EP2896083A1 - Method for operating a lithium-ion battery - Google Patents
Method for operating a lithium-ion batteryInfo
- Publication number
- EP2896083A1 EP2896083A1 EP13759783.7A EP13759783A EP2896083A1 EP 2896083 A1 EP2896083 A1 EP 2896083A1 EP 13759783 A EP13759783 A EP 13759783A EP 2896083 A1 EP2896083 A1 EP 2896083A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- lithium
- metallic
- semi
- negative electrode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000006138 lithiation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000577 Silicon-germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000681 Silicon-tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Si].[Ge] Chemical compound [Si].[Ge] LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CSDREXVUYHZDNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumanylidynesilicon Chemical compound [Al].[Si] CSDREXVUYHZDNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- LQJIDIOGYJAQMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N lambda2-silanylidenetin Chemical compound [Si].[Sn] LQJIDIOGYJAQMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002153 silicon-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 14
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZVLDJSZFKQJMKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Si] Chemical compound [Li].[Si] ZVLDJSZFKQJMKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910003532 Li(Ni,Co,Mn,Al)O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910015645 LiMn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOCCOC ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003528 Li(Ni,Co,Al)O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003548 Li(Ni,Co,Mn)O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013246 LiNiMnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006270 Li—Li Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001674048 Phthiraptera Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011530 conductive current collector Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- SMBQBQBNOXIFSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium Chemical compound [Li][Li] SMBQBQBNOXIFSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011017 operating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000135 prohibitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006557 surface reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical class [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0438—Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
- H01M4/0459—Electrochemical doping, intercalation, occlusion or alloying
- H01M4/0461—Electrochemical alloying
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/387—Tin or alloys based on tin
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/46—Alloys based on magnesium or aluminium
- H01M4/463—Aluminium based
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a specific operating method of a lithium ion battery.
- the general field of the invention can thus be defined as that of lithium-ion type accumulators.
- Lithium-ion batteries are increasingly being used as a source of autonomous energy, particularly in portable electronic equipment (such as mobile phones, laptops, tools), where they are gradually replacing accumulators nickel-cadmium (NiCd) and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). They are also widely used to provide the power supply needed for new micro applications, such as smart cards, sensors or other electromechanical systems.
- portable electronic equipment such as mobile phones, laptops, tools
- NiCd nickel-cadmium
- NiMH nickel-metal hydride
- Lithium ion-type accumulators operate on the principle of insertion-deinsertion (or lithiation-delithiation) of lithium according to the following principle.
- the lithium removed from the ionic negative electrode Li + migrates through the ionic conductive electrolyte and is interposed in the crystal lattice of the active material of the positive electrode.
- the passage of each Li ion in the internal circuit of the accumulator is exactly compensated by the passage of an electron in the external circuit, thereby generating an electric current.
- the specific energy density released by these reactions is both proportional to the potential difference between the two electrodes and the amount of lithium that will be interposed in the active material of the positive electrode.
- the negative electrode will insert lithium into the network of the material constituting it;
- the positive electrode will release lithium.
- the lithium-ion type accumulators require two different insertion compounds to the negative electrode and the positive electrode.
- the positive electrode is generally based on lithiated oxide of transition metal:
- LiM0 2 of the lamellar oxide type of formula LiM0 2 , where M denotes Co, Ni, Mn, Al and mixtures thereof, such as LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , Li (Ni, Co, Mn, Al) O 2 ; or
- the negative electrode may be based on a carbon material, and in particular based on graphite.
- Graphite has a theoretical specific capacity of around 370 mAh / g (corresponding to the formation of the LiCe alloy) and a practical specific capacity of the order of 320 mAh / g.
- graphite has a high degree of irreversibility during the first charge, a continuous loss of capacity in cycling and a prohibitive kinetic limitation in the case of a high charge / discharge regime (for example, for a C / 2 charge regime).
- the insertion of silicon into a negative electrode makes it possible to significantly increase the specific practical capacity of the negative electrode related to the insertion of lithium therein, which is of 320 mAh / g for a graphite electrode and of the order of 3580 mAh / g for a silicon-based electrode (corresponding to the formation of Lii 5 Si 4 alloy during insertion at room temperature of lithium in silicon).
- the negative electrode related to the insertion of lithium therein which is of 320 mAh / g for a graphite electrode and of the order of 3580 mAh / g for a silicon-based electrode (corresponding to the formation of Lii 5 Si 4 alloy during insertion at room temperature of lithium in silicon).
- a gain of about 40 and 35%, respectively in energy density and in mass energy if the graphite is replaced by silicon in a conventional accumulator of the "lithium-ion" die.
- the window of potential the lithium-silicon alloy of formula Li 1 Si 4 (0.4-0.05 V / Li-Li + ), which is higher than that of graphite, makes it possible to avoid the formation of a lithium metal deposit and the associated risks, while leaving the possibility of faster charges.
- the formation reaction of the lithium-silicon alloy leading to a very high specific practical capacity (of the order of 3578 mAh / g), is reversible.
- the volume expansion between the delithiated phase and the lithiated phase can reach values ranging from 240 to 400%.
- This strong expansion, followed by a contraction of the same amplitude (corresponding to the disinsertion of lithium in the negative electrode during the discharge process) can quickly lead to irreversible mechanical damage to the electrode and in particular a sputtering of said electrode and, as a result, degradation of the electrode / electrolyte interface. These phenomena can cause a rapid degradation of the electrochemical performance of the electrodes made from this type of materials.
- the authors of the present invention have developed a method of operating a lithium-ion battery comprising at least one cell comprising a negative electrode (said first electrode) and a positive electrode (so-called second electrode) between which is disposed a lithium ion conducting electrolyte and comprising a third lithium ion source electrode, said method comprising:
- a step of preparing said first electrode comprising a lithiation operation by the third electrode of an electrode comprising a material based on at least one metallic or semi-metallic element M capable of forming an alloy with lithium, so as to obtain said first electrode comprising an active material comprising an alloy of at least one metal or semi-metallic element M and lithium in a Li / M molar ratio of up to 5 and, preferably, said step being carried out under conditions sufficient to obtain said active material having a Li / M molar ratio (M being the metallic or semi-metallic M element as defined above) of at least 1/3 of the molar ratio when said material is completely alloyed with lithium;
- the negative electrode comprises during a cycling (that is to say during a charge-discharge process) always lithium inserted, which is to say that the electrode Negative remains lithiated continuously during the cycling of the negative electrode.
- Step a) can be described as in situ lithiation step, knowing that the first electrode is obtained by lithiation through a third electrode belonging to said accumulator.
- This step a) can be performed only before the implementation of step b) or can be performed between two cycles of step b) or simultaneously with step b).
- the aforementioned element M is, as mentioned above, an element M capable of forming an alloy with lithium, this element being either a metal element or a semi-metallic element.
- metal element mention may be made of aluminum, tin, germanium and mixtures thereof.
- silicon As examples of semi-metallic element, mention may be made of silicon.
- the material based on at least one metallic or semi-metallic element M may be in the form of only one element M (for example, pure silicon), an alloy of element (s) M or a composite material based on at least one element M.
- the composite material based on at least one element M may be made of a material comprising silicon and another element chosen from carbon, tin, aluminum, germanium and mixtures thereof.
- the material based on at least one metallic or semi-metallic element M advantageously has a total reversible capacity greater than 2500 mAh / g, specific examples corresponding to this characteristic being the following:
- the material comprises elements Mi, M 2 , M n in proportions y 1 , y 2 , y n , each element having respectively an effective reversible capacitance of x 1, x 2 , x n , then the capacitance total reversible of the material corresponds to the sum ( ⁇ ⁇ + ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 + ⁇ + ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ) ⁇ H means that this total reversible capacitance does not take into account the irreversible capacity related to the parasitic reactions, as in particular the surface reactions .
- the material based on at least one metallic or semi-metallic element M may be in the form of nanometric particles, for example, particles having an average particle diameter of less than 200 nm.
- the material based on at least one metallic or semi-metallic element M may coexist with other materials such as organic binders, electrically conductive materials and mixtures thereof.
- the organic binders may be polymeric binders, advantageously chosen from electrochemically stable polymers, for example, in a window of potentials ranging from 0 to 5 V relative to Li / Li + , such polymers possibly being cellulosic polymers.
- the electrically conductive materials may be carbonaceous materials, in particular carbon materials in divided form, such as spherical particles, fibers. More specifically, it may be carbon black, carbon fibers, acetylene black, carbon nanotubes and mixtures thereof.
- step a) can be performed by galvanostatic means, that is to say by applying a current of constant intensity between an electrode based on a material comprising a metal element M or semi-metallic (this electrode being precursor of said first electrode) and said third electrode for a time necessary for the incorporation of lithium in the molar ratio desired, that is, a molar ratio of up to 5 (i.e., the molar ratio may have a value of at most 5) and, preferably, said step being carried out in sufficient conditions to obtain said active material having a Li / M molar ratio (where M is the metallic or semi-metallic M element as defined above) of at least 1/3 of the molar ratio when said material is completely alloyed with lithium.
- galvanostatic means that is to say by applying a current of constant intensity between an electrode based on a material comprising a metal element M or semi-metallic (this electrode being precursor of said first electrode) and said third electrode for a time necessary for the incorporation of lithium in the molar ratio desired,
- the electrode based on a material comprising a metallic or semi-metallic element M is separated from said third electrode by a conductive electrolyte of lithium ions, which will be described in more detail as part of the description of step b ).
- Said third electrode which is a lithium source electrode, is advantageously an electrode comprising, as active material, metallic lithium, a lithium metal alloy or a lithium insertion material such as a lithiated metal oxide.
- Lamellar oxide type transition of formula L1MO 2 wherein M denotes Co, Ni, Mn, Al and mixtures thereof, such as LiCoO 2, LiNiO 2, Li (Ni, Co, Mn, Al) O 2 or a lithiated oxide of spinel structure, such as LiMr 3 C 4.
- Said third electrode preferably has a practical specific capacity equal to at least 1/3 of the specific practical capacity of the negative electrode.
- Said third electrode is preferably located outside the electrochemical core of the accumulator (i.e. outside the cell electrochemical device comprising the first and second electrodes, between which a conductive electrolyte of lithium ions is arranged).
- This third electrode may optionally be removed once step a) performed, for example, during a degassing step (vacuum draft and heat sealing when the battery packaging is flexible pouch type for example).
- collector type grid or strip metal or any conductive material can be simply self-supporting and in contact with a collector.
- this third electrode may for example be located in the middle of the turns when the electrodes are wound or outside the turns. It can also be placed next to the electrochemical core in the degassing bag for cells with a flexible bag package.
- this electrode is different from a reference electrode, since at a time of the implementation of the method of the invention (in this case, step a)), a current flows in this electrode for lithiating the negative electrode.
- this electrode does not exclude the fact that this electrode can be used as reference electrode during step b) to follow the state of charge (known under the abbreviation SOC for "State of Charge”) or well the state of health (known by the abbreviation SOH for "State of Health”) of the accumulator once step a) performed.
- SOC state of charge
- SOH state of health
- the metallic lithium of the positive electrode is transformed into Li + and releases an electron, while Li + will be incorporated into the active material of the negative electrode.
- M is the molar mass of the active material (in g mol -1 ) and m is the mass of the active material (in g).
- the material based on at least one metallic or semi-metallic element M is lithiated in a molar ratio corresponding to obtaining a practical specific capacitance corresponding to at least one third of the total reversible capacitance of said material, preferably at least 2/3 of said total reversible capacitance (this total reversible capacitance corresponding, for a negative electrode, to the quantity of electricity generated during the reversible disinsertion of lithium atoms and does not include lithium atoms, which are trapped during the first charge, especially on the surface of the active material).
- the material obtained at the end of step a) and constituting the first electrode is structurally different from those obtained metallurgically (in particular, by metallurgy of the powders), in particular with regard to their degree of crystallinity, in that they are partly amorphous.
- the negative electrode will additionally have, advantageously, a significant density of energy density, such as a density of energy density greater than 1800 mAh / cm 3 and a high surface density, for example, a surface density at least equal to 2.5 mAh / cm 2 , these densities being determined on the basis of the theoretical specific capacities of the active materials used.
- a significant density of energy density such as a density of energy density greater than 1800 mAh / cm 3 and a high surface density, for example, a surface density at least equal to 2.5 mAh / cm 2 , these densities being determined on the basis of the theoretical specific capacities of the active materials used.
- it has, in addition, a total reversible capacitance greater than that of the positive electrode.
- step b) a fraction of the inserted lithium ions contributes to the growth of the electrode / electrolyte interface, forming products of the carbonates or lithium oxide type on the surface of the particles constituting the negative electrode. These reactions are irreversible, so that the lithium ions consumed for the formation of these products no longer participate in the cycling of the electrode and contribute to the irreversible capacity between the charge and the discharge.
- the active material of negative electrode thus allows to have a significant source of lithium ions in the active material of the negative electrode and improves the coulombic efficiency at each cycle (which corresponds to the percentage of stored electrical charge in the accumulator during charging, which is recoverable during discharge).
- step b it is possible to cycle the material in a lithiation domain, where the surface variations are reduced and the stability of the electrode / electrolyte interface is improved. Indeed, if the variation of volume is linear with the rate of lithiation, the variation of surface is not it. Thus, for the same capacity (or the same quantity of lithium ions inserted) cycled, the surface variation is lower for an active material prelithiated with respect to a material, which is not.
- the surface area of the particles will vary less between 2400 and 3600 mAh / g (which means, on the one hand, that the electrode has been prelithiated up to 3600 mAh / g, which corresponds to a Li / Si molar ratio of 3.75 and that the cycling of the material has been carried out on a field of molar ratio ranging from 2.5 to 3.75) that between 0 and 1200 mAg / g (which corresponds to cycling said material over a range of 0 to 1.25 molar ratio).
- step b) is preferably performed over a range of capacities of up to at most 2/3 of the total reversible capacitance of the active material (which corresponds to a restricted cycling range), so that the electrode remains always lithiated. More specifically, step b) can be performed over a range of capacitances corresponding to at most 1/3 of the total reversible capacitance of the material.
- the step of preparing said electrode can result in an electrode having a Li / Si molar ratio of 2.5.
- the cycling operation step (s) carried out on a range of capacities corresponding to 1/3 of the total reversible capacity of the material thus amounts to cycling over a range of capacitances of 1200 mAh / g, which amounts to to say in other words that during a cycling:
- the electrode is thus subjected to a restricted cycling domain (1/3 of its total reversible capacity) while being in a high lithiation domain (greater than 2/3 of its total reversible capacity).
- the third lithium source electrode makes it possible, in a first step (in particular during step a)), to obtain a negative electrode comprising an active material comprising lithium and silicon in a Li / Si molar ratio of 2.5 .
- the amount of lithium contained in the positive electrode makes it possible to obtain a silicon cycling capacity of 1200 mAh / g (corresponding to a Li / Si molar ratio which varies from 2.5 to 3.75 during charging and 3.75 to 2.5 when discharging the negative electrode).
- the positive electrode conventionally comprises a lithium lithium insertion compound mentioned above.
- lithiated compounds that may be included in the constitution of the positive electrodes of the accumulators of the invention, mention may be made of polyanionic lithiated compounds of transition metals, lithiated oxides and mixtures thereof.
- lithiated polyanionic compounds of transition metals mention may be made of lithiated compounds corresponding to the following general formula:
- M 1 represents an element chosen from Mn
- * x, y, z and n are integers or positive decimal numbers chosen so that the total charge of the cations compensates for the total charge of the anions, so that the compound is electrically neutral.
- M 1 represents an element selected from Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, V, Ti, B, Cr, Mo and mixtures thereof.
- Such compounds may correspond to the case where X corresponds to the phosphorus element P, in which case these compounds constitute lithium phosphate compounds.
- Such compounds may be, for example, compounds of formula LiM 1 PO 4 , with M 1 being as defined above, such as
- LiFeP0 4 A specific compound of the same family can also be Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3.
- lamellar type compounds of the following formula:
- M 2 is a member selected from Ni, Co, Mn, Al, Mg and mixtures thereof.
- lithiated oxides LiCoO 2, LiNiO 2 and the mixed oxides Li (Ni, Co, Mn) O 2 such as Li (Nii / Mn / 3CiI / 3) O 2) known from also under the name NMC
- Li (Ni, Co, Al) O 2 such as Li (Ni 0 , sCoo, 1Al 2 O, OO) also known under the name NCA
- NCA Li (Ni, Co, Mn, Al ) 0 2 .
- Li (Nio, 8 Co 0, i5Alo, o5) 0 2 and Li (ii 3 Mni 3 Coi / 3) 0 2 make it possible to achieve similar electrochemical performance or significantly higher than the oxides of the type L1MO 2 (with M representing a single metal and not a mixture) for a lower or equal cost and improved chemical stability especially in the charged state.
- -M 3 is a member selected from Ni, Co, Mn and mixtures thereof;
- lithiated oxides are lithiated oxides comprising manganese and / or aluminum.
- they may be high-voltage spinel oxides having the following formula: Li 1 - a Ni 0.5 -bn 1.5 -cO 4 -d
- each of the parameters a, b, c and d is greater than or equal to -0.1 and less than or equal to +0.1.
- a lithiated oxide which conforms to this definition and which is particularly advantageous is the oxide of formula Li 10, sMn 1, 4 O 4 , which has the particularity of having a lithium insertion / de-insertion potential of the order of 4, 7 V (this potential being expressed relative to the reference torque Li + / Li).
- lithium oxides comprising manganese
- Mention may also be made, as lithiated oxides comprising manganese, of the lithium oxides of formula LiMn 2 0 4 or LiNiMnO 4 .
- the electrolyte it may be a liquid electrolyte comprising a lithium salt.
- the liquid electrolyte may comprise a solvent or mixture of carbonate-type solvents, such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate, and / or a solvent or a mixture of ether-type solvents, such as dimethoxyethane, dioxolane, dioxane, tetraethyleneglycoldimethylether (known by the abbreviation TEGDME) and mixtures thereof in which a lithium salt is dissolved.
- carbonate-type solvents such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate
- ether-type solvents such as dimethoxyethane, dioxolane, dioxane, tetraethyleneglycoldimethylether (known by the abbreviation TEGDME) and mixtures thereof in which a lithium salt is dissolved.
- the lithium salt may be chosen from the group consisting of LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiCl 3 SO 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3, LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimide (known by the abbreviation LiTFSI) LiN [S0 2 CF 3 ] 2 and mixtures thereof.
- LiTFSI lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimide
- the invention can be implemented with an accumulator comprising at least one cell comprising a negative electrode (called a first electrode) and a positive electrode (called a second electrode), between which is disposed a lithium ion conducting electrolyte and comprising a third electrode. capable of being connected to said first electrode and lithium ion source.
- This third electrode may be removable, that is to say it may be optionally removed before the operating step or may be retained during the operating step and be used as reference electrode.
- Each of these electrodes may be associated with an electrically conductive current collector, this collector possibly being in the form of a metal strip.
- the third electrode may be located on the same plane as the aforementioned negative electrode without being vis-à-vis the positive electrode.
- the lithium ion electrolyte is an electrolyte of the same nature as that described above.
- This electrolyte may advantageously be in contact, preferably via a separator soaked with said electrolyte, with the three aforementioned electrodes, so as to ensure ionic continuity.
- the accumulator can be in different formats, such as a cylindrical coil, a prismatic coil or a stack, the format is not a primary criterion.
- Figure 1 is a sectional view of an accumulator used in the context of Example 1 for the implementation of a method not in accordance with one invention.
- Figure 2 is a sectional view of an accumulator used in the context of Example 1 for the implementation of a method according to the invention.
- FIGS. 3 and 4 are graphs, which respectively illustrate the evolution of the normalized capacitance C (the value 1 corresponding to a practical specific capacitance of 1200 mAh / g) obtained in charge and in discharge C (curves a) and b) with the first accumulator and curves c) and d) for the second accumulator) as a function of the number of cycles N and the evolution of coulombic efficiency E (in%) obtained with the first accumulator (curve a) and the second accumulator (curve b) as a function of the number of cycles N.
- Said first accumulator is represented in FIG. 1 (by the reference 1) comprising:
- a positive electrode 3 comprising, as active material, LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 (with x, y and z being equal to 1/3), as an electrically conductive additive, split carbon and as a polymeric binder; carboxymethylcellulose and provided on its upper face with a current collector 4 of aluminum extended by an aluminum tab 5 intended to allow external connection of the accumulator;
- a negative electrode 6 comprising, as active material, nanoscale particles of silicon, as electrically conductive additive, split carbon and as polymeric binder of carboxymethylcellulose and provided on its underside a copper current collector 7 extended by a nickel tab 8 intended to allow external connection of the accumulator;
- a separator 9 made of polypropylene (25 ⁇ m thick) impregnated with an electrolyte comprising a lithium salt, LiPF 6 1M dissolved in a mixture of carbonate solvents (more specifically, a mixture of ethylene carbonate and sodium carbonate; diethylene in a proportion 1: 1 by volume), disposed between said positive electrode and said negative electrode;
- a package 10 of the flexible bag type intended to contain all the aforementioned elements.
- Said second accumulator conforming to the implementation of the method of the invention comprises:
- a positive electrode 11 of the same nature as that of the first accumulator provided on its upper face with an aluminum current collector 12 extended by an aluminum tab 13 intended to allow external connection of the accumulator;
- a negative electrode 14 of the same nature as that of the first accumulator provided on its underside with a copper current collector 15 extended with a nickel tab 16 intended to allow external connection of the accumulator;
- separator 17 of the same nature as that of the first accumulator disposed between said positive electrode and said negative electrode and also in contact with the third electrode described below, so as to have an ionic continuity between the first, the second and the third electrodes;
- a third metal lithium electrode 18 being located on the same plane as the aforementioned negative electrode without being opposite the positive electrode, this third electrode being provided on its lower face with a current collector; copper extended nickel tab 20 to allow external connection of the accumulator
- a package 21 of the flexible bag type intended to contain all the aforementioned elements.
- the second accumulator is subjected, in the first place, to a step of prelithiation of its negative electrode (that is to say step a) of the method of the invention).
- the galvanosplastic mode consists of imposing a constant current of intensity I and following the evolution of the potential V across the electrodes over time t, the measurement being done in dynamic mode.
- the current imposed between the two electrodes is such that the imposed regime is equal to C / 100, here about 125 ⁇ , applied for 67 hours, until the ratio Li / Si in the negative electrode is equal to 2 5.
- the first and second accumulators have been galvanostatically cycled under the same conditions, namely the same charging and discharging regime (here, C / 10, ie a current of 400 ⁇ ), the same potential terminals (from 2.5 to 4.2 V), the same pressure applied to the accumulators during cycling.
- the same charging and discharging regime here, C / 10, ie a current of 400 ⁇
- the same potential terminals from 2.5 to 4.2 V
- the two accumulators were cycled according to the protocols described above for several tens of cycles and their electrochemical performances were compared as illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 attached, which respectively illustrate the evolution of the standard capacity (the value 1 corresponding to a specific practical capacity of 1200 mAh / g) obtained in charge and in discharge C (expressed in mAh / g) (curves a) and b) with the first accumulator and curves c) and d) for the second accumulator) as a function of the number of cycles N and the evolution of the coulombic efficiency E obtained with the first accumulator (curve a) and the second accumulator (curve b) as a function of the number of cycles N.
- the standard capacity the value 1 corresponding to a specific practical capacity of 1200 mAh / g obtained in charge and in discharge C (expressed in mAh / g) (curves a) and b) with the first accumulator and curves c) and d) for the second accumul
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FR1258571A FR2995455B1 (en) | 2012-09-12 | 2012-09-12 | METHOD FOR OPERATING A LITHIUM-ION TYPE BATTERY |
PCT/EP2013/068913 WO2014041074A1 (en) | 2012-09-12 | 2013-09-12 | Method for operating a lithium-ion battery |
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US20200395593A1 (en) * | 2019-06-12 | 2020-12-17 | A123 Systems Llc | Anode pre-lithiation for high energy li-ion battery |
CN110635121B (en) * | 2019-09-26 | 2021-04-27 | 中国科学院过程工程研究所 | Composite lithium ion battery anode material, preparation method and application thereof |
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US8119269B2 (en) * | 2007-05-10 | 2012-02-21 | Enovix Corporation | Secondary battery with auxiliary electrode |
US20120045670A1 (en) * | 2009-11-11 | 2012-02-23 | Amprius, Inc. | Auxiliary electrodes for electrochemical cells containing high capacity active materials |
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