Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
  • C11D17/0047—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
  • C08B31/00—Preparation of derivatives of starch
  • C08B31/02—Esters
  • C08B31/04—Esters of organic acids, e.g. alkenyl-succinated starch
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L3/00—Compositions of starch, amylose or amylopectin or of their derivatives or degradation products
  • C08L3/04—Starch derivatives, e.g. crosslinked derivatives
  • C08L3/06—Esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D13/00—Making of soap or soap solutions in general; Apparatus therefor
  • C11D13/14—Shaping
  • C11D13/18—Shaping by extrusion or pressing
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
  • C11D17/0047—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets
  • C11D17/006—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets containing mainly surfactants, but no builders, e.g. syndet bar
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C11D3/22—Carbohydrates or derivatives thereof
  • C11D3/222—Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin

Definitions

• the present invention relates to cleansing bars comprising superhydrophilic amphophilic copolymers and, in particular, high foaming, mild cleansing bars comprising superhydrophilic amphophilic copolymers.
• Cleansing bars are well-known for providing a cost-effective and convenient means for washing the skin.
• Typical cleansing bars include soap and/or synthetic surfactants and various other ingredients to provide functional and aesthetically appealing cleansing experience.
• the present invention provides cleansing compositions that overcome the
• the present invention provides a cleansing bar that comprises a non-soap anionic surfactant, a superhydrophilic amphophilic copolymer, a hydrophobic binder, and a water-soluble bar hardener.
• the cleansing bar has a pH of about 8 or less.
• applicants have provided a method of treating the skin, hair, or vaginal region, the method comprising applying to the skin, hair, or vaginal region a cleansing bar that comprises a non-soap anionic surfactant, a superhydrophilic amphiphilic copolymer, a hydrophobic binder; and a water-soluble bar hardener.
• the cleansing bar has a pH of about 8 or less.
• a method of making a cleansing bar comprising heating an aqueous surfactant mixture to render it fluid wherein the aqueous surfactant mixture comprises a hydrophobic binder, a non-soap anionic surfactant, a water soluble bar hardener, and from about 0.25 percent to about 20 percent water.
• the method further comprises adding a solid superhydrophilic amphiphilic copolymer to the heated aqueous surfactant mixture to form a surfactant/copolymer blend; extruding the surfactant/copolymer blend to form an extruded surfactant mass, and forming a solid cleansing bar having a pH of about 8 or less.
• Figure 1 is a graphical depiction of the results of the Cleansing Bar Foam Test for certain compositions of the present invention and comparable composi tions.
• Figure 2 is a graphical depiction of the results of the Cleansing Bar Foam Test for another composition of the present invention and a comparable composition.
• the cleansing bars of this invention exh bit a unique and unexpected combination of properties including high lathering characteristics and relatively low irritation and ease of manufacturability.
• the cleansing bars of this invention comprise a non-soap anionic surfactant, a hydrophobic binder, a water-soluble bar hardener and further comprise a superhydrophilic amphiphilic copolymer and ha ve a pH less than about 8.
• incorporation of the superhydrophilic amphiphilic copolymer into these relatively low pH cleansing bars results in a mild cleansing bar composition that is easily processed and better lathering than previously thought would be possible.
• pH shall include pH measurements as determined by ASTM method E70 - 07 Standard Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions with the Glass Electrode,
• cleaning bar refers to a cleansing composition in the form of a bar, i.e., a solid (maintaining its shape rather than taking the shape of its container) under ambient conditions.
• the bar may be of varying shapes and cross-sections, e.g., circular, oval, square, rectangular; flat or rounded; or non-conventional shapes. Desirably, the bar is suitable to hold in one's hand(s).
• the cleansing bar may have dimensions such that the length or longest dimension is from about 4cm to about 12cm, preferably from about 5cm to about 10cm; the width is from about 3cm to about 8cm, preferably from about 4cm to about 7cm; and a thickness from about 0.25cm to about 4 cm, preferably from about 0.5cm to about 3cm.
• cleansing bars Upon being wet, cleansing bars release or exude a cleansing composition that have the ability to remove dirt, oils, excess sebum and the like from the skin surface and which produce a foam (i.e., a frothy mass of fine bubbles formed in or on the surface of a liquid or from a liquid).
• the cleansing bar is typically wet with water and applied to the skin. Rubbing the cleansing bar with one's fingers or hands, a wash cloth, or other implement, e.g. a pouf, may result in sudsing or foaming of the cleansing composition to produce a lather.
• the composition is then rinsed off with water.
• Cleansing bars of the present invention m ay be used in typical personal care cleansing - on adult or infant skin that is intact or skin that has for example a wound or perturbed barrier.
• Various parts of the body may be cleansed, for example, face, body, hair, internal or external vaginal area and the like.
• anionic surfactant refers to an amphiphilic molecule comprising a hydrophobic group and one or more hydrophilic groups comprising a negatively charged moiety or a moiet capable of bearing a negative charge (in the latter case, for example, as a function of acid-base properties and solution pH).
• non soap anionic surfactant refers to an anionic surfactant other than the following: alkali (e.g. Na and ⁇ ), alkaline earth (e.g. Mg and Ca 2 f ), ammonium, or triethanol mine salts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, i.e. alkyl monocarboxylate salts.
• soaps are most often derived from the saponification of triglycerides.
• non-soap anionic surfactants examples include the following:
• R C - Cjg alkyl linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated or mixtures thereof
• Alpha olefin sulfonates consist of mixtures of alkene sulfonates,
• Alkyl sulfonates or paraffin sulfonates • Alkyl sulfonates or paraffin sulfonates:
• Examples include Sodium C I 3- 17 Afkane
• Anionic derivatives of alkyi poiyglucosides including: Sodium Laur ] Glucoside Carboxylate, Disodium Coco-Glucoside Citrate, Sodium Coco-Glucoside Tartrate, Disodium Coco-Glucoside Sulfosuecinate: Sodium Coeogiucosides
• Hydroxypropyj sulfonate Sodium Decylglucosides Hydroxvpropylsulfonate, Sodium Laurylglucosides Hydroxypropylsulfonate; Sodium Hydroxypropylsulfonate Cocoglucoside Crosspoiymer, Sodium Hydroxypropylsulfonate Decyiglucoside Crosspoiymer, Sodium Hydroxypropylsulfonate Laurylglucossde Crosspoiymer; Anionic polymeric APG derivatives, such as those described in O'Leiiick, U.S. Pat, Nos. 7,507,399; 7,375,064; and 7,335,627); and combinations of two or more thereof, and the like.
• Preferred non-soap anionic surfactants include: acyl isethionates, e.g. Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate; alkyi sulfosuccinates, e.g. Disodium Lauryl Sulfosuecinate; a-sulfo fatty acid esters, e.g. Sodium Methyl 2-Sulfolaurate; a -sulfo fatty acids, e.g. Disodium 2-Sulfolaurate; alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonates, e.g. Sodium Cocoglyceryl Ether Sulfonate; alkyl sulfates, e.g.
• compositions of this invention comprise from greater than about 30 to less than about 70 weight percent of total non-soap anionic surfactants based on total weight of cleansing bar. In certain more preferred embodiments, the compositions comprise from about 35 to about 60 weight percent of total non-soap anionic surfactants, even more preferably from about 35 to about 55, and most preferably from about 40 to about 50 weight percent total non-soap anionic surfactants.
• SAC superhydrophilic amphiphilic copolymer
• an "SRU” is a superhydrophilic repeat unit as defined herein
• an "ARU” is an amphiphilic repeat unit as defined herein
• an "HRU” is a hydrophilic repeat unit as defined herein, wherein s> 2, a >0, h> 0, and the total number of repeat units, s+a+h is between 4 and about 1000.
• the term “between,” when used herein to specify a range such as “between 4 and about 1000,” is inclusive of the endpoints, e.g. "4" and "about 1000.”
• the total number of repeat units in the SAC is based on the weight -average molecular weight (Afw) of the SAC; thus the number of repeat units, as discussed herein are "weight average” as well.
• SA.Cs are in the units of Daitons (Da).
• Da Daitons
• SRUs, ARUs, HRUs repeat units
• SAC architectures may be linear, star-shaped, branched, hyperbranched, dendritic, or the like.
• total number of repeat units in a SAC (SRUs + ARUs + HRUs, i.e. s ⁇ a + h in the above formula) is synonymous with the term "degree of polymerization" ("DP") of the SAC.
• a "repeat unit” as defined herein and known the art is the smallest atom or group of atoms (with pendant atoms or groups, if any) comprising a part of the essential structure of a macromolecule, oligomer, block, or chain, the repetition of which constitutes a regular macromolecule, a regular oligomer molecule, a regular block, or a regular chain (definition from Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science, A. D. Jenkins et al. Pure Appl. Chem. 1996 55, 2287-231 1).
• the backbone of a polymer derived from eihyienicaily- unsaturated monomers comprises repeat units including one or two, or in the case of alternating polymers four, carbon atoms that were unsaturated in the monomers prior to polymerization, and any pendant groups of such carbons.
• repeat unit is defined as the unit derived from one of each of the co- monomers comprising four carbons that were previously ethylenicaUy-unstaurated in the two comonomers prior to
• maleic anhydride and vinyl methyl ether are used in the art to form an alternating copolymer, poly( maleic anhydride-a//-vinyl methyl ether) having repeat units of the structure:
• the repeat unit generally comprises the sugar ring and pendant groups (as shown herein below, for example in the descriptions of SRUs, ARUs, and HRUs).
• examples of such repeat units also include sugar ring repeat units with pendant sugar rings, for example, Glactomannans are polysaccharides comprised of a mannose (monosaecbaride-based) backbone. Pending from some but not all of the mannose groups in the backbone (and arranged in either a random or block fashion) are pendant galactose groups.
• this structure is best described as having, two repeai units, mannose and mannose- galactose.
• the repeat unit is the two sugar rings derived from the alternating sugar-based monomers and their pendant groups.
• Hyaluronan is an alternating saccharide copolymer derived from two saccharides, D- glucuronic acid and D-N-aceiylglucosaniine that alternate to give a disaccharide repeai units.
• a “hydrophobic moiety” is hereby defined as a noripolar moiety that contains at least one of the following: (a) a carbon-carbon chain of at least four carbons in which none of the four carbons is a carbonyl carbon or has a hydrophilic moiety bonded directly to it; (b) two or more aikyl siloxy groups (-[Si(R)2-0]-); and/or (c) two or more oxypropylene groups in sequence.
• a hydrophobic moiety may be, or include, linear, cyclic, aromatic, saturated or unsaturated groups.
• hydrophobic moieties comprise a carbon chain of at least six or more carbons, more preferably seven or more carbons in which none of the carbons in such chain have a hydrophilic moiety bonded directly thereto.
• Certain other preferred hy drophobic moieties include moieties comprising a carbon chain of about eight or more carbon atoms, more preferably about 10 or more carbon atoms in which none of the carbons in such chain have a hydrophilic moiety bonded directly thereto.
• hydrophobic functional moieties may include esters, ketones, amides, carbonates, urethanes, carbamates, or xanthate functionalities, and the like, having incorporated therein or attached thereto a carbon chain of at least four carbons in which none of the four carbons has a hydrophilic moiety bonded directly to it.
• Other examples of hydrophobic moieties include groups such as poly(oxypropylene), poly(oxybutylene), poly(dimethylsiioxane), fiuorinated hydrocarbon groups containing a carbon chain of at least four carbons in which none of the four carbons has a hydrophilic moiety bonded directly to it, and the like.
• hydrophilic moiety is any anionic, catio ic, zwitterionic, or nonionic group that is polar.
• Noniiniiting examples include anionics such as sulfate, sulfonate, carboxylic acid/carboxylate, phosphate, phosphonates, and the like; cationics such as: amino, ammonium, including mono-, di-, and trialkylammonium species, pyridinium, imidazolinium, amidiniutn, poly(ethyleneimmium), and the like; zwitterionics such as ammonioalkyisulfonate, ammonioaikylcarboxylate, amphoaceiate, and the like; and nonionics such as hydroxy!, sulfonyl, ethyleneoxy, amido, ureido, amine oxide, and the like.
• SRU superhydropbilic repeat unit
• SRUs may be derived from ethyle ically-unsaturated monomers having two or more hydrophilic moieties and no hydrophobic moieties, including repeat units of the general formulae:
• A, B, Y, and Z collectively include at least two hydrophilic moieties and no hydrophobic moieties: or
• W and X collectively include at least two hydrophilic moieties.
• SRUs include, but are not limited to, those derived from superhydrophihc monomers described herein and the like, such as:
• SRUs include saccharide -based repeat units including repeat units derived from fructose, glucose, galactose, mannose, glucosamine, niannuronic acid, guiuronic acid, and the like, such as:
• A, B, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z collectively include at least two hydrophilic moieties and no hydrophobic moi
• A, B, U, V, and W collectively include at least two hydrophilsc moieties and no hydrophobic moieties, one example of which includes
• monosaccharide repeat units may be linked in various fashions, that is, through various carbons on the sugar ring e.g. (l --»4), (l --»6), (2 --> l), etc. Any of such linkages, or combinations thereof, may be suitable for use herein in monosaccharide SRUs, ARUs, or HRUs.
• SRUs include repeat units derived from amino acids, including, for example, repeat units of the formula:
• R includes a hydrophiiic repeat unit, examples of which include an aspartic acid SRU, and the like.
• ARU amphophilic repeat unit
• ARUs may be derived from ethylenically-unsamrated monomers having at least one hydrophiiic moiety and at least one hydrophobic moiety, including repeat units of the general formulae
• A, B, Y, and Z collectively include at one hydrophiiic moiety and at least one hydrophobic moiety;
• W and X collectively include at one hydrophiiic moiety and at least one hydrophobic moiety; examples of which include
• ARU sodium 2-aciyJamidododecyisulfonate amphophilic repeat unit
• ARUs include saccharide-based repeat units including repeat units derived from including repeat units derived from fructose, glucose, galactose, mannose, glucosamine, mannuronic acid, guluronic acid, and the like, such as:
• A, B, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z collectively include at least one hydrophilic moiety and at least one hydrophobic moie
• A, B, U, V, and W collectively include at least one hydropliilic moiety and at least one hydrophobic moiety
• 1,2-epoxydodecasie modified a (l ⁇ 4)-D-giucose ARU 1,2-epoxydodecasie modified a (l ⁇ 4)-D-giucose ARU, and the like.
• ARUs include repeat units derived from amino acids, including, for example, repeat units of the formula:
• R includes a hydrophobic group, examples of which include
• HRU hydrophilic repeat unit
• ethylenicafly-unsaturated monomers having one and only one hydrophilic moiety and no hydrophobic moieties, including repeat units of the eneral formulae wherein A, B, Y, and Z collectively include one and only one hydrophilic moiety and no hydrophobic moieties; or
• W and X collectively include one and only one hydrophilic moiety and no hydrophobic moieties, examples of which include
• H U 2.0 methacrylic acid hydrophilic repeat unit
• HRUs include saccharide-based repeat units including repeat units derived from fructose, glucose, galactose, maimose, gluc and the like, such as:
• A, B, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z collectively include one and only one hydrophilic moiety and no hydrophobic moieties
• A, B, U, V, and W collectively include one and only one hydrophilic moiety and no hydrophobic moieties.
• HRUs include repeat units derived from amino acids, including, for example, repeat units of the formula:
• R is neither a hydropbihc nor hydrophobic moiety, one example of which includes
• moieties thai are neither hydrophilic nor hydrophobic include hydrogen, C1 -C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 aeetoxy, and the like.
• SACs having a DP between 4 and about 1000 repeat units exhibit such significant and unexpected combination of low-irritation and high foaming properties.
• SACs suitable for use in accord with such embodiments include those having a DP of between 4 and about 500, more preferably 4 and about 200, more preferably 4 and about 100, more preferably 4 and about 50 repeat units.
• Other examples include those having a DP of between 5 and about 500, more preferably 5 and about 200, more preferably 5 and about 100, more preferably 5 and about 50 repeat units.
• Other examples include those having a DP of between 6 and about 200, more preferably 6 and about 100, more preferably 6 and about 50 repeat units.
• Other examples include those having a DP of between 7 and about 100, more preferably 7 and about 50 repeat units.
• certain preferred SACs are capable of forming compositions having relatively low "Dynamic Surface Tension Reduction Time” (that is, the time required to reduce surface tension of pure water from 72 mN/m to 55 mN/m, "t rS s", associated with a particular composition, which value is measured conventionally via the Drop Shape Analysis Test ("DSA Test") described in further detail below) and are preferred for use in compositions having significant and unexpected combinations of low-irritation and high foaming properties, as compared to comparable compositions.
• the SACs of the present invention have a t r » of about 120 seconds (s) or less. In certain more preferred embodiments. the SACs of the present invention have a ( r ---5s of about 75 seconds or less, more preferably about 50 or less, more preferably about 45 or less.
• DSA Drop Shape Analysis
• PDM Pendant Drop Method
• the surface tension measured by DSA is determined by fitting the shape of the hanging drop (captured in a video image) to the Young-Laplace equation, which relates inter-facial tension to drop shape.
• the Laplace equation is the mechanical equilibrium condition for two homogeneous fluids separated by an interface (Handbook of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Vol. 2; Holmberg, K., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons: Chieester, U.K., 2002, pp 22.2- 223).
• Solutions for the determination of surface tension may be prepared as follows: a polymer sample (1 150 mg active solids) is diluted in Millipore-Q deionized water (200 niL) in an acid-washed glass flask with glass stopper. This stock solution is mixed by manually shaking for five minutes and allowed to stand overnight. A dilution (1/4) of the stock solution is prepared by further diluting the stock solution with Millipore-Q water in acid-washed glassware - this is the sample is used for DSA analysis. The samples are analyzed using a DSA. 100 instrument. (Kriiss GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) operating at 25.0"C.
• the drop is monitored over 120 seconds and images are captured approximately every 0.16 seconds for the first 10 seconds, every 0.5 seconds for the next 50 seconds, and e v ery second for the last 60 seconds. Ail of the captured images are analyzed to determine the surface tension at each time frame. Surface tension values are calculated using the Drop Shape Analysis (DSA) for WindowsTM package (Kriiss GmbH, Hamburg, Germany).
• DSA Drop Shape Analysis
• Dynamic reduction of surface tension is reported as the time in seconds required to reduce the surface tension of the test solution to 55 rnN/m, t r *.
• the reported values of t r , s are the average of three individual measurement runs.
• the SACs useful in the present invention may be of any suitable molecular weight
• the SAC has a weight average molecular weight from about 1000 grams/moi to about 200,000 grams/mol. In a preferred embodiment, the SAC has a weight average molecular weight of from about 1000 to about 100,000, more preferably from about 1 ,000 to about 75,000, more preferably from
• SACs useful in the present invention are provided in readily water-soluble, free flowing, solid forms, such as powders.
• SACs suitable for use in the present invention include polymers of various chemical classifications and obtained via a variety of synthetic routes. Examples include polymers having a backbone that substantially comprises a plurality of carbon-carbon bonds, preferably essentially consists or consists only of carbon- carbon bonds and polymers having a backbone comprising a plurality of carbon-heteroatom bonds (as will be recognized by those of skill in the art, the backbone refers ge erally to the portion of repeat units in a polymer that is covalently bonded to adjacent repeat units (vs. "pendant groups").
• Examples of synthetic routes for obtaining SACs of the present invention include copolymerization of (i) one or more ethylenically unsaturated amphophilic comonomers with (it) one or more ethylenically unsaturated superhydrophilic comonomers, and optionally, (iii) one or more ethylenically unsaturated hydrophiiic comonomers.
• Nonlimiting examples of ethylenically unsaturated amphophilic comonomers include those having the following structure:
• R3 are independently H or C3 ⁇ 4, R 2 comprises Hphil, and R4 comprises Hphob group, or
• Rj, R4 are independently H or C3 ⁇ 4, R3 comprises Hphil and R4 comprises Hphob group, or
• R 2 , 3 are independently H or CH 3 , R; comprises Hphil, and R4 comprises Hphob group Anionic:
• MethodMacryiamidoalkylsulfo ic acids -acryiamidododecylsuifomc acid
• R 4 H or CH3
• X O or NH
• R5 any linear or branched carbon chain containing more than 5 carbon atoms
• M H 3 ⁇ 4 r , or any Group IA alkali metal cation.
• Allylalkylsulfosuccinates e.g. sodium allyldodecylsulfosuccinate (TREM LF-40, Cognis)
• Quaternized aminoalkyl(meth)acrylamides and aminoalkyl(nieth)acrylates e.g. (3- methacrylamidopropyl)dodecyldimethylammonium chloride, (2- methacryloyloxyethyl)dodecyl dim chloride
• Rn any linear or branched carbon chain containing more than 5 carbon atoms and Z :;; any Group VII- A halide anion.
• AlkyldiaUylniethylainmonium halides e.g. diaiiyidodecyimeihyiammonium chloride
• R 12 H, CH 3 or R !3
• R J3 any linear or branched carbon chain containing more than 5 carbon atoms
• Z any Group VII-A halide anion.
• Ammonioalkanecarbox lates e.g. 2-[( l l-(N- meihyiacrylamidyl)undecyl)dim ate
• R, 4 H or CH 3
• X 0 or N
• R17 any linear or branched carbon chain containing 5 or less carbon atoms
• R]g H, CH , or nothing.
• R 19 H or CH 3
• X O or
• R. 2 o H, CH 3 , CH 2 C3 ⁇ 4 or CH 2 CH 2 OH
• R. 2 i any linear or branched carbon chain more than 5 carbon atoms
• R 22 ⁇ any linear or branched carbon chain containing 5 or less carbon atoms
• R 23 H, CH 3 , or nothing.
• R24 H or CH 3
• X O
• R?5 any linear or branched carbon chain more than 5 carbon atoms
• n is an integer from about 4 to about 800
• I1 ⁇ 2 any linear or branched carbon chain containing 5 or less carbon atoms
• R27 H, Clh, or CH2COOB
• X O
• R 28 any linear or branched carbon chain more than 5 carbon atoms
• n is an integer from about 4 to about 800
• Nonlimiting examples of ethylenically unsaturated superhydrophilic comonomers include the following, and the like:
• Nonlimiting examples of optional ethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic comonomers include the following, and the like:
• SACs made via copolymerization of ethylenically- unsaturated monomers include:
• Additional synthetic routes for achieving the SACs of the present invention include via post-polymerization modification of precursor poiymers comprising SRUs to render some repeat units amphiphilic.
• Nonlimiiing examples include the reaction of superhydrophilic polymers comprised of repeat units comprising multiple hydroxy! functionalities, for example, starch, hydroxyethylcellulose, dextran, inulin, puUulan, polyfglyceryi
• reaction schemes include:
• the SAC for use in the present invention is a polymer having multiple hydroxy! functionalities that is then post-polymerization modified to convert some of the repeat units to ARUs.
• the polymer e.g., a starch such as a starch dextrin polymer, ihai is esterified with an aikenyl succinic anhydride to convert some of the superhydrophilic anhyroglucose units to ARUs.
• the structure of one such suitable resulting SAC may be the C-6 sodium dextrin alkenylsucc
• aikenyl succinate esters of polysaccharides may ⁇ be synthesized as described, for example, in U.S. 2,661,349, -incorporated herein by- reference.
• the modification of the sugar repeat units may also occur at the C-2, C-3 or C-4 positions in addition to the C-6 position shown above.
• the SACs derived from the reaction of the starting polysaccharide with the hydrophobic reagent comprises a polysaccharide bound with the hydrophobic reagent.
• the SAC is a starch based polysaccharide modified with one or more hydrophobic reagents.
• suitable starches include those derived from such plants as corn, wheat, rice, tapioca, potato, sago, and the like. Such starches can be of a native variety or those developed by plant breeding or by gene manipulation.
• the starches include either the waxy versions of such starches (containing less than 5% amylose), high amylose starches (containing more than 40% amylose), those with a modified cliaisilength (such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,9545,883, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein), and/or
• the starting starch is potato starch or tapioca starch. In certain other preferred embodiments, the starting starch is a waxy potato starch or waxy tapioca starch.
• the starch-based polysaccharide is modified by dissolving such low molecular weight starch or "dextrin" in water and reacting such starch with a hydrophobic reagent.
• the starch is desirably processed to lower its molecular weight by techniques known in the art, e.g., action of acid and heat, enzymatic, or thermal processing.
• the low molecular weight starch is dissolved in water, with optional heating, to form an aqueous solution and the pH of the aqueous solution is adjusted to about 2.0 by addition of an acid, such as a mineral acid (e.g. hydrochloric acid), to the solution.
• an acid such as a mineral acid (e.g. hydrochloric acid)
• the starch solution be prepared at the highest solids possible.
• a suitable working range for aqueous solids of the low molecular weight starch is from a bout 10% to about 80% starch based on the total eight of the solution.
• the percent solids of the low molecular weight starch is from about 25% to about 75% based on total weight of solution.
• the percent solids of the low molecul ar weight starch may be from about 35% to about 70%) by weight of the total solution.
• the viscosity of an aqueous solution of the SAC is desirably low to minimize the detrimental effect of a high solids lev el of surfactant with pumping or flow of the solution.
• the Brookfield viscosity measured at room temperature (about 23°C) at 200 rpm using spindle #3 for the SACs of this invention may be less than about 1000 cps at 10% aqueous solids based on the total weight of the solution.
• the Brookfield viscosity measured at room temperature (about 23°C) at 2.00 rpm using spindle #3 of the 10% aqueous solution may be less than about 25 cps.
• the Brookfield viscosity measured at room temperature (about 23°C) at 200 rpm using spindle #3 of a 10% aqueous solution will be less than about 10 cps.
• the conversion of some of the superhydrophilic anhydroglucose units to ARUs is performed by reacting one or more hydrophobic reagents (e.g., alkenyl succinic anhydride) with the starch in the aqueous solution at a pH of about 8.5 at about 40°C for about 21 hours to form an aqueous solution of SAC. Additional process steps such as cooling the aqueous solution of SAC to about 23 °C and neutralizing the solution to a pH of about 7.0 may then be performed.
• the pH is adjusted by using a mineral acid, such as hydrochloric acid.
• the starch-based polysaccharide is modified with alkenyl succinic anhydride.
• the alkenyl succinic anhydrides is dodeeeneylsuecinic anhydride (DDSA).
• DDSA dodeeeneylsuecinic anhydride
• Exemplary treatment levels of the DDSA, on the dry basis of low molecular weight ranges from about 3 to about 25%. In another embodiment, the treatment level may be from about 5 to aboirt 15% DDSA based on the dry weight of lo molecular weight starting starch.
• the SACs derived from the reaction of the starting polysaccharide and DDSA, the bound DDSA on the starch-based polysaccharide may be from about 3 about 15% based on the weight of dry starch. In another embodiment, the bound DDSA will be between 5 and 12% based on the dry weight of starch.
• the solution containing the low molecular weight polysaccharide may be then contacted with the DDSA using sufficient agitation to keep the DDSA uniformly dispersed throughout the solution.
• the reaction may then be run at temperatures between 25°C and 60°C while the pH of the reaction is kept from about 7.0 and about 9.0 by the slow and controlled addition of a suitable base.
• suitable base materials include, but not limited to, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium, carbonate, potassium carbonate and calcium oxide (lime) and the like.
• the hydrophobic reagent is a highly branched version of DDSA containing a 12 carbon side chain made from tetramerization of propene. It has been found that when the tetrapropene is then reacted with maleic anhydride in an ene-type reaction, it forms highly branched tetrapropenyi. succinic anhydride (TPSA). Because this material is a slightly viscose oil and has acceptable water solubility (e.g., at about 2-5% in water at 23°C), this reagent is capable of reacting favorably with the low molecular weight polysaccharide. In an embodiment of this invention, therefore, the hydrophobic reagent used to modify the low molecular weight starch may be TPSA.
• the starch-based polysaccharide is modified with a long chain quaternary compound having at least one chain containing 3 or more carbon atoms.
• the long chain quatemaiy compound has at least one chain containing 6 or more and more preferably 12 or more carbon atoms, such as 3-chloro-2-hydroxpropyl- dimethyldodecylammonium chloride (sold commercially as QUAB(r) 342) or the epoxide form of such compound, 2,3epox>propyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride.
• the one or more hydrophobic reagents may be a combination of reagents, such as, for example, a succinic anhydride and a long chain quaternary ammonium compound.
• a dialkylanhydride, such as stearyl anhydride, may also be suitable in the present invention.
• the hy drophobic reagent has a molecular weight greater than about 220.
• the hydrophobic reagent has a molecular weight greater than about 250.
• the hydrophobic reagent has a molecular weight less than about 200,000.
• the modified starch- based polysaccharide has a weight average molecular weight of below 200,000. In certain preferred embodiments, the modified starch-based polysaccharide has a weight average molecular weight of from about 1,000 to 25,000 or 1,500 to 15,000 and more preferably about 3,000 to about 10,000.
• polysaccharides are suitable for use in the present invention.
• Such polysaccharides may be derived from plant sources and those based on sugar-type repeat units.
• Some non-limiting examples of these polysaccharides are guar, xanthan, pectin, carrageenan, locust bean gum, and cellulose, including physical and chemically modified derivatives of the above.
• physical, chemical and enzymatic degradation of these materials may be necessary to reduce the molecular weight to the desired range to provide the viscosity for the desired application.
• Chemical modification can also be performed to provide additional functional properties (e.g., cationic, anionic or non-ionic) such as treatment with propylene oxide (PO), ethylene oxide (EO), alkyl chlorides (alkyiation) and esterification such as 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl- trimethylammonium chloride, sodium tripoiyphosphate, chioroacetic acid, epichlorohydrin, phosphorous oxychloride and the like.
• additional functional properties e.g., cationic, anionic or non-ionic
• PO propylene oxide
• EO ethylene oxide
• alkyl chlorides alkyiation
• esterification such as 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl- trimethylammonium chloride, sodium tripoiyphosphate, chioroacetic acid, epichlorohydrin, phosphorous oxychloride and the like.
• SAC derived from post-polymerization modification of a polysaccharide
• Dextran (poly[a( l -->6)-Z ) -glucose]) modified with 3-chloro-2- hydroxypropyllauryldimethylaminonium chloride; and the like.
• Other synthetic routes may include polymerization of amino acids and/or postpolymerization modification of polyarainoacids to achieve a SAC of the present invention, as well as, post-polymerization modification of hydrophilic polymers or amphiphilic polymers to achieve SACs of the present in v ention, and the like.
• the SAC is used in a concentration from greater than about 0.1% to about 25% by weight of active SAC in the composition.
• the SAC is in a concentration from about 0.5 to about 10%, more preferably from about 1 to about 7.5%, even more preferably from about 2. to about 6% of active SAC in the composition.
• hydrophobic binder refers to a compound that includes a hydrophobic moiety, is generally insoluble in water.
• the hydrophobic binder is preferably solid at room temperature but either melts or becomes malleable and flowable at elevated temperatures (> 30 °C),
• the hydrophobic binder may also have additional functions, such as an in-use as an emollient to the skin being cleansed.
• Suitable hydrophobic binders include fatty acids, fatty alcohols, esters of alcohols with fatty acids, polyol esters, waxes, mixed glycerides, triglycerides, hydrogenated tri glycerides, hydrogenated metathesis products of unsaturated triglycerides, and combinations thereof.
• Suitable fatty acids and fatty alcohols include those having from about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms, such as those having at least 16 carbon atoms, for example stearic acid and steryl alcohol .
• Suitable esters of alcohols with fatty acids include those having at least about 16 carbon atoms, for example synthetic beeswax.
• Suitable polyol esters include glyceryl esters such as Glyceryl Stearate or Glyceryl Distearate; sorbitan esters, such as Sorbitan Sesqustearate or Sorbitan Tristearate, and methyl glucoside esters, such as Methyl Glucose Dioleate or Methyl Glucose Distearate.
• wax refers to hydrophobic compounds having a melting point thai is above 30 C.
• the wax may be, hydrocarbon; animal, vegetable, mineral or synthetic, According to certain embodiments the wax includes or is selected from straight or branched chain alka es or alkenes, ketones, diketones, primary or secondary alcohols, aldehydes, sterol esters, terpenes, and esters, such as those having a carbon chain length ranging from C12-C38. According to certain preferred embodiments the wax includes esters of alcohol (glycerol or other than glycerol) and long chain fatty acids.
• Suitable naturally occurring waxes include Beeswax, Lanolin Wax, Copeniicia
• Suitable petroleum derived waxes include Paraffsn, Macrocrystalline Wax, and Petrolatum.
• Suitable mixed glycerides include those having an average carbon chain length at feast about 12, for example, Cocoglycerides, Olive Glycerides, Palm Glycerides, and Palm Kernal Glycerides.
• Suitable triglycerides include Butyrospermurn Parkii (Shea) Butter, Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Seed Butter, Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil, and Cocos Nucifera
• Hydrogenated metathesis products of unsaturated triglycerides include Hydrogenated Soy Polyglycerides.
• any suitable total amount of hydrophobic binder may be used in cleansing bars of the present invention.
• the total concentration of hydrophobic binder is from 5 percent to about 50 percent.
• the total concentration of hydrophobic binder is from 10 percent to about 50 percent, preferably from about 15 percent to about 50 percent, more preferably from 20 percent to about 50 percent, and even more preferably 20 percent to about 40 percent.
• the fatty acid includes or consists of a majority of stearic acid, palmitic acid, blends of Cie - Ci s linear saturated fatty acids, coconut fatty acids, or combinations thereof.
• water soluble bar hardener refers to a water-soluble material that tends to provide increased hardness to the cleansing bar.
• suitable water- soluble bar hardeners include inorganic metal cation salts of organic or inorganic acids.
• inorganic metal cation salts of organic acids include, for example, (sodium) salts isethionic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid.
• inorganic metal cation salts of inorganic acids include, for example, simple sodium salts, such as sodium chloride and sodium sulfate.
• the water soluble bar hardener is selected from sodium chloride and sodium isethionate.
• any sui table total amount of water soluble bar hardener may be used in cleansing bars of the present invention.
• the total concentration of water soluble bar hardener is from 0.25 percent to about 10 percent. In certain preferred embodiments, the total concentration of water soluble bar hardener is from 0.5 percent to about 5 percent, preferably from about 0.5 percent to about 3 percent.
• Cleansing bars of the present -invention may further include a zwitterionic surfactant.
• zwitterionic surfactant refers to as used herein refers to an amphiphilic molecule comprising a hydrophobic group and one or more hydrophilic groups comprising two moieties of opposite formal charges or capable of bearing opposite formal charges as a function of acid- base properties and solution pH. Any suitable zwitteronic surfactant may be used in the present invention.
• Suitable zwitteronic surfactants include: ⁇ Alkyl betaines of the formula:
• R C T ⁇ , - CM alkyl (saturated or unsaturated) or mixtures thereof.
• R C - C?4 alkyl (saturated or unsaturated) or mixture thereof.
• R Ce - C24 alkyl (saturated or unsaturated) or mixture thereof.
• RCO Ce - C24 acyl (saturated or unsaturated) or mixtures thereof.
• RCO Ce - C24 aeyl (saturated or unsaturated) or mixiures thereof
• RCO Ce - C3 ⁇ 4.
• acyl (saturated or unsaturated) or mixtures thereof and M + monovalent cation.
• R C f , - C3 ⁇ 4 alkyl (saturated or unsaturated) or mixtures thereof.
• the zwitterionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of alkyl betain.es, alkyl hydroxysultaines, alkylamidoaikyl betain.es, alkylamidoalkyl hydroxysultaines, amphohydroxypropylsulfonates, and combinations of two or more thereof.
• the cleansing bars of the invention comprise, from greater than about 0 to less than about 10 weight percent of total zwitterionic surfactants based on total active amount of surfactant(s) in the total weight of composition. In certain more preferred embodiments, the cleansing bars of the invention comprise from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent of total zwitterionic surfactants. In certain even more preferred embodiments, cleansing bars of the invention have from about 0.5 to about 7.5 weight percent total zwitterionic surfactants. In more preferred embodiments, formulas have from about 0.5 to about 5 weight percent total zwitterionic surfactants. In most preferred embodiments formulas have from about I to about 4 weight percent total zwitterionic surfactants.
• water may be included in the cleansing bar.
• the water may be indirectly added as a part of other ingredients or may be intentionally added to improve bar properties.
• the concentration of water in the cleansing bar is from about 1 percent to about 20 percent, preferably from about 2 percent to about 15 percent, more preferably from about 3 percent to about 12 percent, even more preferably from about 4 percent to about 10 percent.
• soap may be included in the cleansing bar.
• the term "soap” shall include alkali (e.g. Na + and ⁇ ) and alkaline earth (e.g. Mg and Ca 2 '), ammonium, or triethanolamine salts of saturated and unsaturated Ct-Cu fatty acids, i.e. alkyl monocarboxylate salts.
• alkali e.g. Na + and ⁇
• alkaline earth e.g. Mg and Ca 2 '
• ammonium e.g. ammonium
• triethanolamine salts of saturated and unsaturated Ct-Cu fatty acids i.e. alkyl monocarboxylate salts.
• the concentration of soap is less than about 10 percent, preferably less than about 5 percent, more preferably less than about 1 percent, and, in certain embodiments, free of soap.
• Cleansing bars of the present invention may further include additional ingredients, including those found in conventional cleansing bars.
• additional ingredients include but are not limited to nonionic surfactants, hydrophiiic binders, humectants, conditioning agents, opacifying agents, chelating agents, conditioning agents, fillers, exfoliants, preservatives, skin benefit agents, and fragrances.
• chemicals are specified according to their INCI Name. Additional information, including suppliers and trade names, can be found in the following which are herein incorporated by reference: the INCI monograph in the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, I4 m Edition published by the Personal Care Products Council, Washington DC and M. Friedman, Chemistry, Formulation, and Performance of Syndet and Combo Bars, Chapter 5 in Soap Manufacturing Technology., L. Spitz, ed., AOCS Press: Urbana, IL, 2009, pp 153-189.
• nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to Alky] polyglycosides, Polyglycerol esters, and Polyhydroxy fatty acid amides.
• suitable Aikyl polyglycosides include Lauryl Glucoside, Coco-glucoside, and Capryl/Lauryl Wheat Bran/Straw Glycosides.
• suitable Polyglycerol esters include
• suitable Polyhy droxy fatty acid amides include. Lauroyl Methyl Glucamide.
• the nonionic surfactant may be present in an amount of from about 0 percent to about 30 percent, such as 0 percent to about 10 percent.
• the hydrophilic binder may be present in an amount of from about 0 percent to about 60 percent, such as 0 percent to about 20 percent.
• the humectant may be present in an amount of from about 0 percent to about 30 percent, such as 0 percent to about 10 percent.
• conditioning agents include cationic or amphoteric water- soluble polymers and proteins.
• suitable cationic or amphoteric water-soluble polymers include Polyquaterniums, such as Polyquatemium-7, -10, -39, or -67, Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride, and Cassia Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride.
• suitable proteins include hydro!yzed proteins, such as Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, quaiernized proteins such as Hydroxypropyltrimonium Hydrolyzed Soy Protein, and acyiated proteins such as Sodium Cocoyl Hydrolyzed Amaranth Protein.
• the conditioning agent may be present in an amount of from about 0 percent to about 5 percent, such as 0 percent to about 1 percent.
• suitable chelating agents include Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts thereof, e.g. Tetrasodium EDTA; Tetrasodium Glutamaie Diacetaie; and Tetrasodiu Iminodisuccmate.
• the chelating agent may be present in an amount of from about 0 percent to about 3 percent, such as from about 0 percent to about 1 percent.
• suitable fillers include those which may also function as binders or to enhance the hardness or feel properties of the bar.
• Classes of suitable fillers include organic fillers such as Dextrin, Starch (e.g. Corn Starch, Mannitol, Wheat Flour) and inorganic fillers (e.g., Talc, Mica, aluminosilicate clays, Sodium Sulfate, carbonate salts, such as Calcium Carbonate, and phosphate salts such as Calcium Phosphate.
• Talc is a preferred filler.
• the filler may be present in an amount of from about 0 percent to about 60 percent.
• Suitable opacifying agents include colorants, including organic dyes, (e.g. Yellow 10 or Orange 4) and inorganic pigments (e.g. Iron Oxides or Ultramarines), in amounts suitable to produce visually appealing colors and/or optical effects.
• the opacifying agents may be present in an amount of from about 0 percent to about 2 percent, such as from about 0 to about 0.075 percent. Titanium dioxide is a preferred opacifying agent.
• exfoiiants examples include polyethylene beads, corn meal, walnut shell powder, and Luffa Cyiindrica Fruit fiber.
• the exfoiiants may be present in an amount of from about 0 percent to about 2 percent.
• preservatives examples include parabens, quaternary ammonium species, phenoxyethanol, benzoates, DM.DM hydantoin.
• the preservatives may be present in an amount from about 0 to about 1 percent or from about 0,05 percent to about 0.5 percent.
• suitable skin benefit agents include those suitable for use at pH less than about 8 and may include ants-aging agents, antimicrobial agents, anti-acne agents and the like.
• One suitable class of skin benefit agents are antimicrobial agents including organic acids and salts thereof, such as Alpha hydroxy acids, e.g. Glycoiic Acid, Lactic Acid; Beta hydroxy acids, e.g. Salicylic Acid; and citric acid.
• the antimicrobial agents may be present in an amount from about 0 percent to about 4 percent, such as from about 0 to about 2. percent.
• the cleansing bars of the present invention have a pH of about 8 or less as determined by A.STM method E70 - 07 Standard Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions with the Glass Electrode.
• the cleansing bar has a pH from about 3 to about 8, preferably from about 4 to about 7, more preferably from about 4 to about 6.
• Cleansing bars of the present invention provide high foaming, particularly in comparison to comparable cleansing bars that do not include a SAC.
• cleansing bars of the present invention when tested according to the Cleansing Bar Foam Test detailed in this specification, cleansing bars of the present invention have a Maximum Foam Volume that is at least about 30% higher than their comparable cleansing bar without a SAC.
• cleansing bars of the present invention have a Maximum Foam Volume that is at least about 40% higher than their comparable cleansing bar without a SAC, preferably at least about 41% higher, more preferably at least about 45% higher, even more preferably at least about 50% higher, even more preferably at least about 55% higher, and even more preferably at least about 60% higher than their comparable cleansing bar without a SAC.
• the "comparable cleansing bar without a SAC" for any cleansing bar of the present invention means a cleansing bar with the same ingredients as the subject cleansing bar except with the SAC removed (i.e.
• a cleansing bar that has 0% by weight of SAC and wherein the additional material ("q.s.") to compensate for the omission of SAC is composed of equal proportions by weight of the other (non-SAC) ingredients in the cleansing bar.
• Cleansing bars of the present invention may be made by any of various methods.
• an aqueous surfactant mixture is prepared by combining the hydrophobic binder, the non-soap anionic surfactant, the water soluble bar hardene , and water such that the mixture is rendered fluid, thereby permitting homogeneous mixing of the components. While the relative proportions of the hydrophobic binder, the non-soap anionic surfactant the water soluble bar hardene , and water may be varied, typically substantially the entire formula amount of each of the hydrophobic binder and the non-soap anionic surfactant that are intended to be used in the final cleansing bar are used to prepare the aqueous surfactant mixture.
• the aqueous surfactant mixture includes at least about 80%, preferably at leas t about 90% of combined non-soap anionic surfactant and hydrophobic binder, with the remainder consisting essentially of water soluble bar hardener and water.
• the amount of water in the aqueous surfactant mixture may be from about 0.25 percent to about 20 percent, preferably from about 0.5 percent to about 15 percent, more preferably from about 1 percent to about 15 percent, even more preferably from about 2 percent to about 15 percent, and even more preferably from about 3 percent to about 15 percent.
• these ingredients in the aqueous surfactant mixture are allowed to mix at an elevated temperature.
• the aqueous surfactant mixture is heated to a temperature that is sufficient to render it fluid.
• the elevated temperature may be sufficient to melt at least the non-soap anionic surfactant and the hydrophobic binder.
• the hydrophobic binder, the non-soap anionic surfactant, the water soluble bar hardener, and water may be mixed at a temperature of at least about 150°F.
• the inventors have found that the SAC may conveniently be added directly to the heated aqueous surfactant blend.
• a solid SAC is added to the heated aqueous surfactant blend and allowed to mix until uniform to form a heated surfaetant copolymer blend.
• the surfaetant/copolymer blend may at this particular time have a doughy or viscous consistency.
• Additional materials may be added into the heated surfactant'copolymer blend.
• one or more of amphoteric surfactant, additional water soluble bar hardener , additional water, among other optional ingredients are added and permitted to mix until uniform.
• the amount of soap added during the process of making the bar is less than about 10 percent on a weight basis immediately prior to forming the cleansing bar, and is preferably less than about 5 percent, more preferably less than about 2.5 percent, even more preferably less than about 1 percent, such as less than 0.1 percent soap. While the mventors recognize that it is possible that a certain amount of soap may form in situ, according to certain embodiments, the heated aqueous surfactant blend includes less than about 10 percent of soap, preferably less than about 5 percent soap, more preferably less than about 1 percent soap immediately prior to cooling, and, in certain embodiments, is free of soap.
• the heated surfactant'copolymer blend may be subject to additional conventional processing steps.
• the heated surfaetant/copolymer blend is flaked such as by contacting the surfaetant/copolymer blend with a metal roller which has been chilled such as by circulating cold water within the roller.
• the resulting material may comprise discrete, flaky structures.
• This flaked surfactant/copolymer blend may then be mixed or "amalgamated," such as at ambient temperature. This mixing may be performed just before, during, or just after certain additional additives are mixed into the flaked surfactant/copolymer blend.
• These optional additives include heat sensitive ingredients such as fragrance and exfoiiants heated aqueous surfactant blend before, during, or after these additional conventional processing steps.
• the (flaked) surfactant/copolymer blend is extruded (e.g., through an opening) to form an extruded surfactant mass.
• a cleansing bar is then formed by, for example, conventional processes such as cutting (e.g., with a blade) and/or stamping the extruded surfactant mass with a die to form the final bar shape.
• cutting e.g., with a blade
• stamping e.g., stamping the extruded surfactant mass with a die to form the final bar shape.
• compositions produced via the present invention are preferably used as or in personal care products for treating or cleansing at least a portion of the human body.
• personal care products include various products suitable for application to the skin, hair, and'Or vaginal region of the body, such as shampoos, hand, face, and'Or body washes, bath additives, gels, lotions, creams, and the like.
• shampoos, hand, face, and'Or body washes bath additives, gels, lotions, creams, and the like.
• the instant methods provide personal care products having one or more of desirable properties such as foaming characteristics, reduced irritation, and'Or improved manufacturability.
• the present invention pro vides methods of treating and/or cleansing the human body comprising contacting at least a portion of the body with a composition of the present invention.
• Certain preferred methods comprising contacting mammalian skin, hair and'Or vaginal region with a composition of the present invention to cleanse such region and/or treat such region for any of a variety of conditions including, but not limited to, acne, wrinkles, dermatitis, dryness, muscle pain, itch, and the like.
• the contacting step comprises applying a composition of the present invention to human skin, hair or vaginal region.
• the cleansing methods of the present invention may further comprise any of a variety of additional, optional steps associated conventionally with cleansing the skin including, for example, lathering, rinsing steps, and the like.
• Cleansing Bar Foam Test Determination of foam generated by the cleansing bar is measured in accordance with the following Cleansing Bar Foam Test. Pellets of bar-form products are used to determine their foam generating properties upon dissolution and agitation according to the preseni invention.
• the Cleansing Bar Foam tesi is conducted as follows: a pellet is fabricated by compressing shavings of a cleansing bar form product into a cylindrical pellet shape mold at 5000 psi (approx. weight of each pellet is 0.65 grams).
• a solution of hard water ( 100 ppm Ca 2 r ) is prepared by dissolving calcium chloride into deionized water and added to the sample tank of a SUA R-2000 foam tester (commercially available from Future Digital Scientific, Co.; Bethpage, N.Y.).
• Transepithial Permeability (TEP) Assay Irritation to the eyes and/or skin expected for a given formulation is measured in accordance with the Invittox Protocol Number 86, the "Trans-epithelial Permeability (TEP) Assay” as set forth in Invittox Protocol Number 86 (May 1994), incorporated herein by reference.
• TEP Transepithial Permeability
• the ocular and/or skin irritation potential of a product can be evaluated by determining its effect on the permeability of a cell layer, as assessed by the leakage of fluorescein through the layer.
• MDCK Darby canine kidney
• a layer of MDCK cells grown on a microporous membrane to a test sample is a model for the first event that occurs when an irritant comes in contact with the eye.
• the outermost layers of the corneal epithelium form a selectively permeable barrier due to the presence of tight junctions between ceils.
• the tight junctions separate, thereby removing the permeability barrier. Fluid is imbibed to the underlying layers of epithelium and to the stroma, causing the collagen lamellae to separate, resulting in opacity.
• the TEP assay measures the effect of an irritant on the breakdown of tight junctions between cells in a layer of MDCK cells grown on a microporous insert. Damage is evaluated specirophoiometrically, by measuring the amount of marker dye (sodium fluorescein) that leaks through the cell layer and microporous membrane to the lower well.
• marker dye sodium fluorescein
• the irritation potential of a formulation is evaluated by measuring the damage to the permeability barrier in the cell monolayer following a 15 minute exposure to dilutions of the product. Barrier damage is assessed by the amount of sodium fluorescein that has leaked through to the lower well after 30 minutes, as determined spectrophotometrically. The fluorescein leakage is plotted against the concentration of test material to determine the EC50 (the concentration of test material that causes 50% of maximum dye leakage, i.e., 50% damage to the permeability barrier). Higher scores axe indicative of milder formulas.
• HQSTAPGN SI a mixture of sodium iseth onate and water
• HQSTAPGN SI a mixture of sodium iseth onate and water
• the sodium hydrolyzed potato starch dodecenyisuccinate superhydrophilic amphiphilic copolymer in the form of a spray-dried, free flowing powder
• CHEMBETATNE CA S a mixture of cocoamidopropyl hy droxysultame and water
• Salt and titanium dioxide were mixed into sufficient water to bring the target of total water concentration in the final cleansing bar to concentrations consistent with Table I, below (4 to 10 percent).
• Inventive Example E2 and Comparative Example C2 were prepared were made in a similar manner to Inventive Example El and Comparative Example CI respectively, except that the zwitterionic surfactant, CHEMBETAINE CAS was omitted.
• Comparative Example, C3 was made in a manner similar to Inventive Example El, except that rather than adding the sodium hydrolyzed potato starch dodecenylsuecmate (SAC), cetyi hydroxycellulose was hydrated with water and added to the heated surfactant blend.
• SAC sodium hydrolyzed potato starch dodecenylsuecmate
• the flake was added to an amalgamator, mixed with any additional additives and milled on a three roll mill until uniform.
• the milled material was extruded through a vacuum extrusion plodder until a smooth, uniform billet was produced.
• the billets were cut in the appropriate size and weight, then stamped into the final shape with a die and foot press.
• compositions are shown in Table 1, below:
• DOVE Baby Sensitive Skin Baby Bar purports to have the following ingredients: sodium iauroyl isethionate, stearic acid, sodium tallowate (or) sodium palmitate, lauric acid, sodium isethionate, water, sodium stearate, cocoamidopropyl beiaine, sodium coeoate (or) sodium palm kernelate, sodium chloride, tetrasodium EDTA, tetrasodium etidronate, maltrol, and titanium dioxide.
• Comparative Example C4 (205 mL). Furthermore, Table 2 shows a similar dramatic increase in foam performance when the zwitterionic surfactant is omitted. Foam Volume vs. time for Inventive Examples E2 and Comparative Example C2 (and Figure 2 shows this same data in plot form). The Maximum Foam Volume of Inventive Example E2 (212 mL) was 58% higher than that of Comparative Example C2 ( 134 mL).

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