EP3158603B1 - Brennstoffzelle und brennstoffzellenanordnung - Google Patents

Brennstoffzelle und brennstoffzellenanordnung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3158603B1
EP3158603B1 EP15730174.8A EP15730174A EP3158603B1 EP 3158603 B1 EP3158603 B1 EP 3158603B1 EP 15730174 A EP15730174 A EP 15730174A EP 3158603 B1 EP3158603 B1 EP 3158603B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fuel cell
current collector
edge region
membrane
electrical load
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP15730174.8A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3158603A1 (de
Inventor
Pedro Nehter
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ThyssenKrupp AG
ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems GmbH
Original Assignee
ThyssenKrupp AG
ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems GmbH
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Publication date
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Publication of EP3158603A1 publication Critical patent/EP3158603A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3158603B1 publication Critical patent/EP3158603B1/de
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0247—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the form
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0271—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes
    • H01M8/0273—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes with sealing or supporting means in the form of a frame
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • PEM fuel cell polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
  • the PEM fuel cell comprises a membrane electrode assembly having a solid polymer membrane and two electrodes disposed on opposite sides of the solid polymer membrane, ie, an anode and a cathode.
  • the electrodes have a smaller longitudinal extent compared to the solid polymer membrane, so that the edges of the solid polymer membrane protrude beyond the surface of the electrodes.
  • PEM cells typically are interconnected in series to achieve the highest possible module voltages.
  • a single faulty cell can lead to the failure of the entire module.
  • the reliability and lifetime of PEM cells can be severely affected at high cathode potentials and high diffusion leakage rates of oxygen from the cathode to the anode.
  • higher cathode potentials and thus an increased irreversible structure of the membrane can be expected.
  • the membrane degradation can lead to a hole formation within the membrane and a failure of the module.
  • a fuel cell comprising a membrane arranged between two gas diffusion layers, and a first current collector arranged on a first side of the membrane and a second current collector arranged on a second side opposite the first side, at least on the second side a second current collector edge region extends essentially to an edge region of the membrane or wherein on the second side of the membrane a second current collector edge region extends more towards an edge region of the membrane than a first current collector edge region arranged on the first side of the membrane and wherein the first current collector the first pantograph edge region and at least a first pantograph center region, and wherein the second pantograph comprises the second pantograph edge region and at least a second pantograph center region t and wherein the first current collector edge region and the at least one first collector central region and / or wherein the second current collector edge region and the at least one second collector central region are spatially separated by means of an interface, wherein the fuel cell has an electrical load, which electrically between the first and the second current collector and where
  • the fuel cell according to the invention has over the prior art has the advantage that in the edge region of the fuel cell, an improved electrical connection was realized, thereby increasing the current density in the edge region.
  • the increased current density in the edge region advantageously leads to the cathode potential being reduced in the edge region and thus resulting in a significantly lower tendency for membrane degradation.
  • the reliability and longevity of the fuel cell is thus significantly increased.
  • the fuel cell comprises in particular a PEM fuel cell (polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell).
  • a first current collector edge region also extends substantially to an edge region of the membrane.
  • the first current collector edge region and the second current collector edge region along a direction perpendicular to the membrane direction in the edge region in particular congruent one above the other.
  • the first and / or the second current collector edge region runs completely along the edge of the membrane in a main extension plane parallel to the membrane.
  • the first and second current collector edge region are in particular formed circumferentially in the main extension plane.
  • the tendency for membrane detachment is thus reduced in the entire edge region of the membrane.
  • the first pantograph comprises the first pantograph edge region and at least one pantograph central region
  • the second pantograph comprises the second pantograph edge region and at least one second pantograph center region.
  • the first current collector edge region and the at least one first collector central region and / or the second collector edge region and the at least one second collector central region are spatially separated from one another by means of a seam.
  • the separation of the current collector central regions from the current collector edge regions has the advantage that gas can circulate out of the membrane or out of the gas diffusion layers between these regions.
  • the fuel cell has an electrical load, which is electrically connected between the first and the second current collector.
  • the electrical load is connected either directly to the first and the second collector edge regions, or the electrical load is connected directly to the second collector edge region and to at least one first collector central region.
  • the electrical load comprises an ohmic resistor, a galvanic element, a connection for an external load, electronics with a potentio- or galvanostatic control and / or electronics for supplying an external load.
  • the electrical load advantageously ensures a further increase in the current density in the edge region of the membrane.
  • the electrical load comprises an electrical load in which the actual useful power of the fuel cell is not to be consumed, but which of the actual load of the fuel cell is connected in parallel and through which a well-defined low leakage current should flow, only by the current density in the fuel cell Edge region of the membrane and thus the life of the Increase fuel cell.
  • the actual slot power of the fuel cell is used to supply a primary electrical load circuit, which is electrically contacted via the at least one first current collector central region and the at least one second current collector central region. It is preferably provided that the electrical load is temporarily switched on. The electrical load is switched on in particular under certain operating conditions.
  • a catalyst layer is arranged between the membrane and the respective gas diffusion layer on each side of the membrane.
  • the first current collector comprises the anode and the second current collector comprises the cathode.
  • the second current collector could include the anode and the first current collector the cathode.
  • the fuel cell has an electrically insulating boundary surrounding the membrane, the gas diffusion layers, the catalyst layers and the current collectors in the edge area of the membrane.
  • Another object of the present invention is a fuel cell assembly comprising a first fuel cell according to the invention, a second fuel cell according to the invention and an electrical load, wherein the first fuel cell and the second fuel cell are connected in series with each other and wherein the electrical load in series with the first and second fuel cell is connected, that the electrical load is electrically connected between a first Stromab facilitatorrand Scheme the first fuel cell and a second Stromab facilitatorrand Scheme the second fuel cell and that a second current collector edge region of the first fuel cell is directly connected to a first current collector edge region of the second fuel cell.
  • an electrical load which serves to increase the current densities in the respective edge regions of the fuel cells.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a typical PEM fuel cell (polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell) 12 shown in the prior art.
  • the fuel cell 12 has a proton-conducting membrane 1.
  • the membrane 1 is arranged between an anode-side catalyst layer 2 and a cathode-side catalyst layer 6.
  • the anode-side catalyst layer 2 is disposed between an anode-side gas diffusion layer 3 and the membrane 1, while the cathode-side catalyst layer 6 is disposed between a cathode-side gas diffusion layer 7 and the membrane 1.
  • a first current collector 13 is provided on a first side and a second current collector 1 is provided on a second side.
  • the first current collector 13 acts as an anode-side electrical contact 4, while the second current collector 14 serves as a cathode-side electrical contact 8.
  • the layer structure of membrane 1, catalyst layers 2, 6 and gas diffusion layers 3, 7 is enveloped by an electrically insulating edge surround 5.
  • the fuel cell 12 operates by passing the hydrogen from the free gas volume at the anode through the anode-side gas diffusion layer 3 to the anode-side catalyst layer 2 where it is split into protons and electrons.
  • the protons migrate through the membrane 1 to the cathode-side catalyst layer 6 and the electrons via a primary circuit external to the fuel cell (not shown) from the anode-side electrical contact 4 to the cathode-side electrical contact 8.
  • the oxygen through the cathode-side gas diffusion layer 7 to the cathode-side catalyst layer 6, where it is converted to water with the protons and electrons.
  • FIG. 2 is therefore schematically the cathode potential course of in FIG. 1 illustrated fuel cell 12 shown. It has been shown that frequent load cycles in combination with high cathode potentials (> 0.9 V compared to a normal hydrogen electrode) can lead to increased radical formation and to increased oxidation of the cathode-side catalyst 6 and its migration into the membrane 1. Both effects result in increased degradation of the membrane 1 and abrupt failure of the fuel cell 12.
  • the simulation of the edge region of the fuel cell 12 revealed that the local current density in the border area goes back to approx. 20% of the maximum value.
  • the cathode potential increases to over 0.9 V, as in FIG. 2 can be seen. Thus, there is a risk of excessive degradation due to platinum oxidation or increased radical formation, thereby compromising the reliability and life of the prior art fuel cells 12.
  • FIG. 3 1 is a schematic sectional view of a PEM fuel cell (polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell) 12 according to an exemplary first embodiment.
  • the fuel cell 12 according to the first embodiment is based on the in FIG. 1 illustrated structure, ie, the fuel cell 12 has a proton-conducting membrane 1, which is arranged between an anode-side catalyst layer 2 and a cathode-side catalyst layer 6.
  • the anode-side catalyst layer 2 is disposed between an anode-side gas diffusion layer 3 and the membrane 1, while the cathode-side catalyst layer 6 is disposed between a cathode-side gas diffusion layer 7 and the membrane 1.
  • a first current collector 13 is provided on a first side and a second current collector 14 is provided on a second side.
  • the first current collector 13 acts as an anode-side electrical contact 4, while the second current collector 14 serves as a cathode-side electrical contact 8.
  • the layer structure of membrane 1, catalyst layers 2, 6 and gas diffusion layers 3, 7 is enveloped by an electrically insulating edge surround 5.
  • the fuel cell 12 on the cathode side a Stromab Strukturrand Scheme 9, which extends in a direction parallel to the membrane 1 main extension plane to the outermost edge of the membrane 1, the cathode-side catalyst layer 6 and the cathode-side gas diffusion layer 7.
  • the second current collector 14 has a second current collector central region 15 as well as the second current collector edge region 9.
  • the second pantograph central region 15 and the second pantograph edge region 9 are either connected in one piece with one another, that is to say as continuous, or intermittently interrupted by a separation point.
  • the reliability and the longevity of the fuel cell 12 can be increased by a cell construction by the current density of the edge region is increased by the fully extended edge-to-edge electrical contact 8.
  • the current collector edge region 9 preferably extends along the circumference of the entire edge region of the cell.
  • FIG. 4 is a simulation of the cathode potential profile of the in FIG. 3 illustrated fuel cell 12 according to the first embodiment shown schematically.
  • the simulation of the edge region with contact-making through the current collector edge region 9 reaching into the edge region shows that the cathode potential can be reduced to below 0.9 V by the measures taken. It is therefore assumed that there is less tendency for membrane degradation and increase in the reliability of the fuel cell 12.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell 12 according to a second embodiment shown.
  • the fuel cell 12 according to the second embodiment is substantially the same as in FIG FIG. 3 illustrated fuel cell 12 according to the first embodiment, wherein in contrast to the fuel cell 12 according to the second embodiment, the cathode side provided current collector 8 extends only partially to the edge region.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell 12 according to a third embodiment shown.
  • the fuel cell 12 according to the third embodiment is substantially the same as in FIG FIG. 3 illustrated fuel cell 12 according to the first embodiment, wherein in contrast to the fuel cell 12 according to the third embodiment, also on the anode side, the electrical contact 4 is pulled to the edge region.
  • the first current collector 13 thus likewise has a first current collector central region 16 and a first current collector edge region 11 extending up to the edge region.
  • the first pantograph central region 16 and the first pantograph edge region 11 are either connected in one piece with one another, that is to say as continuous, or intermittently interrupted by a separation point
  • FIG. 7 1 is a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell 12 according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
  • the fuel cell 12 according to the fourth embodiment is substantially the same as in FIG FIG. 6 illustrated fuel cell 12 according to the third embodiment, in contrast, the fuel cell 12 according to the fourth embodiment additionally comprises an electrical load 10, which is preferably connected in parallel to the actual, not shown, regular load. It has already been shown with reference to the above embodiments that the cathode potential depending on the load of the fuel cell 12, adjusts for the edge area shown, according to the local current density. A further increase in the current density can be achieved by an additional electrical load anode and cathode side is contacted at the edge.
  • the electrical load 10 which is electrically connected to the anode 4 (first current collector 13) and cathode 8 (second current collector 14).
  • the additional electrical load 10 leads to a further increase in the current density in the edge region.
  • the primary electrical load circuit which is closed via the contacts 4 and 8, is also influenced by electrical compensation currents along the contacting of the second collector central region 14 and the second collector edge region 9 and the gas diffusion layers 3, 7.
  • the electrical load 10 may be implemented, for example, as a simple resistor, external load, power electronics for potentio- or galvanostatic control, power electronics for supplying an external load or a galvanic element.
  • FIG. 8 1 is a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell 12 according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
  • the fuel cell 12 according to the fourth embodiment is substantially the same as in FIG FIG. 6
  • the fuel cell 12 according to the fourth embodiment the fuel cell 12 according to the fourth embodiment only on the cathode side extending to the edge region contacting in the form of the second Stromab facilitatorrand Schemes 9 and further on the cathode side of the second Stromab remixzentral Society 15 and the second Stromab remixrand Scheme 9 not into each other passing, but are separated from each other.
  • the current density of the edge region is as far as possible decoupled from the load of the fuel cell 12 by separating the current-carrying contact extension (second current collector edge region 9) from the primary electrical load circuit which is connected to the contacts 4 and 8 (first and second current collector central regions 16, 15).
  • the singly separated contacting uses common with the load circuit contacting the anode 4 (first current collector central region 16). If the contact on the anode 4 is separated on one side, then the opposite contacting of the cathode is shared. The current of the shared contacting (first current collector central region 16) is therefore divided into the opposite separated contacting, ie, the current collector edge region 9 and the contacting connected to the primary load circuit (not shown), ie to the second current collector central region 15.
  • FIG. 9 1 is a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell 12 according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
  • the fuel cell 12 according to the fifth embodiment is substantially the same as in FIG FIG. 7
  • the fuel cell 12 according to the fifth embodiment also has a separated contact on the anode side, on the one hand the current collector central region 16 connected to the primary load circuit and on the other hand the current collector edge region 11 connected to the electrical load 10.
  • FIG. 10 1 is a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell assembly 17 according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention.
  • the fuel cell assembly 17 includes a first fuel cell 12 'and a second fuel cell 12 "connected in series.
  • the first and second fuel cells 12', 12" correspond to those in FIG FIG. 9 illustrated fuel cell 12 according to the fifth embodiment.
  • the first and second fuel cells 12 ', 12 are further connected in series with the electrical load 10, the electrical load 10 being connected to the first collector edge region 11 of the first fuel cell 12' and to the second collector edge region 9 of the second fuel cell 12" , Furthermore, the second current collector edge region 9 of the first fuel cell 12 'and the first collector edge region 11 of the second fuel cell 12 "are electrically connected to one another.
  • FIGS. 11a to 11d 12 are schematic plan views of the fuel cells 12 according to various embodiments.
  • FIG. 11a is the top view of in FIG. 3 illustrated fuel cell 12 according to the first embodiment shown. It can be seen in this perspective that on the cathode side, the current collector central regions 14 and the current collector edge regions 9 merge without interruption.
  • FIG. 11b is the top view of in FIG. 8 illustrated fuel cell 12 according to the fourth embodiment. In the perspective shown, it can be seen that on the cathode side, the current collector central regions 14 and the current collector edge region 9 are separated from one another. Furthermore, the current collector edge region 9 is formed circumferentially.
  • FIG. 11c the same views are shown in alternative embodiments, in which the current collector central regions 15 are not formed like a grid or bar, but in the form of individual, circular contact points (knob-like).
  • FIG. 11c the current collector edge regions 9 are respectively connected to the outer collector central regions 14, while in FIG. 11d a circumferential pantograph edge region 9 is provided, which is not connected to the pantograph central regions 14.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
EP15730174.8A 2014-06-23 2015-06-22 Brennstoffzelle und brennstoffzellenanordnung Active EP3158603B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102014108746.1A DE102014108746A1 (de) 2014-06-23 2014-06-23 Brennstoffzelle und Brennstoffzellenanordnung
PCT/EP2015/063902 WO2015197508A1 (de) 2014-06-23 2015-06-22 Brennstoffzelle und brennstoffzellenanordnung

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3158603A1 EP3158603A1 (de) 2017-04-26
EP3158603B1 true EP3158603B1 (de) 2019-01-16

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP15730174.8A Active EP3158603B1 (de) 2014-06-23 2015-06-22 Brennstoffzelle und brennstoffzellenanordnung

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3158603B1 (es)
KR (1) KR101920136B1 (es)
CA (1) CA2951182C (es)
DE (1) DE102014108746A1 (es)
ES (1) ES2716952T3 (es)
WO (1) WO2015197508A1 (es)

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0689726A (ja) * 1992-09-04 1994-03-29 Tokyo Gas Co Ltd 内部マニホールド式ガス供給手段を有する支持膜型固体電解質燃料電池
DE4443945C1 (de) * 1994-12-09 1996-05-23 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung PEM-Brennstoffzelle
JP3830609B2 (ja) * 1997-02-28 2006-10-04 アイシン高丘株式会社 固体高分子型燃料電池
DE10217034B4 (de) * 2002-04-11 2005-02-10 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Brennstoffzellen-System in Leiterplattenbauweise und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
US6916573B2 (en) * 2002-07-24 2005-07-12 General Motors Corporation PEM fuel cell stack without gas diffusion media
US6861173B2 (en) 2002-10-08 2005-03-01 Sompalli Bhaskar Catalyst layer edge protection for enhanced MEA durability in PEM fuel cells
DE102006051320B4 (de) * 2006-10-24 2008-09-18 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Brennstoffzellenanordnung, ein diese enthaltender Versuchsstand und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
CN101821891B (zh) * 2007-08-02 2014-11-26 夏普株式会社 燃料电池堆及燃料电池***
FR2995145B1 (fr) * 2012-09-03 2014-12-26 Commissariat Energie Atomique Procede de fabrication d'une pile a combustible incluant un assemblage electrode/membrane

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
None *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2951182A1 (en) 2015-12-30
CA2951182C (en) 2019-01-15
DE102014108746A1 (de) 2015-12-24
ES2716952T3 (es) 2019-06-18
KR20170009975A (ko) 2017-01-25
EP3158603A1 (de) 2017-04-26
WO2015197508A1 (de) 2015-12-30
KR101920136B1 (ko) 2018-11-19

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