EP2982035B1 - Method for starting a variable-speed electric motor - Google Patents

Method for starting a variable-speed electric motor Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2982035B1
EP2982035B1 EP13802605.9A EP13802605A EP2982035B1 EP 2982035 B1 EP2982035 B1 EP 2982035B1 EP 13802605 A EP13802605 A EP 13802605A EP 2982035 B1 EP2982035 B1 EP 2982035B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
motor
frequency
oscillation
electric motor
blockage
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EP13802605.9A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2982035A1 (en
Inventor
Daniel Gontermann
Jochen Schaab
Joachim Schullerer
Manfred Oesterle
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KSB SE and Co KGaA
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KSB SE and Co KGaA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P1/00—Arrangements for starting electric motors or dynamo-electric converters
    • H02P1/02—Details of starting control
    • H02P1/04—Means for controlling progress of starting sequence in dependence upon time or upon current, speed, or other motor parameter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P6/00—Arrangements for controlling synchronous motors or other dynamo-electric motors using electronic commutation dependent on the rotor position; Electronic commutators therefor
    • H02P6/08—Arrangements for controlling the speed or torque of a single motor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P1/00—Arrangements for starting electric motors or dynamo-electric converters
    • H02P1/16—Arrangements for starting electric motors or dynamo-electric converters for starting dynamo-electric motors or dynamo-electric converters
    • H02P1/26—Arrangements for starting electric motors or dynamo-electric converters for starting dynamo-electric motors or dynamo-electric converters for starting an individual polyphase induction motor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/08—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for dynamo-electric motors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P1/00—Arrangements for starting electric motors or dynamo-electric converters
    • H02P1/16—Arrangements for starting electric motors or dynamo-electric converters for starting dynamo-electric motors or dynamo-electric converters
    • H02P1/46—Arrangements for starting electric motors or dynamo-electric converters for starting dynamo-electric motors or dynamo-electric converters for starting an individual synchronous motor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P21/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of electric machines by vector control, e.g. by control of field orientation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for starting a variable-speed electric motor, in particular a synchronous or asynchronous motor, and to an electric motor, in particular synchronous or asynchronous motor itself.
  • Various drives or machines have an electric motor, which performs the required for the function of the machine drive work.
  • blockage of the drive train may occur due to contamination. This problem often arises in electrically operated pump systems, since the funded volume flows flush dirt into the pump or motor housing, which can then lead to a blockage of the pump or motor shaft. Often, blocked pumps or drives are disassembled and cleaned to ensure continued operation. Another possibility is to solve by mechanical force on the shaft of the engine or the work machine, the blockage or to reduce the increased starting torque.
  • the DE 101 33 861 A1 discloses a drive system for pumps with a start-up process, starting with a low torque, which is below the Losbrechmoment is, then each higher torque in changing directions are given.
  • Object of the present invention is therefore to further develop known methods for starting an electric motor, which know how to overcome the above-mentioned problems.
  • a method for starting a variable-speed electric motor is proposed.
  • the actual design of the electric motor is arbitrary, it may be designed, for example, as a single-phase or multi-phase synchronous motor, in particular synchronous reluctance motor.
  • the only condition is the integration of an adjusting means for adjusting the engine speed.
  • the speed can be controlled by means of a frequency converter. Therefore, the method can also be performed on asynchronous motors with frequency converter.
  • the inventive method provides in a first method step to reliably detect a blockage of the motor shaft due to certain operating conditions. If a blockage of the motor shaft is detected, this should be excited with a positive torque. Under a positive torque is that To understand torque that causes a rotational movement in the desired motor direction. On the other hand, a negative torque is understood to mean the rotational movement of the shaft in the reverse direction.
  • the applied positive torque undergoes continuous changes, wherein these continuous changes take place with different frequencies, in order to achieve break-free of the blockage.
  • Essential to the invention is the continuous application of a positive torque. Due to the continuous frequency-variable change in the torque can be achieved by exploiting so-called resonance effects breakaway of the fixed drive shaft. As a result, it is avoided over the methods known from the prior art that, in the case of a breakaway of the rotor shaft, the motor runs under certain circumstances in the wrong direction.
  • the operation of the electric motor, in particular of the synchronous motor is controlled by the applied coil voltage or the coil current flowing through the motor windings of the motor stator.
  • a plurality of coil currents must accordingly be regulated by changing the coil voltage.
  • the individual coil currents can be transferred to a rotor coordinate system with d and q axis.
  • the d-axis extends in the direction of the field generated by the rotor itself.
  • the q-axis perpendicularly crosses the d-axis in the plane of rotor rotation.
  • the excitation of the motor shaft is controlled with a positive torque via the current component I q along the q-axis.
  • the electric motor in particular a synchronous motor, is regulated to a constant value for the current component I q .
  • the constant value used is half the value I q / 2 of the maximum current I q along the q axis.
  • This constant value is then superimposed with a vibration, preferably a periodic vibration, to a continuous change of the positive Torque to reach the breaking of the blockade.
  • the amplitude is chosen so that there is always a positive torque applied to the motor shaft.
  • vibration function in particular periodic vibration function, proves a sine or cosine function or any other periodic oscillation.
  • the frequency of the overlying vibration is preferably varied. As a result, not only is the change in the torque varied, but the speed of change is also varied. This leads to an optimized loose-shaking function which, building on resonance effects, effects an efficient and rapid lifting of the blockade.
  • the frequency is varied within a frequency corridor with minimum and maximum frequencies.
  • the variation can be done in discrete steps or in continuous steps.
  • the amplitude of the superimposition oscillation used is less than or equal to half the maximum value of the current component I q . Consequently, the effective direction of the current component does not change, so that there is always a positive torque.
  • the inventive method is particularly suitable for use in synchronous motors, which provide a sensorless measurement of the electrical angle, in particular Synchronous reluctance motors.
  • the electrical angle here is the angle of the magnetic field course of the rotor, ie the d-axis with respect to the exciting coil phase.
  • the electrical angle is calculated regularly based on the current components along the q and d axes. Using the calculated electrical angle, a possible blockage of the rotor shaft can be concluded in a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • the controller assumes a blockage of the rotor shaft, as long as the difference between the angular position of a current sampling step and a previous sampling step does not exceed a specific limit value.
  • the angle change between two sampling times shows no difference or only a negligibly small difference value. If the synchronous machine does not experience any change in the electrical angle, it is possible to conclude that there is a fixed rotor shaft due to the lack of rotational movement. This can be a first necessary criterion of the blockade. As a second necessary criterion, the development of the current component I q can additionally be used. If both criteria are met simultaneously, a blockage is detected. If the calculated current component I q reaches or exceeds a maximum value and the angle change is below a threshold, it should be concluded that a rotor shaft has been fixed.
  • the invention further relates to an electric motor, in particular a synchronous motor or an asynchronous motor, with a motor control for carrying out the method according to the invention or for carrying out one of the advantageous embodiment variants of the method according to the invention.
  • the electric motor in particular synchronous motor or asynchronous motor, is equipped with a frequency converter, which allows a speed change during engine operation.
  • the electric motor is expediently designed as a sensorless motor, which calculates the current angle of the rotor for optimizing the coil voltage.
  • the Electric motor designed as a synchronous reluctance motor.
  • the advantages and properties of the electric motor obviously correspond to those of the method according to the invention or an advantageous embodiment of the method, which is why a repeated description is omitted here.
  • the invention relates to a pump, in particular centrifugal pump, which is driven by an electric motor according to the present invention.
  • a pump in particular centrifugal pump, which is driven by an electric motor according to the present invention.
  • the advantages and properties of the pump according to the invention correspond to those of the electric motor according to the invention or an advantageous embodiment of the electric motor.
  • the single FIGURE shows a progression diagram of the current component I q of a synchronous machine along the q-axis with respect to time.
  • the current component I q represents the coil current transferred into a rotor coordinate system with the axes q and d.
  • the current component I q can therefore be interpreted as a torque-forming current and can therefore be equated with the torque applied to the rotor shaft.
  • the synchronous machine comprises a control unit which enables a current-controlled operation of the three-phase synchronous motor using a frequency converter.
  • the frequency converter By means of the frequency converter, the speed of the motor can be set precisely.
  • the angular position of the rotor is determined in order to be able to align the magnetic field of the stator accordingly, resulting in optimum running properties of the rotor.
  • the synchronous motor does not include sensors for directly detecting the current electrical angle, but this can be calculated from the measured coil currents.
  • a blockage can be reliably detected by the following condition I q ⁇ I q . Max AND ⁇ old - ⁇ New ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ .
  • I q is the current component along the q-axis of the rotor coordinate system
  • I q max the maximum permissible current component along the q-axis
  • ⁇ new the current angular position of the rotor in the current sampling step
  • ⁇ alt the angular position of the previous sampling step
  • the loose shake function is started with broadband excitation.
  • the current component along the q-axis is reduced to half its maximum value.
  • This process is shown in the diagram representation.
  • the operation of the synchronous motor is started, whereby a coil current flows along the q-axis.
  • the value of the current component I q reaches the maximum current I q, max along the q-axis. From this point on, the above condition is met.
  • the condition must be fulfilled at least over the period from time 2 to time 3.
  • the current component along the q-axis is then halved to half the maximum value, ie 50%.
  • the constant component I q, max / 2 superimposed a periodic oscillation with a constant amplitude.
  • a sinusoidal oscillation is superimposed here, whose amplitude corresponds to the halved maximum value I q, max / 2 of the current component I q . Consequently, a superimposed oscillation produces a sinusoidal profile of the current component I q , which always assumes positive values.
  • Reliable shake-free is achieved by continuously varying the frequency of the sinusoidal oscillation between a minimum frequency f min and a maximum frequency f max .
  • the drive train at different frequencies, that is excited broadband, whereby specific resonance effects are caused and a breakaway of the fixed drive shaft is achieved.
  • the amplitude of the drive frequency is rapidly reduced to zero and the drive starts running in the desired direction. From this point on, the setpoint speed of the synchronous machine is continuously increased, as a result of which the current component I q also increases in the direction of its maximum value I q, max .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Control Of Ac Motors In General (AREA)
  • Motor And Converter Starters (AREA)
  • Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
  • Control Of Positive-Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Control Of Non-Positive-Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zum Anlaufen eines drehzahlveränderlichen Elektromotors, insbesondere eines Synchron- oder Asynchronmotors, sowie auf einen Elektromotor, insbesondere Synchron- oder Asynchronmotor, selbst.
Diverse Antriebe bzw. Maschinen besitzen einen Elektromotor, der die für die Funktion der Maschine benötigte Antriebsarbeit verrichtet. Unter gewissen Betriebsbedingungen kann aufgrund von Verschmutzungen eine Blockade des Antriebstranges auftreten. Diese Problematik stellt sich oftmals bei elektrisch betriebenen Pumpsystemen ein, da die geförderten Volumenströme Verschmutzungen in das Pump- bzw. Motorgehäuse spülen, die sodann zu einer Blockade der Pumpen- bzw. Motorwelle führen können.
Oftmals werden blockierte Pumpen oder Antriebe zerlegt und gereinigt, um den Weiterbetrieb sicherzustellen. Eine weitere Möglichkeit besteht darin, durch mechanische Krafteinwirkung auf die Welle des Motors oder der Arbeitsmaschine die Blockierung zu lösen bzw. das erhöhte Anlaufdrehmoment zu verringern. Beispielsweise wird in der DE 3210761 C1 empfohlen, bei einer Wellenblockade mit einem Schraubenzieher die Welle loszubrechen.
Die DE 101 33 861 A1 offenbart ein Antriebssystem für Pumpen mit einem Anlaufverfahren, bei welchem beginnend mit einem niedrigen Drehmoment, welches unter dem Losbrechmoment liegt, darauffolgend jeweils höhere Drehmomente in wechselnden Richtungen vorgegeben werden.The present invention relates to a method for starting a variable-speed electric motor, in particular a synchronous or asynchronous motor, and to an electric motor, in particular synchronous or asynchronous motor itself.
Various drives or machines have an electric motor, which performs the required for the function of the machine drive work. Under certain operating conditions, blockage of the drive train may occur due to contamination. This problem often arises in electrically operated pump systems, since the funded volume flows flush dirt into the pump or motor housing, which can then lead to a blockage of the pump or motor shaft.
Often, blocked pumps or drives are disassembled and cleaned to ensure continued operation. Another possibility is to solve by mechanical force on the shaft of the engine or the work machine, the blockage or to reduce the increased starting torque. For example, in the DE 3210761 C1 It is recommended to use a screwdriver to break the shaft during a wave blockage.
The DE 101 33 861 A1 discloses a drive system for pumps with a start-up process, starting with a low torque, which is below the Losbrechmoment is, then each higher torque in changing directions are given.

In der EP 0771065 B1 wird ein Verfahren zu Erkennung einer Blockade eines Pumpenlaufrades bzw. der Welle eines beliebigen Antriebs vorgestellt. Sofern der benötigte Anlaufstrom des Motors einen festen Grenzwert überschreitet, wird eine Blockade der Welle angenommen. In diesem Fall soll der Antrieb mit einem maximalen Anlaufmoment in wechselnder Drehrichtung, d. h. mit einem maximalen positiven bzw. negativen Anlaufmoment beaufschlagt werden. Nachteilig an diesem Verfahren ist jedoch, dass der Antrieb kurzzeitig in die verkehrte Laufrichtung loslaufen kann, sofern die Blockade während des Anlegens eines negativen Anlaufmomentes überwunden wird.In the EP 0771065 B1 A method for detecting a blockage of a pump impeller or the shaft of any drive is presented. If the required starting current of the motor exceeds a fixed limit value, a blockage of the shaft is assumed. In this case, the drive should be subjected to a maximum starting torque in alternating direction of rotation, ie with a maximum positive or negative starting torque. A disadvantage of this method, however, is that the drive can briefly start in the wrong direction, if the blockage is overcome during the application of a negative starting torque.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es daher, bekannte Verfahren zum Anlaufen eines Elektromotors weiterzuentwickeln, die die oben genannte Problematik zu überwinden wissen.Object of the present invention is therefore to further develop known methods for starting an electric motor, which know how to overcome the above-mentioned problems.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch ein Verfahren gemäß den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausführungen des Verfahrens sind Gegenstand der sich an den Hauptanspruch anschließenden abhängigen Unteransprüche.This object is achieved by a method according to the features of claim 1. Advantageous embodiments of the method are the subject of subsequent to the main claim dependent dependent claims.

Gemäß Anspruch 1 wird also ein Verfahren zum Anlaufen eines drehzahlveränderlichen Elektromotors vorgeschlagen. Die konkrete Ausführung des Elektromotors ist beliebig, so kann dieser beispielsweise als ein- oder mehrphasiger Synchronmotor, insbesondere Synchronreluktanzmotor, ausgeführt sein. Einzige Bedingung ist die Integration eines Verstellmittels zur Einstellung der Motordrehzahl. Beispielsweise lässt sich die Drehzahl mittels eines Frequenzumrichters steuern. Daher lässt sich das Verfahren ebenso auf Asynchronmotoren mit Frequenzumrichter ausführen.According to claim 1, therefore, a method for starting a variable-speed electric motor is proposed. The actual design of the electric motor is arbitrary, it may be designed, for example, as a single-phase or multi-phase synchronous motor, in particular synchronous reluctance motor. The only condition is the integration of an adjusting means for adjusting the engine speed. For example, the speed can be controlled by means of a frequency converter. Therefore, the method can also be performed on asynchronous motors with frequency converter.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren sieht in einem ersten Verfahrensschritt vor, eine Blockade der Motorwelle aufgrund bestimmter Betriebsbedingungen zuverlässig zu erkennen. Sofern eine Blockade der Motorwelle festgestellt wird, soll diese mit einem positiven Drehmoment angeregt werden. Unter einem positiven Drehmoment ist dabei jenes Drehmoment zu verstehen, das eine Drehbewegung in der gewünschten Motorrichtung bewirkt. Dem gegenüber ist unter einem negativen Drehmoment die Drehbewegung der Welle in Rückwärtsrichtung zu verstehen.The inventive method provides in a first method step to reliably detect a blockage of the motor shaft due to certain operating conditions. If a blockage of the motor shaft is detected, this should be excited with a positive torque. Under a positive torque is that To understand torque that causes a rotational movement in the desired motor direction. On the other hand, a negative torque is understood to mean the rotational movement of the shaft in the reverse direction.

Erfindungsgemäß ist nunmehr vorgesehen, dass das angelegte positive Drehmoment kontinuierliche Änderungen erfährt, wobei diese kontinuierlichen Änderungen mit unterschiedlicher Frequenz erfolgen, um ein Losbrechen der Blockade zu erreichen. Erfindungswesentlich ist die stetige Anlegung eines positiven Drehmoments. Durch die kontinuierliche frequenzvariable Änderung des Drehmoments kann durch Ausnutzung sogenannter Resonanzeffekte ein Losbrechen der festgesetzten Antriebswelle erzielt werden. Hierdurch wird gegenüber den aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Verfahren vermieden, dass bei einem Losbrechen der Rotorwelle der Motor unter gewissen Umständen in die verkehrte Richtung losläuft.According to the invention, it is now provided that the applied positive torque undergoes continuous changes, wherein these continuous changes take place with different frequencies, in order to achieve break-free of the blockage. Essential to the invention is the continuous application of a positive torque. Due to the continuous frequency-variable change in the torque can be achieved by exploiting so-called resonance effects breakaway of the fixed drive shaft. As a result, it is avoided over the methods known from the prior art that, in the case of a breakaway of the rotor shaft, the motor runs under certain circumstances in the wrong direction.

Der Betrieb des Elektromotors, insbesondere des Synchronmotors, wird durch die anliegende Spulenspannung bzw. den Spulenstrom gesteuert, der durch die Motorwicklungen des Motorständers fließt. In Abhängigkeit der verwendeten Phasenanzahl müssen entsprechend mehrere Spulenströme durch Änderung der Spulenspannung geregelt werden. Bevorzugt können die einzelnen Spulenströme in ein Rotorkoordinatensystem mit d- und q-Achse transferiert werden. Die d-Achse erstreckt sich in Richtung des Feldes, das von dem Rotor selbst erzeugt wird. Die q-Achse kreuzt senkrecht die d-Achse in der Ebene der Rotordrehung.The operation of the electric motor, in particular of the synchronous motor is controlled by the applied coil voltage or the coil current flowing through the motor windings of the motor stator. Depending on the number of phases used, a plurality of coil currents must accordingly be regulated by changing the coil voltage. Preferably, the individual coil currents can be transferred to a rotor coordinate system with d and q axis. The d-axis extends in the direction of the field generated by the rotor itself. The q-axis perpendicularly crosses the d-axis in the plane of rotor rotation.

Gemäß einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsvariante der Erfindung wird die Anregung der Motorwelle mit einem positiven Drehmoment über die Stromkomponente Iq entlang der q-Achse geregelt.According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the excitation of the motor shaft is controlled with a positive torque via the current component I q along the q-axis.

Besonders bevorzugt wird der Elektromotor, insbesondere ein Synchronmotor, auf einen Konstantwert für die Stromkomponente Iq geregelt. Idealerweise wird als Konstantwert der halbe Wert Iq/2 des maximalen Stroms Iq entlang der q-Achse verwendet. Dieser Konstantwert wird sodann mit einer Schwingung, bevorzugt einer periodischen Schwingung, überlagert, um eine kontinuierliche Änderung des positiven Drehmomentes zum Losbrechen der Blockade zu erreichen. Die Amplitude wird dabei so gewählt, dass stets ein positives Drehmoment an der Motorwelle anliegt.Particularly preferably, the electric motor, in particular a synchronous motor, is regulated to a constant value for the current component I q . Ideally, the constant value used is half the value I q / 2 of the maximum current I q along the q axis. This constant value is then superimposed with a vibration, preferably a periodic vibration, to a continuous change of the positive Torque to reach the breaking of the blockade. The amplitude is chosen so that there is always a positive torque applied to the motor shaft.

Als geeignete Schwingungsfunktionen, insbesondere periodische Schwingungsfunktion, erweist sich eine Sinus- bzw. Kosinusfunktion oder jede andere periodische Schwingung.As a suitable vibration functions, in particular periodic vibration function, proves a sine or cosine function or any other periodic oscillation.

Zur Erreichung eines Resonanzeffektes, der ein Losbrechen des festgesetzten Rotors beschleunigen kann, wird die Frequenz der überlagernden Schwingung vorzugsweise variiert. Demzufolge wird nicht nur die Änderung des Drehmomentes variiert, sondern es wird zudem die Geschwindigkeit der Änderung variiert. Dies führt zu einer optimierten Losrüttelfunktion, die aufbauend auf Resonanzeffekten eine effiziente und schnelle Aufhebung der Blockade bewirkt.To achieve a resonance effect that can accelerate breakaway of the fixed rotor, the frequency of the overlying vibration is preferably varied. As a result, not only is the change in the torque varied, but the speed of change is also varied. This leads to an optimized loose-shaking function which, building on resonance effects, effects an efficient and rapid lifting of the blockade.

Idealerweise wird die Frequenz innerhalb eines Frequenzkorridors mit minimaler und maximaler Frequenz variiert. Die Variation kann in diskreten Schritten oder auch in kontinuierlichen Schritten erfolgen.Ideally, the frequency is varied within a frequency corridor with minimum and maximum frequencies. The variation can be done in discrete steps or in continuous steps.

Es besteht die Möglichkeit, den Konstantwert der Stromkomponente Iq mit einer Schwingung zu überlagern, die einen veränderlichen Amplitudenverlauf aufweist. Die Verwendung einer Schwingung mit konstanter Amplitude wird jedoch bevorzugt. Idealerweise ist die Amplitude der verwendeten Überlagerungsschwingung kleiner oder gleich dem halben Maximalwert der Stromkomponente Iq. Folglich ändert sich die Wirkrichtung der Stromkomponente nicht, so dass stets ein positives Drehmoment anliegt.It is possible to superimpose the constant value of the current component I q with a vibration having a variable amplitude characteristic. However, the use of constant amplitude vibration is preferred. Ideally, the amplitude of the superimposition oscillation used is less than or equal to half the maximum value of the current component I q . Consequently, the effective direction of the current component does not change, so that there is always a positive torque.

Sobald eine Lösung der Blockade erkannt wird, ist es sinnvoll, die Amplitude der überlagernden Schwingung auf null zu reduzieren. In diesem Fall wird der Motorbetrieb vorab mit dem konstanten halben Maximalwert der Stromkomponente Iq fortgesetzt und bei Bedarf schrittweise erhöht, bis sich die gewünschte Motordrehzahl einstellt.As soon as a solution to the blockage is detected, it makes sense to reduce the amplitude of the superimposed oscillation to zero. In this case, the engine operation is continued in advance with the constant half maximum value of the current component I q and incremented as needed until the desired engine speed is established.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren eignet sich insbesondere für den Einsatz in Synchronmotoren, die eine sensorlose Messung des elektrischen Winkels vorsehen, insbesondere Synchronreluktanzmotoren. Unter dem elektrischen Winkel ist hierbei der Winkel des magnetischen Feldverlaufs des Rotors, d. h. der d-Achse gegenüber der anregenden Spulenphase zu verstehen. Der elektrische Winkel wird regelmäßig auf Grundlage der Stromkomponenten entlang der q- sowie d-Achse berechnet.
Unter Verwendung des berechneten elektrischen Winkels lässt sich in einer besonders bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung auf eine mögliche Blockade der Rotorwelle schließen. Insbesondere wird von der Steuerung eine Blockade der Rotorwelle angenommen, sofern die Differenz der Winkellage eines aktuellen Abtastschritts und eines vorherigen Abtastschritts einen bestimmten Grenzwert nicht überschreitet. Beispielsweise zeigt die Winkeländerung zwischen zwei Abtastzeitpunkten keinen Unterschied bzw. nur einen vernachlässigbar kleinen Differenzwert. Erfährt die Synchronmaschine keine Änderung des elektrischen Winkels, so kann auf eine festgesetzte Rotorwelle aufgrund der ausbleibenden Drehbewegung geschlossen werden. Dies kann ein erstes notwendiges Kriterium der Blockade bilden.
Als zweites notwendiges Kriterium kann zusätzlich die Entwicklung der Stromkomponente Iq herangezogen werden.
Sind beide Kriterien gleichzeitig erfüllt, so wird eine Blockade erkannt. Sofern die berechnete Stromkomponente Iq einen maximalen Wert erreicht oder überschreitet und die Winkeländerung unterhalb einer Grenzschwelle liegt, soll auf eine festgesetzte Rotorwelle geschlossen werden.
Die Erfindung betrifft des Weiteren einen Elektromotor, insbesondere einen Synchronmotor oder einen Asynchronmotor, mit einer Motorsteuerung zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens bzw. zur Durchführung einer der vorteilhaften Ausführungsvarianten des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens. Der Elektromotor, insbesondere Synchronmotor oder Asynchronmotor, ist mit einem Frequenzumrichter ausgestattet, der eine Drehzahländerung während des Motorbetriebs zulässt. Ferner ist der Elektromotor sinnvollerweise als sensorloser Motor ausgeführt, der den aktuellen Winkel des Rotors zur Optimierung der Spulenspannung berechnet. Zweckmäßig ist der Elektromotor als ein Synchronreluktanzmotor ausgebildet. Die Vorteile und Eigenschaften des Elektromotors entsprechen offensichtlich denen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens bzw. einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung des Verfahrens, weshalb an dieser Stelle auf eine wiederholende Beschreibung verzichtet wird.The inventive method is particularly suitable for use in synchronous motors, which provide a sensorless measurement of the electrical angle, in particular Synchronous reluctance motors. The electrical angle here is the angle of the magnetic field course of the rotor, ie the d-axis with respect to the exciting coil phase. The electrical angle is calculated regularly based on the current components along the q and d axes.
Using the calculated electrical angle, a possible blockage of the rotor shaft can be concluded in a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention. In particular, the controller assumes a blockage of the rotor shaft, as long as the difference between the angular position of a current sampling step and a previous sampling step does not exceed a specific limit value. For example, the angle change between two sampling times shows no difference or only a negligibly small difference value. If the synchronous machine does not experience any change in the electrical angle, it is possible to conclude that there is a fixed rotor shaft due to the lack of rotational movement. This can be a first necessary criterion of the blockade.
As a second necessary criterion, the development of the current component I q can additionally be used.
If both criteria are met simultaneously, a blockage is detected. If the calculated current component I q reaches or exceeds a maximum value and the angle change is below a threshold, it should be concluded that a rotor shaft has been fixed.
The invention further relates to an electric motor, in particular a synchronous motor or an asynchronous motor, with a motor control for carrying out the method according to the invention or for carrying out one of the advantageous embodiment variants of the method according to the invention. The electric motor, in particular synchronous motor or asynchronous motor, is equipped with a frequency converter, which allows a speed change during engine operation. Furthermore, the electric motor is expediently designed as a sensorless motor, which calculates the current angle of the rotor for optimizing the coil voltage. Appropriately, the Electric motor designed as a synchronous reluctance motor. The advantages and properties of the electric motor obviously correspond to those of the method according to the invention or an advantageous embodiment of the method, which is why a repeated description is omitted here.

Ferner betrifft die Erfindung eine Pumpe, insbesondere Kreiselpumpe, die über einen Elektromotor gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung angetrieben wird. Offensichtlich entsprechen die Vorteile und Eigenschaften der erfindungsgemäßen Pumpe denen des erfindungsgemäßen Elektromotors bzw. einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung des Elektromotors.Furthermore, the invention relates to a pump, in particular centrifugal pump, which is driven by an electric motor according to the present invention. Obviously, the advantages and properties of the pump according to the invention correspond to those of the electric motor according to the invention or an advantageous embodiment of the electric motor.

Weitere Vorteile und Eigenschaften der Erfindung sollen im Folgenden anhand einer Zeichnung näher erläutert werden.Further advantages and features of the invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to a drawing.

Die einzige Figur zeigt ein Verlaufsdiagramm der Stromkomponente Iq einer Synchronmaschine entlang der q-Achse gegenüber der Zeit. Wie bereits vorangehend beschrieben worden ist, stellt die Stromkomponente Iq den in ein Rotorkoordinatensystem mit den Achsen q und d transferierten Spulenstrom dar. Die Stromkomponente Iq kann daher als momentenbildender Strom interpretiert werden und ist daher mit dem an der Rotorwelle anliegenden Drehmoment gleichzusetzen.The single FIGURE shows a progression diagram of the current component I q of a synchronous machine along the q-axis with respect to time. As has already been described above, the current component I q represents the coil current transferred into a rotor coordinate system with the axes q and d. The current component I q can therefore be interpreted as a torque-forming current and can therefore be equated with the torque applied to the rotor shaft.

Für die Variation des anliegenden Drehmomentes umfasst die Synchronmaschine eine Steuereinheit, die unter Einsatz eines Frequenzumrichters einen stromgeregelten Betrieb des dreiphasigen Synchronmotors ermöglicht. Mittels des Frequenzumrichters lässt sich die Drehzahl des Motors präzise einstellen.For the variation of the applied torque, the synchronous machine comprises a control unit which enables a current-controlled operation of the three-phase synchronous motor using a frequency converter. By means of the frequency converter, the speed of the motor can be set precisely.

Bei dieser Antriebstechnologie wird die Winkellage des Rotors bestimmt, um das magnetische Feld des Stators entsprechend ausrichten zu können, wodurch sich optimale Laufeigenschaften des Rotors ergeben. Allerdings umfasst der Synchronmotor keine Sensorik zur unmittelbaren Erfassung des aktuellen elektrischen Winkels, dieser lässt sich jedoch anhand der gemessenen Spulenströme berechnen.With this drive technology, the angular position of the rotor is determined in order to be able to align the magnetic field of the stator accordingly, resulting in optimum running properties of the rotor. However, the synchronous motor does not include sensors for directly detecting the current electrical angle, but this can be calculated from the measured coil currents.

Basierend auf dieser sensorlos bestimmten Winkellage kann außerdem zuverlässig eine Blockade mit Hilfe der folgenden Bedingung erkannt werden I q ≥ I q , max UND ϕ alt − ϕ neu < Δ ϕ ,

Figure imgb0001
wobei Iq die Stromkomponente entlang der q-Achse des Rotorkoordinatensystems, Iq, max die maximal zulässige Stromkomponente entlang der q-Achse, ϕneu die aktuelle Winkellage des Rotors im aktuellen Abtastschritt, ϕalt die Winkellage des vorherigen Abtastschrittes und Δϕ einen Schwellwert der Winkellage darstellt.Furthermore, based on this sensorless determined angular position, a blockage can be reliably detected by the following condition I q ≥ I q . Max AND φ old - φ New < Δ φ .
Figure imgb0001
 where I q is the current component along the q-axis of the rotor coordinate system, I q, max the maximum permissible current component along the q-axis, φ new the current angular position of the rotor in the current sampling step, φ alt the angular position of the previous sampling step and Δφ a threshold value of Represents angular position.

Sofern diese Bedingung einmalig beim Anlaufen des Antriebs oder über eine gewisse Zeitspanne dauerhaft oder mehrheitlich erfüllt ist, wird von der Steuerung des Synchronmotors eine Blockade der Antriebswelle angenommen.If this condition is fulfilled once or permanently during the startup of the drive or over a certain period of time, a blockade of the drive shaft is assumed by the control of the synchronous motor.

In diesem Fall wird die Losrüttelfunktion mit breitbandiger Anregung gestartet. Hierzu wird die Stromkomponente entlang der q-Achse auf die Hälfte ihres Maximalwertes reduziert. Dieser Vorgang ist in der Diagrammdarstellung dargestellt. Im Zeitpunkt 1 wird der Betrieb des Synchronmotors gestartet, wodurch ein Spulenstrom bzw. ein Strom entlang der q-Achse fliesst. Zum Zeitpunkt 2 erreicht der Wert der Stromkomponente Iq den maximalen Strom Iq, max entlang der q-Achse. Ab diesem Zeitpunkt ist die oben genannte Bedingung erfüllt. Für die Detektion einer Blockade muss die Bedingung jedoch mindestens über den Zeitraum vom Zeitpunkt 2 bis zum Zeitpunkt 3 erfüllt sein.In this case, the loose shake function is started with broadband excitation. For this purpose, the current component along the q-axis is reduced to half its maximum value. This process is shown in the diagram representation. At time 1, the operation of the synchronous motor is started, whereby a coil current flows along the q-axis. At time 2, the value of the current component I q reaches the maximum current I q, max along the q-axis. From this point on, the above condition is met. For the detection of a blockade, however, the condition must be fulfilled at least over the period from time 2 to time 3.

Im Zeitpunkt 3 wird sodann die Stromkomponente entlang der q-Achse auf den halben Maximalwert, d.h. 50% halbiert. Ferner wird im Zeitpunkt 4 dem Konstantanteil Iq, max/2 eine periodische Schwingung mit konstanter Amplitude überlagert. Im Ausführungsbeispiel der Figur wird hier eine sinusförmige Schwingung überlagert, deren Amplitude dem halbierten Maximalwert Iq, max/2 der Stromkomponente Iq entspricht. Folglich wird durch die überlagerte Schwingung ein sinusförmiger Verlauf der Stromkomponente Iq erzeugt, der stets positive Werte annimmt.At time 3, the current component along the q-axis is then halved to half the maximum value, ie 50%. Furthermore, at time 4, the constant component I q, max / 2 superimposed a periodic oscillation with a constant amplitude. In the exemplary embodiment of the figure, a sinusoidal oscillation is superimposed here, whose amplitude corresponds to the halved maximum value I q, max / 2 of the current component I q . Consequently, a superimposed oscillation produces a sinusoidal profile of the current component I q , which always assumes positive values.

Ein zuverlässiges Losrütteln wird erreicht, indem die Frequenz der sinusförmigen Schwingung zwischen einer minimalen Frequenz fmin und einer maximalen Frequenz fmax kontinuierlich verändert wird. Dadurch wird der Antriebsstrang bei verschiedenen Frequenzen, d.h. breitbandig angeregt, wodurch gezielt Resonanzeffekte hervorgerufen werden und ein Losbrechen der festgesetzten Antriebswelle erreicht wird.Reliable shake-free is achieved by continuously varying the frequency of the sinusoidal oscillation between a minimum frequency f min and a maximum frequency f max . As a result, the drive train at different frequencies, that is excited broadband, whereby specific resonance effects are caused and a breakaway of the fixed drive shaft is achieved.

Sobald die Bedingung der Blockade nicht mehr erfüllt ist, wird wie im Zeitpunkt 5 dargestellt, die Amplitude der Antriebsfrequenz rasch auf null reduziert und der Antrieb läuft in der gewollten Richtung los. Ab diesem Zeitpunkt wird kontinuierlich die Solldrehzahl der Synchronmaschine erhöht, wodurch auch die Stromkomponente Iq in Richtung ihres Maximalwertes Iq, max zulegt.As soon as the condition of the blockade is no longer met, as shown at time 5, the amplitude of the drive frequency is rapidly reduced to zero and the drive starts running in the desired direction. From this point on, the setpoint speed of the synchronous machine is continuously increased, as a result of which the current component I q also increases in the direction of its maximum value I q, max .

Claims (11)

  1. Method for starting a variable-speed electric motor, in particular a synchronous or asynchronous motor, having the following method steps:
    a. identifying a blockage of the motor shaft,
    b. exciting the motor shaft with an always positive torque,
    c. continuously changing the always positive torque by continuously changing the frequency of a frequency converter in order to achieve breaking-free of the blockage.
  2. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the excitation is controlled via the current component Iq along the q axis.
  3. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the constant value of the current component Iq is limited to half the maximum value Iq,max/2 and has an oscillation, preferably a periodic oscillation, particularly preferably a sinusoidal oscillation, superimposed on it.
  4. Method according to Claim 3, characterized in that the frequency of the oscillation is varied.
  5. Method according to Claim 4, characterized in that the frequency is varied continuously within a frequency corridor with a minimum and a maximum frequency.
  6. Method according to one of Claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the amplitude of the oscillation is constant and is preferably less than or equal to half the maximum value Iq,max/2 with the current component Iq.
  7. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the amplitude of the oscillation is reduced to zero as soon as elimination of the blockage is identified.
  8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electric motor, in particular synchronous or asynchronous motor, determines the electrical angle without the use of a sensor.
  9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a blockage is identified as soon as the control current, i.e. the coil current or the current component Iq in the q direction reaches or exceeds a maximum value and/or the difference in the angular positions φnew, φold of two successive sampling steps does not exceed a defined threshold value Δφ.
  10. Electric motor, in particular synchronous or asynchronous motor, comprising a motor controller and a frequency converter for implementing the method according to one of the preceding claims.
  11. Pump, in particular centrifugal pump, driven by an electric motor according to Claim 10.
EP13802605.9A 2013-04-05 2013-12-06 Method for starting a variable-speed electric motor Active EP2982035B1 (en)

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PCT/EP2013/075810 WO2014161614A1 (en) 2013-04-05 2013-12-06 Method for starting a variable-speed electric motor

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RU2015144701A (en) 2017-05-11

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