EP3195923B1 - Systems and methods for gas disposal - Google Patents
Systems and methods for gas disposal Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3195923B1 EP3195923B1 EP17150810.4A EP17150810A EP3195923B1 EP 3195923 B1 EP3195923 B1 EP 3195923B1 EP 17150810 A EP17150810 A EP 17150810A EP 3195923 B1 EP3195923 B1 EP 3195923B1
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- Prior art keywords
- mixing vessel
- gas
- solvent
- nozzle
- discharge system
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 18
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 75
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000237858 Gastropoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000597800 Gulella radius Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63G—OFFENSIVE OR DEFENSIVE ARRANGEMENTS ON VESSELS; MINE-LAYING; MINE-SWEEPING; SUBMARINES; AIRCRAFT CARRIERS
- B63G8/00—Underwater vessels, e.g. submarines; Equipment specially adapted therefor
- B63G8/28—Arrangement of offensive or defensive equipment
- B63G8/34—Camouflage
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
- B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
- B01F23/231—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids by bubbling
- B01F23/23105—Arrangement or manipulation of the gas bubbling devices
- B01F23/2312—Diffusers
- B01F23/23121—Diffusers having injection means, e.g. nozzles with circumferential outlet
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
- B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
- B01F23/234—Surface aerating
- B01F23/2341—Surface aerating by cascading, spraying or projecting a liquid into a gaseous atmosphere
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/10—Mixing by creating a vortex flow, e.g. by tangential introduction of flow components
- B01F25/103—Mixing by creating a vortex flow, e.g. by tangential introduction of flow components with additional mixing means other than vortex mixers, e.g. the vortex chamber being positioned in another mixing chamber
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to gas disposal, more specifically to dissolving gas into a liquid for underwater disposal.
- Operation of a vehicle underwater may generate gases that need to be discharged, e.g. disposed of, as an effluent.
- gases that need to be discharged, e.g. disposed of, as an effluent.
- efforts are made to attempt to prevent bubbles from rising to the surface where they may be detected, or for bubbles to be released into the water column or form within the effluent discharge stream where they may also be detected.
- dissolving is at times referred to also as diffusing.
- Many different systems and methods, depending on application, are available for dissolving gases in liquids.
- US 4850269 discloses means for carbonating water.
- NL 9001805 discloses methods for mixing liquids and gases by entraining gas.
- US4850269 discloses a discharge system as per the preamble of claim 1.
- a discharge system includes a mixing vessel and a feedstock input in fluid communication with the mixing vessel as per the subject-matter of claim 1.
- a solvent input is in fluid communication with the mixing vessel.
- a discharge output is in fluid communication with an outlet of the mixing vessel to discharge effluent.
- the mixing vessel includes a nozzle extending from a first side of the mixing vessel into a cavity defined by the mixing vessel.
- the solvent input is in fluid communication with the nozzle to direct a solvent toward a gas pocket generated by gas entering with feedstock through the feedstock input.
- the solvent input includes two lines. A first of the two lines defines a flow path to the mixing vessel through the nozzle and a second of the two lines defines a flow path to the mixing vessel through an inlet on a second side of the mixing vessel.
- the inlet on the second side of the mixing vessel is tangential to a wall of the mixing vessel to introduce swirl to fluid in the mixing vessel.
- the two lines can be downstream lines and the solvent input can include a single line upstream from the two lines and includes a flow split orifice between the single line and the two lines.
- the second of the two lines can be a dil
- a sparger can be operatively connected to an end of the feedstock input.
- the mixing vessel includes a nozzle extending from a first side of the mixing vessel into a cavity defined by the mixing vessel.
- the sparger can extend from the end of the feedstock input into the cavity to direct incoming feedstock evenly toward the nozzle and the first side of the mixing vessel.
- the discharge output can include a flow restrictor downstream from the outlet of the mixing vessel.
- the cavity is defined between first and second sides of the mixing vessel.
- the mixing vessel can include packing material in the cavity for even flow of fluid throughout the mixing vessel.
- the packing material can be defined between the solvent input and the discharge output.
- the packing material can begin at a distance from the nozzle, measured along a longitudinal axis defined between the first and second sides of the mixing vessel, equal to one and one-half times a radius of the mixing vessel, e.g. wherein the mixing vessel includes a nozzle extending from a first side of the mixing vessel into a cavity defined by the mixing vessel.
- the packing material can extend through the mixing vessel along the longitudinal axis defined between the first and second sides of the mixing vessel a distance at least six times a radius of the mixing vessel.
- the mixing vessel can include a pair of perforated plates opposite from one another across the packing material.
- the sparger can extend from the end of the feedstock input into the packing material, e.g. wherein the sparger is operatively connected to an end of the feedstock input.
- the mixing vessel can have a larger diameter at a second end than at a first end.
- a method as per the subject-matter of claim 13 for generating turbulence on a liquid surface within a discharge system as herein defined, to entrain gas into liquid includes supplying a mixing vessel with feedstock fluid and solvent fluid to generate a liquid mixture and a gas pocket in the mixing vessel.
- the method includes supplying an impinging solvent fluid through a nozzle extending from a first end of the mixing vessel to generate a roiling surface at an interface between the gas pocket and the liquid mixture and permit uptake of gas from the gas pocket into the liquid mixture by entraining gas within the liquid mixture.
- the method includes supplying solvent through an inlet on a second side of the mixing vessel which is tangential to a wall of the mixing vessel to introduce swirl to fluid in the mixing vessel.
- generating the roiling surface includes projecting the impinging solvent fluid out of the nozzle through the gas pocket and entraining gas from the gas pocket into the liquid mixture to a depth equal to or greater than one-half a radius of the mixing vessel.
- Entraining gas within the liquid mixture can include entraining a gas volume ranging from 2 to 20 times a liquid volume of the impinging solvent fluid.
- FIG. 1 an illustrative view of an embodiment of a discharge system in accordance with the disclosure is shown in Fig. 1 and is designated generally by reference character 100.
- Figures 2-4 Other embodiments and/or aspects of this disclosure are shown in Figures 2-4 .
- the systems and methods described herein can be used to mix one or more soluble gas or gas and liquid feedstocks with a solvent, for example, saltwater, and discharge the solution with a known gas solubility saturation level such that the saturation level of gas in the liquid is well below that of typical bubble formation when released. This minimizes potential bubble formation from turbulent conditions or thermal hotspots after release.
- a discharge system 100 includes a mixing vessel 102 and a feedstock input 104 defining a feedstock flow path 108 in fluid communication with mixing vessel 102. It is contemplated that the feedstock through feedstock flow path 108 can be in the form of a gas or gas-fluid mixture and feedstock input 104 can draw from multiple feedstock sources.
- a longitudinal axis A is defined between first and second sides 117 and 119, respectively.
- a solvent input 106 is in fluid communication with mixing vessel 102. Feedstock dissolves within the solvent thereby generating an effluent discharge solution having a known gas solubility saturation.
- a discharge output 110 is in fluid communication with an outlet 112 of the mixing vessel 102 to discharge the effluent.
- solvent input 106 includes two lines.
- a first 107 of the two lines defines a flow path to mixing vessel 102 through a nozzle 118 and a second 107' of the two lines defines a flow path to mixing vessel 102 through an inlet 128 proximate to a second side 119 of mixing vessel 102, e.g. on a lower part 123 of mixing vessel 102 entering through a sidewall 121.
- Nozzle 118 extends from first side 117 of the mixing vessel 102 into a cavity 120 defined by mixing vessel 102.
- Solvent input 106 is in fluid communication with nozzle 118 to direct a solvent toward a gas pocket, indicated schematically with arcuate lines grouped together, generated by gas entering with the feedstock through feedstock input 104.
- Nozzle 118 provides a high velocity jet of solvent into feedstock gas and in bubbles being driven deep into the mixer fluid. It is contemplated that placement of nozzle 118 on first side 117, e.g.
- mixing vessel 102 aids control of gas feed over the entire operating envelope, provides consistent uptake under pitch and roll as well as level cruise conditions, allows control of an interface 113 between the gas pocket and the liquid mixture, sustains continuous high gas uptake rate through improved kinetics, is easier to service, and provides even flow distribution across the surface area of the mixing vessel 102 making efficient use of the volume of mixing vessel 102.
- nozzle 118 can produce a highly kinetic cone shaped dispersion pattern of evenly distributed liquid droplet streams across the surface area at the interface between the gas pocket and the liquid mixture.
- the spray pattern of nozzle 118 is substantially symmetric, as schematically indicated in Fig. 1 , to fully utilize the cross sectional area of mixing vessel 102. This, in turn, generates a substantially even roiling surface in order to maximize gas uptake from gas pocket into solvent present in the liquid mixture and that spraying from nozzle 118.
- a roiling surface in accordance with some embodiments, can be defined as a highly turbulent liquid/gas flow such that the impinging liquid, in this case the solvent incoming from nozzle 118, entrains gas from the gas pocket into the liquid to a depth of not less than one-half a radius R of mixing vessel 102 and preferably two times radius R.
- Nozzle 118 is positioned so that a tip 115 of nozzle 118 projects approximately 1.25-2.54 cm (0.5-1 inch) below the top of a cover 127 of mixing vessel 102 to improve initiation of a gas pocket and maintenance of the roiling surface during a given discharge of feedstock event.
- lines 107 and 107' are downstream lines.
- Solvent input 106 includes a single line 114 upstream from two lines 107 and 107' and includes a flow split orifice 116 between single line 114 and two lines 107 and 107'.
- Inlet 128 on second side 119 of mixing vessel 102 is tangential to sidewall 121 of mixing vessel 102 to introduce swirl to fluid in the mixing vessel 102. With this substantially tangential entrance, flow swirl occurs in the bottom of mixing vessel 102, as oriented in Fig. 2 , providing both dilution of solvent flow from nozzle 118 and separation of possible bubbles within lower part 123 of mixing vessel 102.
- Lower part 123 is defined between second side 119 of mixing vessel 102 and a bottom perforated plate 136b, described below. These bubbles then flow radially inward toward longitudinal axis A of mixing vessel 102 and may float up through perforated plates 136b and 136a toward first side 117 of mixing vessel 102.
- a packing material 134 is above inlet 128, as originated in Fig. 1 , and reduces and/or eliminates the swirl from inlet 128, resulting in more even distribution as the bubbles rise to the top.
- a sparger 130 is operatively connected to an end of feedstock flow path 108 that is part of feedstock input 104.
- Sparger 130 extends from the end of the feedstock flow path 108 into cavity 120 to direct incoming feedstock evenly toward nozzle 118 and first side 117 of mixing vessel 102.
- Sparger 130 generates gas bubbles within mixing vessel 102 when feedstock is being fed into mixing vessel 102.
- sparger 130 is cross-shaped with holes 131 oriented upward toward first side 117 to create an even distribution of gas bubbles across mixing vessel 102 to counter downward flow, e.g. toward second side 119, of liquid solvent from nozzle 118. It is contemplated that a variety of sparger configurations and shapes can be used, for example, a spiral shape, an "X" shape, or any other suitable shape that provides even distribution over the span from front to back and side to side within mixing vessel 102.
- Sparger 130 is placed near the bottom of mixing vessel 102, but within the zone of packing material 134, described below, so that additional uptake occurs in packing material 134, and small bubbles are swept from packing material 134 surface rather than allowed to accumulate and cause an increase in downward flow velocity of the solvent from nozzle 118.
- Sparger 130 includes holes 131 facing first side 117 of mixing vessel 102. Size and number of holes 131 is selected to maximize gas uptake at both low and high pressure conditions, and eliminate the potential for bubbles getting sucked into the effluent outlet stream.
- holes 131 can be approximately 0.1 cm (0.040 inches) in diameter and spaced evenly along a pair of tubes that make up the cross shape. The bubbles generated need to be bubbles small enough to not impede liquid flow, yet the hole size and number of holes needs to be sufficient to keep injection pressure drop across sparger 130 within acceptable parameters.
- the number of holes 131 and size of holes 131 can be selected such that about 0.07 bar (1 psi) of delta pressure is generated at the maximum volumetric flow of gas, and less than 0.14 bar (2 psi) of pressure is generated at the maximum flow of liquid-gas, for the desired feedstocks.
- Higher pressure drops tend to create either larger bubbles, which can result in a flow field impeding downward solvent flow, or high velocity jets of liquid which may also disturb the downward flow field. It is important to keep the downward flow field slow and even to allow small bubbles to ascend into the gas pocket at the top of mixing vessel 102. These bubbles may evolve in the solvent or feedstock, or cleave from larger bubbles at the exit of sparger 130.
- discharge output 110 includes a flow restrictor 132 downstream from outlet 112 of mixing vessel 102.
- the solvent liquid entering either nozzle 118 or inlet 128 can include other dissolved gases, e.g. atmospheric gases.
- the partial pressure of these other contaminate gasses over the solvent liquid is initially zero.
- additional gas such as that found in the feedstock
- Atmospheric gases such as nitrogen and oxygen, have low solubility kinetics, and once allowed to come out of the solvent, are slow to dissolve. Further, they tend to form very small bubbles of low buoyancy that tend to be easily entrained in the discharge flow through discharge output 110 instead of being re-dissolved in the solvent and then discharged through outlet 112.
- flow restrictor 132 increases the pressure of the solution in mixing vessel 102.
- the resulting increase in pressure in mixing vessel 102 reduces the potential for atmospheric gases, such as nitrogen and/or oxygen, or other solvent gas contaminants from coming out of the solvent in mixing vessel 102.
- a minimum pressure at discharge is less than four times a solvent surface pressure at ambient temperature.
- Flow restrictor 132 is sized to generate a delta pressure equal to four times the solvent surface pressure at ambient temperature minus the minimum pressure at outlet 112. For example, if ocean water is the solvent and the ocean surface pressure is 1 bar (15 psia) at ambient surface conditions, the minimum discharge pressure from the vehicle is less than 4.1 bar (60 psia)
- mixing vessel 102 includes packing material 134 in cavity 120 for even flow of fluid throughout mixing vessel 102.
- Mixing vessel 102 includes perforated plates 136, an upper perforated plate 136a and a bottom perforated plate 136b, opposite from one another across packing material 134.
- Packing material 134 is defined between solvent input 106 and discharge output 110.
- Packing material 134 begins at a distance Di from tip 115 of nozzle 118 measured along longitudinal axis A of the mixing vessel 102. Di is equal to one and one-half times radius R of the mixing vessel 102.
- Packing material 134 extends through mixing vessel 102 along longitudinal axis A the mixing vessel 102 a distance D 2 .
- D 2 is at least six times radius R of mixing vessel 102.
- packing material 134 can have an effective void volume of greater than 90%.
- Sparger 130 is located above the bottom of packing material 134, and a mixing zone, e.g. lower part 123, where solute diluent is added free of packing material, is located below packing material 134 prior to outlet 112.
- a mixing zone e.g. lower part 123, where solute diluent is added free of packing material, is located below packing material 134 prior to outlet 112.
- the average void space created by packing material 134 can be greater than the maximum sparger bubbles generated when feedstock gas is added, allowing the bubbles to percolate up through packing material 134 and squeeze through upper perforated plate 136a into the turbulent mixing zone, e.g. area between nozzle 118 and upper perforated plate 136a.
- Packing material 134 acts as a buffer a zone between outlet 112 and nozzle tip 115 to reduce or eliminate turbulence from turbulent mixing zone and balance flow across the cross sectional area of mixing vessel 102. Further, cross flow patterns are reduced, regions for bubbles to become trapped before they can flow deeper are created, and the flow velocity after mixing allows more thorough distribution of saturated solute, preventing pockets or slugs of overly saturated effluent from being discharged.
- perforated plates 136a and 136b are used at the top and bottom of the zone of packing material 134 to properly position packing material 134.
- Each plate 136a and 136b has holes 137 equaling about 25% of the total cross sectional area, allowing low velocity relative to the nozzle turbulence, but sufficient to create pressure drop above upper perforated plate 136a resulting in fairly even flow distribution through packing material 134.
- the diameter of holes 137 is sized such that the solvent flow velocity in the downward direction is less than the bubble rise rate from sparger 130 so that gas entering mixing vessel 102 from sparger 130 is prevented or resisted from being entrained through bottom perforated plate 136b.
- holes 137 of plates 136a and 136b are greater than the size of sparger holes 131 by more than 30%, since some pressure drop is generated in sparger 130 when feedstock gas flows, and the resulting bubbles expand as they enter cavity 120 of mixing vessel 102.
- mixing vessel 102 has a larger diameter at a lower end, e.g. proximate to inlet 128, than at first side 117.
- a method 200 for generating turbulence on a liquid surface within a mixing vessel includes supplying the mixing vessel with feedstock fluid through a feedstock input, e.g. feedstock input 104, and solvent fluid, e.g. a diluent, through an inlet, e.g. inlet 128, to generate a liquid mixture and a gas pocket in the mixing vessel, as shown by box 202.
- Method 200 includes supplying an impinging solvent fluid through a high dispersal nozzle, e.g. nozzle 118, extending from a first end, e.g.
- first side 117, of the mixing vessel to generate a roiling surface at an interface between the gas pocket and the liquid mixture and permit uptake of gas from the gas pocket into the liquid mixture, as shown by box 204.
- Generating the roiling surface includes projecting the impinging solvent out of the nozzle through the gas pocket and entraining gas from the gas pocket into the liquid mixture to a depth equal to or greater than one-half a radius, e.g. radius R, of the mixing vessel, as shown by box 206.
- Entraining gas from the gas pocket into the liquid mixture includes entraining a gas volume ranging from two to twenty times a liquid volume of the impinging solvent fluid, as indicated by box 208.
- the entrained gas volume can be less or more than two to twenty times the volume of the impinging solvent fluid, and can vary over a wide pressure and temperature range, and a wide range of gases or solvents.
- liquid stream velocities from the nozzle greater 15.24 m/s (50 ft/sec) can have a greater delta pressure to achieve a roiling surface for a variety of gas-fluid and/or gas mixtures.
- Embodiments of the invention provide a high surface area ratio and mechanical agitation through the nozzle to improve both soluble gas saturation and high uptake kinetics.
- Gas uptake is achieved by feeding the liquid solvent through the nozzle while managing the liquid level in mixing vessel 102 at an optimal gas uptake point.
- the methods and systems of the present disclosure as described above and shown in the drawings, provide for discharge systems having superior properties including the ability to maximize uptake rate for a gas into a liquid solvent to form an effluent discharge solution, while still reducing and/or preventing bubbles in the effluent discharge.
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Description
- This application is a continuation-in-part of
U.S. Patent Application No. 14/868,094 filed September 28, 2015 - This invention was made with government support under contract number NNX085-059 awarded by the United States Navy. The government has certain rights in the invention.
- The present disclosure relates to gas disposal, more specifically to dissolving gas into a liquid for underwater disposal.
- Operation of a vehicle underwater may generate gases that need to be discharged, e.g. disposed of, as an effluent. Generally, during this discharge, efforts are made to attempt to prevent bubbles from rising to the surface where they may be detected, or for bubbles to be released into the water column or form within the effluent discharge stream where they may also be detected.
- One method of doing this is dissolving the gas into liquid. The term dissolving is at times referred to also as diffusing. Many different systems and methods, depending on application, are available for dissolving gases in liquids.
-
US 4850269 discloses means for carbonating water.NL 9001805 - Such conventional methods and systems have generally been considered satisfactory for their intended purpose. However, there is still a need in the art for improved gas discharge systems.
-
US4850269 discloses a discharge system as per the preamble of claim 1. - A discharge system includes a mixing vessel and a feedstock input in fluid communication with the mixing vessel as per the subject-matter of claim 1.
- A solvent input is in fluid communication with the mixing vessel. A discharge output is in fluid communication with an outlet of the mixing vessel to discharge effluent. The mixing vessel includes a nozzle extending from a first side of the mixing vessel into a cavity defined by the mixing vessel. The solvent input is in fluid communication with the nozzle to direct a solvent toward a gas pocket generated by gas entering with feedstock through the feedstock input. The solvent input includes two lines. A first of the two lines defines a flow path to the mixing vessel through the nozzle and a second of the two lines defines a flow path to the mixing vessel through an inlet on a second side of the mixing vessel. The inlet on the second side of the mixing vessel is tangential to a wall of the mixing vessel to introduce swirl to fluid in the mixing vessel. The two lines can be downstream lines and the solvent input can include a single line upstream from the two lines and includes a flow split orifice between the single line and the two lines. The second of the two lines can be a diluent line.
- A sparger can be operatively connected to an end of the feedstock input. The mixing vessel includes a nozzle extending from a first side of the mixing vessel into a cavity defined by the mixing vessel. The sparger can extend from the end of the feedstock input into the cavity to direct incoming feedstock evenly toward the nozzle and the first side of the mixing vessel. The discharge output can include a flow restrictor downstream from the outlet of the mixing vessel.
- The cavity is defined between first and second sides of the mixing vessel. The mixing vessel can include packing material in the cavity for even flow of fluid throughout the mixing vessel. The packing material can be defined between the solvent input and the discharge output. The packing material can begin at a distance from the nozzle, measured along a longitudinal axis defined between the first and second sides of the mixing vessel, equal to one and one-half times a radius of the mixing vessel, e.g. wherein the mixing vessel includes a nozzle extending from a first side of the mixing vessel into a cavity defined by the mixing vessel. The packing material can extend through the mixing vessel along the longitudinal axis defined between the first and second sides of the mixing vessel a distance at least six times a radius of the mixing vessel. The mixing vessel can include a pair of perforated plates opposite from one another across the packing material. The sparger can extend from the end of the feedstock input into the packing material, e.g. wherein the sparger is operatively connected to an end of the feedstock input. The mixing vessel can have a larger diameter at a second end than at a first end.
- In accordance with another aspect, a method as per the subject-matter of claim 13 for generating turbulence on a liquid surface within a discharge system as herein defined, to entrain gas into liquid includes supplying a mixing vessel with feedstock fluid and solvent fluid to generate a liquid mixture and a gas pocket in the mixing vessel. The method includes supplying an impinging solvent fluid through a nozzle extending from a first end of the mixing vessel to generate a roiling surface at an interface between the gas pocket and the liquid mixture and permit uptake of gas from the gas pocket into the liquid mixture by entraining gas within the liquid mixture. The method includes supplying solvent through an inlet on a second side of the mixing vessel which is tangential to a wall of the mixing vessel to introduce swirl to fluid in the mixing vessel. In accordance with some embodiments, generating the roiling surface includes projecting the impinging solvent fluid out of the nozzle through the gas pocket and entraining gas from the gas pocket into the liquid mixture to a depth equal to or greater than one-half a radius of the mixing vessel. Entraining gas within the liquid mixture can include entraining a gas volume ranging from 2 to 20 times a liquid volume of the impinging solvent fluid.
- These and other features of the systems and methods of the subject disclosure will become more readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings.
- So that those skilled in the art to which the subject disclosure appertains will readily understand how to make and use the devices and methods of the subject disclosure without undue experimentation, embodiments thereof will be described in detail herein below with reference to certain figures, wherein:
-
Fig. 1 is a schematic depiction of an embodiment of a discharge system constructed in accordance with the present disclosure, showing the mixing vessel having a feedstock input and a solvent input; -
Fig. 2 is a schematic depiction of a cross section of the discharge system ofFig. 1 , with the packing material removed to show the lower perforated end plate; -
Fig. 3 is a schematic depiction of a cross section of the discharge system ofFig. 1 , with the packing material removed to show the sparger; and -
Fig. 4 is a flow chart schematically depicting a method for generating turbulence on a liquid surface within a discharge system to entrain gas into liquid. - Reference will now be made to the drawings wherein like reference numerals identify similar structural features or aspects of the subject disclosure. For purposes of explanation and illustration, and not limitation, an illustrative view of an embodiment of a discharge system in accordance with the disclosure is shown in
Fig. 1 and is designated generally byreference character 100. Other embodiments and/or aspects of this disclosure are shown inFigures 2-4 . The systems and methods described herein can be used to mix one or more soluble gas or gas and liquid feedstocks with a solvent, for example, saltwater, and discharge the solution with a known gas solubility saturation level such that the saturation level of gas in the liquid is well below that of typical bubble formation when released. This minimizes potential bubble formation from turbulent conditions or thermal hotspots after release. - As shown in
Fig. 1 , adischarge system 100 includes a mixingvessel 102 and afeedstock input 104 defining afeedstock flow path 108 in fluid communication with mixingvessel 102. It is contemplated that the feedstock throughfeedstock flow path 108 can be in the form of a gas or gas-fluid mixture andfeedstock input 104 can draw from multiple feedstock sources. A longitudinal axis A is defined between first andsecond sides solvent input 106 is in fluid communication with mixingvessel 102. Feedstock dissolves within the solvent thereby generating an effluent discharge solution having a known gas solubility saturation. Adischarge output 110 is in fluid communication with anoutlet 112 of the mixingvessel 102 to discharge the effluent. - With continued reference to
Fig. 1 ,solvent input 106 includes two lines. A first 107 of the two lines defines a flow path to mixingvessel 102 through anozzle 118 and a second 107' of the two lines defines a flow path to mixingvessel 102 through aninlet 128 proximate to asecond side 119 of mixingvessel 102, e.g. on alower part 123 of mixingvessel 102 entering through asidewall 121.Nozzle 118 extends fromfirst side 117 of the mixingvessel 102 into acavity 120 defined by mixingvessel 102.Solvent input 106 is in fluid communication withnozzle 118 to direct a solvent toward a gas pocket, indicated schematically with arcuate lines grouped together, generated by gas entering with the feedstock throughfeedstock input 104.Nozzle 118 provides a high velocity jet of solvent into feedstock gas and in bubbles being driven deep into the mixer fluid. It is contemplated that placement ofnozzle 118 onfirst side 117, e.g. the top side, of mixingvessel 102 aids control of gas feed over the entire operating envelope, provides consistent uptake under pitch and roll as well as level cruise conditions, allows control of an interface 113 between the gas pocket and the liquid mixture, sustains continuous high gas uptake rate through improved kinetics, is easier to service, and provides even flow distribution across the surface area of the mixingvessel 102 making efficient use of the volume of mixingvessel 102. - With reference now to
Figs. 1 and 2 , in accordance with one embodiment,nozzle 118 can produce a highly kinetic cone shaped dispersion pattern of evenly distributed liquid droplet streams across the surface area at the interface between the gas pocket and the liquid mixture. The spray pattern ofnozzle 118 is substantially symmetric, as schematically indicated inFig. 1 , to fully utilize the cross sectional area of mixingvessel 102. This, in turn, generates a substantially even roiling surface in order to maximize gas uptake from gas pocket into solvent present in the liquid mixture and that spraying fromnozzle 118. A roiling surface, in accordance with some embodiments, can be defined as a highly turbulent liquid/gas flow such that the impinging liquid, in this case the solvent incoming fromnozzle 118, entrains gas from the gas pocket into the liquid to a depth of not less than one-half a radius R of mixingvessel 102 and preferably two timesradius R. Nozzle 118 is positioned so that atip 115 ofnozzle 118 projects approximately 1.25-2.54 cm (0.5-1 inch) below the top of acover 127 of mixingvessel 102 to improve initiation of a gas pocket and maintenance of the roiling surface during a given discharge of feedstock event. - With continued reference to
Figs. 1 and 2 ,lines 107 and 107' are downstream lines.Solvent input 106 includes asingle line 114 upstream from twolines 107 and 107' and includes aflow split orifice 116 betweensingle line 114 and twolines 107 and 107'.Inlet 128 onsecond side 119 of mixingvessel 102 is tangential to sidewall 121 of mixingvessel 102 to introduce swirl to fluid in the mixingvessel 102. With this substantially tangential entrance, flow swirl occurs in the bottom of mixingvessel 102, as oriented inFig. 2 , providing both dilution of solvent flow fromnozzle 118 and separation of possible bubbles withinlower part 123 of mixingvessel 102.Lower part 123 is defined betweensecond side 119 of mixingvessel 102 and a bottomperforated plate 136b, described below. These bubbles then flow radially inward toward longitudinal axis A of mixingvessel 102 and may float up throughperforated plates 136b and 136a towardfirst side 117 of mixingvessel 102. A packingmaterial 134, described in more detail below, is aboveinlet 128, as originated inFig. 1 , and reduces and/or eliminates the swirl frominlet 128, resulting in more even distribution as the bubbles rise to the top. - As shown in
Figs. 1 and 3 , asparger 130 is operatively connected to an end offeedstock flow path 108 that is part offeedstock input 104.Sparger 130 extends from the end of thefeedstock flow path 108 intocavity 120 to direct incoming feedstock evenly towardnozzle 118 andfirst side 117 of mixingvessel 102.Sparger 130 generates gas bubbles within mixingvessel 102 when feedstock is being fed into mixingvessel 102. In accordance with the embodiment shown inFig. 3 ,sparger 130 is cross-shaped withholes 131 oriented upward towardfirst side 117 to create an even distribution of gas bubbles across mixingvessel 102 to counter downward flow, e.g. towardsecond side 119, of liquid solvent fromnozzle 118. It is contemplated that a variety of sparger configurations and shapes can be used, for example, a spiral shape, an "X" shape, or any other suitable shape that provides even distribution over the span from front to back and side to side within mixingvessel 102. -
Sparger 130 is placed near the bottom of mixingvessel 102, but within the zone of packingmaterial 134, described below, so that additional uptake occurs in packingmaterial 134, and small bubbles are swept from packingmaterial 134 surface rather than allowed to accumulate and cause an increase in downward flow velocity of the solvent fromnozzle 118.Sparger 130 includesholes 131 facingfirst side 117 of mixingvessel 102. Size and number ofholes 131 is selected to maximize gas uptake at both low and high pressure conditions, and eliminate the potential for bubbles getting sucked into the effluent outlet stream. For example, holes 131 can be approximately 0.1 cm (0.040 inches) in diameter and spaced evenly along a pair of tubes that make up the cross shape. The bubbles generated need to be bubbles small enough to not impede liquid flow, yet the hole size and number of holes needs to be sufficient to keep injection pressure drop acrosssparger 130 within acceptable parameters. - Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the number of
holes 131 and size ofholes 131 can be selected such that about 0.07 bar (1 psi) of delta pressure is generated at the maximum volumetric flow of gas, and less than 0.14 bar (2 psi) of pressure is generated at the maximum flow of liquid-gas, for the desired feedstocks. Higher pressure drops tend to create either larger bubbles, which can result in a flow field impeding downward solvent flow, or high velocity jets of liquid which may also disturb the downward flow field. It is important to keep the downward flow field slow and even to allow small bubbles to ascend into the gas pocket at the top of mixingvessel 102. These bubbles may evolve in the solvent or feedstock, or cleave from larger bubbles at the exit ofsparger 130. - As shown in
Fig. 1 ,discharge output 110 includes aflow restrictor 132 downstream fromoutlet 112 of mixingvessel 102. The solvent liquid entering eithernozzle 118 orinlet 128 can include other dissolved gases, e.g. atmospheric gases. The partial pressure of these other contaminate gasses over the solvent liquid is initially zero. When additional gas, such as that found in the feedstock, is added throughfeedstock input 104, the addition can cause some of the contaminate gas to leave the solvent and combine with the feedstock gas. Atmospheric gases, such as nitrogen and oxygen, have low solubility kinetics, and once allowed to come out of the solvent, are slow to dissolve. Further, they tend to form very small bubbles of low buoyancy that tend to be easily entrained in the discharge flow throughdischarge output 110 instead of being re-dissolved in the solvent and then discharged throughoutlet 112. - With continued reference to
Fig. 1 ,flow restrictor 132 increases the pressure of the solution in mixingvessel 102. The resulting increase in pressure in mixingvessel 102 reduces the potential for atmospheric gases, such as nitrogen and/or oxygen, or other solvent gas contaminants from coming out of the solvent in mixingvessel 102. In accordance with some embodiments, a minimum pressure at discharge is less than four times a solvent surface pressure at ambient temperature. Flow restrictor 132 is sized to generate a delta pressure equal to four times the solvent surface pressure at ambient temperature minus the minimum pressure atoutlet 112. For example, if ocean water is the solvent and the ocean surface pressure is 1 bar (15 psia) at ambient surface conditions, the minimum discharge pressure from the vehicle is less than 4.1 bar (60 psia) - With reference now to
Figs. 1 and 2 , mixingvessel 102 includes packingmaterial 134 incavity 120 for even flow of fluid throughout mixingvessel 102. Mixingvessel 102 includes perforated plates 136, an upper perforated plate 136a and a bottomperforated plate 136b, opposite from one another across packingmaterial 134.Packing material 134 is defined betweensolvent input 106 anddischarge output 110.Packing material 134 begins at a distance Di fromtip 115 ofnozzle 118 measured along longitudinal axis A of the mixingvessel 102. Di is equal to one and one-half times radius R of the mixingvessel 102.Packing material 134 extends through mixingvessel 102 along longitudinal axis A the mixing vessel 102 a distance D2. D2 is at least six times radius R of mixingvessel 102. - It is contemplated that packing
material 134 can have an effective void volume of greater than 90%.Sparger 130 is located above the bottom of packingmaterial 134, and a mixing zone, e.g.lower part 123, where solute diluent is added free of packing material, is located below packingmaterial 134 prior tooutlet 112. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the average void space created by packingmaterial 134 can be greater than the maximum sparger bubbles generated when feedstock gas is added, allowing the bubbles to percolate up through packingmaterial 134 and squeeze through upper perforated plate 136a into the turbulent mixing zone, e.g. area betweennozzle 118 and upper perforated plate 136a.Packing material 134 acts as a buffer a zone betweenoutlet 112 andnozzle tip 115 to reduce or eliminate turbulence from turbulent mixing zone and balance flow across the cross sectional area of mixingvessel 102. Further, cross flow patterns are reduced, regions for bubbles to become trapped before they can flow deeper are created, and the flow velocity after mixing allows more thorough distribution of saturated solute, preventing pockets or slugs of overly saturated effluent from being discharged. - As shown in
Figs. 1 and 2 , perforatedplates 136a and 136b are used at the top and bottom of the zone of packingmaterial 134 to properly position packingmaterial 134. Eachplate 136a and 136b hasholes 137 equaling about 25% of the total cross sectional area, allowing low velocity relative to the nozzle turbulence, but sufficient to create pressure drop above upper perforated plate 136a resulting in fairly even flow distribution through packingmaterial 134. The diameter ofholes 137 is sized such that the solvent flow velocity in the downward direction is less than the bubble rise rate fromsparger 130 so that gas entering mixingvessel 102 fromsparger 130 is prevented or resisted from being entrained through bottomperforated plate 136b. - It is also contemplated that, in accordance with some embodiments, holes 137 of
plates 136a and 136b are greater than the size of sparger holes 131 by more than 30%, since some pressure drop is generated insparger 130 when feedstock gas flows, and the resulting bubbles expand as they entercavity 120 of mixingvessel 102. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all materials can be chemically compatible with the solvent and all feedstock fluids. It is also contemplated that mixingvessel 102 has a larger diameter at a lower end, e.g. proximate toinlet 128, than atfirst side 117. - As shown in
Fig. 4 , a method 200 for generating turbulence on a liquid surface within a mixing vessel, e.g. mixingvessel 102, includes supplying the mixing vessel with feedstock fluid through a feedstock input,e.g. feedstock input 104, and solvent fluid, e.g. a diluent, through an inlet,e.g. inlet 128, to generate a liquid mixture and a gas pocket in the mixing vessel, as shown bybox 202. Method 200 includes supplying an impinging solvent fluid through a high dispersal nozzle,e.g. nozzle 118, extending from a first end, e.g.first side 117, of the mixing vessel to generate a roiling surface at an interface between the gas pocket and the liquid mixture and permit uptake of gas from the gas pocket into the liquid mixture, as shown bybox 204. Generating the roiling surface includes projecting the impinging solvent out of the nozzle through the gas pocket and entraining gas from the gas pocket into the liquid mixture to a depth equal to or greater than one-half a radius, e.g. radius R, of the mixing vessel, as shown bybox 206. Entraining gas from the gas pocket into the liquid mixture includes entraining a gas volume ranging from two to twenty times a liquid volume of the impinging solvent fluid, as indicated bybox 208. The entrained gas volume can be less or more than two to twenty times the volume of the impinging solvent fluid, and can vary over a wide pressure and temperature range, and a wide range of gases or solvents. For example, liquid stream velocities from the nozzle greater 15.24 m/s (50 ft/sec) can have a greater delta pressure to achieve a roiling surface for a variety of gas-fluid and/or gas mixtures. - Embodiments of the invention provide a high surface area ratio and mechanical agitation through the nozzle to improve both soluble gas saturation and high uptake kinetics. Gas uptake is achieved by feeding the liquid solvent through the nozzle while managing the liquid level in mixing
vessel 102 at an optimal gas uptake point. The methods and systems of the present disclosure, as described above and shown in the drawings, provide for discharge systems having superior properties including the ability to maximize uptake rate for a gas into a liquid solvent to form an effluent discharge solution, while still reducing and/or preventing bubbles in the effluent discharge.
Claims (15)
- A discharge system (100), comprising:a mixing vessel (102);a feedstock input (104) in fluid communication with the mixing vessel (102);a solvent input (106) in fluid communication with the mixing vessel (102); anda discharge output (110) in fluid communication with an outlet of the mixing vessel (112) to discharge effluent,wherein the mixing vessel (102) includes a nozzle (118) extending from a first side of the mixing vessel (102) into a cavity (120) defined by the mixing vessel, wherein the solvent input (106) is in fluid communication with the nozzle (118) to direct a solvent toward a gas pocket generated by gas entering with feedstock through the feedstock input (104),said system characterized in that:the solvent input (106) includes two lines, wherein a first (107) of the two lines defines a flow path to the mixing vessel (102) through the nozzle (118), and wherein a second (107') of the two lines defines a flow path to the mixing vessel (102) through an inlet (128) on a second side (119) of the mixing vessel (102), andthe inlet (128) on the second side (119) of the mixing vessel (102) is tangential to a wall of the mixing vessel (102) to introduce swirl to fluid in the mixing vessel (102).
- The discharge system of claim 1 wherein the two lines (107, 107') are downstream lines, wherein the solvent input (106) includes a single line (114) upstream from the two lines (107, 107') and includes a flow split orifice (116) between the single line (114) and the two lines (107, 107').
- The discharge system of any preceding claim, wherein the second (107') of the two lines is a diluent line.
- The discharge system of any preceding claim, further comprising a sparger (130) operatively connected to an end of the feedstock input (104), preferably wherein the mixing vessel (102) includes a nozzle (118) extending from a first side (117) of the mixing vessel (102) into a cavity (120) defined by the mixing vessel (102), wherein the sparger (130) extends from the end of the feedstock input (104) into a cavity (120) defined by the mixing vessel (102) to direct incoming feedstock evenly toward the nozzle (118) and the first side (117) of the mixing vessel (102).
- The discharge system of any preceding claim, wherein the discharge output (110) includes a flow restrictor (132) downstream from the outlet (112) of the mixing vessel (102).
- The discharge system of any preceding claim, wherein the mixing vessel (102) defines a cavity (120) between first (117) and second sides (119) of the mixing vessel (102), wherein the mixing vessel (102) includes packing material (134) in the cavity (120) for even flow of fluid throughout the mixing vessel (102).
- The discharge system of claim 6, wherein the packing material (134) is defined between the solvent input (106) and the discharge output (110).
- The discharge system of claim 6 or claim 7, wherein the mixing vessel (102) includes a nozzle (118) extending from a first side (117) of the mixing vessel (102) into a cavity (120) defined by the mixing vessel (102), wherein the packing material (134) begins at a distance from the nozzle (118), measured along a longitudinal axis (A) defined between the first (117) and second (119) sides of the mixing vessel, equal to one and one-half times a radius (R) of the mixing vessel (102).
- The discharge system of any of claims 6-8, wherein the packing material (134) extends through the mixing vessel (102) along a longitudinal axis (A) defined between the first (117) and second (119) sides of the mixing vessel (102) a distance at least six times a radius (R) of the mixing vessel (102).
- The discharge system of any of claims 6-9, wherein the mixing vessel (102) includes a pair of perforated plates (136a, 136b) opposite from one another across the packing material (134).
- The discharge system of any of claims 6-10, further comprising a sparger (130) operatively connected to an end of the feedstock input (104), wherein the sparger (130) extends from the end of the feedstock input (104) into the packing material (134).
- The discharge system of any preceding claim, wherein the mixing vessel (102) has a larger diameter at a second end than at a first end.
- A method for generating turbulence on a liquid surface within a discharge system according to any one of the preceding claims, to entrain gas into the liquid, comprising:supplying a mixing vessel (102) with feedstock fluid and solvent fluid to generate a liquid mixture and a gas pocket in the mixing vessel (102);supplying an impinging solvent fluid through a nozzle (118) extending from a first end (117) of the mixing vessel (102) to generate a roiling surface at an interface between the gas pocket and the liquid mixture; andentraining gas within the liquid mixture to permit uptake of gas from the gas pocket into the liquid mixture,characterized in that said method comprises supplying solvent through an inlet (128) on a second side (119) of the mixing vessel (102) which is tangential to a wall of the mixing vessel (102) to introduce swirl to fluid in the mixing vessel (102).
- The method of claim 13 wherein generating the roiling surface includes projecting the impinging solvent fluid out of the nozzle (118) through the gas pocket and entraining gas from the gas pocket into the liquid mixture to a depth equal to or greater than one-half a radius (R) of the mixing vessel (102).
- The method of claim 13 or claim 14 wherein entraining gas within the liquid mixture includes entraining a gas volume ranging from to 2 to 20 times a liquid volume of the impinging solvent fluid.
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US3425669A (en) * | 1967-11-13 | 1969-02-04 | Preston G Gaddis | Dry chemical feeder method and apparatus |
US4850269A (en) * | 1987-06-26 | 1989-07-25 | Aquatec, Inc. | Low pressure, high efficiency carbonator and method |
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