EP2865948B1 - Gasturbinenbrennkammer mit Viertelwellen-Dämpfer - Google Patents

Gasturbinenbrennkammer mit Viertelwellen-Dämpfer Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2865948B1
EP2865948B1 EP14190194.2A EP14190194A EP2865948B1 EP 2865948 B1 EP2865948 B1 EP 2865948B1 EP 14190194 A EP14190194 A EP 14190194A EP 2865948 B1 EP2865948 B1 EP 2865948B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustor
casing
quarter wave
damper
gas turbine
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EP14190194.2A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2865948A1 (de
Inventor
Devis Tonon
Mirko Ruben Bothien
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Ansaldo Energia Switzerland AG
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Ansaldo Energia Switzerland AG
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Priority to EP14190194.2A priority Critical patent/EP2865948B1/de
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/002—Wall structures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/02—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the air-flow or gas-flow configuration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F23M20/00—Details of combustion chambers, not otherwise provided for, e.g. means for storing heat from flames
    • F23M20/005—Noise absorbing means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/02—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by using resonance
    • F01N1/023—Helmholtz resonators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for continuous combustion chambers; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23R2900/00014—Reducing thermo-acoustic vibrations by passive means, e.g. by Helmholtz resonators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a combustor of a gas turbine with a broadband damping quarter wave damper for damping pressure fluctuations in the combustion chamber.
  • Gas turbines are known to comprise at least one combustor, wherein a fuel and air are combusted to generate high pressure hot combustion gases that are expanded in a turbine performing work.
  • the combustion may occur either in a number of combustors circumferentially positioned around a longitudinal axis of the gas turbine or in an annular combustion chamber with a number of burners at its upstream end.
  • gas turbine combustors are usually provided with damping devices, in particular Helmholtz resonators, to damp pressure oscillations.
  • Helmholtz resonators are widely used in this technical field. Their use is disclosed in many prior art publications. Usually a plurality of resonators is coupled to the combustor at its upstream end and/or downstream at its liner in flow communication with the interior of the combustor.
  • Helmholtz resonators require a relatively high volume, but the available space in the region surrounding the combustor is often limited. A consequence are design constraints to install such damping devices. Another significant design consideration is the component weight, Helmholtz resonators are relatively heavy.
  • EP 2402658 discloses a combustor with lean combustion and low emissions for a gas turbine that requires a small mounting space for an acoustic damper that can achieve size reduction.
  • the combustor comprises an acoustic damper that includes an acoustic damper resonance space communicating with the inner combustion chamber.
  • the acoustic damper is provided along a combustor housing extending in a direction intersecting an axial direction of the combustor.
  • the acoustic damping device is disposed widely in the circumferential direction, without concentrating in a particular section of the combustor in its circumferential direction. As a result, the damping device is prevented from protruding toward the outer circumference of the housing, and the space needed outside the combustor can be reduced.
  • a different approach for damping pressure oscillations caused by combustion dynamics is the application of quarter wave dampers.
  • a quarter wave damper includes a resonator tube of a defined length L.
  • a quarter wave damper is tuned to a quarter of the wavelength of an acoustical oscillation.
  • EP 1 775 515 discloses a damping device according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • JP H04 246 221 discloses an acoustic damper, such as an Helmholtz damper of a quarter wave damper, having a bellow connected to a combustion chamber.
  • Fig. 1 shows in a rough schematic manner the main features of a quarter wave damper 2 connected to a combustor or a supply line for fuel or air to a combustion chamber.
  • the damper 2 includes a casing 3, usually designed as a tube, fixed to the combustor liner 4 or the fuel or air supply line, the tube 3 having a length 5 and defining a resonator volume 6. Via an opening 7 at its front face the resonator volume 6 is in flow communication with the combustion chamber 8 in which the pressure oscillations, to be damped, may occur.
  • the damper parameter that mainly defines the damped frequency is the tube length 5. Consequently, these geometrical features have to be determined in accordance with the combustion dynamics of the combustor.
  • the frequency of pressure oscillations may slightly change from gas turbine to gas turbine and, in addition, also for the same gas turbine it may slightly change as a function of variations of the operating conditions (for example part load, base load, transition). If narrow band dampers are adopted, each of these frequency shifts will result in a rise of pulsations.
  • this aim is achieved by a combustor according to claim 1.
  • this aim is achieved by a gas turbine according to claim 10.
  • a combustor comprising a quarter wave damper with a modified new design
  • the quarter wave damper comprising a casing defining a resonator volume, wherein the casing has a polygonal cross section, a hole at a front face of this casing for allowing fluid communication between the resonator volume and the combustion chamber, a rear face with at least one feed hole for feeding a purging fluid into the resonator volume and at least one lateral surface, whereby at least a first lateral surface is equipped with one or more side cavities inside, whereas at least a second lateral surface is even.
  • the feeding hole at the rear face and the hole at the front face define a flow path across the resonator volume inside the quarter wave damper.
  • the at least one side cavity is groove-shaped and runs circumferentially around the lateral surface of the casing.
  • the lateral surface of the damper casing is equipped with two or more circumferential cavities, arranged in a number of rows along the casing between its rear end and its front end.
  • This design is preferably applicable for quarter wave dampers with a circular cross section.
  • the provision of side cavities is limited to one side.
  • a first lateral surface of the e.g. rectangular damper is equipped with a number of consecutively arranged side cavities, whereas a second lateral surface, e.g. the opposite surface, is even.
  • the side cavities extend over the whole width of the said first lateral surface.
  • a mass flow of a purging fluid passes the resonator volume from the feed opening at the rear face towards the front face and exits the resonator volume through the opening there into the combustion chamber.
  • the side cavities in the lateral surface arranged orthogonally or at least essentially orthogonally to the mass flow of the purging fluid, cause flow disturbances. Vortical flows are initiated at each cavity.
  • the formed shear layers roll up, thereby interacting with existing and new shear layers and vortices in a complex interaction.
  • One parameter for controlling the damping quality of a certain damper configuration is the flow velocity of the mass flow of purging fluid through the resonator volume.
  • the damping quality of the damper during operation can be changed by varying the flow velocity.
  • Fig. 1 shows in a rough schematic manner the main features of a quarter wave damper 2 coupled to the liner 4 of a combustor 1 or a supply line of the fluid injection system according to the state of the art.
  • the quarter wave damper 2 includes a casing 3, usually designed as a tube, fixed to the combustor liner 4.
  • the distance between the front face with opening 7 and the rear end face 11 defines the length 5 of the quarter wave damper 2.
  • the damper parameter that mainly defines the damped frequency is its length 5. Consequently, these geometrical features have to be determined in accordance with the combustion dynamics of the combustor.
  • the quarter wave damper 2 is tuned to a quarter of the wavelength of the relevant acoustical oscillations in the combustion chamber 8.
  • Fig. 2 shows in a similar view a damping device with a modified quarter wave damper 2 not in accordance with the invention.
  • the combustion chamber 8 is enclosed by the liner 4 of the combustor 1.
  • the modified quarter wave damper 2 is coupled to said liner 4 in a manner, known per se.
  • the quarter wave damper 2 comprises an essentially cylindrical casing 3 with an opening 7 at its front face, a lateral surface 14 and a rear end 11.
  • the opening 7 at the front face enables flow communication between the combustion chamber 8 and the resonator volume 6 inside the casing 3.
  • the lateral surface 14 of the casing 3 is equipped with at least one cavity 9. This cavity 9 may run circumferentially around the inner lateral surface 14. As shown in Fig. 2 , a number of rows of circumferentially running cavities 9 may be arranged along the lateral surface between the front end and the rear end of the casing 3.
  • the rear end 11 of the damper 2 is equipped with an opening 10 for feeding a purging fluid, usually air, into the resonator volume 6.
  • a purging fluid usually air
  • a mass flow 12 of purging air is flowing through the resonator volume 6 from the opening 10 at the rear face 11 towards the front face and exits the resonator volume 6 through the opening 7 into the combustion chamber 8.
  • the groove-shaped cavities 9 in the lateral surface 14 cause flow disturbances, as shown in Fig. 2a .
  • vortical flows 13 are initiated at each cavity 9.
  • the shear layers, formed in the velocity-gradient region, roll up into a spiral, thereby interacting with existing and new shear layers and vortices in a complex interaction. As a consequence these energy dissipating processes absorb acoustic power.
  • Figures 3a and 3b show in an exemplary manner different geometrical options of a modified quarter wave damper 2.
  • the option shown in Figure 3a is not part of the invention.
  • the option shown in Figure 3b is according to the invention.
  • Fig. 3a depicts a corrugated damper 2. At least one lateral surface 14 of the casing 3 is provided with a corrugated design. Preferably the cross section of a quarter wave damper 2 according to this design is circular. In this case the casing 3 is made of a corrugated tube from a suitable material.
  • a rectangular cross section can be provided.
  • two opposite lateral surfaces 14 are provided with a corrugated design.
  • the corrugation is disposed orthogonally to the direction of the mass flow 12 of purging air.
  • a respective vortice flow is formed at each cavity 9.
  • Fig. 3b depicts an alternative embodiment in accordance with the invention, a side branched quarter wave damper.
  • the provision of side cavities 9 is limited to one of the longitudinal sides.
  • This design may preferably be used for dampers 2 with a rectangular cross section.
  • One lateral surface 14' of the rectangular damper is equipped with a number of consecutively arranged side cavities 9, whereas the opposite surface 14" is even.
  • the side cavities 9 extend over the whole width of the surface 14'.
  • the figures 4a and 4b show in a rough schematic manner two basic options regarding the application of a damping device not according to the invention to a can combustor of a gas turbine.
  • the quarter wave dampers 2 For the purpose of reducing the required space outside the combustor 1 the quarter wave dampers 2 have to be prevented from protruding toward the outer circumference of the combustor 1.
  • the two basic options comprise an arrangement around the combustion chamber in circumferential direction or in longitudinal direction.
  • a number of quarter wave dampers 2 is folded around the combustor 1 of the gas turbine. This means, the longitudinal axis 15 of the applied dampers 2 is arranged parallel or essentially parallel to the outer surface of the liner 4.
  • the longitudinal axis 15 of the dampers 2 is in line with the circumferential direction of the combustor 1.
  • a number of dampers 2 is coupled to the liner 4 in different axial positions of the combustor 1.
  • the longitudinal axis of the dampers 2 is in line with the longitudinal axis of the combustor 1.
  • a number of dampers 2 is coupled to the liner around the circumference of the combustor at essentially the same axial position.
  • both options offer the possibility of applying quarter wave dampers 2 of different lengths to damp more than one dominant frequency.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Brenner (1) einer Gasturbine zum Unterdrücken von Verbrennungsinstabilitäten in einer Brennkammer (8); wobei der Brenner (1) eine Auskleidung (4) aufweist, die sich von einem stromaufwärts liegenden Ende nach unten um die Brennkammer (8) erstreckt, wobei mindestens ein Viertelwellendämpfer (2) entlang der Auskleidung (4) vorgesehen ist; wobei der Viertelwellendämpfer (2) ein Gehäuse (3), das ein Resonatorvolumen (6) bildet, und eine Öffnung (7) an einer Vorderseite des Gehäuses (3), um die Fluidverbindung zwischen dem Resonatorvolumen (6) und der Brennkammer (8) zu erlauben, enthält, wobei das Resonatorvolumen (6) durch eine Rückseite (11) und mindestens eine seitliche Oberfläche (14) des Gehäuses (3) begrenzt ist,
    und die Rückseite (11) mit mindestens einer Zuführöffnung (10) zum Zuführen eines Spülfluids in das Resonatorvolumen (6) ausgerüstet ist,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Gehäuse (3) einen polygonalen Querschnitt hat und mindestens eine seitliche Oberfläche (14) mit einem oder mehreren Hohlräumen (9) ausgestattet ist,
    und mindestens eine erste seitliche Oberfläche (14') mit einem oder mehreren Seitenhohlräumen (9) ausgestattet ist, wohingegen mindestens eine zweite seitliche Oberfläche (14'') eben ist.
  2. Brenner nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens einer der Hohlräume (9) nutförmig ist.
  3. Brenner nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Gehäuse (3) mit mindestens einer gewellten seitlichen Oberfläche (14) ausgestattet ist.
  4. Brenner nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Gehäuse (3) ein Rohr ist.
  5. Brenner nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Gehäuse (3) einen rechteckigen Querschnitt hat.
  6. Brenner nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine Längsachse (15) des Dämpfergehäuses (3) eine zu der äußeren Oberfläche der Brennerauskleidung (4) orthogonale oder im Wesentlichen orthogonale Ausrichtung besitzt.
  7. Brenner nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Längsachse (15) des Dämpfergehäuses (3) eine schräge Ausrichtung zu der äußeren Oberfläche der Brennerauskleidung (4) besitzt.
  8. Brenner nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Längsachse (15) des Dämpfergehäuses (3) parallel zu der äußeren Oberfläche der Auskleidung (4) angeordnet ist.
  9. Brenner nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es sich um einen Rohrbrenner handelt.
  10. Gasturbine, enthaltend einen Verdichter, eine Turbine und einen Brenner (1) nach Anspruch 1, welcher Brenner (1) stromabwärts des Verdichters und stromaufwärts der Turbine angeordnet ist; wobei der Brenner (1) mindestens eine Brennereinrichtung an einem stromaufwärts liegenden Ende aufweist, die dafür konfiguriert ist, einen Brennstoff oder ein Brennstoff-/Luftgemisch in die Brennkammer (8) einzuspritzen.
  11. Gasturbine nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens zwei Viertelwellendämpfer (2) in Umfangsrichtung um die Brennerauskleidung (4) angeordnet sind.
  12. Gasturbine nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens zwei Viertelwellendämpfer (2) an unterschiedlichen Positionen in Längsrichtung des Brenners (1) angeordnet sind.
  13. Gasturbine nach einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens zwei Viertelwellendämpfer (2) unterschiedlicher Geometrie, insbesondere unterschiedlicher Länge mit der Auskleidung (4) gekoppelt sind.
  14. Gasturbine nach einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Brenner ein Rohrbrenner oder eine Ringbrennkammer einer stationären Gasturbine ist.
EP14190194.2A 2013-10-25 2014-10-24 Gasturbinenbrennkammer mit Viertelwellen-Dämpfer Active EP2865948B1 (de)

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EP13190333 2013-10-25
EP14190194.2A EP2865948B1 (de) 2013-10-25 2014-10-24 Gasturbinenbrennkammer mit Viertelwellen-Dämpfer

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Publication number Publication date
EP2865948A1 (de) 2015-04-29
CN104676646B (zh) 2019-08-13
US20150113991A1 (en) 2015-04-30
CN104676646A (zh) 2015-06-03

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