EP3060630B1 - Reactor and method for gasification of fuels - Google Patents

Reactor and method for gasification of fuels Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3060630B1
EP3060630B1 EP14793451.7A EP14793451A EP3060630B1 EP 3060630 B1 EP3060630 B1 EP 3060630B1 EP 14793451 A EP14793451 A EP 14793451A EP 3060630 B1 EP3060630 B1 EP 3060630B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
reactor
muffle
region
grate
muffle pipe
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EP14793451.7A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3060630A1 (en
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Bernhard BÖCKER-RIESE
Michael Niederbacher
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/22Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues
    • C10J3/24Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues to permit flow of gases or vapours other than upwardly through the fuel bed
    • C10J3/26Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues to permit flow of gases or vapours other than upwardly through the fuel bed downwardly
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/32Devices for distributing fuel evenly over the bed or for stirring up the fuel bed
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/34Grates; Mechanical ash-removing devices
    • C10J3/40Movable grates
    • C10J3/42Rotary grates
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/58Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels combined with pre-distillation of the fuel
    • C10J3/60Processes
    • C10J3/64Processes with decomposition of the distillation products
    • C10J3/66Processes with decomposition of the distillation products by introducing them into the gasification zone
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2200/00Details of gasification apparatus
    • C10J2200/15Details of feeding means
    • C10J2200/158Screws
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/0916Biomass
    • C10J2300/092Wood, cellulose
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0956Air or oxygen enriched air
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10JPRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0959Oxygen

Definitions

  • Reactors for the gasification of fuels in particular of carbonaceous solid fuels (for example biomass or waste and in particular wood or the like substances), with the purpose to use the fuel gases generated in the reactor for energy production or power generation (in particular by means of internal combustion engines, such as gas engines) are well known.
  • the gas produced from the solid fuels is referred to differently as product gas, lean gas, wood gas or syngas, wherein the gasification in the reactor provides the product gas, the main components carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, water vapor and gasification with air as a gasification agent also contains considerable amounts of nitrogen.
  • tars or condensates, ashes and dust are produced as undesirable by-products in varying amounts.
  • the gasification process in the reactor itself can be roughly divided into the areas of heating or drying, pyrolytic decomposition, oxidation and reduction. This is explained in more detail below on the basis of biomass: First, the biomass is heated, whereby the water therein is evaporated to a temperature level of about 200 ° C. After the heating or drying phase of the biomass takes place at temperatures between 150 ° C and 500 ° C, a thermally induced pyrolytic decomposition of the macromolecules, from biomass. This produces gaseous hydrocarbon compounds, steam and pyrolysis coke.
  • Components of the product gas such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane, are then formed in a reduction zone adjoining the oxidation zone.
  • the products formed in the oxidation and drying carbon dioxide and water with solid carbon to carbon monoxide and hydrogen are reduced.
  • the DE 100 37 762 B4 downstream of a gasification unit, a gas purification unit, which has catalytically active material, which is exposed directly to the gases leaving the gasification unit. Furthermore, a gas cooling unit connected downstream of this gas cleaning unit is provided, which in turn is followed by a filter. Specifically, in this case, the gas cleaning unit should have a thermally insulated, vertically from top to bottom flow-through full-room reactor, which has a supply line through which the gases exiting the gasifier unit can be introduced into the full-room reactor.
  • the DE 199 16 931 A1 shows a carburetor with a drying zone and a pyrolysis zone forming and conically narrowing down the filling shaft, which merges into a cylindrical, the oxidation and reduction zone containing area.
  • the fuel gas produced flows through an annealed thermally separated or isolated annulus up to the drying zone upwards, where it is then withdrawn.
  • a heat transfer from the raw gas into the bed takes place only in the region of the drying zone.
  • the heat supply into the pyrolysis and reduction zone takes place autothermally within the cylindrical shaft via the oxidation zone. Consequently, here too gasification agent and all gas components formed must flow completely through the bed, so that the fuel gas in the region of the grate can flow into the annulus.
  • DE 199 16 931 A1 One in principle with the DE 199 16 931 A1 identical device for wood gasification is also off DE 10 2007 002 895 A1 known.
  • An essential difference to DE 199 16 931 A1 is that here the gasification agent is supplied via nozzles from the outside and not from the inside.
  • WO 01/51591 A1 shows a gasifier and a method suitable for the gasification of fuels such as wood, wherein biomass is placed from above into a central tube and migrates down in this tube.
  • the tube opens into a gasification zone into which gasification agent is fed via the central grate and the shaft and the bottom plate of the rotary grate.
  • the resulting gas is passed through a gap which heats the central feed tube.
  • the gap contains baffles.
  • a reactor for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass which has a reactor interior. Furthermore, the reactor has at least one fuel metering device for adding fuel to be gasified into the interior of the reactor. In addition, a grate arranged in the interior of the reactor, preferably on the bottom side, is provided on which the fuel metered into the interior of the reactor and to be gasified rests. Furthermore, at least one air supply device is provided for supplying air into the interior of the reactor, the term "air” being understood here in a comprehensive sense and representing any suitable gasification agent (ie expressly also for those which are not air). So For example, instead of pure ambient air, oxygen-enriched air or pure oxygen or water vapor may be supplied, to name just a few examples.
  • the muffle tube is received in an upper annular region opening into the lower reactor region in an upper reactor region forming a muffle housing such that the gas emerging from the muffle tube in the region of the lower or free muffle tube, preferably with mixing with gas from the autothermal gasification zone, enters the muffle housing-side annular gap and there flows at least partially along with heat and along the upper Muffelrohr Anlagen, so this forms an allothermal gasification zone for heating, pyrolysis and reduction of fuel to be gasified.
  • the hot gas generated in the reactor is further used here for heating the upper muffle tube end receiving the fuel to be gasified, thereby forming an allothermal gasification zone in the upper muffle tube region, which essentially requires no external energy and external heat input, and, secondly Also, the reactor gases are already cooled to the gas outlet, so that the downstream of the reactor cooling costs significantly reduced or possibly even completely eliminated.
  • the temperature of the gas or of the gas mixture of autothermal and allothermal gases can be adjusted to a desired level, for example to at least 1,050.degree C, which in turn means that the tars contained in the gas can be cracked.
  • the gas is thus heated again after the pyrolysis in order to crack the tars.
  • the resulting hot gases are then advantageously cooled when flowing through the annular gap, wherein the heat extracted for heating, pyrolysis and reduction of the fuel is used in the muffle tube, as has already been explained above.
  • annular gap area which runs completely annularly around the upper muffle tube area is advantageous in order to obtain a It is basically also conceivable that the annular gap does not extend completely around the muffle tube, but, for example, that the muffle tube bears against the muffle tube housing in an abutment connection, so that then just no completely circumferential annular gap is formed.
  • the gas-conducting spiral can be firmly connected, for example, to an outer wall region of the muffle tube, in particular of the upper muffle tube region.
  • the Gasleitspirale is arranged by a stationary in the annular gap, in particular connected to the muffle housing or connected, component is formed, so that the muffle tube, in particular for cleaning and inspection work, relative to the Gasleitspirale displaced or rotatable is.
  • the gas-conducting spiral can also be connected directly or indirectly to the grate, in particular be connected to a rotatably mounted grate and thus, for example, via the grate itself preferably arranged on the bottom side grate to be moved.
  • a non-positive connection to the grid is required, a connection to the outer wall region of the muffle tube or housing is omitted in this case.
  • Particularly preferred in this case is such a determination of the head part on the muffle housing, in which the head part is fixed by means of a Kopfteilflansches under clamping of Muffelrohrflansches on a mounting flange of the muffle housing.
  • the advantage of this definition is, in particular, that here at the same time the head part and the muffle tube by means of a single flange connection can be set reliably in or on the reactor.
  • the definition of Gasleitspirale can be done in this area.
  • the at least one air supply device is designed such that air outside the allothermal gasification zone and outside the muffle tube can be introduced into a reaction space of the lower reactor region surrounding the muffle tube end.
  • the at least one air supply device is arranged outside the allothermal gasification zone and / or outside the muffle tube.
  • the air supply can take place, for example, in such a way that a circumferentially distributed air supply takes place into the reaction space, in particular in the region of the widening, via a plurality of air inlet openings or air nozzles spaced apart from one another in the circumferential direction of the reaction space.
  • the grate which is preferably arranged on the bottom side in the lower reactor region or in the lower reaction chamber region, has a grate plate which can be driven in rotation by means of a grate drive, preferably with one of the grate plates facing upwards Direction muffle tube projecting grate on, wherein the grate plate is mounted and / or arranged in a connectable to the lower reactor region grate housing.
  • peripherally spaced distribution elements in particular in the form of distribution rods, are disposed on the edge of the grate plate, by means of which the carbon remaining on the grate plate can be evenly distributed in the lower reactor region.
  • the distribution elements are formed by distribution rods, it is preferably provided that the distribution rods protrude away from the grate plate around the lower muffle tube end up into the reaction space.
  • the grate preferably has an air supply device, for example a feed line opening at the grate and / or in the region of the grate, by means of which the grate region air (here too the term air is representative of any suitable gasification agent) can be supplied to the grate side To ensure ash ash.
  • air here too the term air is representative of any suitable gasification agent
  • heat and carbon dioxide are advantageously produced for the autothermal gasification zone.
  • At least one, in particular no air supply enabling, stirring and / or mixing device may be arranged in the muffle tube receiving the fuel to be gasified. This is advantageous to ensure the heat transfer from the externally heated muffle tube in the bed to a sufficient extent (for the gasification reaction, drying, pyrolysis and reduction).
  • This at least one stirring and / or mixing device extends from the upper or head side of the muffle tube, viewed in the direction of the vertical axis, and / or from the lower or rust side of the muffle tube, as seen in the vertical axis direction, along a defined path in the interior the muffle tube, preferably over substantially the entire Muffelrohronne, but possibly also only over half or 2/3 of the Muffelrohraci.
  • an air feed in a lower reactor region forming a reaction space be controlled and / or regulated such that the gas leaving the lower reactor region and thus the autothermal gasification zone and flowing into the muffle housing side annular gap has a temperature of at least 1050 ° C has.
  • the air supply outside the allothermal Gasification zone and outside of the muffle tube in a surrounding the lower end of the muffle tube reaction space of the lower reactor region preferably in a high axis direction upper portion, in particular in an upper broadening range, of the reaction space.
  • an ash supply in accordance with a particularly preferred process control provided an air supply in the region of the grate.
  • a ash discharge device 14 which is only shown schematically here, is mounted or arranged on the grate housing 10 by means of which the ash 15 can be removed from the grate 5.
  • the reactor housing 2 further has a muffle tube receiving opening 16 in a housing region in the vertical axis direction z, via which a preferably cylindrical muffle tube 17 with a lower muffle tube end 18 is guided into the region of the grate cone 9 and thus of the bottom grate 5, wherein the Distributed rods 11 spaced around the lower muffle tube end 18 are arranged around.
  • the muffle tube 17 is accommodated with a muffle tube region 19 in the vertical axis direction z, forming an annular gap 20 opening into the reaction space 3 and thus the reactor housing 2, in an upper reactor region of the reactor 1 forming a muffle housing 21.
  • the muffle housing 21 may be formed by a lining.
  • This muffle housing 21 which has an exemplary cylindrical shape here, is surrounded by a thermal insulation 6.
  • the supply of air or the gasification agent via the first air supply line 12 in the region of the grate 5 can be controlled or regulated in order to be able to achieve a suitable air and thus temperature management for the reaction space 3 forming an autothermal gasification zone.
  • FIG. 1 can be removed, in the region of the annular gap 20, a Gasleitspirale 29 is arranged, which is connected, for example, neither with the muffle housing 21 nor with the muffle tube 17, but an independent, separate component, which, for example, in the manner described in more detail in the In principle, however, this gas-conducting spiral 29 can also be connected at least in regions to the muffle tube 17 and / or to the inner wall region of the muffle housing 21.
  • This Gasleitspirale 29 extends here substantially over the entire received in the muffle housing 21 upper muffle tube portion 19 to the head side of the muffle housing 21 arranged gas outlet opening 24, which ensures that the flowing from the reactor housing 2 and the reaction chamber 3 in the annular gap 20 hot gas , which has a temperature of preferably greater than 1050 ° C, has a sufficiently long flow contact with the muffle tube 17 in the upper muffle tube portion 19.
  • This in particular also for setting a turbulent flow along the muffle tube 17 to the gas outlet opening 24, so that a sufficiently high heat transfer between the hot gas and the allotherm gasification zone forming upper muffle tube portion 19, in which not shown here, to be gasified fuel as a fuel layer in Area is recorded above the grate cone 9, is ensured.
  • Fig. 1 can be further removed, in the extension direction adjacent helix portions 30 of the gas-conducting spiral 29 sections by stiffened by helically spaced support rods 31, which have a defined low flow resistance stiffened.
  • the muffle housing 21 has an upper reactor opening 32, via which the muffle tube can be inserted into the muffle housing 21 and thus into the reactor interior, wherein the muffle tube 17 is provided with an upper muffle tube end 33 projecting above the upper reactor opening 32 in a likewise provided with a heat insulation 6 Head part 34 is received, by means of which the upper reactor opening 32 is closed.
  • a fuel metering device designed as a metering screw 35 opens into this head part 34, via which, for example, in turn regulated or controlled by means of the control and / or regulating device, not shown here, a defined amount of fuel 36 at predetermined times in a predetermined amount in the reactor interior of the reactor 1 can be introduced to form the muffle tube side to be gasified fuel layer.
  • the head part 34 is in turn also connected to the muffle housing 21 with an outside flange connection 37, wherein an upper cover 38 can also be arranged on the head part 34, which closes a head part-side access opening, via which access to the mouth region of the metering screw 35 is possible.
  • the muffle tube 17 can be easily removed from the muffle housing 21 together with it when the head part 34 is removed. Furthermore, after a removal of the muffle housing 21 and / or the grate housing 10, a very good access to the reaction space 3 of the reactor housing 2 is also possible. This results in particular in terms of maintenance and inspection work a considerable flexibility, which leads to a total maintenance-friendly and user-friendly reactor 1, without this required safety measures would be affected.
  • the Gasleitspirale 29 formed by a separate component can be defined in the region of the flange 37 between the head part 34 and muffle housing 21 or optionally also be connected directly to the head part. Likewise, however, the gas-conducting spiral 29 could also be connected to the grate 5 or the grate cone 9.
  • the upper muffle tube end 33 As an alternative to the previously described embodiment of the upper muffle tube end 33, which is received in the head part 34 or which forms the inner wall of the head part 34, it can also be provided that the upper muffle tube end 33 itself forms the head part or, as shown only very schematically in FIG the Fig. 2 is shown that the muffle tube 17 is not guided into the head part 34, but by means of a Muffelrohrflansches 39 is fixed to a mounting flange 40 of the muffle housing 21, preferably such that the Muffelrohrflansch 39 between the mounting flange portion 40 of Muffelgeophuses 21 and a headboard flange 41 of the head part 34 is clamped.
  • the gas guide coil 29 formed, for example, by a separate component can then likewise be fixed in the region of this flange connection, which is described in the German patent application no Fig. 2 is shown only schematically and dashed.
  • this in the Fig. 2 embodiment shown may also be mentioned that in such a separate formation of the head part 34 on the one hand and the muffle tube 17 on the other hand, no steps or edges arise that affect the metered addition of the fuel to be gasified in the muffle tube 17 inside.
  • Preferred here is, as in the Fig. 2 shown schematically, seen in the vertical axis direction or extension direction of the muffle tube 17 smooth transition between muffle tube 17 and headboard inner wall.
  • the head part 34 is slightly smaller in diameter than the muffle tube 17 is particularly preferred.
  • the gas to be gasified in the upper muffle tube region 19 forming an allothermal gasification zone is at least partially dried or heated by means of the gas flowing through the muffle housing-side annular gap 20 to the gas outlet or to the gas outlet opening 24, then pyrolysed and then is reduced, wherein the reduction is carried out with steam from the drying or heating zone.
  • the gas is then deflected upwards and the remaining carbon is evenly distributed with the distribution rods 11 in the region of the reaction chamber 3 of the reactor housing 2, whereby air or a corresponding gasification agent is simultaneously supplied via the grate 5 via the first air supply line 12 to ensure ash ash in the reactor.
  • carbon dioxide is also formed for the autothermal gasification zone formed in the reaction chamber 3 of the reactor housing 2, in which appropriately controlled or regulated by the control and / or regulating device so much air through the air supply means 26 and thus the air nozzles 28 in the widening region 25 of the reaction chamber 3 is blown that there raises the temperature of the gas to at least 1050 ° C and thus thereby the tars contained in the gas, preferably substantially completely, can be cracked.
  • the air supply required for this purpose can, however, basically also be accomplished exclusively via the first air supply line 12.
  • the optional widening 25 of the reaction space 3 in the region near the annular gap also causes the separation of particles from the gas, so that a particle-free hot gas flows into the annular gap 20 in a defined extent and upwards in the direction of the gas outlet opening 24 as it travels along the muffle tube 17 cools with heat to the upper Muffelrohr Society 19.
  • the temperature of the raw gas 43 may be in the range of about 250 ° Celsius, so that the required post-treatment effort is significantly reduced.
  • an elongated or cylinder-like and designed in the manner of a tower agitator 44 may be arranged, protrude by way of example, a plurality of stirring rods 45 here.
  • the agitator 44 is here for example rotatably connected to the grate cone 9, so that when turning the grate plate 8 at the same time the agitator 44 is actuated or rotated. This makes it possible to achieve a good redistribution or mixing in the biomass to be gasified.
  • the stirring and / or mixing device 44 may also protrude into the muffle tube 17 from the upper or head side of the muffle tube 17 viewed in the vertical axis direction. For example only is in the Fig.
  • a stirring and / or mixing device 44 protrudes from the head part 38 in the direction of the vertical axis down into the muffle tube 17 and here also again, for example only, extends substantially over the entire muffle tube length.
  • the rotary drive of this stirring and / or mixing device 44 is not shown here, but may also be arranged on the head part.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Gasification And Melting Of Waste (AREA)
  • Industrial Gases (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Reaktor zur Vergasung von Brennstoffen, insbesondere von Biomasse, nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1. Ferner betrifft die Erfindung ein Verfahren zur Vergasung von Brennstoffen, insbesondere von Biomasse nach Anspruch 18.The invention relates to a reactor for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass, according to the preamble of claim 1. Furthermore, the invention relates to a process for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass according to claim 18.

Reaktoren zur Vergasung von Brennstoffen, insbesondere von kohlenstoffhaltigen Festbrennstoffen (beispielsweise Biomasse oder Abfallstoffe und hier insbesondere Holz oder dergleichen Stoffe), mit dem Zweck, die im Reaktor erzeugten Brenngase zur Energiegewinnung bzw. Stromerzeugung (insbesondere mittels Brennkraftmaschinen, wie beispielsweise Gasmotoren) zu nutzen, sind allgemein bekannt. Das aus den Festbrennstoffen produzierte Gas wird unterschiedlich als Produktgas, Schwachgas, Holzgas oder aber als Synthesegas bezeichnet, wobei die im Reaktor erfolgende Vergasung das Produktgas liefert, das als Hauptkomponenten Kohlenstoffmonoxid, Kohlenstoffdioxid, Wasserstoff, Methan, Wasserdampf sowie bei der Vergasung mit Luft als Vergasungsmittel auch erhebliche Anteile an Stickstoff enthält. Im Rahmen der Vergasung entstehen als unerwünschte Nebenprodukte in unterschiedlichen Mengen Teere bzw. Kondensate, Asche und Staub.Reactors for the gasification of fuels, in particular of carbonaceous solid fuels (for example biomass or waste and in particular wood or the like substances), with the purpose to use the fuel gases generated in the reactor for energy production or power generation (in particular by means of internal combustion engines, such as gas engines) are well known. The gas produced from the solid fuels is referred to differently as product gas, lean gas, wood gas or syngas, wherein the gasification in the reactor provides the product gas, the main components carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, water vapor and gasification with air as a gasification agent also contains considerable amounts of nitrogen. In the course of gasification, tars or condensates, ashes and dust are produced as undesirable by-products in varying amounts.

Der Vergasungsprozess im Reaktor selbst lässt sich grob in die Bereiche Aufheizung bzw. Trocknung, pyrolytische Zersetzung, Oxidation und Reduktion aufteilen. Dies wird nachfolgend anhand von Biomasse näher erläutert:
Zunächst wird die Biomasse aufgeheizt, wodurch das darin befindliche Wasser bis zu einem Temperaturniveau von ca. 200°C verdampft. Nach der Aufheizungs- bzw. Trocknungsphase der Biomasse erfolgt bei Temperaturen zwischen 150°C und 500°C eine thermisch induzierte pyrolytische Zersetzung der Makromoleküle, aus denen Biomasse besteht. Hierbei entstehen gasförmige Kohlenwasserstoffverbindungen, Wasserdampf und Pyrolysekoks.
The gasification process in the reactor itself can be roughly divided into the areas of heating or drying, pyrolytic decomposition, oxidation and reduction. This is explained in more detail below on the basis of biomass:
First, the biomass is heated, whereby the water therein is evaporated to a temperature level of about 200 ° C. After the heating or drying phase of the biomass takes place at temperatures between 150 ° C and 500 ° C, a thermally induced pyrolytic decomposition of the macromolecules, from biomass. This produces gaseous hydrocarbon compounds, steam and pyrolysis coke.

Bei der anschließenden Oxidation werden Teile der entstandenen gasförmigen, und festen Pyrolyseprodukte durch weitere Wärmeeinwirkung zur Reaktion mit Sauerstoff gebracht, der in einer Oxidationszone mittels einer Luftzuführeinrichtung über die zugeführte Luft eingebracht wird. Dadurch wird eine Erhöhung der Temperatur auf zum Beispiel über 1000°C bewirkt, wodurch ein Großteil der höheren Kohlenwasserstoffverbindungen (Teere) in kleinere gasförmige Moleküle gespalten werden. Partiell kann es hier auch zur Verbrennung von Kohlenstoff kommen. Es entsteht zudem Kohlendioxid.During the subsequent oxidation, parts of the resulting gaseous and solid pyrolysis products are brought to react with oxygen by further action of heat, which is introduced in an oxidation zone by means of an air supply device via the supplied air. This causes the temperature to be raised to, for example, above 1000 ° C, which cleaves much of the higher hydrocarbon compounds (tars) into smaller gaseous molecules. Partially, this can also lead to the combustion of carbon. It also produces carbon dioxide.

In einer sich an die Oxidationszone anschließenden Reduktionszone werden dann Bestandteile des Produktgases wie Kohlenmonoxid, Wasserstoff, und Methan gebildet. Insbesondere werden hierbei die bei der Oxidation und Trocknung entstehenden Produkte Kohlenstoffdioxid und Wasser mit festem Kohlenstoff zu Kohlenstoffmonoxid und Wasserstoff reduziert.Components of the product gas, such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane, are then formed in a reduction zone adjoining the oxidation zone. In particular, in this case, the products formed in the oxidation and drying carbon dioxide and water with solid carbon to carbon monoxide and hydrogen are reduced.

Bei einer derartigen herkömmlichen Verfahrensführung besteht jedoch die Problematik, dass sich in den den Reaktor verlassenden Gasen nach wie vor ein relativ hoher Teerbestandteil findet. Diese Teere machen den Einsatz von Wäschern erforderlich, um zum Beispiel den nachgeschalteten Motoren von derartigen Rückständen befreite Gase zuführen zu können.In such a conventional process management, however, there is the problem that there is still a relatively high proportion of tar in the gases leaving the reactor. These tars require the use of scrubbers in order, for example, to be able to supply gases released from such residues to the downstream engines.

Zur Vermeidung einer derartigen Teerbildung schlägt die DE 100 37 762 B4 konkret vor, einem Vergasungsreaktor eine Gasreinigungseinheit nachzuschalten, die katalytisch aktives Material aufweist, das unmittelbar den aus der Vergasereinheit austretenden Gasen exponiert ist. Ferner ist eine dieser Gasreinigungseinheit nachgeschaltete Gaskühleinheit vorgesehen, der wiederum ein Filter nachgeschaltet ist. Konkret soll hierbei die Gasreinigungseinheit einen thermisch isolierten, vertikal von oben nach unten durchströmbaren Vollraumreaktor aufweisen, der über eine Zuleitung verfügt, durch die die aus der Vergasereinheit austretenden Gase in den Vollraumreaktor eingebracht werden können. In vertikal nach unten gerichteter Strömungsrichtung der Gase sind innerhalb des Vollraumreaktors der Gasreinigungseinheit Strömungskanäle angeordnet, die wabenartige Strömungsquerschnitte aufweisen und die von einem Tragegestell gebildet werden, auf dem das katalytisch aktive Material vorgesehen ist. Ferner ist eine Ableitung am Vollraumreaktor vorgesehen, durch die die katalytisch gespaltenen Gase aus dem Vollraumreaktor austreten, während sich im Bodenraum des Vollraumreaktors Flugstaub ansammeln kann, der wiederum durch einen Ablassstutzen ausgeschleust werden kann. Ein derartiger Aufbau ist ersichtlich aufwendig und wenig preiswert.To avoid such tar formation beats the DE 100 37 762 B4 specifically, downstream of a gasification unit, a gas purification unit, which has catalytically active material, which is exposed directly to the gases leaving the gasification unit. Furthermore, a gas cooling unit connected downstream of this gas cleaning unit is provided, which in turn is followed by a filter. Specifically, in this case, the gas cleaning unit should have a thermally insulated, vertically from top to bottom flow-through full-room reactor, which has a supply line through which the gases exiting the gasifier unit can be introduced into the full-room reactor. In vertically downwardly directed flow direction of the gases are within the full-room reactor of the Gas cleaning unit arranged flow channels, which have honeycomb flow cross-sections and which are formed by a support frame on which the catalytically active material is provided. Furthermore, a discharge is provided at the full-space reactor, through which the catalytically split gases emerge from the full-space reactor, while in the floor space of the full-room reactor can accumulate flue dust, which in turn can be discharged through a drain port. Such a structure is obviously expensive and inexpensive.

Weiter ist aus der DE 31 12 975 A1 ein Schachtofen bekannt, bei dem eine turmartige Zuführung für Luft bzw. Vergasungsmittel in die Schüttgutschicht oberhalb eines Glutbettes einragt, um dort, das heißt, in die Schüttgutschicht hinein Luft einzublasen, so dass die zugeführte Luft hier zusätzlich zum erzeugten Brenngas durch die Schüttung hindurchströmen muss. Dies führt zu einem nachteiligen Druckabfall, insbesondere bei Verwendung von feinstückigen Brennstoffen. Das Brenngas wird hier zudem ascheaustragsseitig, das heißt nach Durchströmen der gesamten Schüttung, mittels einer Brenngasleitung abgezogen, die an einen die Schüttgutschicht erwärmenden Wärmetauscher angeschlossen ist. Diese Vorwärmzone dient lediglich der Trocknung und Vorerwärmung, eine Pyrolyse und Reduktion findet in diesem Bereich nicht statt. Ein separates Muffelrohr ist hier nicht vorgesehen.Next is from the DE 31 12 975 A1 a shaft furnace known in which a tower-like supply of air or gasification agent protrudes into the bulk layer above an ember bed to there, that is, to blow air into the bulk layer, so that the supplied air must flow through here in addition to the fuel gas produced by the bed , This leads to an adverse pressure drop, especially when using finely divided fuels. The fuel gas is also withdrawn ash ash discharge side, that is, after flowing through the entire bed, by means of a fuel gas line, which is connected to a heat exchanger which heats the bulk material layer. This preheating zone is used only for drying and preheating, pyrolysis and reduction does not take place in this area. A separate muffle tube is not provided here.

Die DE 199 16 931 A1 zeigt einen Vergaser mit einem eine Trocknungszone und eine Pyrolysezone ausbildenden und sich nach unten konisch verengenden Befüllschacht, der in einen zylinderförmigen, die Oxidations- und Reduktionszone enthaltenden Bereich übergeht. Das erzeugte Brenngas strömt hier durch einen mittels Ausmauerung thermisch abgegrenzten bzw. isolierten Ringraum bis zur Trocknungszone nach oben, wo es dann abgezogen wird. Somit findet ein Wärmeübergang vom Rohgas in die Schüttung nur im Bereich der Trocknungszone statt. Die Wärmezuführung in die Pyrolyse- und Reduktionszone erfolgt autotherm innerhalb des zylinderförmigen Schachtes über die Oxidationszone. Folglich müssen auch hier Vergasungsmittel und sämtliche entstehenden Gaskomponenten die Schüttung vollständig durchströmen, damit das Brenngas im Bereich des Rostes in den Ringraum überströmen kann.The DE 199 16 931 A1 shows a carburetor with a drying zone and a pyrolysis zone forming and conically narrowing down the filling shaft, which merges into a cylindrical, the oxidation and reduction zone containing area. The fuel gas produced flows through an annealed thermally separated or isolated annulus up to the drying zone upwards, where it is then withdrawn. Thus, a heat transfer from the raw gas into the bed takes place only in the region of the drying zone. The heat supply into the pyrolysis and reduction zone takes place autothermally within the cylindrical shaft via the oxidation zone. Consequently, here too gasification agent and all gas components formed must flow completely through the bed, so that the fuel gas in the region of the grate can flow into the annulus.

Eine vom Prinzip her mit der DE 199 16 931 A1 identische Vorrichtung zur Holzvergasung ist auch aus DE 10 2007 002 895 A1 bekannt. Ein wesentlicher Unterschied zur DE 199 16 931 A1 besteht darin, dass hier das Vergasungsmittel über Düsen von außen und nicht von innen her zugeführt wird.One in principle with the DE 199 16 931 A1 identical device for wood gasification is also off DE 10 2007 002 895 A1 known. An essential difference to DE 199 16 931 A1 is that here the gasification agent is supplied via nozzles from the outside and not from the inside.

WO 01/51591 A1 zeigt einen Vergaser und ein Verfahren geeignet zur Vergasung von Brennstoffen wie z.B. Holz, wobei Biomasse von oben in ein zentrales Rohr gegeben wird und in diesem Rohr nach unten wandert. Das Rohr mündet in einem Vergasungsbereich, in den über den zentralen Rost und die Welle und die Bodenplatte des Drehrostes Vergasungsmittel zugeführt wird. Das entstandene Gas wird durch einen Spaltraum geleitet, der das zentrale Zuführrohr erwärmt. Der Spaltraum enthält Schikanen. WO 01/51591 A1 shows a gasifier and a method suitable for the gasification of fuels such as wood, wherein biomass is placed from above into a central tube and migrates down in this tube. The tube opens into a gasification zone into which gasification agent is fed via the central grate and the shaft and the bottom plate of the rotary grate. The resulting gas is passed through a gap which heats the central feed tube. The gap contains baffles.

Demgegenüber ist es Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, einen Reaktor zur Vergasung von Brennstoffen, insbesondere von Biomasse zu schaffen, mittels dem, insbesondere in Verbindung mit einer hohen Brennstoffflexibilität, eine sehr gute Gasqualität auf einfache und funktionssichere Weise erzielbar ist. Ferner ist es eine Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, eine hierfür geeignete Verfahrensführung zur Verfügung zu stellen.In contrast, it is an object of the present invention to provide a reactor for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass, by means of which, in particular in conjunction with a high fuel flexibility, a very good gas quality in a simple and reliable manner can be achieved. Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a process procedure suitable for this purpose.

Diese Aufgabe wird gelöst mit den Merkmalen der unabhängigen Patentansprüche. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen sind Gegenstand der darauf rückbezogenen Unteransprüche.This object is achieved with the features of the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments are the subject of the dependent claims.

Gemäß Anspruch 1 wird ein Reaktor zur Vergasung von Brennstoffen, insbesondere von Biomasse, vorgeschlagen, der einen Reaktorinnenraum aufweist. Weiter weist der Reaktor wenigstens eine Brennstoff-Zudosiereinrichtung zur Zudosierung von zu vergasenden Brennstoff in den Reaktorinnenraum auf. Zudem ist ein im Reaktorinnenraum, vorzugsweise bodenseitig, angeordneter Rost vorgesehen, auf den der in den Reaktorinnenraum zudosierte und zu vergasende Brennstoff aufliegt. Weiter ist wenigstens eine Luftzuführeinrichtung zur Luftzuführung in den Reaktorinnenraum vorgesehen, wobei die Begrifflichkeit "Luft" hier in einem umfassenden Sinne zu verstehen ist und stellvertretend für jedwedes geeignete Vergasungsmittel (also ausdrücklich auch für solche die keine Luft sind) steht. So kann zum Beispiel anstelle von reiner Umgebungsluft auch mit Sauerstoff angereicherte Luft bzw. reiner Sauerstoff oder Wasserdampf zugeführt werden, um nur einige Beispiele zu nennen. Ferner umfasst der erfindungsgemäße Reaktor wenigstens einen Gasauslass zum Abführen des im Reaktorinnenraum erzeugten Gases aus dem Reaktorinnenraum. Erfindungsgemäß ist im Reaktorinnenraum ein oberhalb des Rostes angeordnetes Muffelrohr vorgesehen, das sich bevorzugt in Hochachsenrichtung erstreckt, wobei in dem Muffelrohr der zu vergasende Brennstoff aufgenommen ist. Das Muffelrohr mündet mit einem in Hochachsenrichtung unteren bzw. freien, rostseitigen Muffelrohrende in einen mittelbar oder unmittelbar mit Luft von der wenigstens einen Luftzuführeinrichtung beaufschlagbaren und als autotherme Vergasungszone ausgebildeten unteren Reaktorbereich, in dem der zu vergasende Brennstoff oder bereits aus diesem entstandene Produktgase teilweise oxidieren.According to claim 1, a reactor for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass, is proposed which has a reactor interior. Furthermore, the reactor has at least one fuel metering device for adding fuel to be gasified into the interior of the reactor. In addition, a grate arranged in the interior of the reactor, preferably on the bottom side, is provided on which the fuel metered into the interior of the reactor and to be gasified rests. Furthermore, at least one air supply device is provided for supplying air into the interior of the reactor, the term "air" being understood here in a comprehensive sense and representing any suitable gasification agent (ie expressly also for those which are not air). So For example, instead of pure ambient air, oxygen-enriched air or pure oxygen or water vapor may be supplied, to name just a few examples. Furthermore, the reactor according to the invention comprises at least one gas outlet for discharging the gas generated in the interior of the reactor from the reactor interior. According to the invention, a muffle tube arranged above the grate is provided in the interior of the reactor, which preferably extends in the direction of the vertical axis, the fuel to be gasified being accommodated in the muffle tube. The muffle tube opens with a low-lying in the vertical direction lower or free, rust-side muffle tube in an indirectly or directly acted upon by air from the at least one air supply and formed as an autothermal gasification zone lower reactor region in which the fuel to be gasified or already resulting from this product gases partially oxidize.

Weiter erfindungsgemäß ist das Muffelrohr mit einem in Hochachsenrichtung oberen Muffelrohrbereich, unter Ausbildung eines in den unteren Reaktorbereich mündenden Ringspaltes, in einem, ein Muffelgehäuse ausbildenden oberen Reaktorbereich dergestalt aufgenommen, dass das im Bereich des unteren bzw. freien Muffelrohrendes aus dem Muffelrohr austretende Gas, vorzugsweise unter Durchmischung mit Gas aus der authothermen Vergasungszone, in den muffelgehäuseseitigen Ringspalt eintritt und dort unter Wärmeabgabe wenigstens bereichsweise entlang und/oder um den oberen Muffelrohrbereich strömt, so dieser eine allotherme Vergasungszone zur Aufheizung, Pyrolyse und Reduktion des zu vergasenden Brennstoffes ausbildet.Furthermore, according to the invention, the muffle tube is received in an upper annular region opening into the lower reactor region in an upper reactor region forming a muffle housing such that the gas emerging from the muffle tube in the region of the lower or free muffle tube, preferably with mixing with gas from the autothermal gasification zone, enters the muffle housing-side annular gap and there flows at least partially along with heat and along the upper Muffelrohrbereich, so this forms an allothermal gasification zone for heating, pyrolysis and reduction of fuel to be gasified.

Durch das Einragen des unteren Muffelrohrendes in den mit Luft bzw. Vergasungsmittel beaufschlagten unteren Reaktorbereich erfolgt eine vorteilhafte Umlenkung des in der allothermen Vergasungszone erzeugten Brenngases vor dessen Eintritt in den Ringspalt, was dazu beiträgt, die Reinheit des Gases zu erhöhen, indem zum Beispiel schwerere Partikel, wie zum Beispiel Schwebstoffe bzw. Kohlestoffpartikel, in der autothermen Vergasungszone verbleiben. In diesem Bereich kommt es außerdem zu einer Durchmischung der aus der allothermen (muffelrohrseitigen) und autothermen (rostseitigen) Vergasungszone austretenden Gase. Dabei kann schon die für die Crackung der Teere notwendige Temperatur von wenigstens 1050°C ohne weitere Zugabe von Vergasungsmittel erreicht werden.By projecting the lower end of the muffle tube into the lower reactor area exposed to air or gasification agent, an advantageous deflection of the fuel gas produced in the allothermal gasification zone takes place before it enters the annular gap, which contributes to increasing the purity of the gas, for example by adding heavier particles , such as particulate matter or carbon particles, remain in the autothermal gasification zone. In this area, there is also a mixing of emerging from the allothermal (muffle tube side) and autothermal (rust side) gasification zone Gases. In this case, even for the cracking of the tars necessary temperature of at least 1050 ° C without further addition of gasification agent can be achieved.

Vorteilhaft wird hier weiter das im Reaktor erzeugte heiße Gas zur Beheizung des, den zu vergasenden Brennstoff aufnehmenden, oberen Muffelrohrendes verwendet, so dass dadurch im oberen Muffelrohrbereich zum einen eine allotherme Vergasungszone ausgebildet wird, die im Wesentlichen ohne Fremdenergie und Fremdwärmeeinkopplung auskommt, und zum anderen auch die Reaktorgase bereits zum Gasauslass hin abgekühlt werden, so dass sich der dem Reaktor nachgeschaltete Kühlaufwand deutlich reduziert beziehungsweise gegebenenfalls sogar vollständig entfallen kann.Advantageously, the hot gas generated in the reactor is further used here for heating the upper muffle tube end receiving the fuel to be gasified, thereby forming an allothermal gasification zone in the upper muffle tube region, which essentially requires no external energy and external heat input, and, secondly Also, the reactor gases are already cooled to the gas outlet, so that the downstream of the reactor cooling costs significantly reduced or possibly even completely eliminated.

Dadurch, dass die Luftzuführung erst im sich an die allotherme Vergasungszone anschließenden und eine autotherme Vergasungszone ausbildenden unteren Reaktorbereich erfolgt, lässt sich dort die Temperatur des Gases bzw. des Gasgemisches aus autothermen und allothermen Gasen auf eine gewünschte Höhe einregeln, zum Beispiel auf wenigstens 1.050°C, was wiederum zur Folge hat, dass die im Gas enthaltenen Teere gecrackt werden können.Due to the fact that the air supply only takes place in the lower reactor region which adjoins the allothermal gasification zone and forms an autothermal gasification zone, the temperature of the gas or of the gas mixture of autothermal and allothermal gases can be adjusted to a desired level, for example to at least 1,050.degree C, which in turn means that the tars contained in the gas can be cracked.

In Verbindung mit der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung wird somit das Gas im Anschluss an die Pyrolyse nochmals aufgeheizt, um die Teere zu cracken. Die sich dadurch ergebenden heißen Gase werden dann beim Durchströmen des Ringspaltes vorteilhaft abgekühlt, wobei die entzogene Wärme zur Aufheizung, Pyrolyse und Reduktion des Brennstoffes im Muffelrohr herangezogen wird, wie dies bereits zuvor erläutert worden ist.In connection with the solution according to the invention, the gas is thus heated again after the pyrolysis in order to crack the tars. The resulting hot gases are then advantageously cooled when flowing through the annular gap, wherein the heat extracted for heating, pyrolysis and reduction of the fuel is used in the muffle tube, as has already been explained above.

Mit einem derartigen Aufbau wird ein Reaktor zur Verfügung gestellt, der zudem eine höhere Brennstoffflexibilität bei höherem Wassergehalt gewährleistet und der zudem unempfindlich gegenüber einem bestimmten Feinanteil ist. Zudem wird hierdurch eine bessere Skalierbarkeit des Reaktors erzielt, ebenso wie ein höherer Kaltgaswi rku ngsg rad.With such a construction, a reactor is provided, which also ensures a higher fuel flexibility at higher water content and is also insensitive to a certain fines. In addition, this results in a better scalability of the reactor, as well as a higher Kaltgaswi rku ngsg rad.

Auch wenn hier vorliegend grundsätzlich ein den oberen Muffelrohrbereich vollständig ringförmig umlaufender Ringspaltbereich von Vorteil ist, um einen gleichmäßigen Wärmeeintrag von allen Seiten in den eine allotherme Vergasungszone ausbildenden oberen Muffelrohrbereich zu erhalten, ist es grundsätzlich auch denkbar, dass der Ringspalt nicht vollständig um das Muffelrohr herum verläuft, sondern zum Beispiel das Muffelrohr am zugeordneten Muffelrohrgehäuse in einer Anlageverbindung anliegt, so dass dann eben kein vollständig umlaufender Ringspalt ausgebildet ist.Even if in this case, in principle, an annular gap area which runs completely annularly around the upper muffle tube area is advantageous in order to obtain a It is basically also conceivable that the annular gap does not extend completely around the muffle tube, but, for example, that the muffle tube bears against the muffle tube housing in an abutment connection, so that then just no completely circumferential annular gap is formed.

In dem, vorzugsweise vollständig um das Muffelrohr bzw. den oberen Muffelrohrbereich umlaufenden Ringspalt ist vorzugsweise wenigstens ein Strömungsleitelement so angeordnet, dass dem in den Ringspalt einströmenden Gas eine turbulente Strömung aufgeprägt wird, was zu einem besseren Wärmeübergang in das Muffelrohr hinein führt. Insbesondere in Verbindung mit einem vollständig um den oberen Muffelrohrbereich umlaufenden Ringspalt ist eine Ausführungsform vorteilhaft, bei der das wenigstens eine Strömungsleitelement durch eine sich im Ringspalt wenigstens bereichsweise und/oder wenigstens abschnittsweise spiralförmig wenigstens um einen Teilbereich des oberen Muffelrohrbereichs windende Gasleitspirale gebildet ist. Besonders bevorzugt ist in diesem Zusammenhang eine Gasleitspirale, die sich über den gesamten Ringspalt und/oder oberen Muffelrohrbereich erstreckt. Eine derartige Gasleitspirale bewirkt auf vorteilhafte Weise einen ausgezeichneten gleichmäßigen Wärmeübergang über den gesamten Muffelrohrumfang sowie über die gesamte Muffelrohrlänge, was sich besonders vorteilhaft auf die Funktionssicherheit der Trocknung, Pyrolyse und Reduktion in der allothermen Vergasungszone des oberen Muffelrohrbereichs auswirkt.In the, preferably completely around the muffle tube or the upper Muffelrohrbereich circumferential annular gap at least one flow guide is preferably arranged so that the gas flowing into the annular gap a turbulent flow is impressed, resulting in a better heat transfer into the muffle tube inside. In particular, in connection with an annular gap which completely surrounds the upper muffle tube region, an embodiment is advantageous in which the at least one flow-guiding element is formed by a gas-conducting spiral spiraling at least partially and / or at least in sections in the annular gap at least around a subregion of the upper muffle tube region. Particularly preferred in this connection is a gas-conducting spiral which extends over the entire annular gap and / or upper muffle tube region. Such a Gasleitspirale effected in an advantageous manner an excellent uniform heat transfer over the entire muffle tube circumference and over the entire muffle tube length, which is particularly advantageous effect on the reliability of drying, pyrolysis and reduction in the allothermal gasification zone of the upper muffle tube area.

Die Gasleitspirale kann dabei zum Beispiel mit einem Außenwandbereich des Muffelrohres, insbesondere des oberen Muffelrohrbereichs, fest verbunden sein. Besonders bevorzugt ist jedoch eine Ausgestaltung, bei der die Gasleitspirale durch ein ortsfest im Ringspalt angeordnetes, insbesondere mit dem Muffelgehäuse verbindbares oder verbundenes, Bauteil gebildet ist, so dass das Muffelrohr, insbesondere zur Reinigungs- und Revisionsarbeiten, relativ zu der Gasleitspirale verlagerbar bzw. drehbar ist. Alternativ kann die Gasleitspirale aber auch mit dem Rost unmittelbar oder mittelbar verbunden sein, insbesondere mit einem drehbar gelagerten Rost verbunden sein und somit selbst beispielsweise über den vorzugsweise bodenseitig angeordneten Rost bewegt werden. Dazu ist dann eine kraftschlüssige Verbindung zum Rost erforderlich, eine Anbindung an den Außenwandbereich des Muffelrohres oder -gehäuses entfällt in diesem Fall.The gas-conducting spiral can be firmly connected, for example, to an outer wall region of the muffle tube, in particular of the upper muffle tube region. However, an embodiment in which the Gasleitspirale is arranged by a stationary in the annular gap, in particular connected to the muffle housing or connected, component is formed, so that the muffle tube, in particular for cleaning and inspection work, relative to the Gasleitspirale displaced or rotatable is. Alternatively, however, the gas-conducting spiral can also be connected directly or indirectly to the grate, in particular be connected to a rotatably mounted grate and thus, for example, via the grate itself preferably arranged on the bottom side grate to be moved. For this purpose, a non-positive connection to the grid is required, a connection to the outer wall region of the muffle tube or housing is omitted in this case.

Eine besonders stabile und in sich steife Ausgestaltung der Gasleitspirale wird dadurch erreicht, dass in Erstreckungsrichtung benachbarte Wendelbereiche der Gasleitspirale abschnittsweise durch voneinander in Wendelrichtung beabstandete Stützelemente versteift sind. Diese Stützelemente können beispielsweise durch definiert geringen Strömungswiderstand aufweisende Stützstäbe gebildet sein. Die Beabstandung kann dabei vorzugsweise so erfolgen, dass die einzelnen Stützelemente bzw. Stützstäbe auch zumindest zum Teil umfangsseitig gegeneinander versetzt sind.A particularly stable and inherently rigid configuration of the gas-conducting spiral is achieved in that in the direction of extension adjacent helix regions of the gas-conducting spiral are partially stiffened by supporting elements spaced apart from one another in the helical direction. These support elements may be formed, for example, by support rods having defined low flow resistance. The spacing can preferably be such that the individual support elements or support rods are also at least partially circumferentially offset from each other.

Es versteht sich, dass vorzugsweise der gesamte Reaktor mit einer Wärmedämmung versehen ist, die bevorzugt als Außendämmung, zum Beispiel aus einer Keramikschicht und einer Steinwollschicht, ausgebildet ist. Mit einer derartigen Wärmedämmung wird auf einfache und funktionssichere Weise sichergestellt, dass die Wärme im Reaktor gehalten wird, zum Beispiel im Bereich der allothermen Vergasungszone.It is understood that preferably the entire reactor is provided with a thermal insulation, which is preferably formed as an outer insulation, for example of a ceramic layer and a rock wool layer. With such a thermal insulation is ensured in a simple and reliable manner that the heat is maintained in the reactor, for example in the region of the allothermal gasification zone.

Gemäß einer weiteren besonders bevorzugten Ausgestaltung weist das Muffelgehäuse, vorzugsweise im Bereich des oberen Muffelrohrendes, wenigstens eine in den Ringspalt einmündende Gasauslassöffnung auf. Dadurch ist sichergestellt, dass das Nutzgas erst nach vollständigem Durchströmen des Ringspaltes und damit nach der erwünschten Wärmeabgabe an den oberen Muffelrohrbereich aus dem Reaktor abgezogen wird. Gegebenenfalls können aber auch mehrere in unterschiedlichen Höhen entlang des Ringspaltes angeordnete Gasauslassöffnungen vorgesehen sein, beispielsweise zur Herstellung eines Gasgemisches mit bestimmter Temperatur.According to a further particularly preferred embodiment, the muffle housing, preferably in the region of the upper end of the muffle tube, has at least one gas outlet opening opening into the annular gap. This ensures that the useful gas is withdrawn from the reactor only after complete flow through the annular gap and thus after the desired heat release to the upper Muffelrohrbereich. Optionally, however, it is also possible to provide a plurality of gas outlet openings arranged at different heights along the annular gap, for example for producing a gas mixture having a specific temperature.

Das Muffelgehäuse weist bevorzugt eine kopfseitige Reaktoröffnung auf, über die das Muffelrohr in den Reaktorinnenraum einsetzbar ist. Das Muffelrohr kann dann mit wenigstens einer muffelrohrseitigen Befestigungseinrichtung, zum Beispiel mit einem Muffelrohrflansch, am Muffelgehäuse eingehängt und festgelegt werden. Dadurch wird auf einfache Weise sichergestellt, dass das Muffelrohr ein einfach aus dem Reaktor ein- bzw. auszubauendes Bauteil ist, was zum Beispiel insbesondere bei Reinigungs- bzw. Revisionsarbeiten von Vorteil ist. Die kopfseitige Reaktoröffnung wird dann bevorzugt mittels eines, vorzugsweise mit einer Wärmedämmung versehenen Kopfteils verschlossen, in das die Biomasse-Zudosiereinrichtung, die zum Beispiel durch eine Zudosierschnecke gebildet ist, mündet. Besonders bevorzugt ist hierbei eine solche Festlegung des Kopfteils am Muffelgehäuse, bei dem das Kopfteil mittels eines Kopfteilflansches unter Verklemmung des Muffelrohrflansches an einem Befestigungsflanschbereich des Muffelgehäuses festgelegt ist. Der Vorteil dieser Festlegung liegt insbesondere darin, dass hier dann gleichzeitig das Kopfteil als auch das Muffelrohr mittels einer einzigen Flanschverbindung funktionssicher im bzw. am Reaktor festgelegt werden können. Insbesondere für den Fall, dass eine durch ein separates Bauteil gebildete Gasleitspirale vorgesehen ist, kann in diesem Bereich dann auch die Festlegung der Gasleitspirale erfolgen. Mit einem derartigen Aufbau lässt sich zudem auf einfache Weise sicherstellen, dass die Zudosierung der Brennstoffe unmittelbar in das Muffelrohr hinein erfolgt und somit in diesem die gewünschte Brennstoffschicht ausgebildet wird. Ein weiterer Vorteil dieses eben beschriebenen Aufbaus liegt darin, dass hier dann beispielsweise das Kopfteil innenwandseitig aus einem anderen Werkstoff hergestellt werden kann als das Muffelrohr selbst, was die konstruktive Flexibilität erhöht.The muffle housing preferably has a head-side reactor opening, via which the muffle tube can be inserted into the interior of the reactor. The muffle tube can then be suspended and fixed to the muffle housing with at least one muffle tube-side fastening device, for example with a muffle tube flange. Thereby In a simple way, it is ensured that the muffle tube is a component which can be easily installed or removed from the reactor, which is an advantage, for example, in particular during cleaning or revision work. The head-side reactor opening is then preferably closed by means of a, preferably provided with a thermal head part, in which the biomass dosing, which is formed for example by a metering screw, opens. Particularly preferred in this case is such a determination of the head part on the muffle housing, in which the head part is fixed by means of a Kopfteilflansches under clamping of Muffelrohrflansches on a mounting flange of the muffle housing. The advantage of this definition is, in particular, that here at the same time the head part and the muffle tube by means of a single flange connection can be set reliably in or on the reactor. In particular, in the event that a Gasleitspirale formed by a separate component is provided, then the definition of Gasleitspirale can be done in this area. With such a construction, it is also possible to ensure in a simple manner that the metered addition of the fuels takes place directly into the muffle tube and thus the desired fuel layer is formed therein. Another advantage of this structure just described is that here then, for example, the headboard can be made on the inside wall side of a different material than the muffle tube itself, which increases the design flexibility.

Alternativ zu dieser eben beschriebenen konkreten Ausführungsform kann aber auch vorgesehen sein, dass das Muffelgehäuse eine obere bzw. kopfseitige Reaktoröffnung aufweist, über die das Muffelrohr in den Reaktorinnenraum einsetzbar ist, wobei das Muffelrohr die kopfseitige Reaktoröffnung mit einem oberen Muffelrohrende überragt, und zwar bevorzugt dergestalt, dass das die kopfseitige Reaktoröffnung überragende obere Muffelrohrende in einem, vorzugsweise mit einer Wärmedämmung versehenen, Kopfteil aufgenommen ist, mittels dem die kopfseitige Reaktoröffnung verschließbar ist und in das die Brennstoff-Zudosiereinrichtung, vorzugsweise eine Zudosierschnecke, mündet. Auch hier kann dann wiederum das Kopfteil mittels eines Kopfteilflansches an einem Befestigungsflanschbereich des Muffelgehäuses festgelegt sein, was eine stabile und funktionssichere sowie einfach herzustellende Verbindung sicherstellt.As an alternative to this concrete embodiment just described, however, provision may also be made for the muffle housing to have an upper or head-side reactor opening through which the muffle tube can be inserted into the interior of the reactor, the muffle tube projecting beyond the head-side reactor opening with an upper muffle tube end, preferably in the same way in that the upper end of the muffle tube projecting beyond the head-side reactor opening is accommodated in a head part, preferably provided with thermal insulation, by means of which the head-side reactor opening can be closed and into which the fuel metering device, preferably a metering screw, opens. Again, then the head part can be fixed by means of a Kopfteilflansches on a mounting flange of the muffle housing, which ensures a stable and reliable and easy to manufacture connection.

Zudem ist bei einem derartigen Aufbau, bei dem das Muffelrohr mit einem die kopfseitige bzw. obere Reaktoröffnung überragenden Muffelrohrende in einem Kopfteil aufgenommen ist, in das die Brennstoff-Zudosiereinrichtung einmündet, sichergestellt, dass der zudosierte Brennstoff auf einfache und funktionssichere Weise unmittelbar in den gewünschten Bereich des Muffelrohrs gelangt. Alternativ hierzu kann aber auch vorgesehen sein, dass das Muffelrohr die kopfseitige Reaktoröffnung mit einem oberen Muffelrohrende dergestalt überragt, dass die Brennstoff-Zudosiereinrichtung, vorzugsweise eine Zudosierschnecke, direkt in das die kopfseitige Reaktoröffnung überragende obere Muffelrohrende mündet.In addition, in such a construction, in which the muffle tube with a head end or upper reactor opening superior Muffelrohrende is received in a head portion into which the fuel metering device, ensures that the metered fuel in a simple and reliable manner directly into the desired Area of the muffle tube passes. Alternatively, however, it can also be provided that the muffle tube projects beyond the head-side reactor opening with an upper muffle tube end such that the fuel metering device, preferably a metering screw, opens directly into the upper muffle tube end projecting above the head-side reactor opening.

Gemäß einer weiteren besonders bevorzugten Ausgestaltung ist das untere, freie Muffelrohrende im Innenraum des unteren Reaktorbereichs bis in den Bereich des, vorzugsweise bodenseitig im Innenraum des unteren Reaktorbereichs angeordneten Rosts, vorzugsweise eines Rostkegels des Rosts, geführt und dort, das heißt im Inneren bzw. Innenraum des unteren Reaktorbereichs, vorzugsweise ringförmig, von einem, zum Beispiel zylindrischen, Reaktionsraum umgeben, in den der muffelgehäuseseitige Ringspalt, vorzugsweise in Hochachsenrichtung beabstandet oberhalb des unteren freien Muffelrohrendes, einmündet und in den das, das untere Muffelrohrende verlassende Gas, vorzugsweise unter Umlenkung um das untere Muffelrohrende herum, einströmt, bevor es, vorzugsweise unter Durchmischung mit dem Gas aus der authothermen Vergasungszone, in den Ringspalt überströmt.According to a further particularly preferred embodiment, the lower, free Muffelrohrende in the interior of the lower reactor area into the region of, preferably arranged on the bottom side in the interior of the lower reactor region grate, preferably a grate cone of the grate, out there and there, that is in the interior or interior the lower reactor region, preferably annular, surrounded by a, for example cylindrical, reaction space into which the muffelgehäuseseitige annular gap, preferably spaced in the vertical axis direction above the lower free Muffelrohrendes, and into the, leaving the lower Muffelrohrende gas, preferably with deflection around the the lower end of the muffle tube flows in, before it flows into the annular gap, preferably with thorough mixing with the gas from the autothermal gasification zone.

Mit einem derartig ausgebildeten Reaktionsraum im unteren Reaktorbereich wird eine vorteilhafte Aufheiz- und Durchmischungszone ausgebildet, in der sich die Nutzgase vor dem Übertritt in den Ringspalt aufheizen und durchmischen können, wobei die Nutzgase zudem durch eine entsprechend gesteuerte bzw. geregelte optionale Luftzuführung in diesem Bereich zudem dort gegebenenfalls auch noch oxidiert und dadurch weiter erhitzt werden können. Wie bereits zuvor ausgeführt, bringt die in diesem Reaktionsraum erzielbare hohe Temperatur von 1.050°C und mehr den Vorteil mit sich, dass dort die Teere im Gas zuverlässig gecrackt werden können.With such a trained reaction space in the lower reactor area an advantageous heating and mixing zone is formed, in which the Nutzgase can heat and mix before the passage into the annular gap, wherein the Nutzgase also by a correspondingly controlled or regulated optional air supply in this area also where appropriate, also oxidized and thereby can be further heated. As stated previously, the achievable in this reaction chamber high temperature of 1050 ° C and more brings with it the advantage that there the tars can be reliably cracked in the gas.

Gemäß einer besonders bevorzugten Aus- und Weiterbildung weist der das untere freie Muffelrohrende zylindrisch und/oder ringförmig umgebende Reaktionsraum wenigstens in einem Teilbereich, insbesondere in einem in Hochachsenrichtung oberen Reaktionsraumbereich, also im Übergangsbereich zum Ringspalt, eine Verbreiterung auf, insbesondere eine sich nach oben in Richtung Muffelgehäuse konisch erweiternde Verbreiterung auf. Dadurch wird die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Gases reduziert und es kommt somit zu einer Partikalabscheidung, wodurch ein mit weniger Partikeln beladener Gasstrom in den Ringspalt des Muffelgehäuses überströmt.According to a particularly preferred embodiment and development of the lower free Muffelrohrende cylindrical and / or annular surrounding reaction space at least in a partial area, in particular in a Hochachsenrichtung upper reaction space area, ie in the transition region to the annular gap, a broadening, in particular an upwards in Direction muffle housing conically widening broadening. As a result, the flow velocity of the gas is reduced and thus a partial separation occurs, as a result of which a gas stream laden with fewer particles flows into the annular gap of the muffle housing.

Die wenigstens eine Luftzuführeinrichtung ist so ausgebildet, dass Luft außerhalb der allothermen Vergasungszone und außerhalb des Muffelrohres in einen das Muffelrohrende umgebenden Reaktionsraum des unteren Reaktorbereichs einleitbar ist. Hierzu ist bevorzugt vorgesehen, dass die wenigstens eine Luftzuführeinrichtung außerhalb der allothermen Vergasungszone und/oder außerhalb des Muffelrohres angeordnet ist. DieLuftzuführung kann gemäß einer ersten Ausführungsform zum Beispiel dergestalt erfolgen, dass mittels der Luftzuführeinrichtung eine umfangsverteilte Luftzuführung über mehrere voneinander in Umfangsrichtung des Reaktionsraums beabstandete Lufteinlassöffnungen bzw. Luftdüsen in den Reaktionsraum, insbesondere im Bereich der Verbreiterung, erfolgt. Eine derartige gezielte Luftzuführung in den Reaktionsraum, insbesondere im ringspaltnahen oberen Bereich des Reaktionsraums, ermöglicht es, die Temperatur in diesem Bereich sehr hoch zu halten, um die gewünschte Crackung der Teere zu erreichen. Alternativ oder zusätzlich dazu kann die Luft bzw. das Vergasungsmittel jedoch auch über eine Luftzuführeinrichtung am Rost zugeführt werden. Das heißt, dass auch durch die alleinige Zugabe der Luft bzw. des Vergasungsmittels am Rost, oberhalb der auf dem Rost aufliegenden Schüttung (autotherme Vergasungszone) in dem zuvor beschriebenen, das Muffelrohrende umgebenden Reaktionsraum (Bereich der Mischung der allothermen und autothermen Gasfraktionen) ausreichend hohe Temperaturen erreicht werden können.The at least one air supply device is designed such that air outside the allothermal gasification zone and outside the muffle tube can be introduced into a reaction space of the lower reactor region surrounding the muffle tube end. For this purpose, it is preferably provided that the at least one air supply device is arranged outside the allothermal gasification zone and / or outside the muffle tube. According to a first embodiment, the air supply can take place, for example, in such a way that a circumferentially distributed air supply takes place into the reaction space, in particular in the region of the widening, via a plurality of air inlet openings or air nozzles spaced apart from one another in the circumferential direction of the reaction space. Such a targeted introduction of air into the reaction space, in particular in the upper area of the reaction space near the annular gap, makes it possible to keep the temperature in this area very high in order to achieve the desired cracking of the tars. Alternatively or additionally, however, the air or the gasification agent can also be supplied to the grate via an air supply device. This means that even by the sole addition of the air or the gasification agent at the grate, above the resting on the grate bed (autothermal gasification zone) in the above-described, the Muffelrohrende surrounding reaction space (range of mixture of allothermic and autothermal gas fractions) sufficiently high Temperatures can be reached.

Der vorzugsweise bodenseitig im unteren Reaktorbereich bzw. im unteren Reaktionsraumbereich angeordnete Rost weist einen mittels eines Rostantriebs drehantreibbaren Rostteller, vorzugsweise mit einem von diesem nach oben in Richtung Muffelrohr abragenden Rostkegel auf, wobei der Rostteller in einem mit dem unteren Reaktorbereich verbindbaren Rostgehäuse gelagert und/oder angeordnet ist. Besonders bevorzugt sind randseitig am Rostteller umfangsseitig voneinander beabstandete Verteilelemente, insbesondere in der Form von Verteilstangen, angeordnet, mittels denen der auf dem Rostteller verbleibende Kohlenstoff gleichmäßig im unteren Reaktorbereich verteilt werden kann. Für den Fall, dass die Verteilelemente durch Verteilstangen gebildet sind, ist bevorzugt vorgesehen, dass die Verteilstangen vom Rostteller weg um das untere Muffelrohrende herum nach oben in den Reaktionsraum ragen.The grate, which is preferably arranged on the bottom side in the lower reactor region or in the lower reaction chamber region, has a grate plate which can be driven in rotation by means of a grate drive, preferably with one of the grate plates facing upwards Direction muffle tube projecting grate on, wherein the grate plate is mounted and / or arranged in a connectable to the lower reactor region grate housing. Particularly preferably, peripherally spaced distribution elements, in particular in the form of distribution rods, are disposed on the edge of the grate plate, by means of which the carbon remaining on the grate plate can be evenly distributed in the lower reactor region. In the event that the distribution elements are formed by distribution rods, it is preferably provided that the distribution rods protrude away from the grate plate around the lower muffle tube end up into the reaction space.

Ferner weist der Rost bevorzugt eine Luftzuführeinrichtung, zum Beispiel eine am Rost und/oder im Bereich des Rostes mündende Zuführleitung, auf, mittels der dem Rostbereich Luft (auch hier steht der Begriff Luft stellvertretend für jedwedes geeignetes Vergasungsmittel) rostseitig zugeführt werden kann, um den Ascheausbrand sicherzustellen. Dabei entsteht ferner vorteilhaft Wärme und Kohlendioxid für die autotherme Vergasungszone.Furthermore, the grate preferably has an air supply device, for example a feed line opening at the grate and / or in the region of the grate, by means of which the grate region air (here too the term air is representative of any suitable gasification agent) can be supplied to the grate side To ensure ash ash. In addition, heat and carbon dioxide are advantageously produced for the autothermal gasification zone.

Weiter kann der Rost auch mit einer Ascheaustragseinrichtung gekoppelt sein bzw. eine solche aufweisen, mittels der dann die Asche aus dem Rost entfernt werden kann.Furthermore, the grate can also be coupled to an ash discharge device or have such, by means of which the ash can then be removed from the grate.

Des Weiteren kann in dem, den zu vergasenden Brennstoff aufnehmenden Muffelrohr wenigstens eine, insbesondere keine Luftzuführung ermöglichende, Rühr- und/oder Mischeinrichtung angeordnet sein. Diese ist vorteilhaft, um den Wärmeübergang vom außenseitig beheizten Muffelrohr in die Schüttung in einem ausreichenden Maße (für die Vergasungsreaktion, Trocknung, Pyrolyse und Reduktion) sicherzustellen. Diese wenigstens eine Rühr- und/oder Mischeinrichtung erstreckt sich von der, in Hochachsenrichtung gesehen, Ober- bzw. Kopfseite des Muffelrohres her und/oder von der, in Hochachsenrichtung gesehen, Unter- bzw. Rostseite des Muffelrohres her entlang einer definierten Wegstrecke im Inneren des Muffelrohres, vorzugsweise über im Wesentlichen die gesamte Muffelrohrlänge, gegebenenfalls aber auch bloß über die Hälfte oder 2/3 der Muffelrohrlänge. Die Rühr- und/oder Mischeinrichtung ist bevorzugt länglich bzw. zylinderartig, zum Beispiel in der Art eines Turms, ausgebildet, und kann am Außenumfang grundsätzlich beliebig gestaltet sein, zum Beispiel rund, oval oder eckig. Weiter kann von der wenigstens einen Rühr- und/oder Mischeinrichtung wenigstens ein Rührelement abragen, zum Beispiel wenigstens ein Rührstab stabartig abragen. Die wenigstens eine Misch- und/oder Rühreinrichtung ist mittels eines geeigneten Antriebs drehantreibbar, und zwar bevorzugt intervallartig bzw. zu vorgegebenen Zeiten. Beispielsweise kann der Drehantrieb von oben durch das Muffelrohr her und damit vom Reaktorkopf her erfolgen oder aber von unten von der Rostseite her. Das heißt, dass eine von der Oberseite des Muffelrohrs her in das Muffelrohr eingeführte Rühr- und/oder Mischeinrichtung mittels eines im Bereich der Oberseite des Muffelrohres angeordneten Antriebs drehantreibbar sein kann und/oder dass eine von der Unterseite des Muffelrohrs her in das Muffelrohr eingeführte Rühr- und/oder Mischeinrichtung von der Rostseite her drehantreibbar sein kann, insbesondere dort mit einem drehangetriebenen Rostteller eines Rostes, insbesondere mit dessen Rostkegel, drehfest verbunden sein kann, so dass bei einem Drehen des Rosttellers gleichzeitig auch die wenigstens eine Misch- und/oder Rühreinrichtung betätigt bzw. drehangetrieben wird.Furthermore, at least one, in particular no air supply enabling, stirring and / or mixing device may be arranged in the muffle tube receiving the fuel to be gasified. This is advantageous to ensure the heat transfer from the externally heated muffle tube in the bed to a sufficient extent (for the gasification reaction, drying, pyrolysis and reduction). This at least one stirring and / or mixing device extends from the upper or head side of the muffle tube, viewed in the direction of the vertical axis, and / or from the lower or rust side of the muffle tube, as seen in the vertical axis direction, along a defined path in the interior the muffle tube, preferably over substantially the entire Muffelrohrlänge, but possibly also only over half or 2/3 of the Muffelrohrlänge. The stirring and / or mixing device is preferably elongated or cylindrical, for example in the manner of a tower, formed, and may on the outer periphery basically any shape, for example, round, oval or square. Furthermore, at least one stirring element can protrude from the at least one stirring and / or mixing device, for example at least one stirring rod projecting like a rod. The at least one mixing and / or stirring device is rotationally drivable by means of a suitable drive, preferably at intervals or at predetermined times. For example, the rotary drive from above through the muffle tube and thus done from the reactor head ago or from the bottom of the grate side. This means that a stirring and / or mixing device introduced into the muffle tube from the top side of the muffle tube can be rotationally drivable by means of a drive arranged in the region of the top side of the muffle tube and / or a stirring introduced into the muffle tube from the underside of the muffle tube - And / or mixing device from the grate side can be rotatably driven, in particular there with a rotary-driven grate plate of a grate, in particular with the grate cone, rotatably connected, so that when turning the grate plate at the same time the at least one mixing and / or stirring device is operated or rotated.

Der als Muffelgehäuse ausgebildete obere Reaktorbereich und der sich daran nach unten anschließende untere Reaktorbereich können grundsätzlich im Wesentlichen materialeinheitlich und/oder einstückig ausgebildet sein. Insbesondere im Hinblick auf den einfachen Austausch von Bauteilen bzw. die Vereinfachung von Reinigungs- und Revisionsarbeiten, ist es jedoch vorteilhaft, dass das Muffelgehäuse durch ein separates Bauteil gebildet ist, das mittels wenigstens einer Befestigungseinrichtung, vorzugsweise mittels einer Flanschverbindung, mit dem ein Reaktorgehäuse ausbildenden unteren Reaktorbereich verbunden ist. Besonders bevorzugt kann hierbei vorgesehen sein, dass das Reaktorgehäuse eine Muffelrohraufnahmeöffnung aufweist, durch die das untere Muffelrohrende in den durch das Reaktorgehäuse ausgebildeten unteren Reaktorbereich einragt. Weiter kann dieses Reaktorgehäuse eine bodenseitige Rostaufnahmeöffnung aufweisen, über die der Rost im unteren Reaktorbereich bodenseitig einsetzbar und im Bereich unterhalb des unteren Muffelrohrendes anordenbar ist. Mit einer derartigen Ausbildung des Reaktorgehäuses lassen sich die einzelnen Bauteile leicht modulartig zusammenfügen und auch wieder austauschen bzw. auseinanderbauen.The upper reactor area designed as a muffle housing and the lower reactor area adjoining it downwards can basically be formed essentially of the same material and / or in one piece. In particular, with regard to the simple replacement of components or the simplification of cleaning and inspection work, it is advantageous that the muffle housing is formed by a separate component by means of at least one fastening device, preferably by means of a flange, with which form a reactor housing lower reactor area is connected. Particularly preferably, it may be provided that the reactor housing has a muffle tube receiving opening, through which the lower muffle tube end projects into the lower reactor area formed by the reactor housing. Furthermore, this reactor housing can have a bottom-side grate receiving opening, via which the grate can be used on the bottom side in the lower reactor area and can be arranged in the area below the lower muffle tube end. With such a design of the reactor housing, the individual components can be assembled easily modular and also replace or disassemble.

Gemäß einer besonders bevorzugten konkreten Ausgestaltung ist vorgesehen, dass das Reaktorgehäuse eine innere Ausmauerung mit einer diese auch im Bereich der Flanschverbindung zwischen Muffelgehäuse und Reaktorgehäuse umgebenden Außendämmung aufweist, und zwar dergestalt, dass die Flanschverschraubung zwischen Reaktorgehäuse und Muffelgehäuse im Bereich außerhalb der reaktorgehäuseseitigen Wärmedämmung liegt bzw. im kalten Bereich außerhalb der reaktorgehäuseseitigen Wärmedämmung liegt. Dadurch kommt es in diesem Verbindungsbereich zu keiner wesentlichen Wärmeleitung nach außen und sind somit die Verschraubungen nicht heiß.According to a particularly preferred specific embodiment, it is provided that the reactor housing has an inner lining with an outer insulation surrounding it also in the area of the flange connection between the muffle housing and the reactor housing, namely such that the flange connection between the reactor housing and muffle housing lies in the area outside the thermal insulation on the reactor housing side ., Is in the cold area outside the reactor housing side insulation. As a result, there is no significant heat conduction to the outside in this connection region and thus the screw connections are not hot.

Mit der erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrensführung wird ein Verfahren zur Vergasung von Brennstoffen gemäß Anspruch 18 vorgeschlagen.The method according to the invention proposes a method for the gasification of fuels according to claim 18.

Die sich mit einer derartigen erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrensführung ergebenden Vorteile wurden bereits zuvor in Verbindung mit der Beschreibung des erfindungsgemäßen Reaktors ausführlich dargestellt, so dass an dieser Stelle auf die zuvor gemachten Ausführungen verwiesen wird.The advantages resulting from such process control according to the invention have already been described in detail in connection with the description of the reactor according to the invention, so that reference is made at this point to the statements made above.

Besonders bevorzugt ist hierbei eine Verfahrensführung, bei der das Gas am unteren Muffelrohrende umgelenkt wird. Bevorzugt wird hier der verbleibende Kohlenstoff mittels umfangsseitig beabstandet an einem Rostteller des Rostes angeordneter Verteilelemente, insbesondere nach oben abragener rosttellerseitiger Verteilstangen, im unteren Reaktorbereich verteilt. Gegebenenfalls ist dies aber auch ohne Verteilstangen möglich, wenn die Distanz zwischen Muffelrohrende und Rost erhöht wird. Auch hier wurden die damit erzielbaren Vorteile bereits zuvor ausführlich dargestellt.Particularly preferred in this case is a process control in which the gas is deflected at the lower end of the muffle tube. Here, the remaining carbon is preferably distributed by means of circumferentially spaced distributing elements arranged on a grate plate of the grate, in particular upwardly projecting grate-side distributing rods, in the lower reactor region. If necessary, this is also possible without distribution bars, if the distance between muffle tube end and grate is increased. Here, too, the advantages that can be achieved have already been described in detail.

Desweiteren wird gemäß einer besonders bevorzugten erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrensführung vorgeschlagen, dass eine Luftzuführung in einem, einen Reaktionsraum ausbildenden unteren Reaktorbereich so gesteuert und/oder geregelt wird, dass das den unteren Reaktorbereich und damit die autotherme Vergasungszone verlassende sowie in den muffelgehäuseseitigen Ringspalt einströmende Gas eine Temperatur von wenigstens 1.050°C aufweist. In diesem Zusammenhang ist vorgesehen, dass die Luftzuführung außerhalb der allothermen Vergasungszone und außerhalb des Muffelrohres in einen das untere Muffelrohrende umgebenden Reaktionsraum des unteren Reaktorbereichs, vorzugsweise in einem in Hochachsenrichtung oberen Teilbereich, insbesondere in einem oberen Verbreiterungsbereich, des Reaktionsraumes erfolgt. Die Luftzuführung erfolgt vorzugsweise mittels einer Randluftzufuhr mittels mehrerer umfangsseitig voneinander beabstandeter Lufteinlassöffnungen bzw. Luftdüsen. Zusätzlich dazu kann die Luft bzw. das Vergasungsmittel jedoch auch über eine Luftzuführeinrichtung am Rost zugeführt werden.Furthermore, according to a particularly preferred process control according to the invention, it is proposed that an air feed in a lower reactor region forming a reaction space be controlled and / or regulated such that the gas leaving the lower reactor region and thus the autothermal gasification zone and flowing into the muffle housing side annular gap has a temperature of at least 1050 ° C has. In this context it is envisaged that the air supply outside the allothermal Gasification zone and outside of the muffle tube in a surrounding the lower end of the muffle tube reaction space of the lower reactor region, preferably in a high axis direction upper portion, in particular in an upper broadening range, of the reaction space. The air supply preferably takes place by means of an edge air supply by means of a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart air inlet openings or air nozzles. In addition, however, the air or the gasification agent can also be supplied via an air supply to the grate.

Ferner für einen Ascheausbrand gemäß einer besonders bevorzugten Verfahrensführung eine Luftzuführung im Bereich des Rostes vorgesehen. Auch hier wird bezüglich der sich dadurch ergebenden Vorteile wieder auf die bereits zuvor gemachten Ausführungen verwiesen.Furthermore, an ash supply in accordance with a particularly preferred process control provided an air supply in the region of the grate. Here, too, reference is made to the previously made statements with regard to the resulting advantages.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand einer Zeichnung beispielhaft näher erläutert.The invention will be explained in more detail by way of example with reference to a drawing.

Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
schematisch eine prinzipielle Schnittansicht eines erfindungsgemäßen Reaktors, und
Fig. 2
schematisch eine alternative Flanschanbindung des Muffelrohres am Muffelgehäuse.
Show it:
Fig. 1
schematically a schematic sectional view of a reactor according to the invention, and
Fig. 2
schematically an alternative flange connection of the muffle tube to the muffle housing.

In der Fig. 1 ist schematisch eine Schnittansicht einer beispielhaften Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Reaktors 1 gezeigt, der als unteren Reaktorbereich ein Reaktorgehäuse 2 aufweist, das eine einen Reaktionsraum 3 bereichsweise begrenzende innere Ausmauerung 4 aufweist und in dem bodenseitig ein Rost 5 aufgenommen und angeordnet ist. Das Reaktorgehäuse 2 ist zudem außenseitig mit einer Wärmedämmung 6 versehen.In the Fig. 1 1 is a schematic sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of a reactor 1 according to the invention, which has a reactor housing 2 as a lower reactor area, which has a inner lining 4 delimiting a reaction space 3 in regions and in which a grate 5 is received and arranged on the bottom side. The reactor housing 2 is also provided on the outside with a thermal insulation 6.

Der bodenseitig im Reaktionsraum 3 des Reaktorgehäuses 2 angeordnete Rost 5 weist einen mittels eines Rostantriebs 7 drehantreibbaren Rostteller 8 mit einem von diesem nach oben in Hochachsenrichtung z abragenden Rostkegel 9 auf, wobei der Rostteller 8 in einem mit dem Reaktorgehäuse 2 verbundenen Rostgehäuse 10 gelagert ist.The bottom side arranged in the reaction chamber 3 of the reactor housing 2 grate 5 has a rotatably driven by means of a grate drive 7 grate plate 8 with a projecting from this upwards in the vertical direction z grate 9, wherein the Grate plate 8 is mounted in a connected to the reactor housing 2 grate housing 10.

Randseitig sind am Rostteller 8 mehrere umfangsseitig voneinander beabstandete Verteilstangen 11 angeordnet, die vom Rostteller 8 weg nach oben in den Reaktionsraum 3 einragen.On the edge of the grate plate 8 a plurality of circumferentially spaced distribution bars 11 are arranged, which project away from the grate plate 8 upwards into the reaction space 3.

Am Rostgehäuse 10 mündet eine Luftzuführleitung 12, mittels der Luft 13 oder jedes andere geeignete Vergasungsmittel in den Bereich des Rostes 5 zugeführt werden kann, um dort insbesondere den Ascheausbrand sicherzustellen.On the grate housing 10 opens an air supply line 12, can be supplied by means of the air 13 or any other suitable gasification agent in the region of the grate 5, in order to ensure there in particular ash ash.

Ferner ist am Rostgehäuse 10 noch eine hier lediglich schematisch gezeigte Ascheaustragseinrichtung 14 gelagert bzw. angeordnet, mittels der Asche 15 vom Rost 5 entfernt werden kann.Furthermore, a ash discharge device 14, which is only shown schematically here, is mounted or arranged on the grate housing 10 by means of which the ash 15 can be removed from the grate 5.

Das Reaktorgehäuse 2 weist weiter in einem in Hochachsenrichtung z oberen Gehäusebereich eine Muffelrohraufnahmeöffnung 16 auf, über die ein hier bevorzugt und beispielhaft zylindrisches Muffelrohr 17 mit einem unteren Muffelrohrende 18 bis in den Bereich des Rostkegels 9 und damit des bodenseitigen Rosts 5 geführt ist, wobei die Verteilstangen 11 beabstandet um das untere Muffelrohrende 18 herum angeordnet sind.The reactor housing 2 further has a muffle tube receiving opening 16 in a housing region in the vertical axis direction z, via which a preferably cylindrical muffle tube 17 with a lower muffle tube end 18 is guided into the region of the grate cone 9 and thus of the bottom grate 5, wherein the Distributed rods 11 spaced around the lower muffle tube end 18 are arranged around.

Das Muffelrohr 17 ist mit einem in Hochachsenrichtung z oberen Muffelrohrbereich 19, unter Ausbildung eines in den Reaktionsraum 3 und damit das Reaktorgehäuse 2 mündenden Ringspaltes 20, in einem, ein Muffelgehäuse 21 ausbildenden oberen Reaktorbereich des Reaktors 1 aufgenommen. Auch das Muffelgehäuse 21 kann durch eine Ausmauerung gebildet sein.The muffle tube 17 is accommodated with a muffle tube region 19 in the vertical axis direction z, forming an annular gap 20 opening into the reaction space 3 and thus the reactor housing 2, in an upper reactor region of the reactor 1 forming a muffle housing 21. Also, the muffle housing 21 may be formed by a lining.

Auch dieses Muffelgehäuse 21, das hier eine beispielhaft zylindrische Form aufweist, ist mit einer Wärmedämmung 6 umgeben.This muffle housing 21, which has an exemplary cylindrical shape here, is surrounded by a thermal insulation 6.

Das Muffelgehäuse 21 ist mit dem Reaktorgehäuse 2 mittels einer hier lediglich äußerst schematisch dargestellten Flanschverbindung 22 verbunden, wobei, wie aus der Figur 1 gut ersichtlich ist, die Schrauben 23 dieser Flanschverbindung 22 außerhalb der Wärmedämmung 6 liegen, und damit in einem kühlen und gut zugänglichen Bereich des Reaktors 1 liegen.The muffle housing 21 is connected to the reactor housing 2 by means of a flange connection 22 shown here only extremely schematically, wherein, as shown in FIG FIG. 1 clearly visible, the screws 23 of this flange 22nd lie outside the insulation 6, and thus lie in a cool and easily accessible area of the reactor 1.

Der Ringspalt 20, der hier als vollständig um das Muffelrohr 17 umlaufender Ringspalt ausgebildet ist, mündet im Bereich der Muffelrohraufnahmeöffnung 16 in das Reaktorgehäuse 2 bzw. in den Reaktionsraum 3 ein, wodurch die sich im Reaktionsraum 3 ansammelnden Gase letztendlich in den Ringspalt 20 einströmen und entlang des Muffelrohrs 17 bzw. insbesondere des oberen Muffelrohrbereichs 19 zu einer bevorzugt kopfseitig am Muffelgehäuse 21 angeordneten Gasauslassöffnung 24 strömen können.The annular gap 20, which is embodied here as an annular gap which completely surrounds the muffle tube 17, opens into the reactor housing 2 or into the reaction space 3 in the area of the muffle tube receiving opening 16, whereby the gases accumulating in the reaction space 3 ultimately flow into the annular gap 20 and along the muffle tube 17 and in particular of the upper muffle tube portion 19 to a preferably on the head side of the muffle housing 21 arranged gas outlet opening 24 can flow.

Der das freie Muffelrohrende 18 bevorzugt ringförmig bzw. zylindrisch umgebende Reaktionsraum 3 des Reaktorgehäuses 2, der eine Aufheiz- und Durchmischungszone ausbildet, in der sich die allothermen und autothermen Brenn- bzw. Produktgase vor dem Übertritt in den Ringspalt aufheizen und durchmischen können, weist in einem oberen Reaktionsraumbereich optional eine sich hier beispielhaft nach oben in Richtung Muffelgehäuse 21 konisch erweiternde Verbreiterung 25 auf, die sich ungefähr vom oberen Ende der optionalen Verteilstangen 11 ausgehend im Bereich der inneren Ausmauerung 4 nach oben bis zu einer hier als Randluftzufuhr ausgebildeten Luftzuführeinrichtung 26 stetig verbreitert. Diese, mit Bezug zum Reaktionsraum 3, obere Luftzuführeinrichtung 26 besteht beispielsweise aus einer hier beispielhaft als Ringleitung ausgebildeten zweiten Luftzuführleitung 27, von der ausgehend Luft (bzw. jedes andere geeignete Vergasungsmittel) über mehrere voneinander in Umfangsrichtung des Reaktionsraums 3 beabstandete Luftdüsen 28 gesteuert bzw. geregelt mittels einer hier nicht im Detail dargestellten Steuer- und/oder Regelungseinrichtung in den Reaktionsraum 3 zugedüst werden kann. Es versteht sich, dass mittels dieser Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung bzw. auch mittels einer separaten Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung auch die Zuführung der Luft bzw. des Vergasungsmittels über die erste Luftzuführleitung 12 im Bereich des Rostes 5 gesteuert bzw. geregelt werden kann, um für den eine autotherme Vergasungszone ausbildenden Reaktionsraum 3 ein geeignetes Luft- und damit Temperaturmanagement erreichen zu können.The free end of the muffle tube 18 preferably annular or cylindrical surrounding the reaction chamber 3 of the reactor housing 2, which forms a heating and mixing zone in which the allothermic and autothermal fuel or product gases can heat up and pass before passing into the annular gap, points in an upper reaction space area optionally broadening 25, which here widens conically upwards in the direction of muffle housing 21, which widens approximately from the upper end of the optional distribution bars 11 in the region of the inner lining 4 up to an air feed device 26 designed here as an edge air supply , This, with reference to the reaction space 3, upper air supply means 26 consists for example of a here exemplified as a ring line second air supply 27, from which air (or any other suitable gasification agent) controlled by a plurality of spaced apart circumferentially of the reaction chamber 3 air nozzles 28 can be controlled by means of a control and / or regulating device not shown in detail in the reaction chamber 3. It is understood that by means of this control and / or regulating device or by means of a separate control and / or regulating device, the supply of air or the gasification agent via the first air supply line 12 in the region of the grate 5 can be controlled or regulated in order to be able to achieve a suitable air and thus temperature management for the reaction space 3 forming an autothermal gasification zone.

Wie dies der Figur 1 weiter entnommen werden kann, ist im Bereich des Ringspalts 20 eine Gasleitspirale 29 angeordnet, die zum Beispiel weder mit dem Muffelgehäuse 21 noch mit dem Muffelrohr 17 verbunden ist, sondern ein eigenständiges, separates Bauteil darstellt, das zum Beispiel in nachfolgend noch näher beschriebener Weise im bzw. am Reaktor gehaltert ist, zum Beispiel am Rost 5. Grundsätzlich kann aber diese Gasleitspirale 29 auch mit dem Muffelrohr 17 und/oder mit dem Innenwandbereich des Muffelgehäuses 21 wenigstens bereichsweise verbunden sein.Like this one FIG. 1 can be removed, in the region of the annular gap 20, a Gasleitspirale 29 is arranged, which is connected, for example, neither with the muffle housing 21 nor with the muffle tube 17, but an independent, separate component, which, for example, in the manner described in more detail in the In principle, however, this gas-conducting spiral 29 can also be connected at least in regions to the muffle tube 17 and / or to the inner wall region of the muffle housing 21.

Diese Gasleitspirale 29 erstreckt sich hier im Wesentlichen über den gesamten im Muffelgehäuse 21 aufgenommenen oberen Muffelrohrbereich 19 bis zur kopfseitig des Muffelgehäuses 21 angeordneten Gasauslassöffnung 24, wodurch sichergestellt ist, dass das aus dem Reaktorgehäuse 2 bzw. dem Reaktionsraum 3 in den Ringspalt 20 einströmende heiße Gas, das eine Temperatur von bevorzugt größer 1.050°C aufweist, einen ausreichend langen Strömungskontakt mit dem Muffelrohr 17 im oberen Muffelrohrbereich 19 aufweist. Dies insbesondere auch zur Einstellung einer turbulenten Strömung entlang des Muffelrohrs 17 bis zur Gasauslassöffnung 24, so dass ein ausreichend hoher Wärmeübergang zwischen dem heißen Gas und dem eine allotherme Vergasungszone ausbildenden oberen Muffelrohrbereich 19, in dem der hier nicht dargestellte, zu vergasende Brennstoff als Brennstoffschicht im Bereich oberhalb des Rostkegels 9 aufgenommen ist, sichergestellt ist.This Gasleitspirale 29 extends here substantially over the entire received in the muffle housing 21 upper muffle tube portion 19 to the head side of the muffle housing 21 arranged gas outlet opening 24, which ensures that the flowing from the reactor housing 2 and the reaction chamber 3 in the annular gap 20 hot gas , which has a temperature of preferably greater than 1050 ° C, has a sufficiently long flow contact with the muffle tube 17 in the upper muffle tube portion 19. This in particular also for setting a turbulent flow along the muffle tube 17 to the gas outlet opening 24, so that a sufficiently high heat transfer between the hot gas and the allotherm gasification zone forming upper muffle tube portion 19, in which not shown here, to be gasified fuel as a fuel layer in Area is recorded above the grate cone 9, is ensured.

Wie dies der Fig. 1 weiter entnommen werden kann, sind in Erstreckungsrichtung benachbarte Wendelbereiche 30 der Gasleitspirale 29 abschnittsweise durch voneinander in Wendelrichtung beabstandete Stützstäbe 31, die einen definiert geringen Strömungswiderstand aufweisen, versteift.Like this one Fig. 1 can be further removed, in the extension direction adjacent helix portions 30 of the gas-conducting spiral 29 sections by stiffened by helically spaced support rods 31, which have a defined low flow resistance stiffened.

Im in der Fig. 1 gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel weist das Muffelgehäuse 21 eine obere Reaktoröffnung 32 auf, über die das Muffelrohr in das Muffelgehäuse 21 und damit in den Reaktorinnenraum einsetzbar ist, wobei das Muffelrohr 17 mit einem die obere Reaktoröffnung 32 überragenden oberen Muffelrohrende 33 in einem ebenfalls mit einer Wärmedämmung 6 versehenen Kopfteil 34 aufgenommen ist, mittels dem die obere Reaktoröffnung 32 verschließbar ist.I'm in the Fig. 1 In the embodiment shown, the muffle housing 21 has an upper reactor opening 32, via which the muffle tube can be inserted into the muffle housing 21 and thus into the reactor interior, wherein the muffle tube 17 is provided with an upper muffle tube end 33 projecting above the upper reactor opening 32 in a likewise provided with a heat insulation 6 Head part 34 is received, by means of which the upper reactor opening 32 is closed.

In dieses Kopfteil 34 mündet eine als Zudosierschnecke 35 ausgebildete Brennstoff-Zudosiereinrichtung ein, über die, zum Beispiel wiederum geregelt bzw. gesteuert mittels der hier nicht dargestellten Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung, eine definierte Menge an Brennstoff 36 zu vorgegebenen Zeiten in vorgegebener Menge in den Reaktorinnenraum des Reaktors 1 eingebracht werden kann, um die muffelrohrseitige zu vergasende Brennstoffschicht auszubilden.A fuel metering device designed as a metering screw 35 opens into this head part 34, via which, for example, in turn regulated or controlled by means of the control and / or regulating device, not shown here, a defined amount of fuel 36 at predetermined times in a predetermined amount in the reactor interior of the reactor 1 can be introduced to form the muffle tube side to be gasified fuel layer.

Das Kopfteil 34 ist ebenfalls wiederum mit einer außenseitigen Flanschverbindung 37 mit dem Muffelgehäuse 21 verbunden, wobei am Kopfteil 34 ferner ein oberer Deckel 38 angeordnet sein kann, der eine kopfteilseitige Zugangsöffnung verschließt, über die ein Zugang zum Mündungsbereich der Zudosierschnecke 35 möglich ist.The head part 34 is in turn also connected to the muffle housing 21 with an outside flange connection 37, wherein an upper cover 38 can also be arranged on the head part 34, which closes a head part-side access opening, via which access to the mouth region of the metering screw 35 is possible.

Mit einem derartigen modular aufgebauten Reaktor 1 kann bei einer Entfernung des Kopfteils 34 das Muffelrohr 17 zusammen mit diesem einfach aus dem Muffelgehäuse 21 entfernt werden. Weiter ist nach einer Entfernung des Muffelgehäuses 21 und/oder des Rostgehäuses 10 auch ein sehr guter Zugang zum Reaktionsraum 3 des Reaktorgehäuses 2 möglich. Dadurch ergibt sich insbesondere im Hinblick auf Wartungs- und Revisionsarbeiten eine erhebliche Flexibilität, die insgesamt zu einem wartungs- und bedienerfreundlichen Reaktor 1 führt, ohne dass hierbei erforderliche Sicherheitsmaßnahmen beeinträchtigt werden würden.With a modular reactor 1 of this type, the muffle tube 17 can be easily removed from the muffle housing 21 together with it when the head part 34 is removed. Furthermore, after a removal of the muffle housing 21 and / or the grate housing 10, a very good access to the reaction space 3 of the reactor housing 2 is also possible. This results in particular in terms of maintenance and inspection work a considerable flexibility, which leads to a total maintenance-friendly and user-friendly reactor 1, without this required safety measures would be affected.

Die durch ein separates Bauteil gebildete Gasleitspirale 29 kann dabei im Bereich der Flanschverbindung 37 zwischen Kopfteil 34 und Muffelgehäuse 21 festgelegt sein oder aber gegebenenfalls auch direkt mit dem Kopfteil verbunden sein. Ebenso könnte die Gasleitspirale 29 aber auch mit dem Rost 5 beziehungsweise dem Rostkegel 9 verbunden sein.The Gasleitspirale 29 formed by a separate component can be defined in the region of the flange 37 between the head part 34 and muffle housing 21 or optionally also be connected directly to the head part. Likewise, however, the gas-conducting spiral 29 could also be connected to the grate 5 or the grate cone 9.

Alternativ zu der eben beschriebenen Ausgestaltung des oberen Muffelrohrendes 33, das im Kopfteil 34 aufgenommen ist bzw. das die Innenwandung des Kopfteils 34 ausbildet, kann aber auch vorgesehen sein, dass das obere Muffelrohrende 33 selbst das Kopfteil bildet oder, wie dies lediglich äußerst schematisch in der Fig. 2 gezeigt ist, dass das Muffelrohr 17 nicht bis in das Kopfteil 34 geführt ist, sondern mittels eines Muffelrohrflansches 39 an einem Befestigungsflanschbereich 40 des Muffelgehäuses 21 festgelegt ist, und zwar bevorzugt dergestalt, dass der Muffelrohrflansch 39 zwischen dem Befestigungsflanschbereich 40 des Muffelgehäuses 21 und einem Kopfteilflansch 41 des Kopfteils 34 verklemmt wird. In Verbindung mit einer derartigen Ausführungsform kann dann die zum Beispiel durch ein separates Bauteil gebildete Gasleitspirale 29 ebenfalls im Bereich dieser Flanschverbindung festgelegt sein, was in der Fig. 2 lediglich schematisch und strichliert eingezeichnet ist. In Verbindung mit dieser in der Fig. 2 gezeigten Ausführungsform sei ferner noch erwähnt, dass bei einer derartigen separaten Ausbildung des Kopfteils 34 einerseits und des Muffelrohrs 17 andererseits, keine Stufen oder Kanten entstehen, die die Zudosierung des zu vergasenden Brennstoffes in das Muffelrohr 17 hinein beeinträchtigen. Bevorzugt ist hierbei, wie in der Fig. 2 schematisch dargestellt, ein in Hochachsenrichtung bzw. Erstreckungsrichtung des Muffelrohrs 17 gesehen glatter Übergang zwischen Muffelrohr 17 und Kopfteilinnenwand. Besonders bevorzugt ist jedoch eine Ausführung, in der das Kopfteil 34 im Durchmesser geringfügig kleiner ist, als das Muffelrohr 17.As an alternative to the previously described embodiment of the upper muffle tube end 33, which is received in the head part 34 or which forms the inner wall of the head part 34, it can also be provided that the upper muffle tube end 33 itself forms the head part or, as shown only very schematically in FIG the Fig. 2 is shown that the muffle tube 17 is not guided into the head part 34, but by means of a Muffelrohrflansches 39 is fixed to a mounting flange 40 of the muffle housing 21, preferably such that the Muffelrohrflansch 39 between the mounting flange portion 40 of Muffelgehäuses 21 and a headboard flange 41 of the head part 34 is clamped. In conjunction with such an embodiment, the gas guide coil 29 formed, for example, by a separate component can then likewise be fixed in the region of this flange connection, which is described in the German patent application no Fig. 2 is shown only schematically and dashed. In conjunction with this in the Fig. 2 embodiment shown may also be mentioned that in such a separate formation of the head part 34 on the one hand and the muffle tube 17 on the other hand, no steps or edges arise that affect the metered addition of the fuel to be gasified in the muffle tube 17 inside. Preferred here is, as in the Fig. 2 shown schematically, seen in the vertical axis direction or extension direction of the muffle tube 17 smooth transition between muffle tube 17 and headboard inner wall. However, an embodiment in which the head part 34 is slightly smaller in diameter than the muffle tube 17 is particularly preferred.

Mit einem derartig aufgebauten Reaktor 1 wird erreicht, dass der zu vergasende Brennstoff in dem eine allotherme Vergasungszone ausbildenden oberen Muffelrohrbereich 19 zumindest teilweise mittels des über den muffelgehäuseseitigen Ringspalt 20 zum Gasauslass bzw. zur Gasauslassöffnung 24 strömenden Gases getrocknet bzw. aufgeheizt, dann pyrolysiert und anschließend reduziert wird, wobei die Reduktion mit Wasserdampf aus der Trocknungs- bzw. Aufheizzone erfolgt.With a reactor 1 constructed in this way, the gas to be gasified in the upper muffle tube region 19 forming an allothermal gasification zone is at least partially dried or heated by means of the gas flowing through the muffle housing-side annular gap 20 to the gas outlet or to the gas outlet opening 24, then pyrolysed and then is reduced, wherein the reduction is carried out with steam from the drying or heating zone.

Am unteren Muffelrohrende 18 wird das Gas dann nach oben umgelenkt und der verbleibende Kohlenstoff mit den Verteilstangen 11 gleichmäßig im rostseitigen Bereich des Reaktionsraums 3 des Reaktorgehäuses 2 verteilt, wobei gleichzeitig über den Rost 5 Luft bzw. ein entsprechendes Vergasungsmittel über die erste Luftzuführleitung 12 zugeführt wird, um den Ascheausbrand im Reaktor sicherzustellen. Dabei entsteht neben Wärme vor allem auch Kohlendioxid für die im Reaktionsraum 3 des Reaktorgehäuses 2 ausgebildete autotherme Vergasungszone, in die entsprechend gesteuert bzw. geregelt mittels der Steuer- und/oder Regeleinrichtung so viel Luft über die Luftzuführeinrichtung 26 und damit die Luftdüsen 28 in den Verbreiterungsbereich 25 des Reaktionsraum 3 eingeblasen wird, dass sich dort die Temperatur des Gases auf mindestens 1050 °Celsius erhöht und somit dadurch die im Gas enthaltenen Teere, vorzugsweise im Wesentlichen vollständig, gecrackt werden können. Die hierfür erforderliche Luftzufuhr kann grundsätzlich aber auch ausschließlich über die erste Luftzuführleitung 12 bewerkstelligt werden.At the lower end of the muffle tube 18, the gas is then deflected upwards and the remaining carbon is evenly distributed with the distribution rods 11 in the region of the reaction chamber 3 of the reactor housing 2, whereby air or a corresponding gasification agent is simultaneously supplied via the grate 5 via the first air supply line 12 to ensure ash ash in the reactor. In addition to heat above all, carbon dioxide is also formed for the autothermal gasification zone formed in the reaction chamber 3 of the reactor housing 2, in which appropriately controlled or regulated by the control and / or regulating device so much air through the air supply means 26 and thus the air nozzles 28 in the widening region 25 of the reaction chamber 3 is blown that there raises the temperature of the gas to at least 1050 ° C and thus thereby the tars contained in the gas, preferably substantially completely, can be cracked. The air supply required for this purpose can, however, basically also be accomplished exclusively via the first air supply line 12.

Die optionale Verbreiterung 25 des Reaktionsraums 3 im ringspaltnahen Bereich bewirkt dabei zudem die Abscheidung von Partikeln aus dem Gas, so dass ein in einem definierten Maße partikelfreies heißes Gas in den Ringspalt 20 einströmt und bei seinem Weg entlang des Muffelrohrs 17 nach oben in Richtung Gasauslassöffnung 24 unter Wärmeabgabe an den oberen Muffelrohrbereich 19 abkühlt.The optional widening 25 of the reaction space 3 in the region near the annular gap also causes the separation of particles from the gas, so that a particle-free hot gas flows into the annular gap 20 in a defined extent and upwards in the direction of the gas outlet opening 24 as it travels along the muffle tube 17 cools with heat to the upper Muffelrohrbereich 19.

Dadurch wird somit erreicht, dass relativ kühles und reines Rohgas 43 als Nutzgas aus dem Reaktor 1 abgezogen und einer weiteren Verwertung zugeführt werden kann, insbesondere in einem Gasmotor zur Energieerzeugung verbrannt werden kann.As a result, it is thus achieved that relatively cool and pure raw gas 43 can be withdrawn as useful gas from the reactor 1 and fed to a further utilization, in particular can be burned in a gas engine for energy production.

Die Temperatur des Rohgases 43 kann dabei im Bereich von ca. 250°Celsius liegen, so dass der erforderliche Nachbehandlungsaufwand erheblich reduziert ist.The temperature of the raw gas 43 may be in the range of about 250 ° Celsius, so that the required post-treatment effort is significantly reduced.

Weiter kann im Muffelrohr 17 ein hier länglich bzw. zylinderartig und in der Art eines Turms ausgebildetes Rührwerk 44 angeordnet sein, von dem hier beispielhaft mehrere Rührstäbe 45 abragen. Das Rührwerk 44 ist hier beispielhaft mit dem Rostkegel 9 drehfest verbunden, so dass bei einem Drehen des Rosttellers 8 gleichzeitig auch das Rührwerk 44 betätigt bzw. drehangetrieben wird. Dadurch lässt sich eine gute Umverteilung bzw. Vermischung in der zu vergasenden Biomasse erzielen. Alternativ oder zusätzlich dazu kann sich die Rühr- und/oder Mischeinrichtung 44 aber auch von der in Hochachsenrichtung gesehen Ober- bzw. Kopfseite des Muffelrohres 17 her in das Muffelrohr 17 einragen. Lediglich beispielhaft ist in der Fig. 1 strichliert eingezeichnet, dass eine Rühr- und/oder Mischeinrichtung 44 von dem Kopfteil 38 her in Hochachsenrichtung nach unten in das Muffelrohr 17 einragt und sich hier ebenfalls wiederum lediglich beispielhaft im Wesentlichen über die gesamte Muffelrohrlänge erstreckt. Der Drehantrieb dieser Rühr- und/oder Mischeinrichtung 44 ist hier nicht eingezeichnet, kann aber ebenfalls am Kopfteil angeordnet sein.Further, in the muffle tube 17 here an elongated or cylinder-like and designed in the manner of a tower agitator 44 may be arranged, protrude by way of example, a plurality of stirring rods 45 here. The agitator 44 is here for example rotatably connected to the grate cone 9, so that when turning the grate plate 8 at the same time the agitator 44 is actuated or rotated. This makes it possible to achieve a good redistribution or mixing in the biomass to be gasified. Alternatively or additionally, however, the stirring and / or mixing device 44 may also protrude into the muffle tube 17 from the upper or head side of the muffle tube 17 viewed in the vertical axis direction. For example only is in the Fig. 1 indicated by dashed lines, that a stirring and / or mixing device 44 protrudes from the head part 38 in the direction of the vertical axis down into the muffle tube 17 and here also again, for example only, extends substantially over the entire muffle tube length. The rotary drive of this stirring and / or mixing device 44 is not shown here, but may also be arranged on the head part.

Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Reaktor und mit der erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrensführung kann somit sichergestellt werden, dass alles das, was über die rostseitige Ascheaustragseinrichtung 14 abgezogen wird, auch im Wesentlichen vollständig ausgebrannt ist, so dass die Asche weniger umweltschädlich ist und zudem der Wirkungsgrad der Gesamtanlage erheblich erhöht ist.With the reactor according to the invention and with the process control according to the invention can thus be ensured that everything that is about the rust-side ash discharge device 14 is withdrawn, is also completely burned out completely, so that the ash is less harmful to the environment and also the efficiency of the entire system is considerably increased.

Claims (18)

  1. Reactor (1) for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass,
    having a reactor interior,
    having at least one fuel-dosing device (35) for dosing fuel (36) to be gasified into the reactor interior,
    having a grate (5) which is arranged in the reactor interior, preferably on the bottom side, and on which the fuel (36) which is dosed into the reactor interior and is to be gasified rests,
    having at least one air-feeding device (12, 26) for feeding air into the reactor interior, and
    having at least one gas outlet (24) for removing from the reactor interior the gas generated in the reactor interior,
    wherein, in the reactor interior, there is provided a muffle pipe (17) which is arranged above the grate (5) and which preferably extends in the vertical axis direction and in which the fuel (36) to be gasified is received,
    wherein the muffle pipe (17) opens out with a lower grate-side muffle pipe end (18) in the vertical axis direction into a lower reactor region (2) which is able to be subjected to the action of air from the at least one air-feeding device directly or indirectly and which is in the form of an autothermal gasification zone and in which the fuel to be gasified oxidizes, and
    wherein the muffle pipe (17) is, with an upper muffle pipe region (19) in the vertical axis direction, received in an upper reactor region, which forms a muffle housing (21), with an annular gap (20) which opens out into the lower reactor region (2) being formed, such that the gas exiting the muffle pipe (17) in the region of the lower muffle pipe end (18) enters the muffle housing-side annular gap (20) and, in the annular gap (20), flows, with a release of heat, along and/or around the upper muffle pipe region (19) at least regionally, with the result that the latter forms an allothermal gasification zone for the heating, pyrolysis and reduction of the fuel to be gasified,
    characterized
    in that, by means of the air-feeding device (26), air outside the allothermal gasification zone and outside the muffle pipe (17) is able to be introduced into a reaction chamber (3), surrounding the lower muffle pipe end (18), of the lower reactor region (2).
  2. Reactor according to Claim 1, characterized in that at least one flow-guiding element (29) is arranged in the annular gap (20) around the upper muffle pipe region (19), by means of which a turbulent flow is able to be imparted to the gas flowing into the annular gap (20).
  3. Reactor according to Claim 2, characterized in that the at least one flow-guiding element is formed by a gas-guiding spiral (29) which, at least regionally and/or at least partially, winds around a sub-region of the upper muffle pipe region in a spiral-shaped manner in the annular gap (20), preferably is formed by a gas-guiding spiral (29) which extends along the entire annular gap (20) and/or upper muffle pipe region (19).
  4. Reactor according to Claim 3, characterized in that the gas-guiding spiral (29) is formed by a component which is arranged in a manner positionally fixed in the annular gap (20) and which is able to be connected or is connected in particular to the muffle housing (21) such that the muffle pipe (17) is able to be displaced and/or is able to be rotated relative to the gas-guiding spiral (29) or that the gas-guiding spiral (29) is connected to the grate (5), in particular to a grate (5) in the form of a rotatable grate.
  5. Reactor according to Claim 3 or 4, characterized in that winding regions (30) of the gas-guiding spiral (29), which are adjacent in the direction of extent, are reinforced sectionally by support elements (31) which are spaced apart from one another in the winding direction, preferably by support rods having a definedly small flow resistance.
  6. Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the preferably cylindrically formed muffle housing (21) has at least one gas outlet opening (24) which opens out into the annular gap, preferably such that at least one gas outlet opening (24) opening out into the annular gap in the region of the upper muffle pipe end is provided and/or that multiple gas outlet openings arranged along the annular gap at different heights are provided.
  7. Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the muffle housing (21) has a head-side reactor opening (32) via which the muffle pipe (17) is able to be inserted into the reactor interior, wherein the muffle pipe (17) is able to be fixed to the muffle housing (21) by way of at least one muffle pipe-side fastening device (37), in particular by way of a muffle pipe flange (39), in particular the head part (34) is fastened to a fastening flange region (40) of the muffle housing (21), with clamping of the muffle pipe flange (39), by means of a head part flange, and
    in that the head-side reactor opening (32) is able to be closed off by means of a head part (34), which is preferably provided with thermal insulation (6) and into which the fuel-dosing device (35), preferably a dosing screw, opens out.
  8. Reactor according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the muffle housing (21) has a head-side reactor opening (32) via which the muffle pipe (17) is able to be inserted into the reactor interior, wherein the muffle pipe (17) projects with an upper muffle pipe end (33) beyond the head-side reactor opening (32) such that the fuel-dosing device (35), preferably a dosing screw, opens out directly into the upper muffle pipe end (33) projecting beyond the head-side reactor opening (32) and/or that the upper muffle pipe end (33) projecting beyond the head-side reactor opening (32) is received in a head part (34) which is preferably provided with thermal insulation (6) and by means of which the head-side reactor opening (32) is able to be closed off and into which the fuel-dosing device (35), preferably a dosing screw, opens out.
  9. Reactor according to Claim 7 or 8, characterized in that the head part (34) is able to be accessed by at least one access opening which is able to be covered by means of a cover.
  10. Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the lower muffle pipe end (18) in the lower reactor region (2) is led as far as the region of the grate (5), which is preferably arranged in the interior of the lower reactor region (2) on the bottom side, preferably into the region of a grate cone (9) of the grate (5), and is surrounded, preferably annularly, by a reaction chamber (3) into which the muffle housing-side annular gap (20) opens out, preferably at a spacing above the lower muffle pipe end (18) in the vertical axis direction, and into which the gas exiting the lower muffle pipe end (18) flows, preferably with diversion around the lower muffle pipe end (18), before it flows, preferably being mixed with gas from the autothermal gasification zone, over into the annular gap (20).
  11. Reactor according to Claim 10, characterized in that the reaction chamber (3) surrounding the lower muffle pipe end (18), preferably cylindrically and/or annularly, has, at least in a sub-region, in particular in an upper reaction chamber region in the vertical axis direction, a widening (25), in particular a widening (25) widening conically towards the top in the direction of the muffle housing (21).
  12. Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, by means of the air-feeding device (26), feeding of air in a circumferentially distributed manner into the reaction chamber (3), preferably in a widened region of the reaction chamber (3), via multiple air inlet openings (28) which are spaced apart from one another in the circumferential direction of the reaction chamber (3) is realized and/or, by means of the air-feeding device (12), air on the grate side is able to be fed, of which air at least a part flows over into the reaction chamber (3).
  13. Reactor according to one of Claims 10 to 12, characterized in that the grate (5), which is preferably arranged in the lower reaction chamber region on the bottom side, has a grate plate (8), preferably with a grate cone (9) projecting therefrom towards the top in the direction of the muffle pipe (17), which grate plate is able to be rotationally driven by means of a grate drive (7), wherein the grate plate (8) is mounted and/or arranged in a grate housing (10) which is able to be connected to the lower reactor region (2), wherein it is preferably provided that, on the edge side of the grate plate (8), there are arranged distributor elements (11), in particular distributor rods, spaced apart from one another circumferentially, wherein it is preferably provided that the distributor rods project away from the grate plate (8) into the reaction chamber (3) towards the top around the lower muffle pipe end (18), and/or that the grate (5) has an air-feeding device (12) by means of which air (13) is able to be fed on the grate side to the grate region, and/or that the grate (5) is coupled to an ash application device (14) or has such a device.
  14. Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, in the muffle pipe (17), which receives the fuel to be gasified at least one stirring and/or mixing device (44) is arranged.
  15. Reactor according to Claim 14, characterized in that the stirring and/or mixing device (44) extends from the top or head side of the muffle pipe (17) as seen in the vertical axis direction, and/or from the bottom or grate side of the muffle pipe (17) as seen in the vertical axis direction, along a defined travel path in the interior of the muffle pipe (17), preferably over substantially the entire muffle pipe length, wherein it is preferably provided that the at least one stirring and/or mixing device (44) has a cylinder-like form, and/or that at least one stirring element (45) projects from the at least one stirring and/or mixing device (44).
  16. Reactor according to Claim 15, characterized in that the at least one mixing and/or stirring device (44) is able to be rotationally driven by means of a drive, in particular such that a stirring and/or mixing device (44) which is introduced into the muffle pipe (17) from the top side of the muffle pipe (17) is able to be rotationally driven by means of a drive arranged in the region of the top side of the muffle pipe (17) and/or that a stirring and/or mixing device (44) which is introduced into the muffle pipe (17) from the bottom side of the muffle pipe (17) is able to be rotationally driven from the grate side, in particular is connected rotationally conjointly to a rotationally driven grate plate (8) of a grate (5), in particular to the grate cone (9) thereof.
  17. Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the muffle housing (21) is formed by a separate component which is connected to the lower reactor region (2), which forms a reactor housing, by means of at least one fastening device (22), preferably by means of a flange connection, wherein preferably it is provided that the reactor housing (2) has a muffle pipe receiving opening (16) through which the lower muffle pipe end (18) projects into the lower reactor region formed by the reactor housing (2), and the reactor housing (2) has a bottom-side grate receiving opening via which the grate is able to be inserted in the lower reactor housing region on the bottom side and is able to be arranged in the region below the lower muffle pipe end (18).
  18. Method for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass, by means of a reactor
    having a reactor interior,
    having at least one fuel-dosing device (35) for dosing fuel (36) to be gasified into the reactor interior,
    having a grate (5) which is arranged in the reactor interior, preferably on the bottom side, and on which the fuel (36) which is dosed into the reactor interior and is to be gasified rests,
    having at least one air-feeding device (12, 26) for feeding air into the reactor interior, and
    having at least one gas outlet (24) for removing from the reactor interior the gas generated in the reactor interior,
    wherein, in the reactor interior, there is provided a muffle pipe (17) which is arranged above the grate (5) and which preferably extends in the vertical axis direction and in which the fuel (36) to be gasified is received,
    wherein the muffle pipe (17) opens out with a lower grate-side muffle pipe end (18) in the vertical axis direction into a lower reactor region (2) which is able to be subjected to the action of air from the at least one air-feeding device directly or indirectly and which is in the form of an autothermal gasification zone and in which the fuel to be gasified oxidizes, and
    wherein the muffle pipe (17) is, with an upper muffle pipe region (19) in the vertical axis direction, received in an upper reactor region, which forms a muffle housing (21), with an annular gap (20) which opens out into the lower reactor region (2) being formed, such that the gas exiting the muffle pipe (17) in the region of the lower muffle pipe end (18) enters the muffle housing-side annular gap (20) and, in the annular gap (20), flows, with a release of heat, along and/or around the upper muffle pipe region (19) at least regionally, with the result that the latter forms an allothermal gasification zone for the heating, pyrolysis and reduction of the fuel to be gasified and the fuel (36) to be gasified is, at least partially by means of the gas flowing via the muffle housing-side annular gap (20) to the gas outlet (24), heated, then pyrolyzed and subsequently reduced, in the upper muffle pipe region (19), which forms an allothermal gasification zone,
    characterized
    in that, by means of the air-feeding device (26), air outside the allothermal gasification zone and outside the muffle pipe (17) is introduced into a reaction chamber (3), surrounding the lower muffle pipe end (18), of the lower reactor region (2).
EP14793451.7A 2013-10-26 2014-10-24 Reactor and method for gasification of fuels Active EP3060630B1 (en)

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DE201310017854 DE102013017854A1 (en) 2013-10-26 2013-10-26 Reactor and process for the gasification of fuels
PCT/EP2014/002880 WO2015058864A1 (en) 2013-10-26 2014-10-24 Reactor and method for gasification of fuels

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US9732291B2 (en) * 2015-05-19 2017-08-15 Tesna Energy Co., Ltd. Biomass gasification system
DE102017009622A1 (en) 2017-10-17 2019-04-18 Latent Energie GbR (vertretungsberechtigte Gesellschafterin: Ionela Jitariu, 19053 Schwerin) Process for the gasification of biomass
WO2019076389A1 (en) 2017-10-17 2019-04-25 Latent Energie Gbr Method and device for the gasification of biomass
DE202017005327U1 (en) 2017-10-17 2018-02-14 Latent Energie GbR (vertretungsberechtigte Gesellschafterin: Ionela Jitariu, 19053 Schwerin) Device for gasification of biomass

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DE3112975A1 (en) * 1981-04-01 1982-10-28 Kernforschungsanlage Jülich GmbH, 5170 Jülich Process for the continuous generation of fuel gas, and shaft furnace for carrying out the process
DE19916931C2 (en) * 1999-03-31 2001-07-05 Deponie Wirtschaft Umweltschut Air supply pipe for a gasifier for generating fuel gas
EP1248828B1 (en) * 2000-01-10 2004-06-23 Adrian Fürst Device and method for the production of fuel gases
DE10037762B4 (en) 2000-03-23 2010-01-28 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Device for generating electricity from biomass by gasification with subsequent catalytic elimination of tar compounds from the fuel gas
DE102007002895B4 (en) * 2006-01-20 2021-08-26 Uwe Athmann Device for wood gasification
ES2690260T3 (en) * 2010-03-15 2018-11-20 Rain Water, Llc Gasification apparatus and procedure
DE102012000746A1 (en) * 2012-01-12 2013-07-18 Eleonore Gatzke Recirculation gas generator for generating e.g. natural gas, has nozzles functioning with blowing agents, and basket grate and cutter grate compressing and cracking carbonization gases in glow zone of rotary grate gas generator

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