EP3108610A1 - Verfarhen und system zum erstellen und zur gültigkeitsprüfung von gerätezertifikaten - Google Patents
Verfarhen und system zum erstellen und zur gültigkeitsprüfung von gerätezertifikatenInfo
- Publication number
- EP3108610A1 EP3108610A1 EP15706764.6A EP15706764A EP3108610A1 EP 3108610 A1 EP3108610 A1 EP 3108610A1 EP 15706764 A EP15706764 A EP 15706764A EP 3108610 A1 EP3108610 A1 EP 3108610A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- certificate
- certificates
- information
- chain
- state information
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
- H04L9/3263—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving certificates, e.g. public key certificate [PKC] or attribute certificate [AC]; Public key infrastructure [PKI] arrangements
- H04L9/3265—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving certificates, e.g. public key certificate [PKC] or attribute certificate [AC]; Public key infrastructure [PKI] arrangements using certificate chains, trees or paths; Hierarchical trust model
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0894—Escrow, recovery or storing of secret information, e.g. secret key escrow or cryptographic key storage
- H04L9/0897—Escrow, recovery or storing of secret information, e.g. secret key escrow or cryptographic key storage involving additional devices, e.g. trusted platform module [TPM], smartcard or USB
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
- H04L9/3247—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving digital signatures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
- H04L9/3263—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving certificates, e.g. public key certificate [PKC] or attribute certificate [AC]; Public key infrastructure [PKI] arrangements
- H04L9/3268—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving certificates, e.g. public key certificate [PKC] or attribute certificate [AC]; Public key infrastructure [PKI] arrangements using certificate validation, registration, distribution or revocation, e.g. certificate revocation list [CRL]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
- H04L9/3297—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving time stamps, e.g. generation of time stamps
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/50—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols using hash chains, e.g. blockchains or hash trees
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
- Y04S40/20—Information technology specific aspects, e.g. CAD, simulation, modelling, system security
Definitions
- the invention generally relates to device certificates, i. electronic certificates confirming the identity of a device, and in particular each a method and system for creating device certificates and validating device certificates.
- the certificate usually includes the data required for testing.
- an electronic certificate is digitally signed by an issuing certification authority, the digital signature being part of the certificate.
- a cryptographic checksum is formed from the information to be certified, for example by means of a hash function, and only this checksum is digitally signed with the private portion of an asymmetrical key pair of the certification authority. In this way, by means of the public key of the
- Certification Authority verifies the authenticity of the certified information by using the public-key method to determine the original cryptographic checksum and a cryptographic checksum reconstructed from the certified information is compared with, in accordance with the cryptographic checksums, the authenticity of the
- a device manufacturer issues a certificate during the manufacture of the device for a one-off secret that is only contained in the device.
- the device manufacturer publishes the test criteria for these certificates so that an owner can determine the authenticity of the devices.
- IDevID Initial Secure Device Identifier
- CRL Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
- TPM Trusted Platform Module Trusted Platform Module
- asymmetric key pair comprising a PRIVEK designated private key and a PUBEK
- Authenticity of the TPM chip to be confirmed by electronic signature for example by means of a certificate.
- One The corresponding certificate is also referred to below as the EK certificate.
- An endorsement key (EK) of a TPM chip can be verified using a publicly known root certificate.
- platform manufacturers such as board or device manufacturers, may use a TPM
- the device manufacturer uses asymmetrical key pairs, hereinafter also referred to as manufacturer's
- Attestation Keys in use.
- the certificate belonging to the MAKey referred to as MACert, is generally included in the range of a so-called intermediate CA certificate (sub CA certificate) of a certification authority as part of a certificate
- Certificate chain used. This certificate is directly or indirectly issued by the certification authority of the
- Manufacturer's Trust Anchor Key is the root key of the certification authority used to digitally sign it.
- the root key is usually short with the help of a self-signed root certificate, also called Manufacturer's Trust Anchor Certificate MTACert, designated, confirmed and from the manufacturer
- Revocation information is usually provided by periodically publishing a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) or relatively promptly using revocation information services such as an Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) server, such as RFC 2560.
- CTL Certificate Revocation List
- OCSP Online Certificate Status Protocol
- RFC 5280 the validity periods of the certificates must be observed. This is especially true when
- Blocking information must be observed.
- the validity of a certificate chain is checked in the procedure described in RFC 5280 for a certain time t, usually for the current time.
- the time t must be within the validity period of all the certificates of the chain and for all certificates of the chain except the root certificate must have blocking information, which are measured at t sufficiently young and valid, with blocking information usually also a
- Device certificates become invalid.
- a device manufacturer must use its device database to issue new device certificates for the affected devices; for example, when using TPMs in the form of EK certificates,. For this reason, the public parts are used in the manufacture of the devices
- asymmetric key pairs such as an endorsement key (EK)
- EK endorsement key
- Blocking information must be made available at the site of the test, but depending on the purpose of use, but at the place of the test, if necessary, no connection to a
- a ownership certificate is a device certificate issued by a device owner for their device to use confirm that it is in his possession, and thus constitutes an identification criterion for his possession.
- a device owner issues a certificate for the possession of a device and, if necessary, repeatedly during possession, a certificate for a one-off secret contained only in the device. The device owner uses the test criteria associated with the certificate to be able to determine at any time efficiently whether a device belongs to his possession or not. Continue to use the
- Device can be designated.
- the purpose of this attribute is its use in an automatic decision of trustworthiness
- the certificate chain validity model defined by the PKIX standard is used.
- DOAKey Device Owner A s Attestation Key
- MAKey and MTAKey or certificates MACert and MTACert and with analogous use are usually as a Device Owner's Attestation Certificate
- DOACert designated certificate to a DOAKey, as well as a Device Owner's Trust Anchor Key (DOTAKey)
- Device certificate only after receiving the device generates and brings.
- the device certificate either an existing key pair of the device is used, for
- Key pair in the device generates, for example with the help of a TPM, or by the device owner a new one
- a basic idea of the invention is a
- Provide status information for device certificates that includes positive evidence of the existence and validity of the device certificate and, alternatively or additionally, a specific validity model for
- Signing key is used as for signing the device certificate.
- Another aspect of the invention is to store all the information required for the validation of a device certificate stored in a memory of a device also in a memory of the device, so that at any time an identity check of the device without obtaining additional data, i. an offline check of the stored
- the device certificate comprises a digital signature generated with a signing key and can be authenticated by means of a certificate chain.
- the certificate chain is a sequence of at least two certificates beginning with the device certificate, each certificate of the certificate chain comprising information defining the validity period of the respective certificate, and each certificate of the certificate
- Certificate chain except the device certificate one Certificate information includes, with which the respectively preceding in the sequence certificate is authenticated.
- the authenticity of the device certificate signature can be verified with the public part of the device certificate signing key.
- An additional digital certificate is provided for verifying the authenticity of the public part of the signing key of the issuer of the device certificate.
- another certificate can be provided for checking the authenticity of the public part of the signing key of the issuer of this further digital certificate.
- the certificate chain is built as a sequence of certificates, starting with the device certificate, each confirming the authenticity of the public key with which the previous certificate can be validated.
- a certificate chain is also called
- the certificate chain includes the device certificate and at least one other certificate. There on the last one
- Certificate of the certificate chain does not follow any further certificate, this is preferably a trusted one
- Certificate in which a test of authenticity can be dispensed with
- the method provides in a first variant, for the generated device certificate
- the confirmation information may be, for example, that the device certificate or one of the
- a database for example, which is typically provided by the entity issuing the device certificates.
- the method can also provide a digitally signed state information for the
- Device certificate which includes a proof that the device certificate was generated by an authorized entity, the state information under
- the method further provides for generating a digitally signed timestamp which associates the device certificate with the time at which the timestamp is generated.
- Time stamp is preferably generated such that the device certificate or a hash value of the
- the digitally signed timestamp is generated by a server providing a timestamping service in response to a request to create a timestamp.
- the request is returned to the server from a production computer connected to the server via a communication network and the generated timestamp back to the server
- the device certificate preferably includes the device certificate or a hash value of the device certificate.
- the generated device certificate and / or at least one further certificate of the certificate chain and / or the digitally signed time stamp and / or at least one digitally signed state information are preferably retrievable in a manner that can be assigned to the device
- a flash memory of the device can be used or the device is a storage medium such as a CD attached.
- Certificate of the certificate chain and / or the digitally signed timestamp and / or at least one digitally signed state information are made available, for example, the data in response to a
- Device identification such as a serial number of the device, provides. This can be done, for example, by setting up an appropriate directory service
- the generated timestamps are counted and the server generates and transmits the timestamp only as long as a predetermined upper limit for the number of timestamps generated is not exceeded.
- the server preferably to the server, which the
- Timestamp provides a value for this
- a counter stored in the server is set to zero, which is then incremented on each request to create a timestamp and compared with the stored value of the upper limit. If the counter is less than or equal to the value of the upper limit, then a
- different signing keys are preferably used for generating the digital signature of the device certificate and for generating the digital signature of the time stamp.
- the secret cryptographically bound to certificate information of the device certificate is the private part of an asymmetric one
- the secret is preferably a unique secret.
- the private key of the key pair is not stored in the device readable and the public key of
- the Key pair is part of the certificate information the device certificate, wherein the device is adapted to allow a check using the stored secret, whether a binding of the device certificate to the device.
- the device is to
- the secret is stored in a chip of the device.
- This chip can advantageously be designed as a chip in accordance with the specification of the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) of the Trusted Computing Group, in short TPM chip, in which a PRIVEK designated private key of an asymmetrical key pair called "Endorsement Key" is stored. Also, such a TPM chip itself
- Example in the form of an AttributeCertificate, which serves to confirm that a particular TPM chip is included in the device.
- the other device certificate in the same way
- the device certificate i.
- a method of verifying the validity of a device certificate created by the method described above is to provide a device certificate and a trusted certificate, wherein the device certificate having the trusted certificate has a certificate
- Certificate chain is chainable, the certificate chain is beginning with the device certificate and ending with the trusted certificate sequence of at least two certificates, each certificate of the
- Certificate chain includes information that the
- Exception of the device certificate includes certificate information with which the respective preceding in the sequence certificate is authenticated, as well as an assigned kauTeitrios for each certificate of the certificate chain set.
- the validity period may also include an indefinite validity directed into the past or the future, i. that one end or both ends of the validity period are unlimited.
- values may be used for the beginning and / or the end of the period of validity, respectively
- a first number of checks namely a check whether the device certificate can be successfully authenticated by means of the certificate chain, whether for each certificate of the certificate chain the associated one
- Check time lies within the validity period of the respective certificate, and, by means of a secret stored in a memory of the device, whether a binding of the device certificate to the device exists.
- the device certificate becomes invalid
- Device certificate for an electronic device and the described method for validating a device certificate thus created together form a method for confirming the identity of an electronic device for the purpose of authenticity or ownership verification.
- inventive method allow protection against forgery of a device certificate.
- an associated, digitally signed one is assigned to the device certificate
- Status information identifies the device certificate as valid or invalid and includes information defining the validity period of the state information. In this embodiment variant, it is additionally checked for the status information provided whether a test time specified for the status information lies within the validity period of the status information and whether the status information identifies the device certificate as valid, the identification of the
- Device certificate valid as proof includes the device certificate from an authorized entity actually generated. If this test result is positive and the first number of tests described above succeeds, then the device certificate is recognized as valid, otherwise invalid.
- State information identifies the further certificate as valid or invalid and includes information defining the validity period of the state information. In this embodiment, it is checked for each provided state information whether one for the
- State information is and whether the state information the respective associated certificate as valid
- the device certificate is recognized as valid only if the test result is positive.
- Condition information advantageously comprises the proof that the certificate has been generated by an authorized entity, this proof, for example, from it
- the server providing the certificate service can derive that the certificate or information derived from the certificate in a predetermined Database is stored.
- the server providing the certificate service can derive that the certificate or information derived from the certificate in a predetermined Database is stored.
- the method provides for
- Condition information can be set in a specific way.
- Validity of the device certificate is performed.
- test method in a second variant of the test method, it is provided to provide a digitally signed timestamp associated with the device certificate, which links the device certificate to a point in time, wherein the device is associated with a device
- state information identifies the certificate as valid or invalid and includes information defining the validity period of the state information.
- State information is and whether the state information the respective associated certificate as valid
- the device certificate is recognized as valid only if the test result is positive. Also in this
- Status information preferably a positive proof of the existence and validity of each certificate.
- the procedure is set as the assigned check time for the device certificate at the time the
- Timestamp set with the device certificate associated time In particular, the time of the check only with the validity period of the device certificate
- Timestamp is used, i. that in this
- Embodiment in particular no blocking information is considered for the device certificate.
- Certificates of the certificate chain and / or for the status information associated with this certificate the time is set to that in the certificate chain
- Validity model can also be provided a combination of the variants described above.
- the validity model is designed such that all validation of the
- Device certificate required information at the time of creation of the device certificate can be obtained.
- This information includes in particular all the certificates of the certificate chain used to authenticate the device certificate, each assigned
- the information When using a time stamp, the information also includes, in particular, all the information and evidence required to authenticate the time stamp itself.
- the device certificate can function as a certificate of authenticity or a certificate of ownership
- Ownership tag is issued by the device owner himself, and an attribute certificate is used to confirm a particular property of a device, for example, to confirm that a particular module, for example a TPM chip, is integrated in a device.
- the certificate chain comprises at least one intermediate certificate, which in the by the
- the trusted certificate and the trusted certificate is arranged, wherein the trusted certificate is preferably a self-signed root certificate.
- the intermediate certificate is used in particular for the authentication of a device manufacturer to sign
- MAKey Manufacturer's Attestation Key
- the used MAKeys can also be structured in several hierarchy levels, whereby the
- Certificate chain then includes several intermediate certificates. It can also be dispensed with intermediate certificates, for example, if the device certificates are signed directly with a root key.
- the system includes a
- the production computer can be connected to at least one electronic device, preferably via a
- the system comprises a database which can be connected to the production computer and in which the production computer stores generated device certificates or values derived therefrom, the database being designed to provide information upon request
- system comprises a connectable to the production computer server, which a
- timestamping service Provides timestamping service and, at the request of the production computer for one from the production computer predetermined device certificate generates a digitally signed timestamp and transmits it to the production computer, the timestamp linking the given device certificate with the time at which the timestamp is generated.
- system comprises the features of both variants described above.
- system may also be advantageously designed to accommodate any of the above-described embodiments of the invention
- the test system comprises a test device for checking the validity of a stored in a memory of an electronic device device certificate by means of a
- Certificate chain and a certificate information server, which can access the tester to
- the test apparatus advantageously comprises a corresponding test application in the form of software.
- test system may also be advantageously designed to each of the above-described embodiments of To perform a validation procedure for a device certificate and may include other suitable components for this purpose.
- the test system may further include a database or a database digest to which the certificate solicitation server may access to generate state information which
- an electronic device comprising a non-readable from outside the device memory with a secret stored therein, and a readable memory, wherein in the readable memory for implementing the method described above for
- Validation of a device certificate required information is stored, in particular the
- Certificate chain as well as status information and / or timestamp.
- the stored information is in each case depending on the respective
- Embodiment of the method for validation required information selected. are all in the electronic device for performing an examination of the validity of a stored in the device
- Validity check with particular advantage take place offline, i. without access to other sources of information.
- Certificate information server will be omitted, so that a Test system in this case particularly advantageous includes only the tester and the electronic device to be tested.
- the testing device can be formed by the device to be tested itself, i. that too
- the testing device can be designed to handle even the
- Validation of the stored device certificate and can therefore for this purpose have a corresponding test application.
- the information required to perform the method of validating a device certificate described above may be stored in whole or in part instead of in a memory of the device in a memory associated with the device.
- the storage medium all information required for carrying out the above-described method for checking the validity of a device certificate, in particular the device certificate, all other for the validation of the device certificate required certificates of the certificate chain, as well as status information and / or timestamp are stored.
- the storage medium can be designed, for example, as a CD enclosed with the device. However, any other suitable form of storage medium is also within the scope of the invention. The assignment of the storage medium to the
- the storage medium can also be labeled accordingly, for example by storing or printing a serial number of the device on the storage medium.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a
- Fig. 2 shows a schematic for the validity of a
- Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of a
- test system designed for Checking the binding of a device certificate to an electronic device
- Fig. 4 shows schematically two separate certificate chains for
- Fig. 5a is a schematic representation of a first
- FIG. 5b schematically shows a validity check of a system shown in Fig. 5a
- Fig. 6a is a schematic representation of a second
- FIG. 6b schematically illustrates a validation of a system shown in Fig. 6a
- Fig. 7a is a schematic representation of a third
- FIG. 7b schematically shows a validity check of a system shown in Fig. 7a
- Fig. 8 is a schematic representation of the
- FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of
- Fig. IIa is a schematic representation of a fourth
- FIG. IIb schematically a validation of created with a system shown in Fig. IIa
- TPMs Trusted Platform Modules
- EK endorsement key
- the PRIVEK is generated and saved in the TPM without ever leaving it.
- the device manufacturer integrates a TPM into his device.
- CA Certification Authority
- EK certificate Electronic signed certificate
- PBEK public part
- the signature of the EK certificate is created using a private key, which is only available to the device manufacturer. This private key is in the
- MAKey Manufacturer's Attestation Key
- Certification authority is used before generating the EK certificate to confirm the public key belonging to the MAKey also by means of public-key certificate belonging to the device manufacturer.
- the certificate belonging to the MAKey is referred to below as MACert. It is in the range of a so-called
- Intermediate certificate used by a certification authority (intermediate CA certificate, sub-CA certificate).
- the device manufacturer uses several private keys during manufacture, for example
- MAKey1, MAKey2, MAKey3 and so on For each private key exists a corresponding certificate, MACertl, MACert2, MACert3 and so on. All these certificates are directly or indirectly confirmed by the certification body of the manufacturer, for example by the
- Root key of the certification authority hereinafter referred to as Manufacturer's Trust Anchor Key, or MTAKey for short, was used to digitally sign it.
- MTAKey Manufacturer's Trust Anchor Key
- Root key is confirmed using a self-signed root certificate (henceforth Manufacturer's Trust Anchor Certificate, MTACert for short) and published by the manufacturer. To this process is the infrastructure of a self-signed root certificate (henceforth Manufacturer's Trust Anchor Certificate, MTACert for short) and published by the manufacturer. To this process is the infrastructure of a self-signed root certificate (henceforth Manufacturer's Trust Anchor Certificate, MTACert for short) and published by the manufacturer. To this process is the infrastructure of a self-signed root certificate (henceforth Manufacturer's Trust Anchor Certificate, MTACert for short) and published by the manufacturer. To this process is the infrastructure of a self-signed root certificate (henceforth Manufacturer's Trust Anchor Certificate, MTACert for short) and published by the manufacturer. To this process is the infrastructure of a self-signed root certificate (henceforth Manufacturer's Trust Anchor Certificate, MTACert for short)
- a production workstation 200 the key MAKeyl and the certificate MACertl are in use, these being stored in a memory 210.
- the certificate was issued by a, not shown in FIG. 1, private
- Production workstation 200 uses a software application to create a device certificate (EKCertl, EKCert2, ...) by signing it with MAKeyl.
- the device certificate is stored in the illustrated embodiment together with the MACertl in persistent memory of the device 101, 102 and 103, respectively.
- the production workstation 200 is connected to the devices 101, 102 and 103 via a communication network, wherein preferably a plurality of devices may be simultaneously connected to the communication network.
- Certificate MACertl in a memory of the device 101, 102 and 103 this data can also be stored on a storage medium such as a compact disc (CD), which can be assigned to the device, for example, the device enclosed. Since in principle it is only necessary that the data be provided in a manner assignable to the device retrievable, the data could be provided, for example, by means of a directory service, from which they can be accessed if necessary. However, it can also be used any other suitable way of providing.
- a storage medium such as a compact disc (CD)
- CD compact disc
- Device certificates also stored in a manufacturer database 300 that can be accessed by the production workstation 200.
- Production workstation 200 and manufacturer database 300 can do the same or another
- a device owner uses the root certificate from the root certificate (MTACert) published by the manufacturer to electronically check the authenticity of the device.
- MTACert root certificate
- a common method is, for example, that the device owner uses a software tool that knows the MTACert and the corresponding EK certificate (EKCertl, EKCert2, ...) as well as all relevant intermediate certificates, for example via communication paths with the device
- Certification path also referred to below as the certificate chain, from the device certificate (EK certificate) to the root certificate (MTACert) by validating this path, in particular according to RFC 5280.
- EK certificate device certificate
- MTACert root certificate
- the authenticity of the EK certificate is determined, provided that none of the private keys used by the manufacturer (MTAKey and MAKeyl, MAKey2, MAKey3, etc.) were used unauthorized until the time of the test.
- An example of the certification path is shown in FIG. Accordingly, the certificate chain comprises the device certificate 630 designated as EKCertl, the intermediate certificate 620 designated MACertl and the root certificate 610 designated as MTACert.
- the device certificate 630 includes the certificate information 530 and the signature 430, which are signed by a signing process 400 in which the certificate information 530 is encrypted with the private key 525 called MAKeyl_PRIV.
- the signing process 400 can
- designated private key 525 is encrypted.
- the certificate information 530 of the device certificate 630 includes the public key EK1_PUB.
- the certificate information 530 may include other information, such as information about
- Identification information of the certificate issuer information on the owner of the public key EK1_PUB, information on rules and procedures under which the device certificate 630 has been issued and / or information on the permitted scope and scope of the certificate
- the intermediate certificate 620 includes the
- Certificate information 520 and the signature 420 which is generated by a signing process 400, in which the certificate information 520 or one of the
- Certificate information 520 of the intermediate certificate 620 comprises at least the public key MAKeyl_PUB, as well as possibly further information analogous to the above with respect to the certificate information 530.
- the root certificate 610 includes the certificate information 510 and the digital signature 410.
- the root certificate 610 is self-signed, i. the digital signature is generated by a signature 400 in which the
- Certificate information 510 or one from the
- Certificate information 510 of the root certificate 610 includes at least the public key MTAKey_PUB, as well as analogous to those described above
- Certificate information 530 and 520 if applicable, further information.
- the software tool ensures that the EK certificate
- EKCertl really belongs to the present device 101.
- Various methods can be used for this purpose. For example, this requires in one
- Test computer 700 software installed tool 101 via a communication channel to sign a generated by the software tool random number z using the stored in the TPM 111 private key PRIVEK, referred to in the example as EK1_PRIV.
- this means an encryption of the random number z or a value formed as a function of z by means
- the value formed as a function of the random number z can be, for example, a cryptographic checksum of z or a cryptographic checksum of z and other information, the cryptographic
- a checksum is a hash value, and where the additional information is known by the device and
- the software tool checks the signature by specifying it as EK1_PUB in the example shown
- the stored certificates EKCertl and MACertl transferred from the device 101 to the test computer 700.
- the MTACert certificate is typically already in a memory 710 of the
- the PRIVEK is not extractable from the TPM 111 and globally unique. Accordingly, with the described method, the authenticity of the device 101 is determined under the abovementioned restrictions and provided that the TPM chip 111 does not come from the device 101
- EK and EK certificate are generated at the manufacturer of the TPM chip.
- a certification office will be at
- Device manufacturers are waived to issue a public-key certificate. Instead, the device manufacturer issues an attribute certificate to the existing EK certificate confirming that a particular TPM has been installed in a particular device.
- Attribute certificate is called platform EK certificate
- the added value for the future device owner is that separately the authenticity of the TPM chip as well as the
- Authenticity of the device can be checked. Two root certificates are required and two certificate chains are checked, but only one signature is verified. The two certificate chains are shown in FIG. 4.
- Certificate number along with a cryptographic hash value calculated using the content of EKCertl and included in the platform EK certificate.
- Certificate information of the platform EK certificate 630 which further includes the signature 430 ⁇ .
- the platform EC certificate 630 and the other certificates 620 ⁇ and 610 comprising the certificate information 520 ⁇ or 510 ⁇ and the signatures 420 ⁇ or 410 are formed analogously to the certificate chain shown in FIG. 2. Certain devices can safely store private keys even without a TPM chip. In such cases, but also in devices with TPM, there is the possibility that during the production of the devices each creates a new secret and by the manufacturer with a device certificate
- the root certificates have a very long validity period 810 of several years.
- the validity period of the PKIX method the validity period of
- the validity period 810 illustrated in FIG. 8 for the MTACertert certificate also includes those for the
- Certificates MACertl and EKCertl which are designated for MACertl by reference numeral 820 and for EKCertl by reference numeral 830.
- their validity period also applies to those of all dependent certificates. Accordingly, in Fig. 8, the validity of MACertl includes those of EKCertl.
- a certificate chain consisting of MTACert, MACertl and EKCertl is checked for validity at a time to after PKIX, the time to within the
- Validity period 815 for example of days. For all other certificates are usually individual
- Locking information related to this certificate is provided by the issuing authority on request, for example by OCSP, whose data volume is relatively low. Its validity period 825 is relatively short, for example one hour. Originally, the audit of certificate chains was not for the long-term verification of certificates
- test procedure is optimized for the ad hoc verification of the identity of communication partners when establishing a connection.
- device certificates it is not suitable without further modifications, simply because it is difficult in the industrial sector to predict the maximum lifetime of devices and to use sufficiently strong and therefore durable cryptographic algorithms for the usually long-term periods, which are common implementations
- a root or sub-CA certificate with a remaining validity period of 3 years is not suitable, depending on still certificates with a
- the invention accordingly provides, in particular, that status information must provide positive proof and / or certificates must have been valid only at the time of issuing signatures to be checked therewith. The second point does not allow the validity period of certificates
- the invention should ideally certificates
- MAKeys Manufacturer Attestation Keys
- the MAKeys are usually in use in large production halls with complex IT networks. Although MAKeys can help with safe
- Signature creation devices such as so-called crypto-tokens or smart-cards are kept safe, so that a
- Signing keys such as MAKeyl, MAKey2, MAKey3, etc., for creating device certificates.
- Rights holder can be recognized as such, although with provided with a device certificate that has been misused with a correct signing key.
- DOAKeys Device Owner Attestation Keys
- the invention provides for this application
- the device owner recognizes without
- a specific device certificate validity model is applied, taking into account the requirement of a
- the replacement is an electronic time stamp, which the
- the invention further provides with particular advantage to allow the examination of the device certificates without the need to obtain further status information about certificates and therefore independent of communication networks.
- the variant of the invention described below is based on a combination of the examination of device certificates according to the PKIX standard with the additional requirement of status information on the existence of the device certificate.
- An applicable for this variant system for creating device certificates is exemplary in Fig. 5a
- Connection with a corresponding method for checking the validity of a device certificate created in this way includes, by way of example, the following steps:
- a device manufacturer produces devices 101, 102, and 103, placing them using a MAKey, in the
- MAKey1 a device certificate for each device.
- an automatism generates an excerpt 310 from the device database 300, in which essentially only the
- the devices 101, 102 and 103 of the batch are released for sale, for example by placing them in the
- a person receives a device 101, for example, by ordering from the manufacturer and its delivery.
- the device owner checks the certificate chain of the device 101 and the binding of the EK certificate to the device 101 with a method documented by the manufacturer using the certificate MTACert as
- the device owner uses this for
- the software tool can for example be provided by the device manufacturer.
- the device owner picks up one of the
- the information service 350 retrieves the certificate in the extract 310 from the device database 300 or directly in the device database 300 and provides the desired information.
- Steps 6 and 7 are performed at a time at the option of the device owner and repeated as desired.
- the method protects even if the MAKeyl is not stolen or copied, but is used sporadically and undetected abusive.
- a corresponding method for creating device certificates in connection with a corresponding method for checking the validity of a device certificate created in this way comprises, by way of example, the following steps:
- Devices 101, 102 and 103 At the production workstation 200, a device certificate is issued for each device 101, 102 and 103 using a MAKeyl provided by the manufacturer and associated MACertl.
- the contractor maintains a partial database 300 with the EK certificates of all devices produced by him
- the contractor shall draw an extract 310 from this database 300 for each batch of equipment in which the
- the manufacturer shall check the extracts by comparing them with the production orders he has placed with the aid of a control system 320. For example
- the manufacturer creates an extract 340 from its device database 330 for use with the device
- Information Service 350 which it operates on its equipment certificates. 7.
- the batch of newly produced equipment will be released for distribution after inspection by the manufacturer, for example by being transferred to the warehouse of the contractor.
- a person receives a device 101, for example, by ordering from the manufacturer and delivery by the
- the device owner checks the authenticity of the device 101 by checking the certificate chain and checking the binding of the EK certificate to the device 101 as described above.
- the device owner collects a proof of existence for the device certificate from the manufacturer, as described above.
- the security of the method is here analogous to the variant described above, in particular in steps 5 and 10.
- the control of the number of device certificates at the manufacturer as the principal prior to their insertion into his device database 330 is for the variant of
- Device certificates are from the manufacturer and use only the information service 350 of the manufacturer.
- the device owner does not produce the devices, but merely personalizes them by using ownership certificates.
- Certificate information service for evidence of existence to the device certificates, but the device owner.
- the device owner thus contributes to the strength of the procedure with the rigor of following the steps within its organization.
- For the effectiveness of the method may also be provided to separate the control before inserting device certificates in the device database of the step of issuing device certificates using DOAKey.
- DOAKey does not serve as
- Timing was provided. This proof is referred to as a timestamp, with one possible format for electronic timestamps, for example, in "RFC 3161 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Time Stamp
- TTP Internet Engineering Task Force
- the proof of existence exists in two points: 1.
- the time stamp is generated at the time the device certificate is generated or shortly thereafter, while the proof of existence is generated at the time of the check of the device certificate
- Exhibitor (Sub-CA certificate) of the device certificate is not issued for the time of the examination of the
- the manufacturer either controls the production site and produces it himself or the production site belongs to a contractor who produces equipment on behalf of the manufacturer.
- a customer is a person who comes into possession of a device. It is irrelevant whether the device was purchased directly from the manufacturer.
- Device certificates in conjunction with a corresponding method for checking the validity of a device certificate created in this way include, for example, the following steps:
- the manufacturer instructs the factory to produce a certain number of devices 101, 102 and 103.
- he deposits the production order in his order database 370, for example using an enterprise resource planning system (ERP system).
- ERP system enterprise resource planning system
- timestamps are requested at a time stamp service 360.
- Timestamping service 360 can be operated by the manufacturer or by another
- the time stamp service 360 checks to see if there is a sufficient production order in the order database 370 of the manufacturer.
- the timestamp service 360 creates a timestamp.
- Each device 101, 102 and 103 is accompanied by a copy of the time stamp associated with its device certificate.
- the time stamp is stored in the device near the device certificate in a memory 121, 122, and 123, respectively.
- the device 101, 102 or 103 becomes the distributor
- a person purchases a device 101 and thus becomes the device owner.
- the device owner checks the certificate chain of device 101 and the binding of the EK certificate to the device
- Timestamp as described in more detail below.
- the device owner uses this for example
- the software tool that knows the MTACert or what he makes known to him.
- the software tool can be used for
- Each intermediate certificate of the certificate chain must have a blocking information which is valid for the time ti, ie t1 must lie within the validity period 915 of the blocking information.
- the blocking information needs no existence information to the respective Certificate, but it must confirm that the associated certificate was not locked at time ti. It is therefore acceptable if the certificate becomes a
- the certification service must follow a blocking policy in which blockages can only be made with effect from the current time, but can never be revoked.
- the validity model described above effectively means that a device certificate is verified as valid until its validity period 930 or the
- Validity periods should be determined by the device manufacturer
- the time stamp service always only creates timestamps for the currently valid time. This is guaranteed by every serious time stamping service.
- the time stamp service may not provide a key to
- Issuing device certificates is used.
- the Barrier Information Service may not use a key to provide information that may also be used for
- Issuing device certificates is used.
- Certificate of Authenticity as described above can be used analogously for ownership certificates, with the following modifications:
- the device owner does not produce the devices, but merely personalizes them by using ownership certificates.
- the time stamp service is not selected by the device manufacturer but by the device owner.
- Invention variant is provided to combine the device certificate with a timestamp to confirm the date of its issuance, as well as the
- Collection of additional information can be done. Any additional information required may be supplied with the device or stored in or with it. In particular, this means that the check can be carried out independently of access to communication networks such as the Internet, ie off-line.
- Certificate of Authenticity or created as ownership certificates provides a method for creating
- a certificate chain must be able to be constructed from the device certificate to a trusted root certificate.
- Validity period 960 of the device certificate
- the time stamp for the device certificate must be checked for validity in accordance with the rules of the creator. This in particular, includes an examination of the binding of the
- Timestamp to the device certificate are Timestamp to the device certificate.
- the time ti of creating the time stamp must be within the validity period 960 of the device certificate and before the time to.
- the equipment certificate has been issued by an authorized agent, i. provide a proof of existence, for example because it is in the database of the exhibitor
- Root certificate directly dependent intermediate certificate must within the validity period 940 of the
- Validity periods are based on a certificate chain consisting of 3 certificates. However, the described method is also valid for certificate chains with several
- the security of the method consists in the fact that device certificates issued by an unauthorized body are recognized by the absence of a time stamp, the absence of a proof of existence and / or on a
- the time stamp service always only creates timestamps for the currently valid time. This is guaranteed by every serious time stamping service.
- the time stamp service may not provide a key to
- Issuing device certificates is used.
- Credentials and evidence of existence certificates does not use a key that is used to issue device certificates.
- Timestamp itself are necessary. This information can be attached to the device certificate. You then no longer need to be caught up during subsequent exams. Instead, the test can be reconstructed at any time using this information.
- the method of compiling the information will now be described by way of example with reference to Figures IIa and IIb to illustrate which
- a customer is a person in possession of a device. It is irrelevant whether the device was purchased directly from the manufacturer.
- the following steps 1.
- the manufacturer instructs the production facility to produce a certain number of devices 101, 102 and 103.
- he deposits the production order in an order database (not shown in FIG.
- ERP system Example of his Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP system).
- Production workplace 200 a MAKeyl is available.
- the manufacturing facility sends the device certificates of a batch to the manufacturer, for example using a partial database 300 of the contractor and a database digest 310 created therefrom.
- the manufacturer checks the list, for example by comparing it with the order database. In the case of the positive check, the device certificates are stored in the database 330 of the manufacturer.
- timestamps are requested at a timestamp service 370.
- Timestamping service can be done by the manufacturer operated or from another trustworthy location. In addition to everyone
- Timestamps and status information are attached to devices 101, 102 and 103, respectively, even in them
- a memory 121, 122 and 123 are stored, for example in a memory 121, 122 and 123, respectively.
- the device is released for sale, for example, by transferring it to the warehouse.
- a person purchases a device 101 and thus becomes the device owner.
- the device owner checks the certificate chain of the device and the binding of the EK certificate to the device 101 with a method documented by the manufacturer using the certificate MTACert as a trust anchor.
- the verification of the certificate chain is carried out by a
- Timestamp used The device owner uses, for example, a software tool that knows the MTACert or which he makes known to him.
- the software tool for example, the device manufacturer for
- the test computer 700 thus only has access to the device 101 for the test, but not to others
- the device owner does not produce the devices, but merely personalizes them by using ownership certificates.
- the time stamp service is not selected by the device manufacturer but by the device owner.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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DE102014102168.1A DE102014102168A1 (de) | 2014-02-20 | 2014-02-20 | Verfahren und System zum Erstellen und zur Gültigkeitsprüfung von Gerätezertifikaten |
PCT/EP2015/053622 WO2015124726A1 (de) | 2014-02-20 | 2015-02-20 | Verfarhen und system zum erstellen und zur gültigkeitsprüfung von gerätezertifikaten |
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EP3108610B1 (de) | 2020-02-12 |
WO2015124726A1 (de) | 2015-08-27 |
DE102014102168A1 (de) | 2015-09-03 |
US10841102B2 (en) | 2020-11-17 |
CN106031086A (zh) | 2016-10-12 |
CN106031086B (zh) | 2019-06-07 |
US20210044441A1 (en) | 2021-02-11 |
US20170054566A1 (en) | 2017-02-23 |
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