EP3135399A1 - Method of manufactruring precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems - Google Patents
Method of manufactruring precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3135399A1 EP3135399A1 EP15195578.8A EP15195578A EP3135399A1 EP 3135399 A1 EP3135399 A1 EP 3135399A1 EP 15195578 A EP15195578 A EP 15195578A EP 3135399 A1 EP3135399 A1 EP 3135399A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mold
- ceramic balls
- ceramic
- product
- model
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 83
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910001026 inconel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008119 colloidal silica Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 29
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 15
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000005495 investment casting Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002341 toxic gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
- B22D17/02—Hot chamber machines, i.e. with heated press chamber in which metal is melted
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C1/00—Compositions of refractory mould or core materials; Grain structures thereof; Chemical or physical features in the formation or manufacture of moulds
- B22C1/16—Compositions of refractory mould or core materials; Grain structures thereof; Chemical or physical features in the formation or manufacture of moulds characterised by the use of binding agents; Mixtures of binding agents
- B22C1/165—Compositions of refractory mould or core materials; Grain structures thereof; Chemical or physical features in the formation or manufacture of moulds characterised by the use of binding agents; Mixtures of binding agents in the manufacture of multilayered shell moulds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C3/00—Selection of compositions for coating the surfaces of moulds, cores, or patterns
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C7/00—Patterns; Manufacture thereof so far as not provided for in other classes
- B22C7/02—Lost patterns
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C7/00—Patterns; Manufacture thereof so far as not provided for in other classes
- B22C7/02—Lost patterns
- B22C7/023—Patterns made from expanded plastic materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/02—Sand moulds or like moulds for shaped castings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/02—Sand moulds or like moulds for shaped castings
- B22C9/04—Use of lost patterns
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/12—Treating moulds or cores, e.g. drying, hardening
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/22—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D25/00—Special casting characterised by the nature of the product
- B22D25/02—Special casting characterised by the nature of the product by its peculiarity of shape; of works of art
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
- B22D27/15—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting by using vacuum
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a precision casting method, and more particularly to a method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems capable of saving manufacturing costs and reducing manufacturing time while providing excellent heat resistance and precision.
- parts used in automobile exhaust systems have to endure exhaust gases having a high temperature of 800 to 950°C.
- drive parts are manufactured using materials containing a large amount of expensive nickel (Ni) having high heat resistance, such as stainless steel, and Inconel alloys, since such parts have a complicated shape.
- a precision casting process includes fabricating a model having the same shape as a product to be cast using wax or plastics, dipping the model in the slurry to coat a surface of the model several times with slurry, in which a filler is mixed with a binder, together with powdery sand, drying the model, and heating a mold to a temperature of 100 to 200°C to remove the wax and plastics remaining in the mold.
- the mold thus manufactured is heated to a temperature of 1,000 to 1,200°C to secure fluidity of a molten metal, the molten metal is injected into the mold, and the mold is cooled, and then removed. Then, the molten metal is subjected to subsequent processes to prepare a product.
- the above-described method has a drawback in that, when the product is prepared by such a method, labor and manufacturing costs may be high since the method includes performing a coating process several times. Additionally, the method has a problem in that the mold may be damaged during pre-heating of the mold or injection of the molten metal when the coating number decreases. A conventional mold capable of easily shaking out casts, and a method of manufacturing the same suffer from an unsolved problem in that labor and manufacturing costs may be high since the method includes performing a coating process several times. Further, the mold may be damaged when the coating number is optionally decreased.
- the present disclosure has been made in view of the above problems, and it is an object of the present disclosure to provide a method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems capable of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems having excellent precision while decreasing the coating number during manufacture of a mold.
- a method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems which includes fabricating a model of a product to be manufactured using wax or plastics, forming a first coating layer on a surface of the model using first slurry, forming a second coating layer on the surface of the model coated with the first coating layer using second slurry, drying the first and second coating layers to form a mold and heating the mold to remove the model, pre-heating the mold, placing the mold in a ceramic box with a top portion open, and filling an inner part of the ceramic box with ceramic balls, and producing a product by injecting a molten metal into the mold to cast the product.
- the cast preparation may include pre-heating the mold to a temperature of 500 to 1,200°C.
- the product production may include casting the product in a vacuum state to prevent oxidation of the molten metal.
- the ceramic ball may be formed of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), and may include first and second ceramic balls having different diameters.
- the first ceramic balls may have a higher diameter than the second ceramic balls.
- the ceramic box may be formed of Inconel materials.
- the first slurry may be formed by mixing zircon powder and colloidal silica
- the second slurry may be formed by mixing aluminosilicate, colloidal silica, and sand.
- the method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems includes model fabrication, first and second coatings, mold preparation, cast preparation, and product production.
- the model fabrication may include fabricating a model of a product to be manufactured using wax or plastics, such as precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems, etc.
- a surface of the model is coated with a first slurry including colloidal silica and zircon powder by dipping the model in such a dipping solution.
- the first coating is repeatedly performed once or twice to form a first coating layer.
- powdery sand is mixed with backup slurry including colloidal silica and aluminosilicate to prepare second slurry, and a second coating layer is formed on a surface of the model coated with the first coating layer using the second slurry.
- the second coating layer may be formed by performing a precision casting process 3 to 5 times, a coating number of which is 1 to 5 times lower than a conventional precision casting process which has been performed 6 to 8 times to form a conventional backup coating layer.
- the coating number when the coating number is less than 3 times, a mold 100 may be damaged during subsequent pre-heating and casting of the mold 100, resulting in poor casting.
- productivity when the coating number is greater than 5 times, productivity may not be improved and manufacturing costs may not be saved due to increases in labor and time for the manufacturing. As a result, the coating may be performed 3 to 5 times.
- the first and second coating layers are dried and heated to remove the model formed of the wax or plastics.
- removal of the model may include heating the mold 100 to a temperature of 100 to 200°C to remove the model.
- the heating temperature is less than 100°C, a long period of time may be required to remove the model, resulting in lowered productivity.
- the heating temperature is greater than 200°C, foreign substances may be formed inside the mold 100 as the wax or plastics combust.
- the wax or plastics thus removed may be recycled during subsequent fabrication of the model.
- the mold 100 is prepared, in the cast preparation, the mold 100 is pre-heated, and then placed in a ceramic box 200 with a top portion open and an inner part filled with ceramic balls 300.
- the ceramic box 200 may be formed of Inconel.
- the mold 100 when the mold 100 is manufactured using stainless steel, etc., the mold 100 may be damaged, for example, deformed due to insufficient heat resistance as the mold 100 may be heated to 1,200°C.
- the ceramic balls 300 may be filled in the ceramic box 200 to reinforce the mold 100 manufactured according to one preferred embodiment of the present disclosure by lowering the coating number.
- the mold 100 may endure a load applied against a pressure of the molten metal, compared to when ceramic balls having a single size are used when pores of the first ceramic balls 310 are filled with the second ceramic balls 320 having a relatively low diameter.
- the ceramic balls 300 may be heated to a temperature of 500 to 700°C to remove foreign substances remaining on the surfaces of the ceramic balls 300.
- a temperature of less than 500°C a long period of time may be required to remove the foreign substances or the foreign substances may not be completely burn.
- the ceramic balls 300 are heated to a temperature of greater than 700°C, an increase in expense required to remove the foreign substance may be encountered. As a result, the ceramic balls 300 may be heated to a temperature of 500 to 700°C.
- product production may include casting the product in a vacuum state.
- parts used in a vehicle exhaust system are generally manufactured using materials having excellent heat resistance, such as Inconel.
- Inconel has a problem in that the molten metal may be excessively oxidized at high temperature, which leads to a degradation of product quality.
- Table 1 Items Product material Casting atmosphere 2 nd coating No. Mold preheating temp.
- Example 1 SCH22 Air Twice 650°C SUS 304 Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ⁇ Waste gate valve Mold damaged Comp.
- Example 2 SCH22 Air 4 times 450°C SUS 304 Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ⁇ waste gate valve Insufficiently filled Comp.
- Example 3 SCH22 Air 4 times 650°C SUS 304 Diamete r of 1 mm only ⁇ Waste gate valve Mold damaged Comp.
- Example 4 SCH22 Air 4 times 650°C SUS 304 Diameter of 2 mm only ⁇ Waste gate valve Mold damaged Comp.
- Example 5 SCH22 Air 4 times 650°C SUS 304 Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ⁇ Waste gate valve Defects in systemic structure Comp.
- Example 6 SCH22 Air 4 times 650°C SUS 304 Not used ⁇ Waste gate valve Mold damaged Comp.
- Example 7 Incone 1 718C Air 4 times 1,100°C Incone 1 718C Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ⁇ Turbine wheel Molten metal oxidated Comp.
- Example 8 Incone 1 718C Vacuum Twice 1,100°C Incone 1 718C Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ⁇ Turbine wheel Mold damaged Comp.
- Example 9 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 4 times 650°C Incone 1 718C Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ⁇ Turbine wheel Insufficiently filled Comp.
- Example 10 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 4 times 1,100°C SUS 304 Diameters of 1/2 mm mixed ⁇ Turbine wheel Cased damaged Comp.
- Example 11 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 4 times 1,100°C Incone 1 718C Diamete r of 1 mm only ⁇ Turbine wheel Mold damaged Comp.
- Example 12 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 4 times 1,100°C Incone 1 718C Diamete r of 2 mm only ⁇ Turbine wheel Mold damaged Comp.
- Example 13 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 4 times 1,100°C Incone 1 718C Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ⁇ Turbine wheel Defects in systemic structure Comp.
- Example 14 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 4 times 1,100°C Incone 1 718C Not used ⁇ Turbine wheel Mold damaged
- Table 1 lists results obtained by comparing the precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems prepared in Examples according to one preferred embodiment of the present disclosure and Comparative Examples.
- the second coating number when the second coating number is reduced to less than 3 times, the mold 100 is damaged as described in Comparative Example 1, which makes it impossible to cast a product.
- productivity when the second coating number is increased to at least 6 times, productivity may be degraded due to an increase in manufacturing costs and time required for the second coating. As a result, the second coating number may be limited to 3 to 5 times.
- the mold 100 when the mold 100 is pre-heated at a temperature of less than 500°C as described in Comparative Example 2, the mold 100 is not sufficiently heated, and thus the molten metal may be solidified before the mold 100 is filled with the molten metal, resulting in an insufficient filling of the molten metal.
- the mold 100 may be heated to a temperature of 700°C or higher, but an increase in manufacturing costs may be encountered due to an increase in temperature. As a result, the heating temperature is limited to a range of 500 to 700°C.
- the material of the ceramic box 200 may be used as long as it is SUS 300-series stainless steel capable of enduring a temperature of 500 to 700°C when the mold 100 is heated to that temperature.
- the ceramic balls 300 serve to reinforce the mold 100 when the mold 100 is heated to a high temperature.
- first ceramic balls 310 having a diameter of 2 mm, and second ceramic balls 320 having a diameter of 1 mm were used together.
- Such ceramic balls 300 endure a load applied against a pressure of the molten metal in a state in which the mold 100 is heated to a high temperature.
- the mold 100 may be damaged when the ceramic balls 300 having a single diameter are used as described in Comparative Examples 3 and 4, whereas the mold 100 may also be damaged even when the ceramic balls 300 are not used as described in Comparative Example 6, unlike when ceramic balls 300 having a single diameter are used.
- SUS 300-series stainless steel parts having a thickness of 2 to 5 mm are prepared under the optimum conditions such as a casting atmosphere of air, a second coating number of 3 to 5 times, a temperature of 500 to 700°C used to heat the mold 100, use of SUS 300-series stainless steel as a material of the ceramic box 200, mixed use of ceramic balls 300 having different thicknesses of 1 mm and 2 mm, and removal of foreign substances on the ceramic balls 300, as described in Examples 1 to 5.
- turbocharger turbine wheels including a minimum thickness portion having a thickness of 2 mm or less are the optimum conditions.
- the turbine wheels since the turbine wheels have parts directly exposed to exhaust gases having a high temperature of 800 to 950°C, Inconel-series materials having good heat resistance may be used.
- Inconel-series materials have good heat resistance when the Inconel-series materials are prepared into parts, but are very sensitive to oxidation when the Inconel-series materials are in a molten metal state. Therefore, the Inconel-series materials should be necessarily cast in a vacuum atmosphere. Accordingly, it could be seen that the molten metal is easily oxidized when the Inconel-series materials are melted and cast in the air, which makes it impossible to cast the Inconel-series materials, as described in Comparative Example 7.
- the second coating number when the second coating number is less than 3 times (Comparative Example 8), casting is impossible due to damage of the mold 100.
- the second coating number when the second coating number is greater than or equal to 6 times, it may cause an increase in manufacturing costs. As a result, the second coating number may be limited to 3 to 5 times.
- the temperature used to heat the mold 100 should be 1,000°C or higher since the minimum thickness portion is very thin.
- the heating temperature is less than 1,000°C, the mold 100 is not sufficiently heated, and thus the molten metal may be solidified before the mold 100 is filled with the molten metal, resulting in insufficient filling of the molten metal (Comparative Example 9).
- the mold 100 may be heated to 1,200°C or higher, an increase in manufacturing costs may be encountered accordingly. As a result, the heating temperature may be limited to a range of 1,000 to 1,200°C.
- the material of the ceramic box 200 may not be used as an SUS 300-series stainless steel material such as a waste gate valve since the material of the ceramic box 200 does not endure a temperature of 1,000 to 1,200°C used to heat the mold 100 (Comparative Example 9). High-heat-resistance materials of Inconel series should be used as the material of the ceramic box 200.
- the mold 100 may be damaged when the ceramic balls 300 having a single size are used (Comparative Examples 11 and 12) or the ceramic balls 300 are not used (Comparative Example 14), and that casting defects in products occur when foreign substances are not removed from the surfaces of the ceramic balls 300 (Comparative Example 13).
- Inconel-based parts having a thickness of 2 mm or less are prepared under the optimum conditions such as a casting atmosphere of a vacuum, a second coating number of 3 to 5 times, a temperature of 1,000 to 1,200°C used to heat the mold 100, use of an Inconel-based material as a material of the ceramic box 200, mixed use of ceramic balls 300 having different thicknesses of 1 mm and 2 mm, and previous removal of foreign substances on the ceramic balls 300, as described in Examples 6 to 10.
- an effect of reducing the manufacturing costs by approximately 30% may be achieved upon manufacture of the precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems since the coating cost may be curtailed and a cycle time may be reduced due to a decrease in a second coating number, compared to the conventional precision casting process.
- the method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems can be useful in manufacturing the precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems having excellent precision with a decrease in a coating number, the method has effects of reducing labor and manufacturing time to improve productivity and save manufacturing costs.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
- Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
- Mold Materials And Core Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present disclosure relates to a precision casting method, and more particularly to a method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems capable of saving manufacturing costs and reducing manufacturing time while providing excellent heat resistance and precision.
- Generally, parts used in automobile exhaust systems have to endure exhaust gases having a high temperature of 800 to 950°C. Particularly, drive parts are manufactured using materials containing a large amount of expensive nickel (Ni) having high heat resistance, such as stainless steel, and Inconel alloys, since such parts have a complicated shape.
- Elements such as aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), and the like are added to such heat-resistant alloys to enhance high-temperature strength. In this case, since the added elements such as Al, Ti, and the like are highly reactive with air, it is difficult to control the alloy elements. Therefore, the alloy elements are dissolved in a vacuum state, and subjected to a precision casting process to manufacture the parts.
- A precision casting process includes fabricating a model having the same shape as a product to be cast using wax or plastics, dipping the model in the slurry to coat a surface of the model several times with slurry, in which a filler is mixed with a binder, together with powdery sand, drying the model, and heating a mold to a temperature of 100 to 200°C to remove the wax and plastics remaining in the mold.
- The mold thus manufactured is heated to a temperature of 1,000 to 1,200°C to secure fluidity of a molten metal, the molten metal is injected into the mold, and the mold is cooled, and then removed. Then, the molten metal is subjected to subsequent processes to prepare a product.
- However, the above-described method has a drawback in that, when the product is prepared by such a method, labor and manufacturing costs may be high since the method includes performing a coating process several times. Additionally, the method has a problem in that the mold may be damaged during pre-heating of the mold or injection of the molten metal when the coating number decreases. A conventional mold capable of easily shaking out casts, and a method of manufacturing the same suffer from an unsolved problem in that labor and manufacturing costs may be high since the method includes performing a coating process several times. Further, the mold may be damaged when the coating number is optionally decreased.
- Therefore, the present disclosure has been made in view of the above problems, and it is an object of the present disclosure to provide a method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems capable of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems having excellent precision while decreasing the coating number during manufacture of a mold.
- It is another object of the present disclosure to provide a method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems capable of reducing labor and manufacturing time to improve productivity and reduce manufacturing costs.
- The technical objects of the present disclosure are not limited to the aforesaid, and other technical objects not described herein will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the detailed description below.
- According to an aspect of the present disclosure, the above and other objects can be accomplished by the provision of a method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems, which includes fabricating a model of a product to be manufactured using wax or plastics, forming a first coating layer on a surface of the model using first slurry, forming a second coating layer on the surface of the model coated with the first coating layer using second slurry, drying the first and second coating layers to form a mold and heating the mold to remove the model, pre-heating the mold, placing the mold in a ceramic box with a top portion open, and filling an inner part of the ceramic box with ceramic balls, and producing a product by injecting a molten metal into the mold to cast the product.
- In this case, the method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems may further include heating the ceramic balls to a temperature of 500 to 700°C to remove foreign substances remaining on surfaces of the ceramic balls prior to cast preparation.
- The cast preparation may include pre-heating the mold to a temperature of 500 to 1,200°C.
- The product production may include casting the product in a vacuum state to prevent oxidation of the molten metal.
- The ceramic ball may be formed of alumina (Al2O3), and may include first and second ceramic balls having different diameters. In this case, the first ceramic balls may have a higher diameter than the second ceramic balls.
- The ceramic box may be formed of Inconel materials.
- The first slurry may be formed by mixing zircon powder and colloidal silica, and the second slurry may be formed by mixing aluminosilicate, colloidal silica, and sand.
- The above and other objects, features and other advantages of the present disclosure will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
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FIG. 1 is a flowchart showing a method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems according to one preferred embodiment of the present disclosure; and -
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram for explaining a preparation of a cast according to one preferred embodiment of the present disclosure. - Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Prior to the description, it should be understood that the terms used in the specification and appended claims should not be construed as limited to general and dictionary meanings, but interpreted based on the meanings and concepts corresponding to technical aspects of the present disclosure on the basis of the principle that the inventor is allowed to define terms appropriately for best explanation. Therefore, the description given herein is merely a preferable example for the purpose of illustration only and is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, so it should be understood that various other equivalents and modifications that can replace those at the time of filing this application could be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
- Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.
- The present disclosure is characterized in that, when precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems having excellent heat resistance and a complicated shape are manufactured using a precision casting technique, parts having excellent precision, by reinforcing a strength of a mold using ceramic balls while simplifying processes due to a decrease in coating number, may be produced.
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FIG. 1 is a flowchart showing a method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems according to one preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, andFIG. 2 is a schematic diagram for explaining preparation of a cast according to one preferred embodiment of the present disclosure. - As shown in
FIGS. 1 and2 , the method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems according to one preferred embodiment of the present disclosure includes model fabrication, first and second coatings, mold preparation, cast preparation, and product production. - The model fabrication may include fabricating a model of a product to be manufactured using wax or plastics, such as precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems, etc.
- When fabrication of the model is completed, in the first coating, a surface of the model is coated with a first slurry including colloidal silica and zircon powder by dipping the model in such a dipping solution. In this case, the first coating is repeatedly performed once or twice to form a first coating layer.
- When formation of the first coating layer is completed, in the second coating, powdery sand is mixed with backup slurry including colloidal silica and aluminosilicate to prepare second slurry, and a second coating layer is formed on a surface of the model coated with the first coating layer using the second slurry.
- In this case, the second coating layer may be formed by performing a precision casting process 3 to 5 times, a coating number of which is 1 to 5 times lower than a conventional precision casting process which has been performed 6 to 8 times to form a conventional backup coating layer. In this case, when the coating number is less than 3 times, a
mold 100 may be damaged during subsequent pre-heating and casting of themold 100, resulting in poor casting. On the other hand, when the coating number is greater than 5 times, productivity may not be improved and manufacturing costs may not be saved due to increases in labor and time for the manufacturing. As a result, the coating may be performed 3 to 5 times. - When formation of the second coating layer is completed, in the mold preparation, the first and second coating layers are dried and heated to remove the model formed of the wax or plastics.
- In this case, removal of the model may include heating the
mold 100 to a temperature of 100 to 200°C to remove the model. In this case, when the heating temperature is less than 100°C, a long period of time may be required to remove the model, resulting in lowered productivity. On the other hand, when the heating temperature is greater than 200°C, foreign substances may be formed inside themold 100 as the wax or plastics combust. - The wax or plastics thus removed may be recycled during subsequent fabrication of the model.
- When the
mold 100 is prepared, in the cast preparation, themold 100 is pre-heated, and then placed in aceramic box 200 with a top portion open and an inner part filled withceramic balls 300. - In this case, the
mold 100 may be pre-heated to a temperature of 500 to 1,200°C, depending on types of materials of the molten metal. Therefore, precision of a product may be improved to secure fluidity of the molten metal during casting. - Meanwhile, the
ceramic box 200 may be formed of Inconel. In this case, when themold 100 is manufactured using stainless steel, etc., themold 100 may be damaged, for example, deformed due to insufficient heat resistance as themold 100 may be heated to 1,200°C. - In addition, the
ceramic balls 300 filled in theceramic box 200 may be formed of alumina (Al2O3), and may include first and secondceramic balls ceramic balls 310 are preferably formed so that the firstceramic balls 310 have a greater diameter than the secondceramic balls 320. More preferably, the firstceramic balls 310 may be formed so that the diameter of the firstceramic balls 310 is twice as great as that of the secondceramic balls 320. - The
ceramic balls 300 may be filled in theceramic box 200 to reinforce themold 100 manufactured according to one preferred embodiment of the present disclosure by lowering the coating number. In this case, themold 100 may endure a load applied against a pressure of the molten metal, compared to when ceramic balls having a single size are used when pores of the firstceramic balls 310 are filled with the secondceramic balls 320 having a relatively low diameter. - More preferably, the first
ceramic balls 310 may be formed so that the diameter of the firstceramic balls 310 is twice that of the secondceramic balls 320. - The method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems according to one preferred embodiment of the present disclosure may further include heating the
ceramic balls 300 to remove foreign substances from surfaces of theceramic balls 300 prior to cast preparation. - This is because poor casting may be caused in the
ceramic balls 300 formed of inexpensive alumina since gases are generated and incorporated into products during casting due to a layer of fine foreign substances formed on surfaces of theceramic balls 300. - Therefore, the
ceramic balls 300 may be heated to a temperature of 500 to 700°C to remove foreign substances remaining on the surfaces of theceramic balls 300. In this case, when theceramic balls 300 are heated to a temperature of less than 500°C, a long period of time may be required to remove the foreign substances or the foreign substances may not be completely burn. When theceramic balls 300 are heated to a temperature of greater than 700°C, an increase in expense required to remove the foreign substance may be encountered. As a result, theceramic balls 300 may be heated to a temperature of 500 to 700°C. - When cast preparation is completed as described above, in product production, a molten metal is injected into the
mold 100 to cast a product. - In this case, product production may include casting the product in a vacuum state. This is because parts used in a vehicle exhaust system are generally manufactured using materials having excellent heat resistance, such as Inconel. In this case, Inconel has a problem in that the molten metal may be excessively oxidized at high temperature, which leads to a degradation of product quality.
Table 1 Items Product material Casting atmosphere 2nd coating No. Mold preheating temp. Case material Ceramic balls Pretreatment Target parts Results Process condition range SUS 300 series Air 3-5 times 500-700°C SUS 304 Diameters of 1/2 mm mixed Foreign substances removed from ceramic balls Waste gate valve for turbochar gers (minimum thickness portion with thickness of 2-5 mm) - Incone 1 series Vacuum 3-5 times 1,000-1,200°C Incone 1 718C Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed Foreign substan ces removed from ceramic balls Turbochar ger turbine wheel (minimum thickness portion with thickness of 2-5 mm) - Example 1 SCH22 Air 3 times 650°C SUS 304 Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ○ Waste gate valve Good Example 2 SCH22 Air 4 times 650°C SUS 304 Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ○ Waste gate valve Good Example 3 SCH22 Air 5 times 650°C SUS 304 Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ○ Waste gate valve Good Example 4 SCH22 Air 4 times 500°C SUS 304 Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ○ Waste gate valve Good Example 5 SCH22 Air 4 times 700°C SUS 304 Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ○ Waste gate valve Good Example 6 Incone 1718C Vacuum 3 times 1,100°C Incone 1718C Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ○ Turbine wheel Good Example 7 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 4 times 1,100°C Incone 1718C Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ○ Turbine wheel Good Example 8 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 5 times 1,100°C Incone 1 718C Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ○ Turbine wheel Good Example 9 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 4 times 1,000°C Incone 1 718C Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ○ Turbine wheel Good Example 10 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 4 times 1,200°C Incone 1 718C Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ○ Turbine wheel Good Comp. Example 1 SCH22 Air Twice 650°C SUS 304 Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ○ Waste gate valve Mold damaged Comp. Example 2 SCH22 Air 4 times 450°C SUS 304 Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ○ waste gate valve Insufficiently filled Comp. Example 3 SCH22 Air 4 times 650°C SUS 304 Diamete r of 1 mm only ○ Waste gate valve Mold damaged Comp. Example 4 SCH22 Air 4 times 650°C SUS 304 Diameter of 2 mm only ○ Waste gate valve Mold damaged Comp. Example 5 SCH22 Air 4 times 650°C SUS 304 Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed × Waste gate valve Defects in systemic structure Comp. Example 6 SCH22 Air 4 times 650°C SUS 304 Not used × Waste gate valve Mold damaged Comp. Example 7 Incone 1 718C Air 4 times 1,100°C Incone 1 718C Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ○ Turbine wheel Molten metal oxidated Comp. Example 8 Incone 1 718C Vacuum Twice 1,100°C Incone 1 718C Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ○ Turbine wheel Mold damaged Comp. Example 9 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 4 times 650°C Incone 1 718C Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed ○ Turbine wheel Insufficiently filled Comp. Example 10 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 4 times 1,100°C SUS 304 Diameters of 1/2 mm mixed ○ Turbine wheel Cased damaged Comp. Example 11 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 4 times 1,100°C Incone 1 718C Diamete r of 1 mm only ○ Turbine wheel Mold damaged Comp. Example 12 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 4 times 1,100°C Incone 1 718C Diamete r of 2 mm only ○ Turbine wheel Mold damaged Comp. Example 13 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 4 times 1,100°C Incone 1 718C Diamete rs of 1/2 mm mixed × Turbine wheel Defects in systemic structure Comp. Example 14 Incone 1 718C Vacuum 4 times 1,100°C Incone 1 718C Not used × Turbine wheel Mold damaged - Table 1 lists results obtained by comparing the precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems prepared in Examples according to one preferred embodiment of the present disclosure and Comparative Examples.
- As listed in Table 1, it could be seen that factors having great effects on cast quality include a casting atmosphere depending on materials and parts, a second coating number of the
mold 100, a pre-heating temperature of themold 100, materials of theceramic box 200, mixing of theceramic balls 300 with different sizes, and pretreatment of theceramic ball 300. - First, since the waste gate valves, each of which includes a minimum thickness portion having a thickness of approximately 2 to 5 mm, are formed of a stainless steel material as shown in Examples 1 to 5, the waste gate valves have high oxidation resistance to the molten metal at a high temperature, and thus may also be prepared by air casting.
- However, it could be seen that, when the second coating number is reduced to less than 3 times, the
mold 100 is damaged as described in Comparative Example 1, which makes it impossible to cast a product. On the other hand, it could be seen that, when the second coating number is increased to at least 6 times, productivity may be degraded due to an increase in manufacturing costs and time required for the second coating. As a result, the second coating number may be limited to 3 to 5 times. - In addition, when the
mold 100 is pre-heated at a temperature of less than 500°C as described in Comparative Example 2, themold 100 is not sufficiently heated, and thus the molten metal may be solidified before themold 100 is filled with the molten metal, resulting in an insufficient filling of the molten metal. Themold 100 may be heated to a temperature of 700°C or higher, but an increase in manufacturing costs may be encountered due to an increase in temperature. As a result, the heating temperature is limited to a range of 500 to 700°C. - In this case, the material of the
ceramic box 200 may be used as long as it is SUS 300-series stainless steel capable of enduring a temperature of 500 to 700°C when themold 100 is heated to that temperature. - Meanwhile, the
ceramic balls 300 serve to reinforce themold 100 when themold 100 is heated to a high temperature. In the present disclosure, firstceramic balls 310 having a diameter of 2 mm, and secondceramic balls 320 having a diameter of 1 mm were used together. Suchceramic balls 300 endure a load applied against a pressure of the molten metal in a state in which themold 100 is heated to a high temperature. - However, the
mold 100 may be damaged when theceramic balls 300 having a single diameter are used as described in Comparative Examples 3 and 4, whereas themold 100 may also be damaged even when theceramic balls 300 are not used as described in Comparative Example 6, unlike whenceramic balls 300 having a single diameter are used. - Additionally, when the
ceramic balls 300 are not pre-heated to a temperature of 500 to 700°C for 1 to 2 hours to remove foreign substances, toxic gases are generated by the foreign substances remaining on surfaces of theceramic balls 300 when themold 100 is heated to a high temperature (heated or cast) as described in Comparative Example 5. Then, the toxic gases flow backward through fine cracks of the ceramic-coatedmold 100 so that the toxic gases are incorporated into a molten metal, leading to casting defects. - Therefore, it could be seen that SUS 300-series stainless steel parts having a thickness of 2 to 5 mm are prepared under the optimum conditions such as a casting atmosphere of air, a second coating number of 3 to 5 times, a temperature of 500 to 700°C used to heat the
mold 100, use of SUS 300-series stainless steel as a material of theceramic box 200, mixed use ofceramic balls 300 having different thicknesses of 1 mm and 2 mm, and removal of foreign substances on theceramic balls 300, as described in Examples 1 to 5. - Meanwhile, it could be seen that the conditions used for turbocharger turbine wheels including a minimum thickness portion having a thickness of 2 mm or less are the optimum conditions. In this case, since the turbine wheels have parts directly exposed to exhaust gases having a high temperature of 800 to 950°C, Inconel-series materials having good heat resistance may be used.
- Inconel-series materials have good heat resistance when the Inconel-series materials are prepared into parts, but are very sensitive to oxidation when the Inconel-series materials are in a molten metal state. Therefore, the Inconel-series materials should be necessarily cast in a vacuum atmosphere. Accordingly, it could be seen that the molten metal is easily oxidized when the Inconel-series materials are melted and cast in the air, which makes it impossible to cast the Inconel-series materials, as described in Comparative Example 7.
- In addition, when the second coating number is less than 3 times (Comparative Example 8), casting is impossible due to damage of the
mold 100. On the other hand, when the second coating number is greater than or equal to 6 times, it may cause an increase in manufacturing costs. As a result, the second coating number may be limited to 3 to 5 times. - Additionally, the temperature used to heat the
mold 100 should be 1,000°C or higher since the minimum thickness portion is very thin. Here, when the heating temperature is less than 1,000°C, themold 100 is not sufficiently heated, and thus the molten metal may be solidified before themold 100 is filled with the molten metal, resulting in insufficient filling of the molten metal (Comparative Example 9). On the other hand, although themold 100 may be heated to 1,200°C or higher, an increase in manufacturing costs may be encountered accordingly. As a result, the heating temperature may be limited to a range of 1,000 to 1,200°C. - The material of the
ceramic box 200 may not be used as an SUS 300-series stainless steel material such as a waste gate valve since the material of theceramic box 200 does not endure a temperature of 1,000 to 1,200°C used to heat the mold 100 (Comparative Example 9). High-heat-resistance materials of Inconel series should be used as the material of theceramic box 200. - As described above for the
ceramic balls 300, it could be seen that themold 100 may be damaged when theceramic balls 300 having a single size are used (Comparative Examples 11 and 12) or theceramic balls 300 are not used (Comparative Example 14), and that casting defects in products occur when foreign substances are not removed from the surfaces of the ceramic balls 300 (Comparative Example 13). - Therefore, it could be seen that Inconel-based parts having a thickness of 2 mm or less are prepared under the optimum conditions such as a casting atmosphere of a vacuum, a second coating number of 3 to 5 times, a temperature of 1,000 to 1,200°C used to heat the
mold 100, use of an Inconel-based material as a material of theceramic box 200, mixed use ofceramic balls 300 having different thicknesses of 1 mm and 2 mm, and previous removal of foreign substances on theceramic balls 300, as described in Examples 6 to 10. - According to the above preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, an effect of reducing the manufacturing costs by approximately 30% may be achieved upon manufacture of the precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems since the coating cost may be curtailed and a cycle time may be reduced due to a decrease in a second coating number, compared to the conventional precision casting process.
- According to preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, since the method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems can be useful in manufacturing the precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems having excellent precision with a decrease in a coating number, the method has effects of reducing labor and manufacturing time to improve productivity and save manufacturing costs.
- Although the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure as disclosed in the accompanying claims.
Claims (8)
- A method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems, comprising:fabricating a model of a product to be manufactured using a substance selected from the group consisting of a wax and a plastic;forming a first coating layer on a surface of the model using a first slurry;forming a second coating layer on the surface of the model coated with the first coating layer using a second slurry;drying the first and second coating layers to form a mold and heating the mold to remove the model;pre-heating the mold, placing the mold in a ceramic box with a top portion open, and filling an inner part of the ceramic box with ceramic balls; andproducing a product by injecting a molten metal into the mold to cast the product.
- The method of claim 1, further comprising heating the ceramic balls to a temperature of 500 to 700°C to remove foreign substances from surfaces of the ceramic balls prior to the cast preparation.
- The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cast preparation comprises pre-heating the mold to 500 to 1,200°C.
- The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the step of producing a product comprises casting the product in a vacuum state to prevent oxidation of the molten metal.
- The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ceramic balls are formed of alumina (Al2O3) and comprise first and second ceramic balls having different diameters, wherein the first ceramic balls have a greater diameter than the second ceramic balls.
- The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ceramic box is formed of Inconel.
- The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first slurry is formed by mixing zircon powder and colloidal silica.
- The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second slurry is formed by mixing aluminosilicate, colloidal silica, and sand.
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KR1020150122677A KR101755832B1 (en) | 2015-08-31 | 2015-08-31 | Method of manufacturing precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust system |
Publications (2)
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EP3135399A1 true EP3135399A1 (en) | 2017-03-01 |
EP3135399B1 EP3135399B1 (en) | 2019-05-22 |
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EP15195578.8A Active EP3135399B1 (en) | 2015-08-31 | 2015-11-20 | Method of manufactruring precision cast parts for vehicle exhaust systems |
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US (1) | US20170056969A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3135399B1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101755832B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN106475520B (en) |
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CN111545708B (en) * | 2020-05-12 | 2021-08-06 | 唐山昊中科技有限公司 | Negative-pressure casting process for precoated sand shell type iron sand |
Citations (4)
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GB789769A (en) * | 1955-01-05 | 1958-01-29 | Austenal Lab Inc | Improvements in making casting molds |
JPS6027442A (en) * | 1983-07-22 | 1985-02-12 | Toshiba Corp | Casting mold |
JPS63112041A (en) * | 1986-10-30 | 1988-05-17 | Mazda Motor Corp | Lost wax casting method |
WO1999025511A1 (en) * | 1997-11-19 | 1999-05-27 | The Castings Development Centre | Investment casting |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3204303A (en) * | 1963-06-20 | 1965-09-07 | Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc | Precision investment casting |
US3861449A (en) * | 1969-05-05 | 1975-01-21 | Howmet Corp | Method of casting metallic objects |
US7343960B1 (en) * | 1998-11-20 | 2008-03-18 | Rolls-Royce Corporation | Method and apparatus for production of a cast component |
AU2027000A (en) * | 1998-11-20 | 2000-09-21 | Allison Engine Company, Inc. | Method and apparatus for production of a cast component |
KR20140087281A (en) | 2012-12-28 | 2014-07-09 | 재단법인 포항산업과학연구원 | A mold for investment casting and method for manufacturing thereof |
-
2015
- 2015-08-31 KR KR1020150122677A patent/KR101755832B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2015-11-19 US US14/946,046 patent/US20170056969A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2015-11-20 EP EP15195578.8A patent/EP3135399B1/en active Active
- 2015-11-26 CN CN201510845473.6A patent/CN106475520B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB789769A (en) * | 1955-01-05 | 1958-01-29 | Austenal Lab Inc | Improvements in making casting molds |
JPS6027442A (en) * | 1983-07-22 | 1985-02-12 | Toshiba Corp | Casting mold |
JPS63112041A (en) * | 1986-10-30 | 1988-05-17 | Mazda Motor Corp | Lost wax casting method |
WO1999025511A1 (en) * | 1997-11-19 | 1999-05-27 | The Castings Development Centre | Investment casting |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN106475520B (en) | 2021-02-09 |
KR20170026890A (en) | 2017-03-09 |
EP3135399B1 (en) | 2019-05-22 |
CN106475520A (en) | 2017-03-08 |
US20170056969A1 (en) | 2017-03-02 |
KR101755832B1 (en) | 2017-07-10 |
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