EP3201372A1 - Isotropic aluminium-copper-lithium alloy sheets for producing aeroplane fuselages - Google Patents

Isotropic aluminium-copper-lithium alloy sheets for producing aeroplane fuselages

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Publication number
EP3201372A1
EP3201372A1 EP15784082.8A EP15784082A EP3201372A1 EP 3201372 A1 EP3201372 A1 EP 3201372A1 EP 15784082 A EP15784082 A EP 15784082A EP 3201372 A1 EP3201372 A1 EP 3201372A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
weight
less
sheet
content
thickness
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Granted
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EP15784082.8A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3201372B1 (en
Inventor
Juliette CHEVY
Bernard Bes
Jean-Christophe Ehrstrom
Frank Eberl
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Constellium Issoire SAS
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Constellium Issoire SAS
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
    • C22C21/16—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with magnesium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
    • C22C21/14—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
    • C22C21/18—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with zinc
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C22F1/057—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with copper as the next major constituent

Definitions

  • the invention relates to laminated products aluminum-copper-lithium alloys, more particularly, such products, their manufacturing processes and use, intended in particular for aeronautical and aerospace construction.
  • Aluminum alloy rolled products are being developed to produce fuselage elements for the aerospace industry and the aerospace industry in particular.
  • U.S. Patent 5,032,359 discloses a broad family of aluminum-copper-lithium alloys in which the addition of magnesium and silver, particularly between 0.3 and 0.5 percent by weight, increases the mechanical strength. .
  • US Pat. No. 7,438,772 describes alloys comprising, in percentage by weight, Cu: 3-5, Mg: 0.5-2, Li: 0.01-0.9 and discourages the use of higher lithium contents due to degradation of the compromise between toughness and mechanical strength. US Pat. No.
  • 7,229,509 describes an alloy comprising (% by weight): (2.5-5.5) Cu, (0.1-2.5) Li, (0.2-1.0) Mg, (0, 2-0.8) Ag, (0.2-0.8) Mn, 0.4 max Zr or other grain refining agents such as Cr, Ti, Hf, Se, V.
  • US patent application 2009/142222 A1 discloses alloys comprising (in% by weight), 3.4 to 4.2% Cu, 0.9 to 1.4% Li, 0.3 to 0.7% of Ag, 0.1 to 0.6% Mg, 0.2 to 0.8% Zn, 0.1 to 0.6% Mn and 0.01 to 0.6% of at least one element. for the control of the granular structure. This application also describes a process for manufacturing spun products.
  • US patent application 201 1/0247730 discloses alloys comprising (in% by weight), 2.75 to 5.0% Cu, 0.1 to 1.1% Li, 0.3 to 2.0% Ag, 0.2. at 0.8% Mg, 0.50 to 1.5% Zn, up to 1.0% Mn, with a Cu / Mg ratio of between 6.1 and 17, this alloy being insensitive to wrought.
  • the patent application CN101967588 describes alloys of composition (in% by weight) Cu 2.8 - 4.0; Li 0.8 - 1.9; Mn 0.2-0.6; Zn 0.20 - 0.80, Zr 0.04-0.20, Mg 0.20-0.80, Ag 0.1-0.7, Si ⁇ 0.10, Fe ⁇ 0.10, Ti ⁇ 0.12, it teaches the combined addition of zirconium and manganese.
  • the characteristics required for aluminum sheets intended for fuselage applications are described, for example, in patent EP 1 891 247. It is desirable in particular that the sheet has a high yield strength (to withstand buckling) as well as a high plane stress toughness, characterized in particular by a high value of high tensile stress intensity factor (Ka PP ) and a long curve R.
  • Ka PP high tensile stress intensity factor
  • Patent EP 1 966 402 describes an alloy comprising 2.1 to 2.8% by weight of Cu,
  • the alloy being substantially free of zirconium, particularly suitable for obtaining recrystallized thin sheets.
  • the fuselage sheets can be loaded in several directions and isotropic thin sheets having high properties and balanced in mechanical strength in the directions L and TL and tenacity for the directions L-T and T-L are much sought after.
  • thin sheets obtained with certain alloys having high properties at certain thicknesses for example 4 mm, may in certain cases have lower or anisotropic properties at another thickness, for example 2.5 mm. It is often not advantageous industrially to use different alloys for different thicknesses and an alloy to achieve high and isotropic properties regardless of the thickness would be particularly advantageous.
  • the object of the invention is a sheet having a thickness of 0.5 to 9 mm of granular structure essentially recrystallized from an aluminum-based alloy comprising 2.8 to 3.2% by weight of Cu,
  • said sheet being obtained by a process comprising casting, homogenization, hot rolling and optionally cold rolling, dissolving, quenching and tempering.
  • Another subject of the invention is the process for manufacturing a sheet according to the invention with a thickness of 0.5 to 9 mm in aluminum-based alloy in which, successively a) a liquid metal bath comprising
  • said plate is homogenized at a temperature between 480 ° C and 535 ° C;
  • an income is made comprising heating at a temperature between 130 and 170 ° C and preferably between 150 and 160 ° C for 5 to 100 hours and preferably
  • Yet another object of the invention is the use of a sheet according to the invention in an aircraft fuselage panel.
  • Figure 1 - R curves obtained in the direction L-T on sheets of thickness 4 to 5 mm for specimens of width 760 mm.
  • Figure 2 - R curves obtained in the direction L-T on sheets of thickness 1, 5 to 2.5 mm for specimens of width 760 mm.
  • the static mechanical characteristics in tension are determined by a tensile test according to standard NF EN ISO 6892-1, the sampling and the direction of the test being defined by the standard EN 485-1.
  • the term "substantially uncrystallized granular structure” refers to a granular structure such that the degree of recrystallization at 1 ⁇ 2-thickness is less than 30% and preferably less than 10%, and a substantially recrystallized granular structure is called a structure. granular such that the recrystallization rate at 1 ⁇ 2 thickness is greater than 70% and preferably greater than 90%.
  • the recrystallization rate is defined as the surface fraction on a metallographic section occupied by recrystallized grains.
  • the grain sizes are measured according to ASTM El 12.
  • a curve giving the effective stress intensity factor as a function of the effective crack extension, known as the R curve, is determined according to ASTM E 561.
  • the critical stress intensity factor Kc in others the intensity factor which makes the crack unstable, is calculated from the curve R.
  • the stress intensity factor Kco is also calculated by assigning the initial crack length at the beginning of the monotonic load, to the critical load . These two values are calculated for a specimen of the required form.
  • Ka PP represents the Kco factor corresponding to the specimen that was used to perform the R curve test.
  • Keff represents the Kc factor corresponding to the specimen that was used to perform the R curve test.
  • effective stress intensity factor for effective crack extension Aaeff of 60 mm is W / 3 for M (T) type specimens, where W is the specimen width as defined in ASTM E561.
  • EN 12258 Unless otherwise specified, the definitions of EN 12258 apply.
  • the copper content of the products according to the invention is between 2.8 and 3.2% by weight. In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the copper content is between 2.9 and 3.1% by weight.
  • the lithium content of the products according to the invention is between 0.5 and 0.8% by weight and preferably between 0.55% and 0.75% by weight.
  • the lithium content is at least 0.6% by weight. In one embodiment of the invention, the lithium content is between 0.64% and 0.73% by weight.
  • the addition of lithium may contribute to the increase in strength and toughness, a too high or too low content does not provide a high value of toughness and / or a sufficient yield strength.
  • the magnesium content of the products according to the invention is between 0.2 and 0.7% by weight, preferably between 0.3 and 0.5% by weight and preferably between 0.35 and 0.45% by weight. in weight.
  • the manganese content is between 0.2 and 0.6% by weight and preferably between 0.25 and 0.35% by weight. In one embodiment of the invention, the manganese content is at most 0.45% by weight.
  • the addition of manganese in the claimed amount allows control of the granular structure while avoiding the adverse effect on the toughness that would generate too high a content.
  • the silver content is between 0.1 and 0.3% by weight. In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the silver content is between 0.15 and 0.28% by weight.
  • the titanium content is between 0.01 and 0.15% by weight.
  • the titanium content is at least 0.02% by weight and preferably at least 0.03% by weight.
  • the titanium content is at most 0.1% by weight and preferably at most 0.05% by weight. The addition of titanium helps to control the granular structure, especially during casting.
  • the iron and silicon contents are each at most 0.1% by weight. In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the iron and silicon contents are at most 0.08% and preferably at most 0.04% by weight. A controlled and limited iron and silicon content contributes to the improvement of the compromise between mechanical resistance and damage tolerance.
  • the zinc content is less than 0.2% by weight and preferably less than 0.1% by weight. The zinc content is advantageously less than 0.04% by weight.
  • the unavoidable impurities are maintained at a content of less than or equal to 0.05% by weight each and 0.15% by weight in total.
  • the zirconium content is less than or equal to 0.05% by weight preferably less than or equal to 0.04% by weight and preferably less than or equal to 0.03% by weight.
  • the method of manufacturing the sheets according to the invention comprises steps of production, casting, rolling, dissolution, quenching, controlled pulling and tempering.
  • a bath of liquid metal is produced so as to obtain an aluminum alloy of composition according to the invention.
  • the bath of liquid metal is then cast into a form of rolling plate.
  • the rolling plate is then homogenized at a temperature between 480 ° C and 535 ° and preferably between 490 ° C and 530 ° C and preferably between 500 ° C and 520 ° C.
  • the homogenization time is preferably between 5 and 60 hours.
  • a homogenization temperature that is too low or the absence of homogenization does not make it possible to achieve improved and isotropic properties compared to those of the known products, in particular in terms of mechanical strength in the L and TL directions and toughness for the LT and TL directions over the entire thickness range.
  • the rolling plate After homogenization, the rolling plate is generally cooled to room temperature before being preheated to be hot deformed. Preheating aims to achieve a temperature preferably between 400 and 500 ° C for deformation by hot rolling.
  • the hot rolling and optionally cold rolling is performed so as to obtain a sheet thickness of 0.5 to 9 mm.
  • a temperature greater than 400 ° C. is maintained up to a thickness of 20 mm and preferably a temperature greater than 450 ° C. up to a thickness of 20 mm.
  • Intermediate heat treatments during rolling and / or after rolling can be carried out in some cases. However, preferably, the process does not include intermediate heat treatment during rolling and / or after rolling.
  • the sheet thus obtained is then put into solution by heat treatment between 450 and 535 ° C., preferably between 490 ° C. and 530 ° C. and preferably between 500 ° C and 520 ° C, preferably for 5 min to 2 hours, and then quenched.
  • the dissolution time is at most 1 hour in order to minimize the surface oxidation.
  • the sheet then undergoes cold deformation by controlled traction with a permanent deformation of 0.5 to 5% and preferably of 1 to 3%.
  • Known steps such as rolling, flattening, deflashing, straightening and shaping may optionally be carried out after dissolution and quenching and before or after the controlled pull, however the total cold deformation after dissolution and quenching. must remain less than 15% and preferably less than 10%.
  • High cold deformation after dissolution and quenching cause the appearance of many shear bands passing through several grains, these shear bands being undesirable.
  • the quenched sheet may be subjected to a step of wrinkling or planing, before or after the controlled pull.
  • flashing / planing means a cold deformation step without permanent deformation or with a permanent deformation less than or equal to 1%, to improve the flatness.
  • An income is achieved comprising heating at a temperature between 130 and 170 ° C and preferably between 150 and 160 ° C for 5 to 100 hours and preferably 10 to 40 hours.
  • the final metallurgical state is a T8 state.
  • a short heat treatment is performed after controlled pulling and before tempering so as to improve the formability of the sheets.
  • the sheets can thus be shaped by a process such as drawing-forming before being returned.
  • the granular structure of the sheets according to the invention is essentially recrystallized.
  • the combination of the composition according to the invention and transformation parameters makes it possible to control the anisotropy index of the recrystallized grains.
  • the sheets according to the invention are such that the grain anisotropy index measured at mid-thickness according to ASTM standard El 12 by the intercepts method in the L / TC plane is less than 20, preferably less than 15 and, preferably, less than 10.
  • the grain anisotropy index measured at mid-thickness according to ASTM standard El 12 by the intercepts method in the L / TC plane is less than or equal to 8, preferably less than or equal to 6 and preferably less than or equal to 4.
  • the sheets according to the invention have advantageous properties irrespective of the thickness of the products.
  • the resistance to corrosion, in particular to intergranular corrosion, to corroding corrosion as well as stress corrosion, of the sheets according to the invention is high.
  • the sheet of the invention can be used without plating.
  • sheets according to the invention in an aircraft fuselage panel is advantageous.
  • the sheets according to the invention are also advantageous in aerospace applications such as the manufacture of rockets.
  • the plates were homogenized for 12 hours at 505 ° C.
  • the plates were hot-rolled to obtain sheets having a thickness of between 4.2 and 6.3 mm. Some sheets have then cold-rolled to a thickness of between 1.5 and 2.5 mm.
  • the details of the sheets obtained and the income conditions are given in Table 2.
  • the granular structure of the samples was characterized from microscopic observation of cross sections after anodic oxidation under polarized light.
  • the granular structure of the plates was essentially non-recrystallized for all the sheets except for the plates D # 2 E # 2 F # 1, F # 2, G # 1 and G # 2 for which the granular structure was essentially recrystallized.
  • the grain size was determined in the mid-thickness L / TC plane according to the ASTM El 12 standard by the intercepts method from the microscopic observation of the cross-sections after anodic oxidation under polarized light.
  • the anisotropy index is the ratio of grain size measured in the L direction divided by the grain size measured in the TC direction. The results are shown in Table 3.
  • the samples were mechanically tested to determine their static mechanical properties as well as their toughness.
  • the mechanical characteristics were measured in full thickness.
  • Table 5 summarizes the results of the tenacity tests on CCT test specimens of width 760 mm for these samples. Table 5 results of the R curves for CCT test pieces of width 760 mm.
  • Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the remarkable toughness of Examples F and G according to the invention in particular in the direction L-T.
  • Examples F and G demonstrate that it is possible to obtain thin sheets according to the invention which have improved and isotropic properties compared to those obtained from the other examples A to E, and in particular with respect to Example C and over a wide range of typical thickness of said thin sheets.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Metal Rolling (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
  • Conductive Materials (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Abstract

The invention concerns a sheet 0.5 to 9 mm thick, having an essentially recrystallised granular structure made from an aluminium alloy comprising 2.8 to 3.2 % by weight of Cu, 0.5 to 0.8 % by weight of Li, 0.1 to 0.3 % by weight of Ag, 0.2 to 0.7 % by weight of Mg, 0.2 to 0.6 % by weight of Mn, 0.01 to 0.15 % by weight of Ti, a quantity of Zn of less than 0.2 % by weight, a quantity of Fe and of Si of less than 0.1 % each by weight, and inevitable impurities in a content less than or equal to 0.05% each by weight and 0.15% in total by weight, said sheet being obtained by a method comprising pouring, soaking, hot rolling and optionally cold rolling, solution annealing, quenching and tempering. The sheets according to the invention are particularly advantageous for producing aircraft fuselage panels.

Description

Tôles isotropes en alliage d'aluminium-cuivre-lithium pour la fabrication de fuselages d'avion  Isotropic sheets of aluminum-copper-lithium alloy for the manufacture of aircraft fuselages
Domaine de l'invention Field of the invention
L'invention concerne les produits laminés alliages aluminium-cuivre -lithium, plus particulièrement, de tels produits, leurs procédés de fabrication et d'utilisation, destinés notamment à la construction aéronautique et aérospatiale. The invention relates to laminated products aluminum-copper-lithium alloys, more particularly, such products, their manufacturing processes and use, intended in particular for aeronautical and aerospace construction.
Etat de la technique State of the art
Des produits laminés en alliage d'aluminium sont développés pour produire des éléments de fuselage destinés notamment à l'industrie aéronautique et à l'industrie aérospatiale. Aluminum alloy rolled products are being developed to produce fuselage elements for the aerospace industry and the aerospace industry in particular.
Les alliages aluminium - cuivre - lithium sont particulièrement prometteurs pour fabriquer ce type de produit. Le brevet US 5,032,359 décrit une vaste famille d'alliages aluminium-cuivre-lithium dans lesquels l'addition de magnésium et d'argent, en particulier entre 0,3 et 0,5 pour cent en poids, permet d'augmenter la résistance mécanique. Aluminum - copper - lithium alloys are particularly promising for this type of product. U.S. Patent 5,032,359 discloses a broad family of aluminum-copper-lithium alloys in which the addition of magnesium and silver, particularly between 0.3 and 0.5 percent by weight, increases the mechanical strength. .
Le brevet US 5,455,003 décrit un procédé de fabrication d'alliages Al-Cu-Li qui présentent une résistance mécanique et une ténacité améliorées à température cryogénique, en particulier grâce à un écrouissage et un revenu appropriés. Ce brevet recommande en particulier la composition, en pourcentage en poids, Cu = 3,0 - 4,5, Li = 0,7 - 1,1, Ag = 0 - 0,6, Mg = 0,3-0,6 et Zn = 0 - 0,75. Le brevet US 7,438,772 décrit des alliages comprenant, en pourcentage en poids, Cu : 3-5, Mg : 0,5-2, Li : 0,01-0,9 et décourage l'utilisation de teneurs en lithium plus élevées en raison d'une dégradation du compromis entre ténacité et résistance mécanique. Le brevet US 7,229,509 décrit un alliage comprenant (% en poids) : (2,5-5,5) Cu, (0,1-2,5) Li, (0,2-1,0) Mg, (0,2-0,8) Ag, (0,2-0,8) Mn, 0,4 max Zr ou d'autres agents affinant le grain tels que Cr, Ti, Hf, Se, V. US Pat. No. 5,455,003 describes a process for manufacturing Al-Cu-Li alloys which have improved mechanical strength and toughness at cryogenic temperature, in particular through appropriate work-hardening and tempering. This patent recommends in particular the composition, in percentage by weight, Cu = 3.0-4.5, Li = 0.7-1.1, Ag = 0-0.6, Mg = 0.3-0.6. and Zn = 0 - 0.75. US Pat. No. 7,438,772 describes alloys comprising, in percentage by weight, Cu: 3-5, Mg: 0.5-2, Li: 0.01-0.9 and discourages the use of higher lithium contents due to degradation of the compromise between toughness and mechanical strength. US Pat. No. 7,229,509 describes an alloy comprising (% by weight): (2.5-5.5) Cu, (0.1-2.5) Li, (0.2-1.0) Mg, (0, 2-0.8) Ag, (0.2-0.8) Mn, 0.4 max Zr or other grain refining agents such as Cr, Ti, Hf, Se, V.
La demande de brevet US 2009/142222 Al décrit des alliages comprenant (en % en poids), 3,4 à 4,2% de Cu, 0,9 à 1,4 % de Li, 0,3 à 0,7 % de Ag, 0,1 à 0,6% de Mg, 0,2 à 0,8 % de Zn, 0,1 à 0,6 % de Mn et 0,01 à 0,6 % d'au moins un élément pour le contrôle de la structure granulaire. Cette demande décrit également un procédé de fabrication de produits filés. US patent application 2009/142222 A1 discloses alloys comprising (in% by weight), 3.4 to 4.2% Cu, 0.9 to 1.4% Li, 0.3 to 0.7% of Ag, 0.1 to 0.6% Mg, 0.2 to 0.8% Zn, 0.1 to 0.6% Mn and 0.01 to 0.6% of at least one element. for the control of the granular structure. This application also describes a process for manufacturing spun products.
La demande de brevet US 201 1/0247730 décrit des alliages comprenant (en % en poids), 2.75 à 5.0% de Cu, 0,1 à 1 ,1 % de Li, 0,3 à 2.0 % de Ag, 0,2 à 0,8% de Mg, 0,50 à 1.5 % de Zn, jusque 1.0% de Mn, avec un rapport Cu/Mg compris entre 6,1 et 17, cet alliage étant peu sensible au corroyage.  US patent application 201 1/0247730 discloses alloys comprising (in% by weight), 2.75 to 5.0% Cu, 0.1 to 1.1% Li, 0.3 to 2.0% Ag, 0.2. at 0.8% Mg, 0.50 to 1.5% Zn, up to 1.0% Mn, with a Cu / Mg ratio of between 6.1 and 17, this alloy being insensitive to wrought.
La demande de brevet CN101967588 décrit des alliages de composition (en % en poids) Cu 2,8 - 4,0 ; Li 0,8 - 1 ,9 ; Mn 0,2-0,6 ; Zn 0,20 - 0,80, Zr 0,04 - 0,20, Mg 0,20 - 0,80, Ag 0,1 - 0,7, Si < 0.10, Fe < 0.10, Ti < 0.12, elle enseigne l'addition combinée de zirconium et de manganèse.  The patent application CN101967588 describes alloys of composition (in% by weight) Cu 2.8 - 4.0; Li 0.8 - 1.9; Mn 0.2-0.6; Zn 0.20 - 0.80, Zr 0.04-0.20, Mg 0.20-0.80, Ag 0.1-0.7, Si <0.10, Fe <0.10, Ti <0.12, it teaches the combined addition of zirconium and manganese.
La demande de brevet US 2011/209801 concerne des produits corroyé tels que des produits filés , laminés et/ou forgés, en alliage à base d'aluminium comprenant, en % en poids, Cu : 3,0 - 3,9 ; Li : 0,8 - 1 ,3 ; Mg : 0,6 - 1 ,0 ; Zr : 0,05 - 0,18 ; Ag : 0,0 - 0,5 ; Mn : 0,0 - 0,5 ; Fe + Si <= 0,20 ; au moins un élément parmi Ti : 0,01-0,15 ; Se : 0,05 - 0,3 ; Cr : 0,05 - 0,3 ; Hf : 0,05 - 0, 5 ; autres éléments <= 0,05 chacun et <= 0,15 au total, reste aluminium, les produits étant particulièrement utiles pour réaliser des produits épais en aluminium destinés à réaliser des éléments de structure pour l'industrie aéronautique. Les caractéristiques nécessaires pour les tôles d'aluminium destinées aux applications de fuselage sont décrites par exemple dans le brevet EP 1 891 247. Il est souhaitable notamment que la tôle ait une limite d'élasticité élevée (pour résister au flambage) ainsi qu'une ténacité sous contrainte plane élevée, caractérisée notamment par une valeur élevée de facteur d'intensité de contrainte apparent à la rupture (KaPP) élevée et une longue courbe R. US patent application 2011/209801 relates to wrought products such as spun, rolled and / or forged products of aluminum-based alloy comprising, in% by weight, Cu: 3.0 - 3.9; Li: 0.8-1.3; Mg: 0.6-1.0; Zr: 0.05-0.18; Ag: 0.0 - 0.5; Mn: 0.0 - 0.5; Fe + Si <= 0.20; at least one of Ti: 0.01-0.15; Se: 0.05 - 0.3; Cr: 0.05 - 0.3; Hf: 0.05-0.5; other elements <= 0.05 each and <= 0.15 in total, remains aluminum, the products being particularly useful for producing thick aluminum products intended to produce structural elements for the aeronautical industry. The characteristics required for aluminum sheets intended for fuselage applications are described, for example, in patent EP 1 891 247. It is desirable in particular that the sheet has a high yield strength (to withstand buckling) as well as a high plane stress toughness, characterized in particular by a high value of high tensile stress intensity factor (Ka PP ) and a long curve R.
Le brevet EP 1 966 402 décrit un alliage comprenant 2,1 à 2,8 % en poids de Cu, Patent EP 1 966 402 describes an alloy comprising 2.1 to 2.8% by weight of Cu,
1,1 à 1 ,7 % en poids de Li, 01 à 0,8 % en poids de Ag, 0,2 à 0,6 % en poids de Mg, 0,2 à 0,6 % en poids de Mn, une quantité de Fe et de Si inférieure ou égale à 0,1 % en poids chacun, et des impuretés inévitables à une teneur inférieure ou égale à 0,05% en poids chacune et 0,15% en poids au total, l'alliage étant sensiblement exempt de zirconium, particulièrement adapté pour l'obtention de tôles minces recristallisées. 1.1 to 1, 7% by weight of Li, 01 to 0.8% by weight of Ag, 0.2 to 0.6% by weight of Mg, 0.2 to 0.6% by weight of Mn, an amount of Fe and Si of less than or equal to 0.1% by weight each, and unavoidable impurities at a content of less than or equal to 0.05% by weight each and 0.15% by weight in total, the alloy being substantially free of zirconium, particularly suitable for obtaining recrystallized thin sheets.
Les tôles de fuselage peuvent être sollicitées dans plusieurs directions et des tôles minces isotropes ayant des propriétés élevées et équilibrées en résistance mécanique dans les directions L et TL et en ténacité pour les directions L-T et T-L sont très recherchées. De plus on a constaté que des tôles minces obtenues avec certains alliages présentant des propriétés élevées à certaines épaisseurs, par exemple 4 mm peuvent dans certains cas avoir des propriétés moins élevées ou anisotropes à une autre épaisseur, par exemple 2,5 mm. Il n'est souvent pas avantageux industriellement d'utiliser des alliages différents pour différentes épaisseurs et un alliage permettant d'atteindre des propriétés élevées et isotropes quelle que soit l'épaisseur serait particulièrement avantageux. The fuselage sheets can be loaded in several directions and isotropic thin sheets having high properties and balanced in mechanical strength in the directions L and TL and tenacity for the directions L-T and T-L are much sought after. In addition it has been found that thin sheets obtained with certain alloys having high properties at certain thicknesses, for example 4 mm, may in certain cases have lower or anisotropic properties at another thickness, for example 2.5 mm. It is often not advantageous industrially to use different alloys for different thicknesses and an alloy to achieve high and isotropic properties regardless of the thickness would be particularly advantageous.
Il existe un besoin pour des tôles minces, notamment d'épaisseur 0,5 à 9 mm, en alliage aluminium-cuivre-lithium présentant des propriétés améliorées et isotropes par rapport à celles des produits connus, en particulier en termes en résistance mécanique dans les directions L et TL et en ténacité pour les directions L-T et T-L, et ce sur l'ensemble de cette gamme d'épaisseur. There is a need for thin sheets, in particular of thickness 0.5 to 9 mm, of aluminum-copper-lithium alloy having improved and isotropic properties compared to those of the known products, in particular in terms of mechanical strength in the L and TL directions and toughness for the LT and TL directions over the entire thickness range.
Objet de l'invention L'objet de l'invention est une tôle d'épaisseur 0,5 à 9 mm de structure granulaire essentiellement recristallisée en alliage à base d'aluminium comprenant 2,8 à 3,2 % en poids de Cu, OBJECT OF THE INVENTION The object of the invention is a sheet having a thickness of 0.5 to 9 mm of granular structure essentially recrystallized from an aluminum-based alloy comprising 2.8 to 3.2% by weight of Cu,
0,5 à 0,8 % en poids de Li,  0.5 to 0.8% by weight of Li,
0,1 à 0,3 % en poids de Ag,  0.1 to 0.3% by weight of Ag,
0,2 à 0,7 % en poids de Mg,  0.2 to 0.7% by weight of Mg,
0,2 à 0,6 % en poids de Mn,  0.2 to 0.6% by weight of Mn,
0,01 à 0,15 % en poids de Ti,  0.01 to 0.15% by weight of Ti,
une quantité de Zn inférieure à 0,2 % en poids, une quantité de Fe et de Si inférieure ou égale à 0,1 % en poids chacun, et des impuretés inévitables à une teneur inférieure ou égale à 0,05% en poids chacune et 0,15% en poids au total,  an amount of Zn of less than 0.2% by weight, an amount of Fe and Si of less than or equal to 0.1% by weight each, and unavoidable impurities at a content of less than or equal to 0.05% by weight each and 0.15% by weight in total,
la dite tôle étant obtenue par un procédé comprenant coulée, homogénéisation, laminage à chaud et optionnellement laminage à froid, mise en solution, trempe et revenu. said sheet being obtained by a process comprising casting, homogenization, hot rolling and optionally cold rolling, dissolving, quenching and tempering.
Un autre objet de l'invention est le procédé de fabrication d'une tôle selon l'invention d'épaisseur 0,5 à 9 mm en alliage à base d'aluminium dans lequel, successivement a) on élabore un bain de métal liquide comprenant Another subject of the invention is the process for manufacturing a sheet according to the invention with a thickness of 0.5 to 9 mm in aluminum-based alloy in which, successively a) a liquid metal bath comprising
2,8 à 3,2 % en poids de Cu,  2.8 to 3.2% by weight of Cu,
0,5 à 0,8 % en poids de Li,  0.5 to 0.8% by weight of Li,
0,1 à 0,3 % en poids de Ag,  0.1 to 0.3% by weight of Ag,
0,2 à 0,7 % en poids de Mg,  0.2 to 0.7% by weight of Mg,
0,2 à 0,6 % en poids de Mn,  0.2 to 0.6% by weight of Mn,
0,01 à 0,15 % en poids de Ti,  0.01 to 0.15% by weight of Ti,
une quantité de Zn inférieure à 0,2 % en poids, une quantité de Fe et de Si inférieure ou égale à 0,1 % en poids chacun, et des impuretés inévitables à une teneur inférieure ou égale à 0,05% en poids chacune et 0,15% en poids au total,  an amount of Zn of less than 0.2% by weight, an amount of Fe and Si of less than or equal to 0.1% by weight each, and unavoidable impurities at a content of less than or equal to 0.05% by weight each and 0.15% by weight in total,
b) on coule une plaque à partir dudit bain de métal liquide b) pouring a plate from said liquid metal bath
c) on homogénéise ladite plaque à une température comprise entre 480°C et 535 °C ; c) said plate is homogenized at a temperature between 480 ° C and 535 ° C;
d) on lamine ladite plaque par laminage à chaud et optionnellement à froid en une tôle ayant une épaisseur comprise entre 0,5 mm et 9 mm; d) laminating said plate by hot rolling and optionally cold rolling into a sheet having a thickness between 0.5 mm and 9 mm;
e) on met en solution à une température comprise entre 450 °C et 535 °C et on trempe ladite tôle; h) on tractionne de façon contrôlée ladite tôle avec une déformation permanente de 0,5 à 5 % , la déformation à froid totale après mise en solution et trempe étant inférieure à 15% ; e) dissolving at a temperature of between 450 ° C and 535 ° C and quenching said sheet; h) the sheet is controlledly tensile with a permanent deformation of 0.5 to 5%, the total cold deformation after dissolution and quenching is less than 15%;
i) on effectue un revenu comprenant un chauffage à une température comprise entre 130 et 170°C et de préférence entre 150 et 160°C pendant 5 à 100 heures et de préférence dei) an income is made comprising heating at a temperature between 130 and 170 ° C and preferably between 150 and 160 ° C for 5 to 100 hours and preferably
10 à 40 heures. 10 to 40 hours.
Encore un autre objet de l'invention est l'utilisation d'une tôle selon l'invention dans un panneau de fuselage pour aéronef. Yet another object of the invention is the use of a sheet according to the invention in an aircraft fuselage panel.
Description des figures Description of figures
Figure 1 - Courbes R obtenues dans la direction L-T sur des tôles d'épaisseur 4 à 5 mm pour des éprouvettes de largeur 760 mm. Figure 1 - R curves obtained in the direction L-T on sheets of thickness 4 to 5 mm for specimens of width 760 mm.
Figure 2 - Courbes R obtenues dans la direction L-T sur des tôles d'épaisseur 1 ,5 à 2,5 mm pour des éprouvettes de largeur 760 mm. Figure 2 - R curves obtained in the direction L-T on sheets of thickness 1, 5 to 2.5 mm for specimens of width 760 mm.
Description de l'invention Description of the invention
Sauf mention contraire, toutes les indications concernant la composition chimique des alliages sont exprimées comme un pourcentage en poids basé sur le poids total de l'alliage. L'expression 1 ,4 Cu signifie que la teneur en cuivre exprimée en % en poids est multipliée par 1,4. La désignation des alliages se fait en conformité avec les règlements de The Aluminium Association, connus de l'homme du métier. Sauf mention contraire les définitions des états métallurgiques indiquées dans la norme européenne EN 515 s'appliquent. Unless stated otherwise, all the information concerning the chemical composition of the alloys is expressed as a percentage by weight based on the total weight of the alloy. The expression 1, 4 Cu means that the copper content expressed in% by weight is multiplied by 1.4. The designation of alloys is in accordance with the regulations of The Aluminum Association, known to those skilled in the art. Unless otherwise stated, the definitions of the metallurgical states given in the European standard EN 515 apply.
Les caractéristiques mécaniques statiques en traction, en d'autres termes la résistance à la rupture Rm, la limite d'élasticité conventionnelle à 0,2% d'allongement RPo,2, et l'allongement à la rupture A%, sont déterminés par un essai de traction selon la norme NF EN ISO 6892-1 , le prélèvement et le sens de l'essai étant définis par la norme EN 485-1. Dans le cadre de la présente invention, on appelle structure granulaire essentiellement non- -recristallisée une structure granulaire telle que le taux de recristallisation à ½ épaisseur est inférieur à 30% et de préférence inférieur à 10% et on appelle structure granulaire essentiellement recristallisée une structure granulaire telle que le taux de recristallisation à ½ épaisseur est supérieur à 70% et de préférence supérieur à 90%. Le taux de recristallisation est défini comme la fraction de surface sur une coupe métallographique occupée par des grains recristallisés. The static mechanical characteristics in tension, in other words the tensile strength R m , the conventional yield strength at 0.2% elongation R P o, 2, and the elongation at break A%, are determined by a tensile test according to standard NF EN ISO 6892-1, the sampling and the direction of the test being defined by the standard EN 485-1. In the context of the present invention, the term "substantially uncrystallized granular structure" refers to a granular structure such that the degree of recrystallization at ½-thickness is less than 30% and preferably less than 10%, and a substantially recrystallized granular structure is called a structure. granular such that the recrystallization rate at ½ thickness is greater than 70% and preferably greater than 90%. The recrystallization rate is defined as the surface fraction on a metallographic section occupied by recrystallized grains.
Les tailles de grain sont mesurées selon la norme ASTM El 12. The grain sizes are measured according to ASTM El 12.
Une courbe donnant le facteur d'intensité de contrainte effectif en fonction de l'extension de fissure effective, connue comme la courbe R, est déterminée selon la norme ASTM E 561. Le facteur d'intensité de contrainte critique Kc, en d'autres termes le facteur d'intensité qui rend la fissure instable, est calculé à partir de la courbe R. Le facteur d'intensité de contrainte Kco est également calculé en attribuant la longueur de fissure initiale au commencement de la charge monotone, à la charge critique. Ces deux valeurs sont calculées pour une éprouvette de la forme requise. KaPP représente le facteur Kco correspondant à l'éprouvette qui a été utilisée pour effectuer l'essai de courbe R. Keff représente le facteur Kc correspondant à l'éprouvette qui a été utilisée pour effectuer l'essai de courbe R. Kr60 représente le facteur d'intensité de contrainte effectif pour une extension de fissure effective Aaeff de 60 mm. Sauf mention contraire, la taille de fissure à la fin du stade de pré-fissurage par fatigue est W/3 pour des éprouvettes du type M(T), dans laquelle W est la largeur de l'éprouvette telle que définie dans la norme ASTM E561. A curve giving the effective stress intensity factor as a function of the effective crack extension, known as the R curve, is determined according to ASTM E 561. The critical stress intensity factor Kc, in others the intensity factor which makes the crack unstable, is calculated from the curve R. The stress intensity factor Kco is also calculated by assigning the initial crack length at the beginning of the monotonic load, to the critical load . These two values are calculated for a specimen of the required form. Ka PP represents the Kco factor corresponding to the specimen that was used to perform the R curve test. Keff represents the Kc factor corresponding to the specimen that was used to perform the R curve test. effective stress intensity factor for effective crack extension Aaeff of 60 mm. Unless otherwise stated, the crack size at the end of the pre-fatigue cracking stage is W / 3 for M (T) type specimens, where W is the specimen width as defined in ASTM E561.
Sauf mention contraire, les définitions de la norme EN 12258 s'appliquent. Unless otherwise specified, the definitions of EN 12258 apply.
La teneur en cuivre des produits selon l'invention est comprise entre 2,8 et 3,2 % en poids. Dans une réalisation avantageuse de l'invention, la teneur en cuivre est comprise entre 2,9 et 3,1 % en poids. La teneur en lithium des produits selon l'invention est comprise entre 0,5 et 0,8 % en poids et de préférence comprise entre 0,55 % et 0,75 % en poids. Avantageusement la teneur en lithium est au moins 0,6 % en poids. Dans un mode de réalisation de l'invention, la teneur en lithium est comprise entre 0,64 % et 0,73 % en poids. L'addition de lithium peut contribuer à l'augmentation de la résistance mécanique et de la ténacité, une teneur trop élevée ou trop faible ne permet pas d'obtenir une valeur élevée de ténacité et/ou une limite d'élasticité suffisante. The copper content of the products according to the invention is between 2.8 and 3.2% by weight. In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the copper content is between 2.9 and 3.1% by weight. The lithium content of the products according to the invention is between 0.5 and 0.8% by weight and preferably between 0.55% and 0.75% by weight. Advantageously, the lithium content is at least 0.6% by weight. In one embodiment of the invention, the lithium content is between 0.64% and 0.73% by weight. The addition of lithium may contribute to the increase in strength and toughness, a too high or too low content does not provide a high value of toughness and / or a sufficient yield strength.
La teneur en magnésium des produits selon l'invention est comprise entre 0,2 et 0,7 % en poids, de préférence entre 0,3 et 0,5 % en poids et de manière préférée entre 0,35 et 0,45 % en poids.  The magnesium content of the products according to the invention is between 0.2 and 0.7% by weight, preferably between 0.3 and 0.5% by weight and preferably between 0.35 and 0.45% by weight. in weight.
La teneur en manganèse est comprise entre 0,2 et 0,6 % en poids et de préférence entre 0,25 et 0,35% en poids. Dans un mode de réalisation de l'invention la teneur en manganèse est au plus de 0,45 % en poids. L'addition de manganèse dans la quantité revendiquée permet de contrôler la structure granulaire tout en évitant l'effet néfaste sur la ténacité que générerait une teneur trop élevée.  The manganese content is between 0.2 and 0.6% by weight and preferably between 0.25 and 0.35% by weight. In one embodiment of the invention, the manganese content is at most 0.45% by weight. The addition of manganese in the claimed amount allows control of the granular structure while avoiding the adverse effect on the toughness that would generate too high a content.
La teneur en argent est comprise entre 0,1 et 0,3 % en poids. Dans un mode de réalisation avantageux de l'invention la teneur en argent est comprise entre 0,15 et 0,28 % en poids. La teneur en titane est comprise entre 0,01 et 0,15 % en poids. Avantageusement la teneur en titane est au moins 0,02 % en poids et de manière préférée au moins 0,03 % en poids. Dans un mode de réalisation avantageux de l'invention la teneur en titane est au plus de 0,1 % en poids et de préférence au plus de 0,05 % en poids. L'addition de titane contribue à contrôler la structure granulaire, notamment lors de la coulée.  The silver content is between 0.1 and 0.3% by weight. In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the silver content is between 0.15 and 0.28% by weight. The titanium content is between 0.01 and 0.15% by weight. Advantageously, the titanium content is at least 0.02% by weight and preferably at least 0.03% by weight. In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the titanium content is at most 0.1% by weight and preferably at most 0.05% by weight. The addition of titanium helps to control the granular structure, especially during casting.
Les teneurs en fer et en silicium sont chacune au plus de 0,1 % en poids. Dans une réalisation avantageuse de l'invention les teneurs en fer et en silicium sont au plus de 0,08 % et préférentiellement au plus de 0,04 % en poids. Une teneur en fer et en silicium contrôlée et limitée contribue à l'amélioration du compromis entre résistance mécanique et tolérance aux dommages. La teneur en zinc est inférieure à 0,2 % en poids et de préférence inférieure à 0,1 % en poids. La teneur en zinc est avantageusement inférieure à 0,04 % en poids. Les impuretés inévitables sont maintenues à une teneur inférieure ou égale à 0,05% en poids chacune et 0,15% en poids au total. The iron and silicon contents are each at most 0.1% by weight. In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the iron and silicon contents are at most 0.08% and preferably at most 0.04% by weight. A controlled and limited iron and silicon content contributes to the improvement of the compromise between mechanical resistance and damage tolerance. The zinc content is less than 0.2% by weight and preferably less than 0.1% by weight. The zinc content is advantageously less than 0.04% by weight. The unavoidable impurities are maintained at a content of less than or equal to 0.05% by weight each and 0.15% by weight in total.
En particulier la teneur en zirconium est inférieure ou égale à 0,05 % en poids préférentiellement inférieure ou égale à 0,04 % en poids et de manière préférée inférieure ou égale à 0,03 % en poids.  In particular the zirconium content is less than or equal to 0.05% by weight preferably less than or equal to 0.04% by weight and preferably less than or equal to 0.03% by weight.
Le procédé de fabrication des tôles selon l'invention comprend des étapes d'élaboration, coulée, laminage, mise en solution, trempe, traction contrôlée et revenu.  The method of manufacturing the sheets according to the invention comprises steps of production, casting, rolling, dissolution, quenching, controlled pulling and tempering.
Dans une première étape, on élabore un bain de métal liquide de façon à obtenir un alliage d'aluminium de composition selon l'invention. In a first step, a bath of liquid metal is produced so as to obtain an aluminum alloy of composition according to the invention.
Le bain de métal liquide est ensuite coulé sous une forme de plaque de laminage. The bath of liquid metal is then cast into a form of rolling plate.
La plaque de laminage est ensuite homogénéisée à une température comprise entre 480°C et 535° et de préférence entre 490 °C et 530°C et de manière préférée entre 500 °C et 520 °C. La durée d'homogénéisation est de préférence comprise entre 5 et 60 heures.  The rolling plate is then homogenized at a temperature between 480 ° C and 535 ° and preferably between 490 ° C and 530 ° C and preferably between 500 ° C and 520 ° C. The homogenization time is preferably between 5 and 60 hours.
Dans le cadre de l'invention, une température d'homogénéisation trop basse ou l'absence d'homogénéisation ne permet pas d'atteindre des propriétés améliorées et isotropes par rapport à celles des produits connus, en particulier en termes de résistance mécanique dans les directions L et TL et de ténacité pour les directions L-T et T-L, et ce sur l'ensemble de cette gamme d'épaisseur. In the context of the invention, a homogenization temperature that is too low or the absence of homogenization does not make it possible to achieve improved and isotropic properties compared to those of the known products, in particular in terms of mechanical strength in the L and TL directions and toughness for the LT and TL directions over the entire thickness range.
Après homogénéisation, la plaque de laminage est en général refroidie jusqu'à température ambiante avant d'être préchauffée en vue d'être déformée à chaud. Le préchauffage a pour objectif d'atteindre une température de préférence comprise entre 400 et 500 °C permettant la déformation par laminage à chaud.  After homogenization, the rolling plate is generally cooled to room temperature before being preheated to be hot deformed. Preheating aims to achieve a temperature preferably between 400 and 500 ° C for deformation by hot rolling.
Le laminage à chaud et optionnellement à froid est effectué de manière à obtenir une tôle d'épaisseur 0,5 à 9 mm.  The hot rolling and optionally cold rolling is performed so as to obtain a sheet thickness of 0.5 to 9 mm.
Avantageusement, lors du laminage à chaud, on maintient une température supérieure à 400°C jusqu'à l'épaisseur 20 mm et de préférence une température supérieure à 450 °C jusqu'à l'épaisseur 20 mm. Des traitements thermiques intermédiaires pendant le laminage et/ou après le laminage peuvent être effectués dans certains cas. Cependant de manière préférée, le procédé ne comprend pas de traitement thermique intermédiaire pendant le laminage et/ou après le laminage. La tôle ainsi obtenue est ensuite mise en solution par traitement thermique entre 450 et 535 °C, de préférence entre 490 °C et 530°C et de manière préférée entre 500 °C et 520 °C, de préférence pendant 5 min à 2 heures, puis trempée. Avantageusement la durée de mise en solution est au plus de 1 heure de façon à minimiser l'oxydation de surface. Advantageously, during hot rolling, a temperature greater than 400 ° C. is maintained up to a thickness of 20 mm and preferably a temperature greater than 450 ° C. up to a thickness of 20 mm. Intermediate heat treatments during rolling and / or after rolling can be carried out in some cases. However, preferably, the process does not include intermediate heat treatment during rolling and / or after rolling. The sheet thus obtained is then put into solution by heat treatment between 450 and 535 ° C., preferably between 490 ° C. and 530 ° C. and preferably between 500 ° C and 520 ° C, preferably for 5 min to 2 hours, and then quenched. Advantageously, the dissolution time is at most 1 hour in order to minimize the surface oxidation.
Il est connu de l'homme du métier que les conditions précises de mise en solution doivent être choisies en fonction de l'épaisseur et de la composition de façon à mettre en solution solide les éléments durcissants.  It is known to those skilled in the art that the precise conditions of dissolution must be chosen according to the thickness and the composition so as to solubilize the hardening elements.
La tôle subit ensuite une déformation à froid par traction contrôlée avec une déformation permanente de 0,5 à 5 % et préférentiellement de 1 à 3 %. Des étapes connues telles que le laminage, le planage, le défripage, le redressage la mise en forme peuvent être optionnellement réalisées après mise en solution et trempe et avant ou après la traction contrôlée, cependant la déformation à froid totale après mise en solution et trempe doit rester inférieure à 15% et de préférence inférieure à 10%. Des déformations à froid élevées après mise en solution et trempe causent en effet l'apparition de nombreuses bandes de cisaillement traversant plusieurs grains, ces bandes de cisaillement n'étant pas souhaitables. Typiquement, la tôle trempée peut est soumise à une étape de défripage ou de planage, avant ou après la traction contrôlée. On entend ici par « défripage/planage » une étape de déformation à froid sans déformation permanente ou avec une déformation permanente inférieure ou égale à 1%, permettant d'améliorer la planéité. Un revenu est réalisé comprenant un chauffage à une température comprise entre 130 et 170°C et de préférence entre 150 et 160°C pendant 5 à 100 heures et de préférence de 10 à 40 heures. De manière préférée, l'état métallurgique final est un état T8.  The sheet then undergoes cold deformation by controlled traction with a permanent deformation of 0.5 to 5% and preferably of 1 to 3%. Known steps such as rolling, flattening, deflashing, straightening and shaping may optionally be carried out after dissolution and quenching and before or after the controlled pull, however the total cold deformation after dissolution and quenching. must remain less than 15% and preferably less than 10%. High cold deformation after dissolution and quenching cause the appearance of many shear bands passing through several grains, these shear bands being undesirable. Typically, the quenched sheet may be subjected to a step of wrinkling or planing, before or after the controlled pull. Here, the term "deflashing / planing" means a cold deformation step without permanent deformation or with a permanent deformation less than or equal to 1%, to improve the flatness. An income is achieved comprising heating at a temperature between 130 and 170 ° C and preferably between 150 and 160 ° C for 5 to 100 hours and preferably 10 to 40 hours. Preferably, the final metallurgical state is a T8 state.
Dans un mode de réalisation de l'invention, un traitement thermique court est réalisé après traction contrôlée et avant revenu de façon à améliorer la formabilité des tôles. Les tôles peuvent ainsi être mises en forme par un procédé tel que l'étirage -formage avant d'être revenues. In one embodiment of the invention, a short heat treatment is performed after controlled pulling and before tempering so as to improve the formability of the sheets. The sheets can thus be shaped by a process such as drawing-forming before being returned.
La structure granulaire des tôles selon l'invention est essentiellement recristallisée. La combinaison de la composition selon l'invention et des paramètres de transformation permet de contrôler l'indice d'anisotropie des grains recristallisés. Ainsi les tôles selon l'invention sont telles que l'indice d'anisotropie des grains mesuré à mi-épaisseur selon la norme ASTM El 12 par la méthode des intercepts dans le plan L/TC est inférieur à 20, de préférence inférieur à 15 et de manière préférée inférieur à 10. Avantageusement pour les tôles dont l'épaisseur est inférieure ou égale à 3 mm, l'indice d'anisotropie des grains mesuré à mi-épaisseur selon la norme ASTM El 12 par la méthode des intercepts dans le plan L/TC est inférieur ou égale à 8, de préférence inférieur ou égal à 6 et de manière préférée inférieur ou égal à 4. The granular structure of the sheets according to the invention is essentially recrystallized. The combination of the composition according to the invention and transformation parameters makes it possible to control the anisotropy index of the recrystallized grains. So the sheets according to the invention are such that the grain anisotropy index measured at mid-thickness according to ASTM standard El 12 by the intercepts method in the L / TC plane is less than 20, preferably less than 15 and, preferably, less than 10. Advantageously for the sheets whose thickness is less than or equal to 3 mm, the grain anisotropy index measured at mid-thickness according to ASTM standard El 12 by the intercepts method in the L / TC plane is less than or equal to 8, preferably less than or equal to 6 and preferably less than or equal to 4.
Les tôles selon l'invention ont des propriétés avantageuses quelle que soit l'épaisseur des produits. The sheets according to the invention have advantageous properties irrespective of the thickness of the products.
Les tôles selon l'invention dont l'épaisseur est comprise entre 0,5 et 9 mm et  The sheets according to the invention whose thickness is between 0.5 and 9 mm and
particulièrement entre 1 ,5 et 6 mm présentent avantageusement à l'état T8 au moins un des couples de propriétés suivantes particularly between 1.5 and 6 mm advantageously have at T8 at least one of the following pairs of properties
- une ténacité en contrainte plane Kapp, mesurée sur des éprouvettes de type CCT760 (2ao = 253 mm), dans la direction L-T et dans la direction T-L d'au moins a Kapp plane stress tenacity, measured on specimens of the CCT760 type (2ao = 253 mm), in the L-T direction and in the T-L direction of at least
140 MPaVm et préférentiellement d'au moins 150 MPaVm et une limite Rpo,2 dans les directions L et TL d'au moins 360 MPa et de préférence d'au moins 365 MPa,140 MPaVm and preferably at least 150 MPaVm and a limit Rpo, 2 in the directions L and TL of at least 360 MPa and preferably at least 365 MPa,
- une ténacité en contrainte plane Kr60, mesurée sur des éprouvettes de type CCT760 (2ao = 253 mm), dans la direction L-T et dans la direction T-L supérieur à 190 MPaVm et préférentiellement supérieur à 200 MPaVm et une résistance à rupture Rm dans les directions L et TL d'au moins 410 MPa et de préférence d'au moins 415 MPa, a Kr60 plane stress tenacity, measured on specimens of the CCT760 type (2ao = 253 mm), in the LT direction and in the TL direction greater than 190 MPaVm and preferably greater than 200 MPaVm, and a Rm fracture resistance in the directions L and TL of at least 410 MPa and preferably at least 415 MPa,
et au moins une des propriétés suivantes :  and at least one of the following properties:
- un rapport entre la ténacité en contrainte plane Kapp, mesurée sur des éprouvettes de type CCT760 (2ao = 253 mm), dans les direction T-L et L-T, Kapp(T-L) / Kapp a ratio between the plane stress toughness Kapp, measured on specimens of the CCT760 type (2ao = 253 mm), in the T-L and L-T directions, Kapp (T-L) / Kapp
(L-T), compris entre 0,85 et 1,15 et de préférence entre 0,90 et 1 ,10 (L-T), between 0.85 and 1.15 and preferably between 0.90 and 1, 10
- un rapport entre la résistance à rupture Rm dans les directions L et TL, Rm(L) / Rm(TL), inférieur à 1 ,06 et de préférence inférieur à 1 ,05. Sans être liés à une théorie particulière, les présents inventeurs pensent que la combinaison entre la composition, notamment la teneur limitée de zirconium, l'addition de manganèse et la quantité choisie de magnésium et le procédé de transformation, notamment la température d'homogénéisation et de laminage à chaud, permet d'obtenir les propriétés avantageuses revendiquées. a ratio between the breaking strength Rm in the L and TL directions, Rm (L) / Rm (TL), less than 1, 06 and preferably less than 1.05. Without being bound to a particular theory, the present inventors believe that the combination between the composition, especially the limited content of zirconium, the addition of manganese and the selected amount of magnesium and the process of transformation, including the homogenization and hot rolling temperature, provides the claimed advantageous properties.
La résistance à la corrosion, en particulier à la corrosion intergranulaire, à la corrosion feuillante ainsi qu'à la corrosion sous contrainte, des tôles selon l'invention est élevée. Dans un mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention, la tôle de l'invention peut être utilisée sans placage. The resistance to corrosion, in particular to intergranular corrosion, to corroding corrosion as well as stress corrosion, of the sheets according to the invention is high. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the sheet of the invention can be used without plating.
L'utilisation de tôles selon l'invention dans un panneau de fuselage pour aéronef est avantageuse. Les tôles selon l'invention sont également avantageuses dans les applications aérospatiales telles que la fabrication de fusées. The use of sheets according to the invention in an aircraft fuselage panel is advantageous. The sheets according to the invention are also advantageous in aerospace applications such as the manufacture of rockets.
Exemple Example
Dans cet exemple, des tôles en alliage Al-Cu-Li ont été préparées. In this example, sheets of Al-Cu-Li alloy have been prepared.
7 plaques dont la composition est donnée dans le tableau 1 ont été coulées. 7 plates whose composition is given in Table 1 were cast.
Tableau 1. Composition en % en poids des plaques Table 1. Composition in% by weight of the plates
Les plaques ont été homogénéisées 12 heures à 505 °C. Les plaques ont été laminées à chaud pour obtenir des tôles d'épaisseur comprise entre 4,2 à 6,3 mm. Certaines tôles ont ensuite été laminées à froid jusqu'à une épaisseur comprise entre 1 ,5 et 2,5 mm. Le détail des tôles obtenues et des conditions de revenu est donné dans le tableau 2. The plates were homogenized for 12 hours at 505 ° C. The plates were hot-rolled to obtain sheets having a thickness of between 4.2 and 6.3 mm. Some sheets have then cold-rolled to a thickness of between 1.5 and 2.5 mm. The details of the sheets obtained and the income conditions are given in Table 2.
Tableau 2 : détail des tôles obtenues et des conditions de revenu Table 2: Details of the sheets obtained and the income conditions
Après laminage à chaud et éventuellement à froid, les tôles ont été mises en solution à 505 °C puis défripées, tractionnées avec un allongement permanent de 2% et revenues. Les conditions de revenu ne sont pas toutes identiques car l'augmentation de la limite d'élasticité avec la durée de revenu diffère d'un alliage à l'autre. On a cherché à obtenir une limite d'élasticité « au pic » tout en limitant la durée de revenu. Les conditions de revenu sont données dans le Tableau 2.  After hot rolling and possibly cold rolling, the sheets were dissolved at 505 ° C and then de-wracked, stripped with a permanent elongation of 2% and returned. The income conditions are not all the same because the increase of the elasticity limit with the duration of income differs from one alloy to the other. We tried to obtain a "peak" elasticity limit while limiting the duration of income. The income conditions are given in Table 2.
La structure granulaire des échantillons a été caractérisée à partir de l'observation microscopique des sections transversales après oxydation anodique sous lumière polarisée. La structure granulaire des tôles était essentiellement non-recristallisée pour toutes les tôles à l'exception des tôles D#2 E#2 F#l , F#2, G#l et G#2 pour lesquelles la structure granulaire était essentiellement recristallisée. Pour les tôles dont la structure granulaire était essentiellement recristallisée, la taille des grains a été déterminée dans le plan L/TC à mi-épaisseur selon la norme ASTM El 12 par la méthode des intercepts à partir de l'observation microscopique des sections transversales après oxydation anodique sous lumière polarisée. L'indice d'anisotropie est le rapport de la taille de grain mesurée dans la direction L divisé par la taille de grain mesurée dans la direction TC. Les résultats sont présentés dans le Tableau 3. The granular structure of the samples was characterized from microscopic observation of cross sections after anodic oxidation under polarized light. The granular structure of the plates was essentially non-recrystallized for all the sheets except for the plates D # 2 E # 2 F # 1, F # 2, G # 1 and G # 2 for which the granular structure was essentially recrystallized. For the sheets whose granular structure was essentially recrystallized, the grain size was determined in the mid-thickness L / TC plane according to the ASTM El 12 standard by the intercepts method from the microscopic observation of the cross-sections after anodic oxidation under polarized light. The anisotropy index is the ratio of grain size measured in the L direction divided by the grain size measured in the TC direction. The results are shown in Table 3.
Tableau 3 : Tailles de grains mesurées pour les échantillons dont la structure granulaire était essentiellement recristallisée Table 3: Measured grain sizes for samples whose granular structure was essentially recrystallized
Les échantillons ont été testés mécaniquement afin de déterminer leurs propriétés mécaniques statiques ainsi que leur ténacité. Les caractéristiques mécaniques ont été mesurées en pleine épaisseur. The samples were mechanically tested to determine their static mechanical properties as well as their toughness. The mechanical characteristics were measured in full thickness.
La limite d'élasticité en traction, la résistance ultime et l'allongement à la rupture sont fournis dans le tableau 4.  Tensile yield strength, ultimate strength and elongation at break are given in Table 4.
F#l 392 430 12.5 369 420 12.4 1,02 F # l 392 430 12.5 369 420 12.4 1.02
F#2 400 437 11.9 368 419 13.4 1,04F # 2 400 437 11.9 368 419 13.4 1.04
G#l 402 432 13.4 372 424 12.7 1,02G # l 402 432 13.4 372 424 12.7 1.02
G#2 412 440 12.9 378 426 13.1 1,03 G # 2 412 440 12.9 378 426 13.1 1.03
Le tableau 5 résume les résultats des essais de ténacité sur des éprouvettes CCT de largeur 760 mm pour ces échantillons. Tableau 5 résultats des courbes R pour les éprouvettes CCT de largeur 760 mm. Table 5 summarizes the results of the tenacity tests on CCT test specimens of width 760 mm for these samples. Table 5 results of the R curves for CCT test pieces of width 760 mm.
Les Figures 1 et 2 illustrent la remarquable ténacité des exemples F et G selon l'invention notamment dans la direction L-T. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the remarkable toughness of Examples F and G according to the invention in particular in the direction L-T.
Les exemples F et G démontrent que l'on peut obtenir des tôles minces selon l'invention qui présentent des propriétés améliorées et isotropes par rapport à celles obtenues à partir des autres exemples A à E, et en particulier par rapport à l'exemple C, et ce sur une large gamme d'épaisseur typique desdites tôles minces.  Examples F and G demonstrate that it is possible to obtain thin sheets according to the invention which have improved and isotropic properties compared to those obtained from the other examples A to E, and in particular with respect to Example C and over a wide range of typical thickness of said thin sheets.

Claims

Revendications claims
1. Tôle d'épaisseur 0,5 à 9 mm de structure granulaire essentiellement recristallisée en alliage à base d'aluminium comprenant  1. Sheet of thickness 0.5 to 9 mm of essentially recrystallized granular structure of aluminum-based alloy comprising
2,8 à 3,2 % en poids de Cu, 2.8 to 3.2% by weight of Cu,
0,5 à 0,8 % en poids de Li, 0.5 to 0.8% by weight of Li,
0,1 à 0,3 % en poids de Ag, 0.1 to 0.3% by weight of Ag,
0,2 à 0,7 % en poids de Mg, 0.2 to 0.7% by weight of Mg,
0,2 à 0,6 % en poids de Mn, 0.2 to 0.6% by weight of Mn,
0,01 à 0,15 % en poids de Ti, 0.01 to 0.15% by weight of Ti,
une quantité de Zn inférieure à 0,2 % en poids, une quantité de Fe et de Si inférieure ou égale à 0,1 % en poids chacun, et des impuretés inévitables à une teneur inférieure ou égale à 0,05% en poids chacune et 0,15% en poids au total, an amount of Zn of less than 0.2% by weight, an amount of Fe and Si of less than or equal to 0.1% by weight each, and unavoidable impurities at a content of less than or equal to 0.05% by weight each and 0.15% by weight in total,
la dite tôle étant obtenue par un procédé comprenant coulée, homogénéisation, laminage à chaud et optionnellement laminage à froid, mise en solution, trempe et revenu. said sheet being obtained by a process comprising casting, homogenization, hot rolling and optionally cold rolling, dissolving, quenching and tempering.
2. Tôle selon la revendication 1 dont la teneur en cuivre est comprise entre 2,9 et 3,1 % en poids. 2. Sheet according to claim 1, the copper content is between 2.9 and 3.1% by weight.
3. Tôle selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2 dont la teneur en lithium est comprise entre 0,55 et 0,75 % en poids et de préférence entre 0,64 et 0,73 % en poids. 3. Sheet according to claim 1 or claim 2 whose lithium content is between 0.55 and 0.75% by weight and preferably between 0.64 and 0.73% by weight.
4. Tôle selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3 dont la teneur en argent est comprise entre 0,15 et 0,28 % en poids. 4. Sheet according to any one of claims 1 to 3, the silver content is between 0.15 and 0.28% by weight.
5. Tôle selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4 dont la teneur en magnésium est comprise entre 0,3 et 0,5% en poids et de préférence entre 0,35 et 0,45 % en poids. 5. Sheet according to any one of claims 1 to 4, the magnesium content is between 0.3 and 0.5% by weight and preferably between 0.35 and 0.45% by weight.
6. Tôle selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5 dont la teneur en zirconium est inférieure ou égale à 0,04 % en poids et de manière préférée inférieure ou égale à 0,03 % en poids. 6. Sheet according to any one of claims 1 to 5, the zirconium content is less than or equal to 0.04% by weight and preferably less than or equal to 0.03% by weight.
7. Tôle selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6 dont la teneur en manganèse est comprise entre 0,2 et 0,45% en poids et de préférence entre 0,25 et 0,45 % en poids.. 8. Tôle selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7 caractérisée en ce que l'indice d'anisotropie des grains mesuré à mi-épaisseur selon la norme ASTM El 12 par la méthode des intercepts dans le plan L/TC est inférieur à 20, de préférence inférieur à 15 et de manière préférée inférieur à 10. 7. Sheet according to any one of claims 1 to 6, the manganese content is between 0.2 and 0.45% by weight and preferably between 0.25 and 0.45% by weight. 8. Sheet according to a any of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the grain anisotropy index measured at mid-thickness according to ASTM standard El 12 by the intercepts method in the L / TC plane is less than 20, preferably less than 15. and preferably less than 10.
Tôle selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8 dont l'épaisseur est comprise entre 0,5 et 9 mm et particulièrement entre 1,5 et 6 mm présentent à l'état T8 au moins un des couples de propriétés suivantes : Sheet according to any one of claims 1 to 8, the thickness of which is between 0.5 and 9 mm and particularly between 1.5 and 6 mm exhibit at T8 at least one of the following pairs of properties:
- une ténacité en contrainte plane Kapp, mesurée sur des éprouvettes de type CCT760 (2ao = 253 mm), dans la direction L-T et dans la direction T-L d'au moins 140 MPaVm et préférentiellement d'au moins 150 MPaVm et une limite Rpo,2 dans les directions L et TL d'au moins 360 MPa et de préférence d'au moins 365 MPa, a Kapp plane stress toughness, measured on specimens of the CCT760 (2ao = 253 mm) type, in the LT direction and in the TL direction, of at least 140 MPaVm and preferably of at least 150 MPaVm and an Rpo limit, 2 in directions L and TL of at least 360 MPa and preferably at least 365 MPa,
- une ténacité en contrainte plane Kr60, mesurée sur des éprouvettes de type CCT760 (2ao = 253 mm), dans la direction L-T et dans la direction T-L supérieur à 190 MPaVm et préférentiellement supérieur à 200 MPaVm et une résistance à rupture Rm dans les directions L et TL d'au moins 410 MPa et de préférence d'au moins 415 MPa, a Kr60 plane stress tenacity, measured on specimens of the CCT760 type (2ao = 253 mm), in the LT direction and in the TL direction greater than 190 MPaVm and preferably greater than 200 MPaVm, and a Rm fracture resistance in the directions L and TL of at least 410 MPa and preferably at least 415 MPa,
et au moins une des propriétés suivantes :  and at least one of the following properties:
- un rapport entre la ténacité en contrainte plane Kapp, mesurée sur des éprouvettes de type CCT760 (2ao = 253 mm), dans les directions T-L et L-T, Kapp(T-L) / Kapp (L-T), compris entre 0,85 et 1,15 et de préférence entre 0,90 et 1 ,10  a ratio between the plane stress toughness Kapp, measured on specimens of the CCT760 type (2ao = 253 mm), in the TL and LT directions, Kapp (TL) / Kapp (LT), between 0.85 and 1, And preferably between 0.90 and 1, 10
- un rapport entre la résistance à rupture Rm dans les directions L et TL,  a ratio between the breaking strength Rm in the directions L and TL,
Rm(L)/Rm(TL), inférieur à 1 ,06 et de préférence inférieur à 1 ,05.  Rm (L) / Rm (TL), less than 1, 06 and preferably less than 1.05.
Procédé de fabrication d'une tôle d'épaisseur 0,5 à 9 mm selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8 dans lequel, successivement Process for manufacturing a sheet having a thickness of 0.5 to 9 mm according to any one of Claims 1 to 8 in which, successively
on élabore un bain de métal liquide de façon à obtenir un alliage d'aluminium comprenant 2,8 à 3,2 % en poids de Cu, a bath of liquid metal is produced so as to obtain an aluminum alloy comprising 2.8 to 3.2% by weight of Cu,
0,5 à 0,8 % en poids de Li,  0.5 to 0.8% by weight of Li,
0,1 à 0,3 % en poids de Ag,  0.1 to 0.3% by weight of Ag,
0,2 à 0,7 % en poids de Mg,  0.2 to 0.7% by weight of Mg,
0,2 à 0,6 % en poids de Mn,  0.2 to 0.6% by weight of Mn,
0,01 à 0,15 % en poids de Ti,  0.01 to 0.15% by weight of Ti,
une quantité de Zn inférieure à 0,2 % en poids, une quantité de Fe et de Si inférieure ou égale à 0,1 % en poids chacun, et des impuretés inévitables à une teneur inférieure ou égale à 0,05% en poids chacune et 0,15% en poids au total,  an amount of Zn of less than 0.2% by weight, an amount of Fe and Si of less than or equal to 0.1% by weight each, and unavoidable impurities at a content of less than or equal to 0.05% by weight each and 0.15% by weight in total,
b) on coule une plaque à partir dudit bain de métal liquide b) pouring a plate from said liquid metal bath
c) on homogénéise ladite plaque à une température comprise entre 480°C et 535 °C ; d) on lamine ladite plaque par laminage à chaud et optionnellement à froid en une tôle ayant une épaisseur comprise entre 0,5 mm et 9 mm; c) said plate is homogenized at a temperature between 480 ° C and 535 ° C; d) laminating said plate by hot rolling and optionally cold rolling into a sheet having a thickness between 0.5 mm and 9 mm;
e) on met en solution à une température comprise entre 450 °C et 535 °C et on trempe ladite tôle; e) dissolving at a temperature of between 450 ° C and 535 ° C and quenching said sheet;
h) on tractionne de façon contrôlée ladite tôle avec une déformation permanente de 0,5 à 5 %, la déformation à froid totale après mise en solution et trempe étant inférieure à 15% ; h) the sheet is controlledly tensile with a permanent deformation of 0.5 to 5%, the total cold deformation after dissolution and quenching is less than 15%;
i) on effectue un revenu comprenant un chauffage à une température comprise entre 130 et 170°C et de préférence entre 150 et 160°C pendant 5 à 100 heures et de préférence de 10 à 40 heures. i) an income is made comprising heating at a temperature between 130 and 170 ° C and preferably between 150 and 160 ° C for 5 to 100 hours and preferably 10 to 40 hours.
Procédé selon la revendication 10 dans lequel la température d'homogénéisation est comprise entre 490 °C et 530°C et de manière préférée entre 500 °C et 520 °C. The process according to claim 10 wherein the homogenization temperature is between 490 ° C and 530 ° C and preferably between 500 ° C and 520 ° C.
Procédé selon la revendication 10 ou selon la revendication 1 1 dans lequel lors du laminage à chaud, on maintient une température supérieure à 400°C jusqu'à l'épaisseur 20 mm et de préférence une température supérieure à 450 °C jusqu'à l'épaisseur 20 mm. Process according to claim 10 or claim 1 1 wherein during hot rolling, a temperature above 400 ° C is maintained up to 20 mm, and preferably above 450 ° C until 20 mm thick.
13. Utilisation d'une tôle selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9 dans un panneau de fuselage pour aéronef. 13. Use of a sheet according to any one of claims 1 to 9 in an aircraft fuselage panel.
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