Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
  • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
  • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
  • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
  • E02B3/122—Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips
  • E02B3/126—Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips mainly consisting of bituminous material or synthetic resins
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
  • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
  • E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
  • E02D29/0233—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill the retention means being anchors
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D03—WEAVING
  • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
  • D03D25/00—Woven fabrics not otherwise provided for
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
  • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
  • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
  • E02B3/10—Dams; Dykes; Sluice ways or other structures for dykes, dams, or the like
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
  • E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
  • E02D17/202—Securing of slopes or inclines with flexible securing means
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
  • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
  • E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
  • E02D17/18—Making embankments, e.g. dikes, dams
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D2300/00—Materials
  • E02D2300/0051—Including fibers
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D2300/00—Materials
  • E02D2300/0075—Textiles
  • E02D2300/0078—Textiles woven
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D2300/00—Materials
  • E02D2300/0085—Geotextiles
  • E02D2300/0087—Geotextiles woven

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the technical field of soil reinforcement for the construction of retaining walls.
• a stabilization band also called geoboard, reinforced and usable for reinforced soil or reinforced earth for the construction of retaining walls.
• a reinforced embankment structure includes a fill, a siding and reinforcements connected or not to the facing.
• Backfill is a mixture or assembly that may include at least one of sand, gravel, fine soil, crushed rock, recycled materials such as building demolition materials or civil engineering, industrial residues, binders such as lime or cement.
• the facing ensures the aesthetics and stability of the structure vis-à-vis erosion by covering the front face of the retaining wall, that is to say the visible face. It is most often made from prefabricated elements juxtaposed concrete, slabs or blocks. It may also consist of metal welded mesh panels or gabions made with braided metal son.
• the reinforcements may be made of various materials, such as metal (and more particularly galvanized steel) and synthetic materials. They are placed in the embankment with a density depending on the constraints that can be exerted on the structure, the thrust forces of the ground being taken up by the friction between the embankment and reinforcements.
• the reinforcements are provided in the form of stabilizing strips having a length of about 3 m to 10 m, although shorter or longer strips may be employed.
• the width of the strips is generally between 4 cm and 10 cm, although it is possible to use strips of width up to 10 cm or 25 cm or more.
• the thickness varies, for example from about 1 mm to a few centimeters and is generally between 1 mm and 6 mm.
• the stabilizing strip is capable of transmitting the forces along its entire length.
• a solution known to those skilled in the art consists in using stabilization strips comprising a longitudinal sheath which interacts with the embankment by friction.
• the stabilizing strips also comprise a reinforcement composed of a set of fibers arranged longitudinally, parallel to each other and embedded inside the sheath in its central part so as to reinforce the tensile strength.
• the sheath is usually made of polyethylene, and the polyester fibers.
• a solution known to those skilled in the art for increasing the frictional resistance between the strips and the backfill consists in providing the longitudinal sheath with a central portion comprising the reinforcing fibers and the projecting lateral portions so as to better interact with the grains constituting the embankment.
• polyester fibers have the disadvantage of being sensitive to the surrounding alkalinity and can degrade when the stabilizing strips which contain them are used for example in basic soils. This is for example the case of fine soils treated with lime or hydraulic binders to improve their workability and / or stability.
• the inventors have sought to produce stabilizing strips comprising a polyethylene sheath and a reinforcement composed of a set of polyvinyl alcohol fibers.
• the present invention therefore seeks to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art described above.
• the present invention seeks to allow the realization of stabilization strips that are not sensitive to their environment (and preferably can be used for different types of embankment) while having a high tensile strength and allowing the measurement their mechanical properties reliably.
• the present invention provides a reinforced stabilization strip for reinforced embankment structures comprising long reinforcing fibers and a longitudinal sheath surrounding or enclosing the long reinforcing fibers, the sheath being at least partially made of a functionalized polymeric material comprising a functionalized polyolefin.
• the functionalization of the polyolefin makes it possible to confer on the functionalized polymer material of the cladding functional groups with which the material of the reinforcing fibers can react, thus creating bonds between the reinforcing fibers and the sheath which prevent their separation by increasing the force of the reinforcing fibers. adhesion between the reinforcing fibers and the sheath.
• the functionalized polyolefin advantageously comprises 0.01% to 45% functionalization.
• the functionalized polymeric material may comprise a mixture of non-functionalized polymer and functionalized polyolefin.
• the non-functionalized polymer is a non-functionalized polyolefin.
• the non-functionalized polyolefin is a nonfunctionalized polyethylene, still preferably a non-functionalized linear low density polyethylene.
• the functionalized polyolefin mass ratio: unfunctionalized polymer is between 1: 9 and 10: 0.
• the functionalized polymeric material advantageously has a functionalization gradient with a maximum in contact with the reinforcing fibers and which decreases as one moves away from the reinforcing fibers.
• the functionalized polyolefin is a polyolefin substituted with a chemical element having a functional group chosen from mono or di-carboxylic acid anhydrides or on which the chemical element has been grafted.
• the chemical element is a maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride or acrylic acid group.
• the sheath may further include a non-functionalized area surrounding or enclosing the functionalized polymeric material.
• This non-functionalized zone is a non-functionalized polymer, for example the same non-functionalized polymer of the mixture forming the functionalized polymeric material, or another.
• the reinforcing fibers are advantageously made of a material chosen from polyvinyl alcohol, polyesters, silica glass, linear or aromatic polyamides and metals.
• the reinforcing fibers may be in the form of wires, strands, or ropes; these yarns, strands or ropes that can be spun or braided.
• the sheath may further comprise at least one longitudinal edge free of reinforcing fibers and having notches.
• the stabilizing strip may have two longitudinal ends joined to each other thus taking the form of a loop.
• the present invention also provides a stabilizing ply made at least in part with stabilizing strips as described above.
• This stabilizing ply can be made in the form of a geogrid formed by a warp and a weft composed of stabilizing strips (1), the warp and weft being woven or superimposed on one another.
• the stabilizing strips of the warp and the weft are linked at certain points of intersection by hot welding or bonding.
• the present invention also proposes a reinforced embankment structure comprising: - embankment;
• At least one stabilizing strip as described above, and / or at least one stabilization sheet also described above, said at least one stabilizing strip and / or said at least one stabilizing sheet being arranged substantially horizontally on one or more levels in the embankment.
• This reinforced embankment structure may further comprise a cladding and connectors for connecting at least a portion of the stabilization strips and / or stabilizing tablecloths.
• These connectors may also be formed by stabilizing strips, in particular those having a loop shape.
• the present invention finally proposes a method of manufacturing a stabilizing strip as described above, said method comprising:
• the method may further comprise drawing the reinforcing fibers, and shaping of the functionalized polymeric material may be effected by extruding the functionalized polymeric material around the reinforcing fibers.
• the method may further include heating the nonfunctionalized polymer and stretching the reinforcing fibers;
• shaping of the functionalized polymeric material is effected by coextruding the functionalized polymeric material around the reinforcing fibers and the non-functionalized polymer around the functionalized polymeric material forming the non-functionalized zone of the sheath surrounding or enclosing the functionalized polymeric material.
• the stretching of the reinforcing fibers is advantageously carried out as the sheath is extruded.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a stabilizing strip according to the invention, the sheath is entirely of functionalized polymeric material;
• FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a stabilizing strip according to the invention, the sheath of which comprises a non-functional zone surrounding or enclosing the functionalized polymeric material;
• - Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of a stabilizing strip according to the invention, the sheath is entirely functionalized polymeric material and having notches;
• FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a stabilizing strip according to the invention, the sheath of which comprises a non-functional zone surrounding or enclosing the functionalized polymeric material and having notches;
• FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a stabilization ply comprising a stabilizing band and a superimposed stabilization band
• FIG. 6 represents a schematic illustration of a stabilization ply comprising a stabilizing band and a woven stabilization band, this type of configuration corresponds to the definition of a reinforcing geogrid;
• FIG. 7 represents a schematic illustration of a reinforced embankment structure that can be made with stabilizing strips of one of FIGS. 1 to 4, alternatively with sheets of FIG. 5 or 6;
• FIG. 8 represents a flow diagram showing the different steps of the method of manufacturing a stabilizing strip according to the present invention.
• FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of a cut stabilization strip for measuring the adhesive force between the reinforcing fibers and the sheath.
• This stabilizing strip 1 comprises long reinforcing fibers 12 and a longitudinal sheath 11 surrounding or enclosing the long reinforcing fibers 12.
• the sheath 11 is at least partially made of a functionalized polymeric material comprising a functionalized polyolefin (Po-f).
• a polyolefin is a saturated aliphatic polymer, optionally substituted, and derived from the polymerization of an olefin (also called alkene).
• the functionalized polyolefin may be chosen from functionalized polyethylenes, functionalized polypropylenes, or functionalized olefinic copolymers such as functionalized ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA).
• EVA functionalized ethylene-vinyl acetate
• the functionalized polyethylenes and in particular the functionalized linear low density polyethylene will preferably be chosen.
• the term "functionalization” will be understood to mean a modification of the polyolefin by substituting it with a chemical element comprising a functional group or unsaturation or by grafting the chemical element onto the polyolefin. Modification of the polyolefin may also lead to the creation of unsaturation in the polyolefin chain.
• the functional group is itself capable of reacting with the material of the reinforcing fibers 12, by creating covalent bonds or hydrogen bonds therewith.
• the functional group may be chosen from mono or di-carboxylic acid anhydrides.
• the chemical element substituting a hydrogen atom in the carbon chain of the polyolefin may be: a maleic anhydride group, phthalic anhydride or an acrylic acid; the maleic anhydride group being the most commonly used.
• the functionalization of the Po-f is between 0.01% by weight and 45% by weight. Above 45% by weight of functionalization, we will no longer speak of polyolefin.
• the degree of functionalization is between 0.01% by weight and 30% by weight, preferably between 0.01% by weight and 15% by weight, more preferably between 0.01% by weight and 5% by weight. , still preferably between 0.1% by weight and 2% by weight.
• the degree of functionalization of the Po-f should be understood as the ratio between the mass of functional groups reacted with the polyolefin and the total mass of functionalized polyolefin Po-f. It can also be calculated by the mass gain between the initial nonfunctionalized polyolefin (Po-nf) and the functionalized polyolefin Po-f. For example, if 10 g of maleic anhydride has reacted with a polyolefin and the total weight of Po-f is 100 g, then the degree of functionalization is 10% by weight.
• the functionalized polymeric material may comprise 100% by weight of Po-f or a mixture of Po-f and non-functionalized polymer.
• This non-functionalized polymer is a polymer compatible with the functionalized polyolefin, that is to say that their mixture is stable over time and no phase separation is observable. They are said to be completely miscible.
• the non-functionalized polymer is preferably selected from non-functionalized polyethylenes (PE-nf), non-functionalized polypropylene (PP-nf), olefinic copolymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA-nf).
• the preferred non-functionalized polymer is linear low density polyethylene (LDPE-nf).
• the mass ratio Po-f: nonfunctionalized polymer is between 1: 9 and 10: 0.
• the weight ratio Po-f, preferably LLDPE-f: non-functionalized polymer, preferably LLDPE-nf, can be between 1: 4 and 1: 1.
• the functionalized polymer material 111 can have a functionalization gradient with a maximum in contact with the reinforcing fibers 12 and which decreases as one moves away from the reinforcing fibers 12.
• the gradient can be continuous or in steps .
• the sheath 11 may further comprise a non-functionalized zone 112 surrounding or enclosing the functionalized polymer material 111.
• the cost of the sheath 11 may be decreased because, in general, the non-functionalized polymer (or Po-nf) is less expensive than Po-f.
• the polymer of the non-functionalized zone may be the same as that of the mixture leading to the functionalized or different polymer material, and chosen from those mentioned above for the mixture.
• One or more channels 13 may be formed inside the sheath 11, the reinforcing fibers 12 being stretched inside these channels 13.
• the increase in the number of channels 13 makes it possible to increase the contact area between the long reinforcing fibers 12 and the sheath 11, and consequently the interaction resistance between these two constituent elements.
• the number of channels is between 5 and 20.
• the reinforcing fibers 12 are made of any material to enhance the tensile strength of the stabilizing strip. They are advantageously made of a material chosen from polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL), polyesters, silica glass, linear or aromatic polyamides (also called aramids) and metals, or a mixture of these. If two or more materials are used, the reinforcing fibers in one of the given materials may be grouped together, or the composition in reinforcing fibers in each of the channels 13 different from that of another, but preferably the reinforcing fiber composition is the same in each of the channels 23.
• PVAL polyvinyl alcohol
• polyesters silica glass
• linear or aromatic polyamides also called aramids
• metals or a mixture of these. If two or more materials are used, the reinforcing fibers in one of the given materials may be grouped together, or the composition in reinforcing fibers in each of the channels 13 different from that of another, but preferably the reinforcing fiber composition is the same in
• PVAL fibers are preferred.
• these materials are not sensitive to the nature of the backfill (and especially to the soil pH used in the backfill composition).
• the reinforcing fibers 12 are advantageously arranged in the sheath 11 parallel to the length thereof, and parallel to each other. They can be raw, that is to say not spun.
• the reinforcing fibers 12 may also be present in the form of son parallel to each other.
• a "thread" results from spinning the fibers. That is, the fibers are all oriented in the same direction and twisted together.
• a yarn made of fibers is more tensile than all the fibers simply put next to each other, in fact, the spinning strengthens the mechanical properties of the fibers.
• the reinforcing fibers 12 may also be present as strands or strings parallel to each other as described in EP2171160.
• the spinning or braiding of several threads between them gives a "strand”.
• the spinning or braiding of several strands between them gives a "rope”.
• the appearance of their surface is not as smooth as that of the fibers or threads. Therefore, the strand or rope has a surface relief, that is to say that their surface has depressions and bulges.
• the functionalized polymeric material surrounding or enclosing the reinforcing fibers 12 marries these depressions and bulges, thus making it possible to add a tensile strength that further increases the adhesion force between the reinforcing fibers 12 and the sheath 11.
• the reinforcing fibers 12 may also be composed of a mixture comprising at least two elements among raw fibers, threads, strands and ropes.
• the sheath 11 may comprise at least one longitudinal edge 113 high adhesion free of reinforcing fibers and having notches 114 (see Figures 3 and 4), as described in EP2247797.
• the notches 114 of this longitudinal edge 113 high adhesion function to rub against the embankment of the reinforced embankment work to maintain the stabilizing band 1 in place.
• the stabilizing strip 1 has a length of about 3 m to 10 m, although longer or shorter stabilizing strips 1 may also be provided.
• the width of the stabilizing strip 1 is between 4 cm and 6 cm, although it is possible to manufacture strips of greater width of up to 10 cm or even 25 cm.
• the thickness of the stabilizing strip 1 varies between 1 mm and a few centimeters, but preferably between 1 mm and 6 mm.
• the stabilizing strip 1 may have two longitudinal ends joined to each other thus taking the form of a loop.
• a stabilizing strip loop can be used as a connector for connecting the stabilization strips to the facings of the reinforced embankment structure.
• the perimeter of the loop is between 40 cm and 80 cm.
• stabilizing strips 1 may form at least a portion of a stabilizing ply 10, advantageously in the form of a geogrid formed by a chain comprising stabilizing strips and a frame also comprising stabilizing strips.
• the warp and weft are superimposed ( Figure 5) or woven ( Figure 6).
• some or all of the stabilizing strips 1a of the warp are fixed to the stabilizing strips 1t of the weft intersecting them at intersections 101.
• this partial or total fixation of the stabilization strips 1a of the warp to the stabilizing strips 1 of the weft may be effected, but is not obligatory; indeed, weaving allows the maintenance of the warp with respect to the weft and vice versa.
• the stabilization strips 1c of the chain are preferably arranged at 90 ° of the stabilization strips 1 of the weft, crossing these at right angles.
• the invention is not limited to this orientation and any other relative orientation of the stabilization strips 1a of the chain with respect to the stabilizing strips 1 of the weft are possible, for example 60 ° and 45 °.
• the fixing of the stabilizing strips of the warp and the stabilizing strips lt of the weft can be achieved by hot welding or bonding.
• Known welding processes for polyolefin sheaths are hot air welding, mirror welding, hot wedge welding, ultrasonic welding, infrared welding.
• the stabilization strip 1 described above is used in the construction of reinforced embankment structures 2 (FIG. 7).
• Such reinforced embankment structure 2 comprises, in addition to stabilization strips 1, embankment 21.
• the stabilization strips 1 are arranged horizontally in the embankment on one or more levels. Alternatively or additionally, these stabilizing strips 1 can form a stabilizing sheet 10 disposed horizontally in the embankment on one or more levels.
• Embankment 21 generally comprises a mixture or an assembly that may comprise at least one of sand, gravel, fine soil, crushed rock, recycled materials such as materials derived from the demolition of buildings or civil engineering works, industrial residues, binders such as lime or cement.
• such a reinforced embankment structure 2 also comprises a cladding 22 and connectors 23 for connecting at least a portion of the stabilizing strips 1 to the facing 22.
• the cladding 22 can be made from prefabricated elements 221 and juxtaposed concrete , in the form of slabs or blocks. It may also consist of metal welded mesh panels or gabions made with braided metal son.
• the stabilizing strips 1 can be used as they are, that is to say they are arranged individually during the construction of the reinforced embankment structure 2.
• the stabilizing strips 1 are in the form of stabilization plies 10, a whole set of stabilizing strips 1 is arranged in one operation during the construction of the reinforced embankment 2.
• the advantage is a saving of time for the installation of the stabilization strips 1 in relation to the individual installation.
• Another advantage is the simplification of the laying because the gap between the stabilizing strips 1 is defined beforehand during the manufacture of the stabilizing ply 10.
• the connectors 23 may be stabilizing strips 1, in particular in the form of loops made by winding and assembling. In this case, the adhesion between the wires and the sheath is essential to ensure the strength of the loop.
• the method of manufacturing a stabilizing strip as described above comprises:
• the activation temperature is the temperature at which the functional group is activated and depends on the nature of the chemical element functionalizing the polyolefin.
• the activation temperature for maleic anhydride is 180 ° C.
• the polymeric material functionalized with maleic anhydride is heated at about 180 ° C for a few seconds in an extruder or kneader.
• the method advantageously comprises drawing the reinforcing fibers in a direction of stretching.
• the shaping of the functionalized polymeric material is effected by extruding the functionalized polymeric material around the reinforcing fibers in the direction of the drawing direction.
• This implementation is advantageously used for a uniform sheath, that is to say having no nonfunctional areas.
• the shaping of the functionalized polymeric material is carried out so as to form a functionalized gradient in the polymeric material with a maximum in contact with the reinforcing fibers and which decreases as one goes further and further away. reinforcing fibers.
• the process may comprise heating non-functionalized polymer, preferably PE-nf, more preferably still LDPE-nf.
• the shaping of the functionalized polymeric material is carried out by coextruding the functionalized polymeric material around the reinforcing fibers and the non-functionalized polymer around the functionalized polymeric material to form the non-functionalized zone of the sheath surrounding or enclosing the polymeric material. functionalized.
• the stretching of the reinforcing fibers can be carried out as the sheath is extruded, saving time and space for the manufacture of the stabilizing strip. Prior to stretching the reinforcing fibers, these may have been spun into yarns. The threads may have been spun or braided into strands and the strands may have been spun or braided into ropes.
• the reinforcing fibers are already provided in the form of son, strands or ropes, possibly previously stretched.
• the fibers provided in the form of yarns or strands may be spun or braided to give respectively strands or ropes.
• the test presented below is carried out on stabilization strips comprising a sheath made of a functionalized polymeric material comprising a mixture of LLDPE-LLD and LLDPE-L in the proportions shown in Table 1.
• the LLDPE-f exhibits a functionalization estimated at about 1% by weight with maleic anhydride elements.
• An example of control is also done for comparison.
• the sheath of this control example comprises 100% LLDPE-Nf.
• the stabilizing strips 1 comprise a PVAL reinforcement in the form of strands present inside the sheath.
• the PVAL reinforcing fibers are distributed in 5 channels 13 inside the sheath 11 and whose central channel 131 is 7 mm wide and 2 mm high.
• the shape and constitution of the stabilization bands are identical for all the mass ratios PEBDL-f: PEBDL-nf tested and for the control example.
• a cut is made on two opposite side edges of the stabilizing strip, leaving only the central channel 131 intact.
• a transverse incision is made through the central channel 131 over the entire its width, thus cutting the strands in the central channel 131.
• the stabilizing strip 1 is left intact on 10 cm (see Figure 9).
• Each stabilizing strip 1 thus prepared is placed on a uniaxial traction bench.
• the two ends of the band are fixed to the bench and traction is applied between the two ends so as to spread the two ends at a speed of 200 mm / min.
• the force required for spacing at 200 mm / min is raised.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
• Civil Engineering (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Paleontology (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
• Textile Engineering (AREA)
• Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)
• Multicomponent Fibers (AREA)
• Woven Fabrics (AREA)
• Reinforced Plastic Materials (AREA)
• Revetment (AREA)
• Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
• Knitting Of Fabric (AREA)
• Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
• Braiding, Manufacturing Of Bobbin-Net Or Lace, And Manufacturing Of Nets By Knotting (AREA)

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• 2014
  • 2014-01-27 FR FR1400193A patent/FR3016904B1/fr active Active
  • 2014-12-30 KR KR1020167023229A patent/KR20160125398A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2014-12-30 EP EP14831041.0A patent/EP3099860B1/de active Active
  • 2014-12-30 ES ES14831041.0T patent/ES2670605T3/es active Active
  • 2014-12-30 US US15/114,292 patent/US20170009420A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2014-12-30 WO PCT/FR2014/053577 patent/WO2015110725A1/fr active Application Filing
  • 2014-12-30 PL PL14831041T patent/PL3099860T3/pl unknown
  • 2014-12-30 CN CN201480075014.8A patent/CN106133246A/zh active Pending
  • 2014-12-30 JP JP2016548716A patent/JP2017505865A/ja active Pending
  • 2014-12-30 DK DK14831041.0T patent/DK3099860T3/en active

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