vector B3 with respect to the vector B2 and the direction of the vector J, the force E3 exerted on the electric arc 6, when it is located in the lateral region R3, is directed towards the inside the interrupting chamber 4 and therefore towards the stack of interrupting plates 41. The electric arc 6 is therefore moved towards the chamber 4 by the force E3.

La figure 7 est analogue à la figure 6 et n'en diffère que par le sens de circulation du courant électrique J dans l'arc électrique 6, ce sens étant inversé par rapport à celui illustré à la figure 6. Dans ce cas, on constate que la force E2 exercée sur l'arc électrique 6, lorsqu'il est dans la région R2 entre les zones de contact 22 et 30, est telle que l'arc électrique 6 est déplacé vers la région latérale R1 opposée à la région latérale R3. Cependant, du fait de l'orientation relative du vecteur B1 par rapport au vecteur B2 et du fait du changement de signe du vecteur J par rapport au cas de la figure 6, la force E1 dirige l'arc électrique 6 vers la chambre de coupure 4.The figure 7 is analogous to figure 6 and differs only by the direction of circulation of the electric current J in the electric arc 6, this direction being reversed compared to that illustrated in the figure 6 . In this case, it can be seen that the force E2 exerted on the electric arc 6, when it is in the region R2 between the contact zones 22 and 30, is such that the electric arc 6 is displaced towards the lateral region R1 opposite to the lateral region R3. However, due to the relative orientation of vector B1 with respect to vector B2 and due to the change in sign of vector J with respect to the case of figure 6 , the force E1 directs the electric arc 6 towards the interrupting chamber 4.

Ainsi, grâce au circuit magnétique 5, notamment du fait de la disposition spatiale des lignes de champ 51, l'arc électrique 6 est déplacé vers la chambre de coupure 4 quel que soit le sens de circulation du courant électrique et quelle que soit sa valeur d'intensité. Même si l'intensité du courant d'arc électrique 6 est faible, l'arc électrique 6 sera déplacé dans une région où la force électromagnétique E1 ou E3 est suffisante pour le déplacer vers la chambre de coupure 4. Le fonctionnement du disjoncteur 1 s'en trouve ainsi amélioré.Thus, thanks to the magnetic circuit 5, in particular due to the spatial arrangement of the field lines 51, the electric arc 6 is moved towards the interrupting chamber 4 whatever the direction of flow of the electric current and whatever its value. intensity. Even if the intensity of the electric arc current 6 is small, the electric arc 6 will be moved to a region where the electromagnetic force E1 or E3 is sufficient to move it towards the interrupting chamber 4. The operation of the circuit breaker 1 is thereby improved.

Le circuit magnétique 5 peut être réalisé différemment.The magnetic circuit 5 can be made differently.

En variante, la partie mobile 3 est directement raccordée au terminal 2', le deuxième sous-ensemble 1b étant alors omis.As a variant, the mobile part 3 is directly connected to the terminal 2 ', the second sub-assembly 1b then being omitted.

Les modes de réalisation et les variantes envisagés ci-dessus peuvent être combinés entre eux pour générer de nouveaux modes de réalisation.The embodiments and the variants considered above can be combined with one another to generate new embodiments.

Claims (7)

  1. DC electrical circuit breaker (1), comprising:
    - first (2) and second (2') input and output terminals for a direct electric current,
    - first (21; 21') and second (3) electrical contacts which are connected to the first and second terminals, respectively, and are selectively displaceable relative to one another along a longitudinal plane (P1) of the circuit breaker, between:
    • a closed position, in which respective contact zones (22, 30) of the first and second electrical contacts are in contact with one another in order to allow the direct electric current to flow between the first and second electrical contacts, and
    • an open position, in which the contact zones are remote from one another,
    - a formation chamber for an electric arc (6), in which the contact zones (22, 30) are positioned;
    - a breaking chamber (4) for an electric arc (6);
    - a magnetic circuit (5) which includes a magnet (50, 50') and generates a magnetic field which is capable of guiding, in the direction towards the breaking chamber (4), an electric arc (6) that forms between the contact zones (22, 30) in the open position, the magnetic field generated by the magnetic circuit (5) having for that purpose curved field lines (51) which extend substantially perpendicularly to opposing side walls (31, 32) of the electric arc formation chamber, the side walls being arranged on either side of the contact zones (22, 30) substantially parallel to the longitudinal plane (P1), the field lines (51) converging, at the level of a central region (R2) of the arc formation chamber containing the contact zones (22, 30), towards the breaking chamber (4) while extending parallel to the longitudinal plane (P1),
    the magnetic circuit (5) further comprises a magnetic core (23, 23') made of ferromagnetic material and which extends at least in part along the first electrical contact (21),
    the circuit breaker being characterised in that the first electrical contact (21) has the form of a bar made of an electrically conducting material and comprising two superposed straight portions which extend parallel to one another and are connected together by a curved "U"-shaped portion (20), the contact zone (22) of the first electrical contact (21) being formed on one of the straight portions,
    in that the magnetic core (23) has the form of a rectilinear bar which extends between the two superposed straight portions of the first electrical contact (21), parallel to the two straight portions,
    and in that the magnet (50, 50') is positioned at one of the ends of the magnetic core (23, 23') and is capable of generating a magnetic field greater than or equal to 0.5 tesla or, preferably, greater than or equal to 1 tesla.
  2. Circuit breaker according to claim 1, characterised in that the magnet (50, 50') has a magnetic axis which is oriented parallel to a longitudinal direction (Y1) contained in the longitudinal plane (P1), the straight portions of the first electrical contact (21) and the magnetic core (23) being arranged parallel to the longitudinal direction (Y1).
  3. Circuit breaker according to claim 2, characterised in that the spacing between the magnet (50, 50') and the end of the magnetic core (23, 23') is less than or equal to 2 mm or, preferably, less than or equal to 1 mm, or yet more preferably zero.
  4. Circuit breaker according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the magnet (50, 50') is a permanent magnet.
  5. Circuit breaker according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the magnet (50, 50') is made of a synthetic alloy containing an element of the rare earth family, for example a samarium-cobalt alloy.
  6. Circuit breaker according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the magnetic core (23, 23') is made of steel or of iron.
  7. Circuit breaker according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the side walls (31, 32) are made of a ferromagnetic material.
EP17166705.8A 2016-04-15 2017-04-14 Dc electrical circuit breaker Active EP3232457B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1653346A FR3050311B1 (en) 2016-04-15 2016-04-15 DIRECT CURRENT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT BREAKER

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US (1) US10176945B2 (en)
EP (1) EP3232457B1 (en)
CN (2) CN107301937A (en)
ES (1) ES2864005T3 (en)
FR (1) FR3050311B1 (en)

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US20170301490A1 (en) 2017-10-19
FR3050311B1 (en) 2020-12-04
FR3050311A1 (en) 2017-10-20
CN107301937A (en) 2017-10-27
EP3232457A1 (en) 2017-10-18
ES2864005T3 (en) 2021-10-13
US10176945B2 (en) 2019-01-08
CN114220718B (en) 2024-04-05
CN114220718A (en) 2022-03-22

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