EP2937316B1 - Method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance - Google Patents
Method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2937316B1 EP2937316B1 EP13866458.6A EP13866458A EP2937316B1 EP 2937316 B1 EP2937316 B1 EP 2937316B1 EP 13866458 A EP13866458 A EP 13866458A EP 2937316 B1 EP2937316 B1 EP 2937316B1
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- Prior art keywords
- water
- insoluble substance
- porous material
- ions
- oil
- Prior art date
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 119
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 title claims description 67
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 34
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 84
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 halogen ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003657 drainage water Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005504 petroleum refining Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 34
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 16
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000011001 backwashing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002035 hexane extract Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007832 Na2SO4 Substances 0.000 description 3
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000013043 chemical agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium ion Chemical compound [Mg+2] JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001846 repelling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012465 retentate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/42—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D17/00—Separation of liquids, not provided for elsewhere, e.g. by thermal diffusion
- B01D17/02—Separation of non-miscible liquids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D17/00—Separation of liquids, not provided for elsewhere, e.g. by thermal diffusion
- B01D17/08—Thickening liquid suspensions by filtration
- B01D17/085—Thickening liquid suspensions by filtration with membranes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
- B01D67/0083—Thermal after-treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/02—Inorganic material
- B01D71/024—Oxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/444—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by ultrafiltration or microfiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
- B01D2311/26—Further operations combined with membrane separation processes
- B01D2311/2623—Ion-Exchange
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
- B01D2323/02—Hydrophilization
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
- B01D2323/46—Impregnation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/18—Membrane materials having mixed charged functional groups
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/42—Ion-exchange membranes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
- C02F1/281—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using inorganic sorbents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
- C02F1/288—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using composite sorbents, e.g. coated, impregnated, multi-layered
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
- C02F2101/32—Hydrocarbons, e.g. oil
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/34—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from industrial activities not provided for in groups C02F2103/12 - C02F2103/32
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/22—Eliminating or preventing deposits, scale removal, scale prevention
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance and a method for producing a porous body for use in treatment of water containing water-insoluble substance.
- a technique for removing water-insoluble matter from water containing water-insoluble substance has a very wide application and is utilized in various fields. For example, produced water discharged from well sites in crude oil- or natural gas-producing field contains water-insoluble substance typified by oil, and therefore cannot be directly dumped into rivers or the sea. Therefore, various separation processes are applied to treatment for removing oil from oil-containing produced water to obtain water containing substantially no oil.
- phase separation method As a conventional method for treating oil-containing produced water, a method is used, in which solid matter and free oil are separated by a physical separation means such as a phase separation method and then, as described in Patent Literature 1, a flocculant is added to flocculate emulsion oil to obtain water containing no oil.
- phase separation method and flocculation method are established techniques that have been used since old times, and have the advantage that treatment can be stably performed with a relatively simple operation.
- Patent Literature 1 WO 2005/092469
- the flocculation method has a problem that a high treatment cost is required to treat an enormous volume of water because a large amount of a chemical agent, such as a flocculant, is used, and as a result, a large amount of waste is generated.
- a chemical agent such as a flocculant
- produced water is often generated in oil-producing countries or gas-producing countries, that is, in so-called areas with insufficient infrastructures, and in addition, there is a case where produced water is required to be treated in a space-limited location, e.g., on a ship or an offshore rig, due to the development of wells having difficulty in extracting oil or gas. Therefore, there is a case where the flocculation method is unprofitable because a large space is required not only to provide a settling tank but also to store a chemical agent and the like.
- the porous membrane needs to be frequently backwashed to prevent water-insoluble substance from adhering to the membrane surface, and the pump needs to be stopped to wash the porous membrane with a chemical agent to remove water-insoluble substance adhering to the porous membrane. In this case, however, there is a fear that such operations significantly reduce the volume of produced water that can be treated.
- the present invention is directed to a method as defined in claim 1 for treating water containing water-insoluble substance using a porous material having functional groups on its surface, the method including: a first step of bringing an aqueous solution containing ions ion-exchangeable for the functional groups into contact with the surface to attach the ions to the surface; and a second step of allowing the water containing water-insoluble substance to pass through the porous material from the surface having the ions attached thereto to remove the water-insoluble substance from the water containing water-insoluble substance.
- the present disclosure is also directed to a method for producing a porous body, including: preparing a porous material having functional groups on its surface; and bringing an aqueous solution containing ions ion-exchangeable for the functional groups into contact with the surface to attach the ions to the surface.
- an aqueous solution containing ions ion-exchangeable for functional groups on the surface is brought into contact with the surface to exchange the functional groups for the ions so that water molecules in the aqueous solution are attracted to the ions because of the charge of the ions and a water film is formed on the surface.
- the water film repels the water-insoluble substance, it is possible to prevent the water-insoluble substance from adhering to the surface during allowing the water containing water-insoluble substance to pass through the porous material from the surface and therefore to remove the water-insoluble substance from the water containing water-insoluble substance without causing fouling of the porous material by the water-insoluble substance.
- a raw water tank 1 that temporarily receives, as raw water, oil-containing produced water sent from a well site, a porous body 2 (hereinafter, referred to as a porous membrane) that treats the oil-containing produced water to obtain water containing substantially no oil as permeate water, a supply pump 3 that cyclically supplies raw water discharged from the bottom of the raw water tank 1 to the porous membrane 2, a permeate water tank 4 that receives permeate water passed through the porous membrane 2, and a piping system 5 that connects these components to each other.
- a raw water tank 1 that temporarily receives, as raw water, oil-containing produced water sent from a well site
- a porous body 2 hereinafter, referred to as a porous membrane
- a supply pump 3 that cyclically supplies raw water discharged from the bottom of the raw water tank 1 to the porous membrane 2
- a permeate water tank 4 that receives permeate water passed through the porous membrane 2
- a piping system 5 that connects these components
- Produced water discharged from a well site usually contains crude oil and associated gas, and therefore in order to separate them, a three-phase separator, API (American Petroleum Institute) oil separator, or the like (not shown) is generally provided upstream of the raw water tank 1. Therefore, produced water sent to the raw water tank 1 as raw water contains emulsion oil that cannot be separated by such an upstream apparatus, part of free oil that remains without being treated due to fluctuations in operating conditions, etc. Usually, the produced water as raw water contains about 1 to 5000 mg/L of oil as normal hexane extract.
- the porous membrane 2 is made of an inorganic oxide, preferably ceramic such as alumina, silica, titania, or zirconia. This is because, as will be described later, the porous membrane may be fired to more strongly fix ions modifying the surface of the porous membrane, and in this case, an inorganic oxide is suitable for the porous membrane. Further, the porous membrane made of ceramic also has the advantage that it generally has higher strength than an organic membrane and therefore can withstand a high trans-membrane pressure during backwashing. It is to be noted that a backwashing system (not shown) is preferably provided on the permeate water side of the porous membrane 2 to backwash the membrane with injected compressed air.
- a backwashing system (not shown) is preferably provided on the permeate water side of the porous membrane 2 to backwash the membrane with injected compressed air.
- the diameter of pores of the porous membrane 2 is appropriately selected depending on the properties of water containing water-insoluble substance, conditions for treatment of such water, etc. This makes it possible to allow only water to pass through the pores of the porous membrane 2 while preventing water-insoluble substance from passing through the pores of the porous membrane 2 due to cooperation between a hydrophilic coating film that will be described later and the pores, thereby allowing the water-insoluble substance and the water to be separated from each other.
- the porous membrane 2 does not need to be uniformly formed or may be made of two or more materials.
- the pores on the upstream side of the porous membrane 2 with respect to a permeation direction i.e., a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface of the membrane
- a permeation direction i.e., a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface of the membrane
- the porous membrane 2 is composed of one or more modules each having a cylindrical shape with an outer diameter of, for example, about 30 mm to 180 mm and a length of, for example, about 100 mm to 1500 mm.
- the number of modules to be used in combination depends on the volume of raw water that needs to be treated.
- Each of the porous membrane modules has two or more through holes or channels each having an inner diameter of about 0.5 mm to 5 mm and extending from one end to the other end thereof.
- Water containing water-insoluble substance as raw water is introduced into the one end of each of the porous membrane modules and flows through the through holes in one direction at a predetermined linear velocity, during which water containing no water-insoluble substance is separated from the water containing water-insoluble substance.
- Concentrated water also referred to as retentate
- Concentrated water having a higher water-insoluble substance concentration due to the separation is discharged from the other end of each of the porous membrane modules and then returned to the raw water tank 1 through the return piping system 5.
- the porous material has the above-described cylindrical shape with two or more through holes, and each of the through holes has functional groups present on the inner wall surface thereof.
- a porous material having hydroxyl groups present as functional groups on the surface thereof is obtained.
- a functional group changes in electrical potential due to the influence of pH.
- alumina is positively charged when the pH of an aqueous solution is lower than its isoelectric point, and on the other hand, is negatively charged when the pH of an aqueous solution is higher than its isoelectric point.
- aqueous solution containing ions opposite in electrical charge to a charged surface of the porous material into contact with the surface, the surface can be modified with the ions electrostatically fixed thereto. Further, it is considered that a water film can be formed on the surface of the porous material because water molecules are oriented on the surface of these ions. For example, in the treatment process shown in Fig.
- one or more kinds of anions are preferably selected from the group consisting of halogen ions, SO 4 2- , PO 4 3- , NO 3 - , CH 3 COO - , and [C 6 H 5 O 7 ] 3- .
- the ion-exchangeable ions are cations (which is however not falling under the scope of the present invention)
- one or more kinds of cations are preferably selected from the group consisting of alkali metal ions, alkaline-earth metals, and Mg 2+ .
- the porous material made of alumina shall be treated with a cation-containing aqueous solution having a pH higher than about 9.5. This makes it possible to ion-exchange the protons of hydroxyl groups present on the surface of alumina for cations. In this case, unlike the case of modification with anions, the oxygen side of water molecules is attracted to the ion-exchanged cations so that a hydrophilic coating film is formed.
- the isoelectric point of the porous material varies depending on the material of the porous material. For example, in the case of titania, its isoelectric point is on the more acidic side than that of alumina. Therefore, when an ion-containing aqueous solution at about neutral pH is brought into contact with the surface of the porous material made of titania, the surface of the porous material is modified with cations because the surface of the porous material is negatively charged.
- the method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance according to the present invention includes: a first step of bringing an aqueous solution containing ions ion-exchangeable for functional groups into contact with the surface to attach the ions to the surface; and a second step of allowing the water containing water-insoluble substance to pass through the porous material from the surface to remove the water-insoluble substance from the water containing water-insoluble substance.
- the hydrophilic coating film formed by the method described above has the property of repelling oil, and therefore oil is less likely to adhere to the surface of the porous membrane. That is, fouling is less likely to occur on the surface of the porous membrane, which makes it possible to stably perform filtration at a low trans-membrane pressure over a long time. This makes it possible to significantly reduce the power of the supply pump 3. Further, a fouling phenomenon hardly occurs, and therefore the frequency of backwashing or chemical washing can be reduced to achieve very efficient treatment.
- the method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance may further include, after the first step but before the second step, the step of firing the porous material under a temperature condition of 300°C to 500°C for 1 to 5 hours. This makes it possible to more strongly fix the ions modifying the surface of the porous membrane.
- the method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance may further include, after the second step, the step of washing the porous membrane with a chemical solution.
- the chemical solution (washing agent) to be used may be Ultrasil (manufactured by HENKEL HAKUSUI CORPORATION).
- the permeability of the porous material (ceramic membrane) that has been reduced to 50% due to filtration treatment of produced water can be recovered to 99% by washing the porous material with a circulating mixed liquid of an alkali-based washing agent (Ultrasil 110) and a surfactant (Ultrasil 02) and then with a circulating acid-based washing agent (Ultrasil 75).
- the method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance may further include, after the second step, the step of reattaching the ions to the surface of the porous membrane.
- the step of reattaching the ions may be performed after the above-described step of chemical washing.
- filtration treatment is performed for a long time or chemical washing is performed, there is a case where the surface composition of the porous membrane is changed. Therefore, reattaching the ions to the surface of the porous membrane makes it possible to return the trans-membrane pressure of the porous membrane to its initial low level, thereby allowing oil-containing water to be again subjected to filtration treatment stably over a long time.
- Water containing water-insoluble substance to be treated by the treatment method according to the present invention is not limited to produced water, and the treatment method according to the present invention can be properly applied to seawater containing oil leaked by an oil tanker accident or an offshore rig accident or oil-containing drainage water discharged from various plants such as petroleum refining plants.
- a ceramic porous membrane module mainly made of alumina and having an outer diameter of 3 cm and a length of 10 cm manufactured by NGK INSULATORS, LTD., pore diameter: 0.1 ⁇ m
- oilfield produced water having properties shown in the following Table 1 was treated under the conditions of a linear velocity (cross-flow linear velocity) of 3 m/sec and a filtration flux of 4 m 3 /m 2 /day for 180 minutes.
- a temporal change in water temperature-corrected trans-membrane pressure (trans-membrane pressure at a water temperature of 25°C) during filtration is shown in Fig.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
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Description
- The present invention relates to a method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance and a method for producing a porous body for use in treatment of water containing water-insoluble substance.
- A technique for removing water-insoluble matter from water containing water-insoluble substance has a very wide application and is utilized in various fields. For example, produced water discharged from well sites in crude oil- or natural gas-producing field contains water-insoluble substance typified by oil, and therefore cannot be directly dumped into rivers or the sea. Therefore, various separation processes are applied to treatment for removing oil from oil-containing produced water to obtain water containing substantially no oil.
- As a conventional method for treating oil-containing produced water, a method is used, in which solid matter and free oil are separated by a physical separation means such as a phase separation method and then, as described in
Patent Literature 1, a flocculant is added to flocculate emulsion oil to obtain water containing no oil. These phase separation method and flocculation method are established techniques that have been used since old times, and have the advantage that treatment can be stably performed with a relatively simple operation. - Patent Literature 1:
WO 2005/092469 - However, the flocculation method has a problem that a high treatment cost is required to treat an enormous volume of water because a large amount of a chemical agent, such as a flocculant, is used, and as a result, a large amount of waste is generated. Particularly, produced water is often generated in oil-producing countries or gas-producing countries, that is, in so-called areas with insufficient infrastructures, and in addition, there is a case where produced water is required to be treated in a space-limited location, e.g., on a ship or an offshore rig, due to the development of wells having difficulty in extracting oil or gas. Therefore, there is a case where the flocculation method is unprofitable because a large space is required not only to provide a settling tank but also to store a chemical agent and the like.
- Under these circumstances, the use of a porous membrane to treat oil-containing produced water has been studied (as disclosed for example in
JP 401139107 JP 2010 214 255 - However, treatment using a porous membrane cannot avoid the problem of fouling by a substance to be removed. Particularly, in the case of separation of oil as water-insoluble substance from produced water, there is a fear that sticky oil adheres to the surface of a porous membrane and the inner surface of pores. When oil adheres to the surface of a porous membrane and the inner surface of pores, pressure required to allow produced water to pass through the porous membrane is increased and therefore the power consumption of a pump is increased, which is uneconomical. Further, oil is a liquid, and therefore if pressure higher than a limit pressure is applied to the porous membrane, oil flows into and contaminates treated water. In order to avoid such problems, the porous membrane needs to be frequently backwashed to prevent water-insoluble substance from adhering to the membrane surface, and the pump needs to be stopped to wash the porous membrane with a chemical agent to remove water-insoluble substance adhering to the porous membrane. In this case, however, there is a fear that such operations significantly reduce the volume of produced water that can be treated.
- In view of the above problems, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method capable of economically treating water containing water-insoluble substance by preventing fouling of a porous membrane by the water-insoluble substance to reduce pressure required to allow the water containing water-insoluble substance to pass through a porous material to reduce the power consumption of a pump and to minimize the frequency of backwashing or chemical washing of the porous material. Solution to Problem
- In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is directed to a method as defined in
claim 1 for treating water containing water-insoluble substance using a porous material having functional groups on its surface, the method including: a first step of bringing an aqueous solution containing ions ion-exchangeable for the functional groups into contact with the surface to attach the ions to the surface; and a second step of allowing the water containing water-insoluble substance to pass through the porous material from the surface having the ions attached thereto to remove the water-insoluble substance from the water containing water-insoluble substance. - The present disclosure is also directed to a method for producing a porous body, including: preparing a porous material having functional groups on its surface; and bringing an aqueous solution containing ions ion-exchangeable for the functional groups into contact with the surface to attach the ions to the surface. Advantageous Effects of Invention
- According to the present invention, prior to allowing water containing water-insoluble substance to pass through a porous material from a surface of the porous material, an aqueous solution containing ions ion-exchangeable for functional groups on the surface is brought into contact with the surface to exchange the functional groups for the ions so that water molecules in the aqueous solution are attracted to the ions because of the charge of the ions and a water film is formed on the surface. Therefore, it is considered that since the water film repels the water-insoluble substance, it is possible to prevent the water-insoluble substance from adhering to the surface during allowing the water containing water-insoluble substance to pass through the porous material from the surface and therefore to remove the water-insoluble substance from the water containing water-insoluble substance without causing fouling of the porous material by the water-insoluble substance.
- This makes it possible to reduce pressure required to allow the water containing water-insoluble substance to pass through the porous material to reduce the power consumption of a pump creating the pressure. Further, it is also possible to minimize the frequency of backwashing or chemical washing of the porous material. Therefore, the water containing water-insoluble substance can be economically treated.
-
-
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow diagram showing one specific example of a treatment process by which a method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance according to the present invention can be properly implemented. -
Fig. 2 is a graph showing the dependence of the zeta potential of alumina on pH. -
Fig. 3 is a graph showing a temporal change in water temperature-corrected trans-membrane pressure during filtration in a membrane treatment test in Comparative Example. -
Fig. 4 is a schematic flow diagram of a dead end-type filtration tester used in a membrane treatment test in Examples. -
Fig. 5 is a graph showing a temporal change in water temperature-corrected trans-membrane pressure during filtration in a membrane treatment test in Example 1. -
Fig. 6 is a graph showing a temporal change in water temperature-corrected trans-membrane pressure during filtration in a membrane treatment test in Example 2. - Hereinbelow, one specific example of a method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance according to the present invention will be described with reference to a case where the water containing water-insoluble substance is produced water. First, a treatment process by which the method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance according to the present invention can be properly implemented will be described with reference to
Fig. 1 . The treatment process shown inFig. 1 mainly includes araw water tank 1 that temporarily receives, as raw water, oil-containing produced water sent from a well site, a porous body 2 (hereinafter, referred to as a porous membrane) that treats the oil-containing produced water to obtain water containing substantially no oil as permeate water, asupply pump 3 that cyclically supplies raw water discharged from the bottom of theraw water tank 1 to theporous membrane 2, apermeate water tank 4 that receives permeate water passed through theporous membrane 2, and apiping system 5 that connects these components to each other. - Produced water discharged from a well site usually contains crude oil and associated gas, and therefore in order to separate them, a three-phase separator, API (American Petroleum Institute) oil separator, or the like (not shown) is generally provided upstream of the
raw water tank 1. Therefore, produced water sent to theraw water tank 1 as raw water contains emulsion oil that cannot be separated by such an upstream apparatus, part of free oil that remains without being treated due to fluctuations in operating conditions, etc. Usually, the produced water as raw water contains about 1 to 5000 mg/L of oil as normal hexane extract. - The
porous membrane 2 is made of an inorganic oxide, preferably ceramic such as alumina, silica, titania, or zirconia. This is because, as will be described later, the porous membrane may be fired to more strongly fix ions modifying the surface of the porous membrane, and in this case, an inorganic oxide is suitable for the porous membrane. Further, the porous membrane made of ceramic also has the advantage that it generally has higher strength than an organic membrane and therefore can withstand a high trans-membrane pressure during backwashing. It is to be noted that a backwashing system (not shown) is preferably provided on the permeate water side of theporous membrane 2 to backwash the membrane with injected compressed air. - It is preferred that the diameter of pores of the
porous membrane 2 is appropriately selected depending on the properties of water containing water-insoluble substance, conditions for treatment of such water, etc. This makes it possible to allow only water to pass through the pores of theporous membrane 2 while preventing water-insoluble substance from passing through the pores of theporous membrane 2 due to cooperation between a hydrophilic coating film that will be described later and the pores, thereby allowing the water-insoluble substance and the water to be separated from each other. - The
porous membrane 2 does not need to be uniformly formed or may be made of two or more materials. For example, the pores on the upstream side of theporous membrane 2 with respect to a permeation direction (i.e., a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface of the membrane) may be smaller in pore diameter and denser than the pores on the downstream side of theporous membrane 2. This allows the upstream part of theporous membrane 2 to serve as a screen and allows the downstream part of theporous membrane 2 to serve as a support layer having high mechanical strength. - The
porous membrane 2 is composed of one or more modules each having a cylindrical shape with an outer diameter of, for example, about 30 mm to 180 mm and a length of, for example, about 100 mm to 1500 mm. The number of modules to be used in combination depends on the volume of raw water that needs to be treated. Each of the porous membrane modules has two or more through holes or channels each having an inner diameter of about 0.5 mm to 5 mm and extending from one end to the other end thereof. Water containing water-insoluble substance as raw water is introduced into the one end of each of the porous membrane modules and flows through the through holes in one direction at a predetermined linear velocity, during which water containing no water-insoluble substance is separated from the water containing water-insoluble substance. Concentrated water (also referred to as retentate) having a higher water-insoluble substance concentration due to the separation is discharged from the other end of each of the porous membrane modules and then returned to theraw water tank 1 through thereturn piping system 5. - As described above, by cyclically flowing raw water through the through holes at a predetermined linear velocity, oil that tries to accumulate on the inner wall surface of the through holes can be washed away by the raw water so that the pores of the
porous membrane 2 are less likely to be blocked with oil or an oil film is less likely to be formed on the surface of the porous membrane 2 (inner wall surface of the through holes). - Hereinbelow, a method for producing the
porous membrane 2 will be described. When theporous membrane 2 is produced, a porous material is first prepared. The porous material has the above-described cylindrical shape with two or more through holes, and each of the through holes has functional groups present on the inner wall surface thereof. For example, when a commercially-available ceramic porous material (manufactured by NGK INSULATORS, LTD., Type: CHME2K-01) is used, a porous material having hydroxyl groups present as functional groups on the surface thereof is obtained. It is generally known that a functional group changes in electrical potential due to the influence of pH. For example, in the case of alumina, as shown in a zeta-potential graph ofFig. 2 , alumina is positively charged when the pH of an aqueous solution is lower than its isoelectric point, and on the other hand, is negatively charged when the pH of an aqueous solution is higher than its isoelectric point. - Therefore, by bringing an aqueous solution containing ions opposite in electrical charge to a charged surface of the porous material into contact with the surface, the surface can be modified with the ions electrostatically fixed thereto. Further, it is considered that a water film can be formed on the surface of the porous material because water molecules are oriented on the surface of these ions. For example, in the treatment process shown in
Fig. 1 , when theraw water tank 1 receives an aqueous Na2SO4 solution (about pH 6.5) before receiving raw water and then the aqueous solution is cyclically supplied to theporous membrane 2 using thesupply pump 3 to treat the porous material made of alumina, SO4 2- ions are ion-exchanged for hydroxyl groups of alumina, and water molecules are further hydrogen-bonded to the surface of ion-exchanged alumina. It is considered that this makes it possible to form a hydrophilic coating film on the surface of alumina. - When the ion-exchangeable ions are anions, one or more kinds of anions are preferably selected from the group consisting of halogen ions, SO4 2-, PO4 3-, NO3 -, CH3COO-, and [C6H5O7]3-. On the other hand, when the ion-exchangeable ions are cations (which is however not falling under the scope of the present invention), one or more kinds of cations are preferably selected from the group consisting of alkali metal ions, alkaline-earth metals, and Mg2+. In order to modify the surface of alumina with cations, the porous material made of alumina shall be treated with a cation-containing aqueous solution having a pH higher than about 9.5. This makes it possible to ion-exchange the protons of hydroxyl groups present on the surface of alumina for cations. In this case, unlike the case of modification with anions, the oxygen side of water molecules is attracted to the ion-exchanged cations so that a hydrophilic coating film is formed.
- It is to be noted that adsorption of anions shifts the isoelectric point shown in
Fig. 2 to the acid side, and therefore the membrane is negatively charged in the pH range of produced water. Therefore, negatively-charged oil particles are less likely to accumulate on the surface of the membrane. Further, it is considered that when cations, such as magnesium ions, having a large hydration diameter are adsorbed, an electric double layer is formed with chlorine ions or the like having a small hydration diameter so that accumulation of negatively-charged oil particles can be similarly prevented. - The isoelectric point of the porous material varies depending on the material of the porous material. For example, in the case of titania, its isoelectric point is on the more acidic side than that of alumina. Therefore, when an ion-containing aqueous solution at about neutral pH is brought into contact with the surface of the porous material made of titania, the surface of the porous material is modified with cations because the surface of the porous material is negatively charged.
- As described above, after the hydrophilic coating film is formed by modification of the surface of the porous material with ions, the raw water is received in the
raw water tank 1 and cyclically supplied from theraw water tank 1 to theporous membrane 2 by thesupply pump 3 so that membrane treatment of the raw water can be performed. That is, the method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance according to the present invention includes: a first step of bringing an aqueous solution containing ions ion-exchangeable for functional groups into contact with the surface to attach the ions to the surface; and a second step of allowing the water containing water-insoluble substance to pass through the porous material from the surface to remove the water-insoluble substance from the water containing water-insoluble substance. - The hydrophilic coating film formed by the method described above has the property of repelling oil, and therefore oil is less likely to adhere to the surface of the porous membrane. That is, fouling is less likely to occur on the surface of the porous membrane, which makes it possible to stably perform filtration at a low trans-membrane pressure over a long time. This makes it possible to significantly reduce the power of the
supply pump 3. Further, a fouling phenomenon hardly occurs, and therefore the frequency of backwashing or chemical washing can be reduced to achieve very efficient treatment. - The method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance may further include, after the first step but before the second step, the step of firing the porous material under a temperature condition of 300°C to 500°C for 1 to 5 hours. This makes it possible to more strongly fix the ions modifying the surface of the porous membrane.
- Further, the method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance may further include, after the second step, the step of washing the porous membrane with a chemical solution. The chemical solution (washing agent) to be used may be Ultrasil (manufactured by HENKEL HAKUSUI CORPORATION). For example, the permeability of the porous material (ceramic membrane) that has been reduced to 50% due to filtration treatment of produced water can be recovered to 99% by washing the porous material with a circulating mixed liquid of an alkali-based washing agent (Ultrasil 110) and a surfactant (Ultrasil 02) and then with a circulating acid-based washing agent (Ultrasil 75).
- Alternatively, the method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance may further include, after the second step, the step of reattaching the ions to the surface of the porous membrane. The step of reattaching the ions may be performed after the above-described step of chemical washing. When filtration treatment is performed for a long time or chemical washing is performed, there is a case where the surface composition of the porous membrane is changed. Therefore, reattaching the ions to the surface of the porous membrane makes it possible to return the trans-membrane pressure of the porous membrane to its initial low level, thereby allowing oil-containing water to be again subjected to filtration treatment stably over a long time.
- The specific example of the method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance and the specific example of the method for producing a porous body for use in treatment of water containing water-insoluble substance have been described above with reference to a case where the water containing water-insoluble substance is produced water, but the present invention is not limited to these specific examples, and various embodiments may be implemented without departing from the scope of the present invention.
- Water containing water-insoluble substance to be treated by the treatment method according to the present invention is not limited to produced water, and the treatment method according to the present invention can be properly applied to seawater containing oil leaked by an oil tanker accident or an offshore rig accident or oil-containing drainage water discharged from various plants such as petroleum refining plants.
- First, as Comparative Example, a ceramic porous membrane module mainly made of alumina and having an outer diameter of 3 cm and a length of 10 cm (manufactured by NGK INSULATORS, LTD., pore diameter: 0.1 µm) was set in such a cross flow-type filtration tester as shown in
Fig. 1 , and oilfield produced water having properties shown in the following Table 1 was treated under the conditions of a linear velocity (cross-flow linear velocity) of 3 m/sec and a filtration flux of 4 m3/m2/day for 180 minutes. A temporal change in water temperature-corrected trans-membrane pressure (trans-membrane pressure at a water temperature of 25°C) during filtration is shown inFig. 3 , and the properties of filtrate are shown in the following Table 2.[Table 1] n-hexane extract concentration 380 mg/L Suspended solids concentration (SS) 150 mg/L Total organic carbon (TOC) 560 mg/L Turbidity 220 degree [Table 2] n- hexane extract concentration 6 mg/L Suspended solids concentration (SS) <1 mg/L Total organic carbon (TOC) 340 mg/ L Turbidity 1 degree - The same ceramic porous membrane module as used in Comparative Example was first set in such a dead end-type filtration tester as shown in
Fig. 4 , and a 16.7 wt% aqueous Na2SO4 solution was flowed for about 2 hours at a flow rate of 6 L/hr. Then, the ceramic membrane was transferred from the dead end-type filtration tester to such a cross flow-type filtration tester as shown inFig. 1 . Then, oilfield produced water was treated in a similar manner as in Comparative Example. A temporal change in water temperature-corrected trans-membrane pressure during filtration is shown inFig. 5 together with the above-described result of Comparative Example. Further, the properties of permeate water are shown in the following Table 3.[Table 3] n- hexane extract concentration 7 mg/L Suspended solids concentration (SS) <1 mg/L Total organic carbon (TOC) 360 mg/L Turbidity 0.7 degree - As can be seen from the results shown in Table 3 and
Fig. 5 , an increase in trans-membrane pressure can be significantly suppressed by treating the porous membrane with an aqueous solution containing ions ion-exchangeable for functional groups of the porous membrane before raw water is flowed through the porous membrane. - A treatment test of oilfield produced water was performed in a similar manner as in Example 1 except that a 26.1 wt% aqueous MgCl2 solution was used instead of the 16.7 wt% aqueous Na2SO4 solution. A temporal change in water temperature-corrected trans-membrane pressure during filtration is shown in
Fig. 6 together with the above-described result of Comparative Example. Further, the properties of permeate water are shown in the following Table 4.[Table 4] n- hexane extract concentration 6 mg/L Suspended solids concentration (SS) <1 mg/L Total organic carbon (TOC) 360 mg/L Turbidity 0.8 degree - As can be seen from the results shown in Table 4 and
Fig. 6 , an increase in trans-membrane pressure can be significantly suppressed by treating the porous membrane with an aqueous solution containing ions ion-exchangeable for functional groups of the porous membrane before raw water is flowed through the porous membrane. -
- 1
- Raw water tank
- 2
- Porous membrane
- 3
- Supply pump
- 4
- Permeate water tank
- 5
- Piping system
Claims (5)
- A method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance using a porous material having functional groups on its surface, comprising:a first step of bringing an aqueous solution containing ions ion-exchangeable for the functional groups into contact with the surface to attach the ions to the surface; anda second step of allowing the water containing water-insoluble substance to pass through the porous material from the surface having the ions attached thereto to remove the water-insoluble substance from the water containing water-insoluble substance,wherein the ion-exchangeable ions are one or more kinds of anions selected from the group consisting of halogen ions, SO4 2-, PO4 3-, NO3 -, CH3COO-, and [C6H5O7]3-;
wherein the porous material is a membrane made of an inorganic oxide; the functional group is a hydroxyl group;
the water-insoluble substance is oil; and
the water containing the water-insoluble substance is produced water or seawater containing oil leaked by an oil tanker accident or an offshore rig accident or oil-containing drainage water discharged from plants such as petroleum refining plants. - The method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic oxide comprises alumina, silica, titania or zirconia.
- The method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance according to claim 2, further comprising, after the first step but before the second step, a step of firing the porous material under a temperature condition of 300°C to 500°C for 1 to 5 hours.
- The method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the water containing water-insoluble substance is produced water.
- The method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance according to any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising, after the second step, a step of washing the porous material with a chemical solution, or a step of washing the porous material with a chemical solution and then bringing the ion-containing aqueous solution into contact with the surface of the porous material to attach the ions to the surface.
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JP2012279208A JP6196035B2 (en) | 2012-12-21 | 2012-12-21 | Method for treating water containing water-insoluble substances |
PCT/JP2013/082648 WO2014097890A1 (en) | 2012-12-21 | 2013-12-04 | Method for treating water containing water-insoluble substance |
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US3392103A (en) * | 1963-11-29 | 1968-07-09 | Mc Donnell Douglas Corp | Inorganic permselective membranes |
JP2667412B2 (en) * | 1987-11-25 | 1997-10-27 | 東芝セラミックス株式会社 | Oil-water separator |
US5145816A (en) * | 1990-12-10 | 1992-09-08 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Method for functionalizing synthetic mesoporous crystalline material |
JP3077113B2 (en) * | 1991-03-15 | 2000-08-14 | ジャパンゴアテックス株式会社 | Microporous fluororesin material plated with platinum group or platinum group alloy and method for producing the same |
JPH05245472A (en) * | 1992-03-03 | 1993-09-24 | Toto Ltd | Treatment of oil-containing waste water |
US6026968A (en) * | 1996-05-13 | 2000-02-22 | Nitto Denko Corporation | Reverse osmosis composite membrane |
JP2004321950A (en) * | 2003-04-25 | 2004-11-18 | Tokyo Electric Power Co Inc:The | Method and system for separating organic chlorine compound from wastewater |
US20050194323A1 (en) | 2004-03-04 | 2005-09-08 | U.S. Filter/Scaltech, Inc. | System and method for recovering oil from a waste stream |
WO2007092097A2 (en) * | 2005-12-01 | 2007-08-16 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Functionalized inorganic films for ion conduction |
WO2008038524A1 (en) * | 2006-09-28 | 2008-04-03 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Structure having liquid separation membrane |
JP5568835B2 (en) * | 2007-10-01 | 2014-08-13 | 栗田工業株式会社 | Reverse osmosis membrane, reverse osmosis membrane device, and method of hydrophilizing reverse osmosis membrane |
JP2010214255A (en) * | 2009-03-13 | 2010-09-30 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Separation membrane |
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