EP3071342A2 - Improved apparatus for composting and digestion of biodegradable waste - Google Patents
Improved apparatus for composting and digestion of biodegradable wasteInfo
- Publication number
- EP3071342A2 EP3071342A2 EP14766756.2A EP14766756A EP3071342A2 EP 3071342 A2 EP3071342 A2 EP 3071342A2 EP 14766756 A EP14766756 A EP 14766756A EP 3071342 A2 EP3071342 A2 EP 3071342A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- digester
- homogeniser
- organic material
- rotary
- inlet
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000009264 composting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 title description 23
- 239000010815 organic waste Substances 0.000 title description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001079 digestive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010794 food waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009928 pasteurization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004424 carbon dioxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005202 decontamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003588 decontaminative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009267 in-vessel composting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011344 liquid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010813 municipal solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000006213 oxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002910 solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/40—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving thermal treatment, e.g. evaporation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
- C05F17/60—Heating or cooling during the treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
- C05F17/90—Apparatus therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
- C05F17/90—Apparatus therefor
- C05F17/921—Devices in which the material is conveyed essentially horizontally between inlet and discharge means
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M27/00—Means for mixing, agitating or circulating fluids in the vessel
- C12M27/10—Rotating vessel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M45/00—Means for pre-treatment of biological substances
- C12M45/02—Means for pre-treatment of biological substances by mechanical forces; Stirring; Trituration; Comminuting
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/141—Feedstock
- Y02P20/145—Feedstock the feedstock being materials of biological origin
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Definitions
- This invention relates to apparatus for composting and digestion of biodegradable waste.
- Biodegradable organic waste matter forms a major component of municipal solid waste. This is collected in open bins and disposed of in landfills to undergo natural decomposition. This may release a number of organic acids and foul smelling gas compounds. This may have a negative environmental impact.
- Aerobic composting requires a degradable substrate, oxygen, water and warmth. Normally the material to be composted generates its own heat. There may be two stages of composting. Initially slow mesophilic composting occurs. When the temperature has built up rapid composting occurs at thermophilic conditions between 40° and 65°C. Most large scale composting, for example, carried out by local authorities, is anaerobic, methane being produced once oxygen has been exhausted. The methane may be used to generate energy.
- GB-A-2462651 discloses apparatus for in- vessel composting and digestion of biodegradable waste which comprises a number of fermenters, a rectangular heater duct including a number of finned tube heaters arranged inside the heater duct to provide a maximum heating surface area, a heater pipe coupling the heater duct to the fermenter, a pressure supply blower for forcing air to enter the fermenter via the heater duct, a centrifugal blower for sucking air outside the fermenter through a plurality of exhaust pipes via a mechanical seal, a plurality of thermo-couples positioned at various locations inside the apparatus, at least one drive motor for driving the plurality of fermenters, a plurality of microwave guns coupled to the plurality of fermenters via the mechanical seal, and a control panel mounted on the apparatus.
- organic material composting apparatus comprises a unitary system comprising an inlet, an outlet, one or more homogeniser tanks and one or more rotary digesters;
- the inlet being arranged to input fluid undigested organic material to the homogeniser;
- the homogeniser including a stirrer arranged to stir in the fluid and including an air supply at a location in the tank adjacent the vortex in use;
- the rotary digester including a circulator arranged to circulate heated air within the digester and further arranged to input fresh heated air to the digester;
- the outlet being arranged to discharge digested material from the drum
- the apparatus may be unitary in that the components are connected together to form a single apparatus so that the organic material is sealed within the system during the entire digestive process.
- the stirrer is preferably a paddle stirrer.
- the stirrer may be arranged to create a vortex when rotated rapidly to improve aeration of the fluid. Alternatively, the stirrer may be rotated more slowly so that a vortex is not formed.
- the apparatus may further comprise control means for controlling transfer of material from the tank to the drum.
- the present invention has the advantage of enabling production of good quality stable fertilizer in a continuous process using aerobic digestion in a single rotary digester, together with a homogeniser tank.
- Use of heaters, such as microwave guns are not required because the air is warm enough to raise the temperature of the digesting material to 40 oC and 65°C during digestion and above 70°C for around one hour during the subsequent pasteurization phase.
- the organic material is processed in two stages. Firstly a mesophilic stage occurs where the temperature is between 20° to 45°C. This is followed by a thermophilic stage where the temperature is between 45° and 65°C or higher. Subsequently a pasteurization phase is used to achieve a material temperature of 70°C for a period of one hour. This may be achieved by raising the inlet air temperature to above 75°C.
- the time required to digest the material may be about 1 day for manure, 3 to 4 days for food waste, or 10 to 14 days for wood. This may be compared to a period of 30 days required for food waste in a conventional digester.
- the digested material is stable in that it does not produce methane. Anaerobic digesters do not produce stable material and when the majority of methane has been extracted during anaerobic digestion the digestate must be stored in tanks for a further six months to complete the removal of any remaining methane and sulphur.
- the material may be spread onto fields but only when it is stable in the sense that no further methane is produced. Also, the material may be able to be reactivated by contact with external enzymes.
- digestate made by the apparatus of the present invention is stable in that all biological activity has ceased.
- Anaerobic digesters generally produce material in a liquid form and this can only be spread onto fields two or three times each year. It is restricted in use because biologically active compounds may remain.
- Apparatus in accordance with the present invention may additionally comprise microwave guns or other heating means, but these are not required for the purpose of digestion.
- a stable material can be produced without any need for the use of microwave guns because digestion is thoroughly accomplished by use of warm air circulated at a temperature between 35 oC and 65°C, together with aeration and an appropriate moisture level.
- Microwave guns may be provided so that they can be used as a precautionary measure to eliminate pathogens and to increase the drying efficiency.
- a single rotary digester may be used.
- the homogeniser tank may be used to collect material for a period of, for example, about two days or longer, this being the period that it takes for the thermophilic digestion process to be completed in the rotary digester.
- the homogeniser tank serves to predigest the material until it is transferred to the rotary digester for full digestion and stabilisation to occur.
- the apparatus may include sensors and control means for measurement and control of the digestion time, temperature and moisture and oxygen levels within the digester.
- Two temperature probes may be placed at opposite ends of the rotary drum.
- Wireless temperature probes may be employed. These may be connected to a control unit by a slip ring provided on the drum.
- temperature readings are recorded and a temperature/time profile is measured. A decrease in temperature indicates the digestion process is complete. Once digestion is complete the moisture level may be reduced due to evaporation. Consumption of oxygen and production of carbon- dioxide also decreases at the end of the digestion stage.
- a filtration unit for example a sieve, may be provided in the homogeniser tank in order to facilitate decontamination of the material before transfer to the rotary digester.
- Apparatus in accordance with the present invention confers several advantages. No storage tanks are required and the size of the digester may be significantly reduced in comparison to prior art apparatus. The water content of the organic matter may be reduced. This reduces the volume of material handled. The digested product can be used immediately without restriction. Therefore it is possible to operate the apparatus in urban areas. The carbon footprint is also reduced. Existing anaerobic systems can be converted with the storage tanks fed into new digesters.
- FIG. 1 is a side elevation of apparatus in accordance with the invention.
- Figure 2 is a flow diagram of apparatus in accordance with this invention.
- Figure 1 is a side elevation of the general layout of apparatus in accordance with this invention.
- a hopper (1) for collecting and storing organic material is connected by a screw feed (2) driven by a motor (3) to an inlet pipe (4) connected to an inlet (5) of a homogeniser tank (6).
- the tank (6) is cylindrical on a vertical axis and has a paddle stirrer (7) driven by motor (8). Rotation of the stirrer (7) creates a vortex in fluid organic matter contained within the tank (6).
- a valve (8) at a lower end of the tank (6) may be opened to allow organic material to be transferred through pipe (9) to inlet (10) of a rotary digester (11).
- Air inlet (12) and outlet (13) are located in an upper part of the tank to provide circulation of air to oxygenate material. Oxygenation is promoted by contact of the air with the vortex surface.
- the rotary digester is mounted on a raised support (14) and driven by motor (15) and chain drive (16).
- An outlet (17) maybe opened downwardly to discharge digestive material into collector (18) having an outlet (19) through which the digestive material may be removed from the apparatus by a discharge auger.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the apparatus.
- Hopper (1) is loaded using a bin lifter (2) and has a level sensor (21) to determine the substrate level within the hopper.
- Screw feeder (2) is driven by motor (3) to supply undigested organic material via pipe (4) to inlet (5) of homogeniser tank (6).
- a level sensor (22) provides a signal when the tank (6) is fully charged.
- An electric heater (23) may be used to adjust the temperature within the tank (6) as measured by temperature sensors (24,25).
- Paddle stirrer (7) is driven by motor (8) and creates a vortex within the fluid or liquid material to promote dissolution of oxygen. Air is supplied to the upper part of the tank (6) by fan (26) and is removed by optional exhaust fan (27) via carbon filter (28).
- Air from the rotary digester is circulated to the homogeniser tank as described below.
- Outlet valve (8) may be opened to discharge material to screw pump (29) and pipe (9) leading to inlet (10) of rotary drum (11).
- Rotary drum (11) is driven by motor (15) and chain drive (16) to rotate about a horizontal axis.
- Air is circulated within the drum (1 1) by a fan (30) and electrically powered heater (31) controlled by thermostat (32). Temperature sensor (33) provides a signal indicative of the temperature of air delivered to the rotary dryer (1 1). Feedback airflow restrictor (34) and mixer (35) control circulation of air through the heater (31). Fresh air (36) may be delivered to the mixer through an inlet (36) which is connected to the outlets (41) from the rotary drum to provide a closed circuit preventing loss of heated air from the system in use. A microwave generator (37) provides optional heating to the drum. Temperature sensors (38,39) and level sensor (40) provide control signals to a controller (not shown).
- Air is circulated from the drum through outlet (41) via humidity sensor (42) and oxygen sensor (43) to fan (26) and outlet (28) to the homogeniser tank. Air passing from the outlet (28) and optional fan (27) escapes to atmosphere or may be passed through a condenser.
- liquid or semi-solid waste organic material can be digested to form solid digestate suitable for immediate use as fertiliser. Withdrawal of partially digested material for aeration is not necessary.
- Slurry having a water content of 80% can be pumped, but slurry having a water content of 75% or less is difficult to pump.
- the system of the present invention may handle slurry having 70%-75% water content.
- the energy required to dry a low water content slurry, for example having 75% water, is much less than is required to dry 85% water content slurry.
- the homogeniser tank does not need to be full in order to operate efficiently, in contrast to conventional systems.
- the homogeniser tank is used as a feeder tank for the rotary digester. It is not important to the quality of the digestion process to monitor the extent to which the tank is filled. Injection of air below the liquid surface is not required. It is an important feature of the present invention that material being digested is moved in one direction from the homogeniser tank inlet to the digester outlet. It is not necessary to add and remove material through a single aperture. This removes the possibility of adding material to the rotary digester in mid cycle, thereby avoiding a risk of contamination of the product with incompletely digested material. The risk of human error is reduced and there is less need for skilled management of the digestion process.
- thermophillic processing conditions in the rotary digester are optimised.
- speed of digestion is also improved.
- the digestion time may be about 1 day in the homogeniser followed by 1 -3 days in the rotary tank. This contrasts with standard anaerobic digestion, which requires 20-60 days in a non- aerated homogeniser drum followed by 6 months storage.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB1314536.2A GB2517180A (en) | 2013-08-14 | 2013-08-14 | Improved apparatus for composting and digestion of biodegradable waste |
PCT/GB2014/052503 WO2015022543A2 (en) | 2013-08-14 | 2014-08-14 | Improved apparatus for composting and digestion of biodegradable waste |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3071342A2 true EP3071342A2 (en) | 2016-09-28 |
Family
ID=49262148
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP14766756.2A Withdrawn EP3071342A2 (en) | 2013-08-14 | 2014-08-14 | Improved apparatus for composting and digestion of biodegradable waste |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP3071342A2 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2517180A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2015022543A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN108246763B (en) * | 2017-12-07 | 2020-10-23 | 上海威卖特环保设备有限公司 | Oxygen separation and discharge device and treatment method for continuous anaerobic thermal cracking of garbage |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3844700C3 (en) * | 1988-11-08 | 1995-08-03 | Franz Boehnensieker | Method and device for the biological treatment of organic substances |
JPH08187486A (en) * | 1994-12-28 | 1996-07-23 | Shinwa Kogyo Kk | Garbage treatment apparatus |
EP1062316A4 (en) * | 1999-01-12 | 2005-04-27 | Paul E Kerouac | In vessel composting process and apparatus |
JP2001239240A (en) * | 2000-03-02 | 2001-09-04 | Gojo Denki Kk | Rotating drum type continuous garbage fermentation apparatus |
JP2004035336A (en) * | 2002-07-04 | 2004-02-05 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Composting equipment for organic waste |
JP4033111B2 (en) * | 2003-11-12 | 2008-01-16 | 松下電工株式会社 | Organic waste treatment equipment |
JP2005177689A (en) * | 2003-12-22 | 2005-07-07 | Aazu Plan Kiko:Kk | Rotary drum structure of rotary treatment machine |
JP2009018304A (en) * | 2007-07-10 | 2009-01-29 | E-Rae Co Ltd | Apparatus for producing fuel using and composting livestock feces as resources |
-
2013
- 2013-08-14 GB GB1314536.2A patent/GB2517180A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2014
- 2014-08-14 WO PCT/GB2014/052503 patent/WO2015022543A2/en active Application Filing
- 2014-08-14 EP EP14766756.2A patent/EP3071342A2/en not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
None * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2015022543A2 (en) | 2015-02-19 |
GB201314536D0 (en) | 2013-09-25 |
WO2015022543A3 (en) | 2015-05-28 |
GB2517180A (en) | 2015-02-18 |
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