EP2865854A1 - Device and method for reliable starting of ORC systems - Google Patents
Device and method for reliable starting of ORC systems Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2865854A1 EP2865854A1 EP20130189918 EP13189918A EP2865854A1 EP 2865854 A1 EP2865854 A1 EP 2865854A1 EP 20130189918 EP20130189918 EP 20130189918 EP 13189918 A EP13189918 A EP 13189918A EP 2865854 A1 EP2865854 A1 EP 2865854A1
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- Prior art keywords
- pump
- evaporator
- condenser
- working medium
- bypass valve
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000002040 relaxant effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
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- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 13
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
- F01K13/02—Controlling, e.g. stopping or starting
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K11/00—Plants characterised by the engines being structurally combined with boilers or condensers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
- F01K13/006—Auxiliaries or details not otherwise provided for
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
- F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
Definitions
- thermodynamic cycle device in particular an organic Rankine cycle device, comprising: a working medium; an evaporator for evaporating the working medium; an expansion machine for generating mechanical energy while relaxing the vaporized working medium; a condenser for condensing and possibly subcooling the working medium, in particular the working medium expanded in the expansion machine; and a pump for pumping the condensed working fluid to the evaporator during operation of the thermodynamic cycle device.
- the invention further relates to a method for starting such a thermodynamic cycle device.
- An ORC system consists of the following main components: A feed pump, which delivers the liquid working fluid to the evaporator under high pressure increase, an evaporator in which the working fluid is evaporated, an expansion machine in which the high pressure steam is expanded, thereby generating mechanical energy which can be converted to electrical energy via a generator and a condenser in which the low-pressure steam from the expansion machine is liquefied. From the condenser, the liquid working medium reaches the feed pump of the system via a possible storage container (feed container) and a suction line.
- a second condition for the trouble-free pumping of working fluid through the pump is a sufficient flow height of the applied to the pump fluid (working fluid).
- the flow height (NPSH) is a parameter that is influenced not only by the geodetic flow height but also by the thermodynamic state of the working fluid, which can be explained as follows. If the subcooling (the distance to the boiling point) of the fluid at the inlet of the pump is not sufficiently high, it can lead to a brief evaporation of the fluid at the pump inlet. This phenomenon can cause damage to the pump and partial or complete cessation of the flow. One speaks of cavitation. The distance to the boiling pressure of the fluid at the inlet of the pump is referred to as the flow height.
- NPSH Net Positive Suction Head
- NPSH r required, pump-specific
- NPSH a adjacent flow height
- the applied NPSH a value of several system and operation-specific parameters temperature, pressure due to geodetic flow height, saturation pressure, Inertgaspartial horr, the inert gas partial pressure additional partial pressure of a non-condensing gas, which may additionally be present in the circulation
- the applied NPSH a value must always be above the required NPSH r value.
- liquid condensate must be pumped with little or no distance to the boiling point and consequently a low applied NPSH a value. Since the required NPSH r value is determined by the pump design, this can only be influenced to a limited extent and it must be ensured at each operating time, in terms of process technology, that the applied NPSH a value does not fall below the required value.
- Shutting down an ORC system for example, by eliminating / shutting off the heat source or by emergency shutdown of the system may result in uncontrolled distribution of working fluid in the system (eg in expansion machine, horizontal pipes or liquid bags), with the working fluid not flowing to the food container. This can lead to insufficient working fluid for the feed pump for the entire starting process Available.
- the start-up process includes filling the evaporator, evaporation of working medium and thereby build up of pressure, starting the expansion machine and the beginning of condensation and thus return flow of working fluid to the feed pump.
- the pump can be tempered even temporarily at the same ambient temperatures of the pump and condenser higher than the condenser.
- NPSH a the applied flow height at the pump inlet
- the object of the invention is at least partially overcome the disadvantages described above.
- thermodynamic cycle device in particular ORC device, comprises a working medium; an evaporator for evaporation and optionally additional overheating of the working medium; an expansion machine for generating mechanical energy while relaxing the vaporized working medium; a condenser for condensing and optionally additional subcooling of the working medium, in particular of the working medium expanded in the expansion machine; and a pump for pumping the condensed working fluid to the evaporator in operation of the thermodynamic cycle apparatus, wherein the geometric arrangement of the evaporator is selected so that before starting the pump, the condensed working fluid from the condenser to flow by gravity to the evaporator and the working fluid in a closed circuit over the evaporator and the condenser can circulate, whereby in particular at least a predetermined minimum flow height of the liquid working medium can be provided to the pump.
- the closed circuit (which at standstill shut-off devices, which could prevent the circulation are not closed) is constructed in such a way that the circulating fluid flows by gravitational forces without additional drive to the evaporator.
- the evaporator When starting the system from standstill, the evaporator is charged with heat, making it the warmest component in the system.
- the working medium contained therein is vaporized and possibly also overheated and the resulting vapor heats all system components lying above the evaporator. If liquid medium has accumulated in other parts of the system (eg expansion machine, horizontal pipes or liquid sacks), it will be vaporized by heating and then condensed at the coldest point of the system.
- the coldest point in the system is normally the capacitor. If this is not the case at standstill, the condenser can be set as the coldest point by controlling the heat sink (eg starting the cooling on the condenser). From the condenser, the working fluid flows as a template to the feed pump.
- the geometric arrangement is chosen (height difference) so that the condensate can flow by gravity to the evaporator (density difference between vapor and liquid). It creates a natural circulation, which sets an independent order of the liquid working medium. This means that liquid working fluid is collected in the low-lying part of the system (eg in front of the pump), and that before starting the pump there is sufficient working fluid with sufficient flow height in front of the pump.
- the evaporator can be located in the geometric arrangement in a lower height than the capacitor.
- a relative to the condenser deep-lying evaporator and possibly also lower-lying pipes represent a possibility that the fluid in the circulation flows by gravitational forces without additional drive to the evaporator.
- the closed circuit between the condenser and evaporator also includes the non-started pump and / or wherein the closed circuit between evaporator and condenser also includes the expansion machine. In this way, when working fluid-permeable designs of the pump, the working fluid in the circuit can also flow through the pump without it being started.
- the pump may be located at a lower level than the evaporator.
- the lead height can be further increased.
- thermodynamic cycle apparatus may further include a bypass valve for bypassing the expander in the circuit.
- thermodynamic cycle apparatus may further comprise a food container for collecting the condensed working medium, wherein the food container in a closed circuit between the condenser and evaporator, in particular between the condenser and the pump is arranged.
- Another development consists in that at least one sensor for measuring the flow height of the working medium upstream of the pump, in particular a sensor for measuring the pressure of the working medium and / or a sensor for measuring the temperature of the working medium can be provided.
- thermodynamic cycle apparatus may further comprise a bypass valve for bypassing the pump in the circuit.
- thermodynamic cycle apparatus may further comprise a recuperator for transferring heat energy from the expanded working medium to the working medium pumped between the pump and the evaporator during operation of the thermodynamic cycle apparatus, the recuperator being disposed between the expander and the condenser; and a bypass valve for bypassing the recuperator in the circuit, wherein the bypass valve for bypassing the recuperator in particular also the bypass valve for bypassing the pump can be.
- a bypass valve for bridging the recuperator be provided because otherwise can be done by the recuperator, which is higher than the evaporator, no natural circulation.
- the method according to the invention for starting a thermodynamic cycle apparatus comprises the following steps: applying heat to the evaporator and evaporating the working medium in the evaporator, optionally additionally also overheating the working medium in the evaporator, whereby working medium flows to the condenser; Condensing the working medium in the condenser; Starting the pump when reaching or exceeding a predetermined flow height of the working fluid to the pump.
- the inventive method has the advantages that have already been described in connection with the device according to the invention.
- the method according to the invention can be further developed in that the pump is started after reaching or exceeding a measured flow height or after a predetermined time after the start of the pressurization of the evaporator with heat.
- the method may comprise the following further steps: setting the condensation temperature to a first temperature value; and adjusting the condensation temperature to a second temperature value after the condensed working fluid having the first temperature value reaches the pump; wherein the second temperature value is greater than the first temperature value.
- the coldest point in the system is normally the capacitor. If this is not the case at standstill, the capacitor can in this way, for example via a Control of the heat sink to be set as the coldest point (eg start of the cooling on the condenser).
- the setting of the condensation temperature to a second temperature value by reducing the speed of a condenser fan and / or by lowering a cooling water mass flow or the air mass flow and / or by increasing the temperature of the cooling water mass flow or the air mass flow through the capacitor.
- further measures such as e.g. Closing blinds or flaps of the condenser will increase the condensation temperature.
- the further steps of opening the expansion machine bypass valve prior to or simultaneously with applying heat to the evaporator or opening the expander bypass valve a predetermined first period of time after applying the evaporator with heat or after reaching a predetermined first pressure the expansion machine; and closing the expansion machine bypass valve after or coincidentally with the start of the pump or closing of the expansion machine bypass valve may be provided a predetermined second time period prior to starting the pump or upon reaching a predetermined second pressure at the expansion machine.
- the following further steps may be provided: opening the pump bypass valve and / or recuperator bypass valve before, during or a predetermined third period of time after applying heat to the evaporator; and closing the pump bypass valve and / or recuperator bypass valve after, or during, a predetermined fourth period of time prior to starting the pump.
- the said developments can be used individually or combined with each other.
- FIG. 1 shows a thermodynamic cycle device, in particular an ORC system and the height-ordered arrangement of the main components.
- the system comprises a feed pump 1, which conveys the liquid working medium under high pressure increase to an evaporator 2, in which the working medium is evaporated, an expansion machine 3, in which the high-pressure steam is expanded while mechanical energy is generated. This can be converted, for example via a generator G into electrical energy.
- the condenser 4 in which the low-pressure steam from the expansion machine 3 is liquefied, the liquid working medium passes through a possible (optional) Reservoir (food container) and a suction line back to the feed pump 1 of the system.
- the system should start from standstill. Heat is first applied to the evaporator (if the heat is not applied to the evaporator uncontrolled, for example by continuous flow with a heat transfer medium, this must be switched on). Steam forms in the evaporator, which heats the system components, vaporizes liquid working medium in other parts of the system (for example in an expansion machine, horizontal pipes or liquid bags) and flows together with them to the condenser where it liquefies after some time. It thus happens a fluid displacement from the evaporator to the condenser. This leads to an increase in the fluid level on the condenser side, which in turn leads to a pressure gradient from the cold condenser side to the hot evaporator side.
- connection (without closed shut-off devices) generates a flow which causes medium from the condenser to flow to the evaporator via the pump.
- the track must be designed so that the flow is adjusted solely by gravity. For this, the pressure losses of the installed components or opening pressures of installed valves must be taken into account.
- the temperature in the condenser increases, which also increases the pressure in the condenser.
- This can be done for example by lowering the speed of a condenser fan and / or by lowering a cooling water mass flow or the air mass flow and / or by increasing the temperature of the cooling water mass flow or the air mass flow through the condenser.
- the device after FIG. 2 includes to improve in FIG. 1 arrangement shown additional components. These and their function will be described below.
- Component 5 denotes a bypass valve on the expansion machine 3.
- This bypass valve 5 via the expansion machine allows e.g. in volumetric expansion engines, a sufficient amount of vapor generated in the evaporator can flow to the condenser 4.
- the bypass valve can also serve as an emergency shut-off valve, which allows rapid release of the high-pressure steam in front of the expansion machine in case of danger.
- the bypass valve may e.g. be executed as a normally open solenoid valve. In the case of starting with the described arrangement of the components, the valve remains open and thus allows the natural circulation of the working medium.
- the valve is required for the described function if the amount of working fluid via a stationary (or rotating) expansion machine is not sufficient for the intended natural circulation of the fluid.
- the component 6 denotes a food container.
- the food container may be required to provide sufficient working fluid to the feed pump in each operating condition. It buffers the total working medium and thus prevents the standstill of the plant in case of loss of working fluid, unequal distribution of working fluid, different vapor densities and thus steam masses during operation and standstill or inaccurate filling of the system.
- inert gas to the container to another function. It increases the gas volume in the system. This means that the flow height can be kept relatively constant over all operating states (see also the disclosure in DE 10 2009 053 390 B3 ).
- a constant circulation of working medium which is caused solely by the temperature difference and the resulting pressure difference between evaporator and condenser and is independent of the operation of the feed pump, ensures that the circulating inert gas automatically accumulates in the condenser and food tank.
- the component 7 denotes sensors for measuring the applied flow height (NPSH a ).
- sensors here eg pressure P and temperature T
- the flow height (NPSH a ) can be determined. This can serve as a start criterion for the start of the pump in the described start-up of the system.
- the component 8 designates a bypass valve around the feed pump.
- This valve 8 for bypassing the feed pump can be used in the described case to ensure a sufficient flow of liquid working fluid from the condenser to the evaporator. This is necessary, for example, if the feed pump, due to its construction / design (eg positive displacement pump) at standstill, is impermeable to the medium. Another reason could be the large height difference to be overcome in the pump (eg in vertical multistage centrifugal pumps), which prevents natural flow.
- the bypass valve can be made switchable or adjustable. In addition, it can be designed as a spring-loaded valve with adjustable or fixed opening and closing pressures.
- the valve thus opens only at a certain applied pressure difference between the suction and pressure side of the pump and remains closed during operation of the system or the valve is open to a certain pressure difference between the pressure and suction side and automatically closes when operating from this certain pressure difference between pressure and suction side.
- the pressure difference to open the valve must be so small that a natural circulation is possible.
- the valve can serve as a safety valve in case of danger. Due to the rapid opening of the valve in case of danger, medium can flow from the evaporator in the direction of the condenser. This prevents excessive pressure increase in the evaporator by further evaporation of working fluid.
- a check valve (not shown in the drawing) can be used downstream of the pump.
- thermodynamic cycle device in FIG. 3 an embodiment of the thermodynamic cycle device is shown with a recuperator 9.
- the recuperator 9 serves to transfer heat energy from the expanded working medium to the working medium pumped between the pump 1 and the evaporator 2 during operation of the thermodynamic cycle apparatus, the recuperator 9 being arranged between the expansion machine 3 and the condenser 4.
- a bypass valve 8 is provided for bridging the recuperator 9 in the circuit, wherein the bypass valve 8 for bypassing the recuperator 9 here also the bypass valve 8 to bypass the pump 1 is simultaneously.
- the bypass valve 8 When the pipeline between pump 1 and evaporator 2 runs over the recuperator 9 to the working medium pumped therein in the normal operation of the thermodynamic cycle apparatus with heat from the expanded vaporized working medium between the expansion machine 3 and To preheat the condenser 4, the bypass valve 8 must be open for bridging the recuperator 9 for starting the cycle device according to the invention, because otherwise no natural circulation of the working medium can take place through the recuperator 9, which is arranged higher than the evaporator 2.
- the method according to the invention and the device according to the invention ensure that the ORC can be started reliably and quickly.
- the method requires in the simple arrangement no sensors or actuators (eg valves) for safe start.
- Due to the automatic distribution of the working medium in the system the total amount of working medium in the system can be reduced in comparison to systems arranged differently (eg with an elevated evaporator and low-lying condenser or expansion machine), as due to the drive-free arrangement of liquid working medium always sufficient fluid in the suction line the pump is present.
- the automatic heating of the system by the natural circulation with heat supply ensures a preheating of the components. In cold weather, this can speed up system start-up and extend the life of the components.
- the safe, cavitation-free start-up of the system prevents possible damage to the pump, which can occur due to (partial) cavitation on the pump.
- a sufficient flow height for the feed pump can be ensured during the starting process.
- other methods which would otherwise be necessary for generating a lead-in height, can be omitted, or their effect on the efficiency of the system can be reduced.
- other methods eg condensate supercooling or inert gas addition
- the method described leads to an increase in the overall efficiency of the ORC system.
- the method described the amount of working fluid can be saved.
- the startability of ORC systems can otherwise only be guaranteed by using large quantities of working medium.
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Abstract
Eine thermodynamische Kreisprozessvorrichtung umfassend: ein Arbeitsmedium; einen Verdampfer (2) zum Verdampfen des Arbeitsmediums; eine Expansionsmaschine (3) zum Erzeugen von mechanischer Energie unter Entspannung des verdampften Arbeitsmediums; einen Kondensator (4) zum Kondensieren des Arbeitsmediums, und eine Pumpe (1) zum Pumpen des kondensierten Arbeitsmediums zum Verdampfer, wobei die geometrische Anordnung des Verdampfers so gewählt ist, dass vor einem Starten der Pumpe das kondensierte Arbeitsmedium vom Kondensator durch Schwerkraft zum Verdampfer fließen und das Arbeitsmedium in einem geschlossenen Kreislauf über den Verdampfer und den Kondensator umlaufen kann, wodurch insbesondere eine vorbestimmte Vorlaufhöhe des flüssigen Arbeitsmediums an der Pumpe bereit gestellt werden kann. Weiterhin ein Verfahren zum Starten der erfindungsgemäßen thermodynamischen Kreisprozessvorrichtung, umfassend die folgenden Schritte: Beaufschlagen des Verdampfers mit Wärme und Verdampfen des Arbeitsmediums im Verdampfer wodurch Arbeitsmedium zum Kondensator strömt; Kondensieren des Arbeitsmediums im Kondensator; Starten der Pumpe bei Erreichen oder Überschreiten einer vorbestimmten Vorlaufhöhe des Arbeitsmediums an der Pumpe.A thermodynamic cycle apparatus comprising: a working medium; an evaporator (2) for evaporating the working medium; an expansion machine (3) for generating mechanical energy while relaxing the vaporized working medium; a condenser (4) for condensing the working fluid, and a pump (1) for pumping the condensed working fluid to the evaporator, wherein the geometric arrangement of the evaporator is selected such that prior to starting the pump the condensed working fluid flows from the condenser to the evaporator by gravity and the working medium can circulate in a closed circuit over the evaporator and the condenser, whereby in particular a predetermined flow height of the liquid working medium can be provided to the pump. Furthermore, a method for starting the thermodynamic cycle apparatus according to the invention, comprising the following steps: applying heat to the evaporator and evaporating the working medium in the evaporator whereby working medium flows to the condenser; Condensing the working medium in the condenser; Starting the pump when reaching or exceeding a predetermined flow height of the working fluid to the pump.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine thermodynamische Kreisprozessvorrichtung, insbesondere eine Organic-Rankine-Cycle-Vorrichtung, umfassend: ein Arbeitsmedium; einen Verdampfer zum Verdampfen des Arbeitsmediums; eine Expansionsmaschine zum Erzeugen von mechanischer Energie unter Entspannung des verdampften Arbeitsmediums; einen Kondensator zum Kondensieren und möglichen Unterkühlen des Arbeitsmediums, insbesondere des in der Expansionsmaschine entspannten Arbeitsmediums; und eine Pumpe zum Pumpen des kondensierten Arbeitsmediums zum Verdampfer im Betrieb der thermodynamischen Kreisprozessvorrichtung. Die Erfindung betrifft weiterhin ein Verfahren zum Starten einer derartigen thermodynamischen Kreisprozessvorrichtung.The invention relates to a thermodynamic cycle device, in particular an organic Rankine cycle device, comprising: a working medium; an evaporator for evaporating the working medium; an expansion machine for generating mechanical energy while relaxing the vaporized working medium; a condenser for condensing and possibly subcooling the working medium, in particular the working medium expanded in the expansion machine; and a pump for pumping the condensed working fluid to the evaporator during operation of the thermodynamic cycle device. The invention further relates to a method for starting such a thermodynamic cycle device.
Ein ORC System besteht aus den folgenden Hauptkomponenten: Eine Speisepumpe, die das flüssige Arbeitsmedium unter großer Druckerhöhung zum Verdampfer fördert, ein Verdampfer in dem das Arbeitsmedium verdampft wird, eine Expansionsmaschine, in welcher der unter hohem Druck stehende Dampf entspannt wird und dabei mechanische Energie erzeugt wird, welche über einen Generator zu elektrischer Energie gewandelt werden kann, und einem Kondensator, in dem der Niederdruckdampf aus der Expansionsmaschine verflüssigt wird. Aus dem Kondensator gelangt das flüssige Arbeitsmedium über einen möglichen Vorratsbehälter (Speisebehälter) und eine Saugleitung wieder zur Speisepumpe des Systems.An ORC system consists of the following main components: A feed pump, which delivers the liquid working fluid to the evaporator under high pressure increase, an evaporator in which the working fluid is evaporated, an expansion machine in which the high pressure steam is expanded, thereby generating mechanical energy which can be converted to electrical energy via a generator and a condenser in which the low-pressure steam from the expansion machine is liquefied. From the condenser, the liquid working medium reaches the feed pump of the system via a possible storage container (feed container) and a suction line.
Beim Startvorgang soll das Arbeitsmedium möglichst in ausreichender Menge in der Saugleitung der Pumpe, oder auch dem Speisebehälter vorliegen, so dass während des gesamten Starts die Pumpe ausreichend Medium zur Verfügung hat.When starting the working medium should be present in sufficient quantity in the suction line of the pump, or the food container as possible, so that during the entire start the pump has sufficient medium available.
Eine zweite Bedingung für die störungsfreie Förderung von Arbeitsmedium durch die Pumpe ist eine ausreichende Vorlaufhöhe des an der Pumpe anliegenden Fluids (Arbeitsmediums). Die Vorlaufhöhe (NPSH) ist ein Parameter, der neben der geodätischen Vorlaufhöhe auch vom thermodynamischen Zustand des Arbeitsmediums beeinflusst wird, was wie folgt erklärt werden kann. Ist die Unterkühlung (der Abstand zum Siedepunkt) des Fluids am Eintritt der Pumpe nicht ausreichend hoch, kann es zur kurzzeitigen Verdampfung des Fluids am Pumpeneintritt kommen. Dieses Phänomen kann zu Schäden an der Pumpe und zum teilweisen oder vollständigen Erliegen des Förderstromes führen. Man spricht von Kavitation. Der Abstand zum Siededruck des Fluids am Eintritt der Pumpe wird als Vorlaufhöhe bezeichnet. Ein Parameter zur Quantifizierung dafür ist der NPSH-Wert (Net Positive Suction Head). Hierbei wird zwischen benötigter, pumpenspezifischer (NPSHr) und anliegender (NPSHa) Vorlaufhöhe unterschieden, wobei der anliegende NPSHa-Wert von mehreren anlagen- und betriebsspezifischen Parametern (Temperatur, Druck aufgrund von geodätischer Vorlaufhöhe, Sättigungsdruck, Inertgaspartialdruck, wobei der Inertgaspartialdruck ein zusätzlicher Partialdruck eines nicht-kondensierenden Gases ist, das zusätzlich im Kreislauf vorliegen kann) abhängig ist. Für einen sicheren Betrieb der Pumpe muss der anliegende NPSHa-Wert immer über dem benötigten NPSHr-Wert liegen.A second condition for the trouble-free pumping of working fluid through the pump is a sufficient flow height of the applied to the pump fluid (working fluid). The flow height (NPSH) is a parameter that is influenced not only by the geodetic flow height but also by the thermodynamic state of the working fluid, which can be explained as follows. If the subcooling (the distance to the boiling point) of the fluid at the inlet of the pump is not sufficiently high, it can lead to a brief evaporation of the fluid at the pump inlet. This phenomenon can cause damage to the pump and partial or complete cessation of the flow. One speaks of cavitation. The distance to the boiling pressure of the fluid at the inlet of the pump is referred to as the flow height. One parameter for quantifying this is the Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) value. Here, a distinction is made between required, pump-specific (NPSH r ) and adjacent (NPSH a ) flow height, wherein the applied NPSH a value of several system and operation-specific parameters (temperature, pressure due to geodetic flow height, saturation pressure, Inertgaspartialdruck, the inert gas partial pressure additional partial pressure of a non-condensing gas, which may additionally be present in the circulation) is dependent. For safe operation of the pump, the applied NPSH a value must always be above the required NPSH r value.
Speziell für Kreislaufsysteme wie einem ORC stellt Kavitation eine Herausforderung dar. Hier muss flüssiges Kondensat mit geringem oder sogar keinem Abstand zum Siedepunkt und folglich geringem anliegendem NPSHa-Wert gepumpt werden. Da der benötigte NPSHr-Wert durch die Pumpenkonstruktion festgelegt ist, kann dieser nur begrenzt beeinflusst werden und es muss prozesstechnisch zu jedem Betriebszeitpunkt sichergestellt werden, dass der anliegende NPSHa-Wert nicht den benötigten Wert unterschreitet.Especially for circulatory systems like an ORC, cavitation is a challenge. Here, liquid condensate must be pumped with little or no distance to the boiling point and consequently a low applied NPSH a value. Since the required NPSH r value is determined by the pump design, this can only be influenced to a limited extent and it must be ensured at each operating time, in terms of process technology, that the applied NPSH a value does not fall below the required value.
Wird ein ORC System heruntergefahren z.B. durch Wegfall / Abstellen der Wärmequelle oder durch ein Notabfahren des Systems, kann es zu einer unkontrollierten Verteilung von Arbeitsmedium im System kommen (z.B. in Expansionsmaschine, horizontalen Rohren oder Flüssigkeitssäcken), wobei das Arbeitsmedium nicht zum Speisebehälter fließt. Das kann dazu führen, dass nicht ausreichend Arbeitsmedium für die Speisepumpe für den gesamten Anfahrvorgang zur Verfügung steht. Der Anfahrvorgang umfasst das Füllen des Verdampfers, Verdampfen von Arbeitsmedium und dabei Aufbau von Druck, Starten der Expansionsmaschine und Beginn der Kondensation und damit Rückfluss von Arbeitsmedium zur Speisepumpe.Shutting down an ORC system, for example, by eliminating / shutting off the heat source or by emergency shutdown of the system may result in uncontrolled distribution of working fluid in the system (eg in expansion machine, horizontal pipes or liquid bags), with the working fluid not flowing to the food container. This can lead to insufficient working fluid for the feed pump for the entire starting process Available. The start-up process includes filling the evaporator, evaporation of working medium and thereby build up of pressure, starting the expansion machine and the beginning of condensation and thus return flow of working fluid to the feed pump.
Die ungünstige Verteilung von Arbeitsmedium und das damit verbundene schwierige oder sogar nicht mögliche Anfahren ist ein bekanntes Problem, wofür es nach dem Stand der Technik verschiedene Lösungsvorschläge gibt. In
Der Stand der Technik lehrt weiterhin, dass Dampfleitungen stets fallend zum Kondensator / Speisebehälter zu verlegen sind. Dies bedeutet, dass der Verdampfer an der höchsten Stelle untergebracht werden muss und im Stillstand Kondensat über den Kondensator in Richtung Speisebehälter fließt. Dies ist aber bei der kompakten Bauweise von ORC-Systemen nur schwer oder gar nicht zu realisieren, insbesondere wenn eine maximale Bauhöhe eingehalten werden soll. Selbst wenn der Verdampfer an der höchsten Stelle untergebracht wird, was das automatische Sammeln des Arbeitsmediums im Kondensator / Speisebehälter zur Folge hätte, würde das Problem von Systemzuständen mit nicht ausreichender anliegender Vorlaufhöhe NPSHa wie oben beschrieben nicht behoben.The prior art further teaches that steam lines are always to be laid falling to the condenser / food tank. This means that the evaporator must be placed at the highest point and at standstill condensate flows through the condenser towards the feed tank. But this is difficult or impossible to realize in the compact design of ORC systems, especially when a maximum height is to be maintained. Even if the evaporator is placed at the highest point, which would result in the automatic collection of the working medium in the condenser / feed tank, the problem of system conditions with insufficient adjacent leading height NPSH a as described above would not be resolved.
Durch die beiden aufgeführten Offenbarungen aus dem Stand der Technik kann aber ein weiteres Problem nicht gelöst werden: Beim Anfahren des ORC-Systems kann es zu einer Situation kommen, in der die Speisepumpe und ggf. auch deren Zuleitung eine höhere Temperatur aufweisen als das angesaugte Arbeitsmedium aus dem Kondensator oder als das gerade im Kondensator kondensierende Arbeitsmedium. Der Kondensator, der im Kreislauf als Wärmesenke dient, kann im Stillstand zur kältesten Stelle im System werden, z.B. bei Außenaufstellung des externen Kondensators an Luft bei kalten Außentemperaturen und einer sich in einem Maschinengehäuse/- gebäude befindlichen Pumpe, welche auf eine im Vergleich zur Außentemperatur höheren Temperatur temperiert ist. Aufgrund der im Kondensator großen vorhandenen Wärmeüberträgerflächen oder aufgrund der Verweilzeit des Mediums im Kondensator kann die Pumpe selbst bei gleichen Umgebungstemperaturen von Pumpe und Kondensator zeitweise höher temperiert sein als der Kondensator. Somit gibt es also eine Temperaturzunahme vom Kondensator zur Speisepumpe und diese verringert die anliegende Vorlaufhöhe am Pumpeneinlass (NPSHa). Als Folge kavitiert die Pumpe und es wird kein Arbeitsmedium gefördert. Dies verhindert einen Start des Systems und kann zu Schädigungen an der Pumpe führen. Selbst nach einem Temperaturausgleich von Speisepumpe, Zuleitung und Kondensator kann, besonders bei kompakt aufgebauten Systemen ohne große Höhendifferenzen und damit geodätischer Vorlaufhöhe, die dann anliegende Vorlaufhöhe NPSHa geringer sein als die notwendige Vorlaufhöhe NPSHr, was wiederum Kavitation zur Folge hat.However, a further problem can not be solved by the two listed disclosures from the prior art: When starting up the ORC system, a situation may arise in which the feed pump and possibly also its supply line have a higher temperature than the aspirated working medium from the condenser or as the just in the condenser condensing working medium. The condenser, which serves as a heat sink in the circuit, can be the coldest at standstill In the system, for example when the external condenser is installed outdoors in air at cold outside temperatures and a pump located in a machine housing / building, which is at a temperature that is higher than the outside temperature. Due to the large existing in the condenser heat exchanger surfaces or due to the residence time of the medium in the condenser, the pump can be tempered even temporarily at the same ambient temperatures of the pump and condenser higher than the condenser. Thus, there is an increase in temperature from the condenser to the feed pump and this reduces the applied flow height at the pump inlet (NPSH a ). As a result, the pump cavitates and no working fluid is delivered. This prevents the system from starting and can cause damage to the pump. Even after a temperature equalization of feed pump, supply line and condenser, especially in compact systems without large height differences and thus geodetic lead height, the then applied flow height NPSH a be lower than the necessary flow height NPSH r , which in turn has cavitation.
Das Problem der Kavitation bei ORC Anlagen ist bekannt und kann gemäß der Offenbarung in
Zusammenfassend kann Folgendes als Motivation für die vorliegende Erfindung festgehalten werden. Zum sicheren Anfahren eines ORC-Systems muss ausreichend Arbeitsmedium mit einer ausreichenden Vorlaufhöhe an der Speisepumpe des Systems vorliegen. In einem ORC Kreislauf kann sich im Stillstand oder bei schlecht kontrolliertem Herunterfahren des Systems eine Fehlverteilung von flüssigem Arbeitsmedium ergeben, was ein Anfahren auf Grund von fehlendem Medium vor der Speisepumpe verhindert. Außerdem kann sich eine nachteilige Temperaturverteilung im Arbeitsmedienkreis einstellen, z.B. könnte das Arbeitsmedium im Vorlagebereich der Speisepumpe wärmer sein als an der kältesten Stelle im System. Durch die in diesem Zustand geringe an der Pumpe anliegende Vorlaufhöhe kann es zur Kavitation der Pumpe kommen. Dies verhindert einen zuverlässigen Start des Systems. Bei kälterer Witterung kann außerdem ein kalter Systemzustand das Anfahren der Anlage verhindern. Beispielsweise kann es zu einer Viskositätssteigerung des Arbeitsmediums oder eines weiteren im Kreislauf vorhandenen Mediums, wie z.B. ein Schmiermittel, kommen, was ein Fördern des Mediums durch die Speisepumpe beeinträchtigen kann.In summary, the following may be stated as motivation for the present invention. To safely start up an ORC system, there must be sufficient working fluid with a sufficient supply head at the system's feed pump. In an ORC cycle, a maldistribution of liquid working fluid may occur at standstill or in poorly controlled shutdown of the system, preventing startup due to lack of fluid in front of the feed pump. In addition, a detrimental temperature distribution in the working fluid circuit can be adjusted, for example, the working fluid could be warmer in the original area of the feed pump than at the coldest point in the system. By in this state low applied to the pump flow height can lead to cavitation of the pump. This prevents a reliable start of the system. In colder weather, a cold system condition can prevent the system from starting up. For example, it may lead to an increase in the viscosity of the working medium or another medium present in the circuit, such as a lubricant, come, which may affect a delivery of the medium by the feed pump.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, die oben beschriebenen Nachteile zumindest teilweise zu überwinden.The object of the invention is at least partially overcome the disadvantages described above.
Diese Aufgabe wird gelöst durch eine Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1.This object is achieved by a device according to
Die erfindungsgemäße thermodynamische Kreisprozessvorrichtung, insbesondere ORC-Vorrichtung, umfasst ein Arbeitsmedium; einen Verdampfer zum Verdampfen und optional zusätzlichen Überhitzen des Arbeitsmediums; eine Expansionsmaschine zum Erzeugen von mechanischer Energie unter Entspannung des verdampften Arbeitsmediums; einen Kondensator zum Kondensieren und optional zusätzlichen Unterkühlen des Arbeitsmediums, insbesondere des in der Expansionsmaschine entspannten Arbeitsmediums; und eine Pumpe zum Pumpen des kondensierten Arbeitsmediums zum Verdampfer im Betrieb der thermodynamischen Kreisprozessvorrichtung, wobei die geometrische Anordnung des Verdampfers so gewählt ist, dass vor einem Starten der Pumpe das kondensierte Arbeitsmedium vom Kondensator durch Schwerkraft zum Verdampfer fließen und das Arbeitsmedium in einem geschlossenen Kreislauf über den Verdampfer und den Kondensator umlaufen kann, wodurch insbesondere wenigstens eine vorbestimmte Mindest-Vorlaufhöhe des flüssigen Arbeitsmediums an der Pumpe bereit gestellt werden kann.The thermodynamic cycle device according to the invention, in particular ORC device, comprises a working medium; an evaporator for evaporation and optionally additional overheating of the working medium; an expansion machine for generating mechanical energy while relaxing the vaporized working medium; a condenser for condensing and optionally additional subcooling of the working medium, in particular of the working medium expanded in the expansion machine; and a pump for pumping the condensed working fluid to the evaporator in operation of the thermodynamic cycle apparatus, wherein the geometric arrangement of the evaporator is selected so that before starting the pump, the condensed working fluid from the condenser to flow by gravity to the evaporator and the working fluid in a closed circuit over the evaporator and the condenser can circulate, whereby in particular at least a predetermined minimum flow height of the liquid working medium can be provided to the pump.
Vorteilhaft ist dabei, dass eine zum störungsfreien Starten der Pumpe hinreichende Vorlaufhöhe beim Anfahren der thermodynamischen Kreisprozessvorrichtung bereitgestellt wird. Der geschlossene Kreislauf (wobei im Stillstand Absperreinrichtungen, welche die Zirkulation hindern könnten, nicht geschlossen sind) ist in der Art konstruiert sind, dass das im Kreislauf befindliche Fluid durch Gravitationskräfte ohne zusätzlichen Antrieb zum Verdampfer strömt. Beim Start des Systems aus dem Stillstand wird der Verdampfer mit Wärme beaufschlagt, so dass dieser die wärmste Komponente im System ist. Das darin befindliche Arbeitsmedium wird verdampft und möglicherweise auch überhitzt und der entstandene Dampf heizt alle über dem Verdampfer liegenden Anlagenteile. Sollte sich in anderen Anlagenteilen (z.B. in Expansionsmaschine, horizontalen Rohren oder Flüssigkeitssäcken) flüssiges Medium angesammelt haben, wird dieses durch die Erwärmung verdampft und kondensiert anschließend an der kältesten Stelle der Anlage. Die kälteste Stelle im System ist im Normalfall der Kondensator. Sollte dies im Stillstand nicht der Fall sein, kann der Kondensator über eine Regelung der Wärmesenke als kälteste Stelle eingestellt werden (z.B. Start der Kühlung am Kondensator). Vom Kondensator aus strömt das Arbeitsmedium als Vorlage zur Speisepumpe. Die geometrische Anordnung wird so gewählt (Höhenunterschied), dass das Kondensat durch Schwerkraft zum Verdampfer fließen kann (Dichteunterschied zwischen Dampf und Flüssigkeit). Es entsteht ein Naturumlauf, der eine selbständige Ordnung des flüssigen Arbeitsmediums einstellt. Das bedeutet, dass flüssiges Arbeitsmedium im tiefliegenden Anlagenteil (u.a. vor der Pumpe) gesammelt wird, und dass vor einem Start der Pumpe ausreichend Arbeitsmedium mit hinreichender Vorlaufhöhe vor der Pumpe vorhanden ist.It is advantageous that a sufficient for trouble-free starting of the pump flow height when starting the thermodynamic cycle device is provided. The closed circuit (which at standstill shut-off devices, which could prevent the circulation are not closed) is constructed in such a way that the circulating fluid flows by gravitational forces without additional drive to the evaporator. When starting the system from standstill, the evaporator is charged with heat, making it the warmest component in the system. The working medium contained therein is vaporized and possibly also overheated and the resulting vapor heats all system components lying above the evaporator. If liquid medium has accumulated in other parts of the system (eg expansion machine, horizontal pipes or liquid sacks), it will be vaporized by heating and then condensed at the coldest point of the system. The coldest point in the system is normally the capacitor. If this is not the case at standstill, the condenser can be set as the coldest point by controlling the heat sink (eg starting the cooling on the condenser). From the condenser, the working fluid flows as a template to the feed pump. The geometric arrangement is chosen (height difference) so that the condensate can flow by gravity to the evaporator (density difference between vapor and liquid). It creates a natural circulation, which sets an independent order of the liquid working medium. This means that liquid working fluid is collected in the low-lying part of the system (eg in front of the pump), and that before starting the pump there is sufficient working fluid with sufficient flow height in front of the pump.
Gemäß einer Weiterbildung der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung kann sich der Verdampfer in der geometrischen Anordnung in einer geringeren Höhe als der Kondensator befinden. Ein gegenüber dem Kondensator tiefliegender Verdampfer und ggf. auch tiefer liegende Rohrleitungen stellen eine Möglichkeit dar, dass das im Kreislauf befindliche Fluid durch Gravitationskräfte ohne zusätzlichen Antrieb zum Verdampfer strömt.According to a development of the device according to the invention, the evaporator can be located in the geometric arrangement in a lower height than the capacitor. A relative to the condenser deep-lying evaporator and possibly also lower-lying pipes represent a possibility that the fluid in the circulation flows by gravitational forces without additional drive to the evaporator.
Eine andere Weiterbildung besteht darin, dass der geschlossene Kreislauf zwischen Kondensator und Verdampfer auch die nichtgestartete Pumpe umfasst und/oder wobei der geschlossene Kreislauf zwischen Verdampfer und Kondensator auch die Expansionsmaschine umfasst. Auf diese Weise kann bei im Stillstand fluiddurchlässigen Bauformen der Pumpe das Arbeitsmedium im Kreislauf auch durch die Pumpe strömen, ohne dass diese gestartet ist.Another development is that the closed circuit between the condenser and evaporator also includes the non-started pump and / or wherein the closed circuit between evaporator and condenser also includes the expansion machine. In this way, when working fluid-permeable designs of the pump, the working fluid in the circuit can also flow through the pump without it being started.
Nach einer anderen Weiterbildung kann sich die Pumpe in einer geringeren Höhe als der Verdampfer befinden. Somit kann die Vorlaufhöhe weiter gesteigert werden.According to another development, the pump may be located at a lower level than the evaporator. Thus, the lead height can be further increased.
Eine andere Weiterbildung besteht darin, dass die thermodynamische Kreisprozessvorrichtung weiterhin ein Bypassventil zur Umgehung der Expansionsmaschine im Kreislauf umfassen kann.Another development is that the thermodynamic cycle apparatus may further include a bypass valve for bypassing the expander in the circuit.
Gemäß einer anderen Weiterbildung kann die thermodynamische Kreisprozessvorrichtung weiterhin einen Speisebehälter zum Sammeln des kondensierten Arbeitsmediums umfassen, wobei der Speisebehälter im geschlossenen Kreislauf zwischen Kondensator und Verdampfer, insbesondere zwischen Kondensator und Pumpe angeordnet ist.According to another development, the thermodynamic cycle apparatus may further comprise a food container for collecting the condensed working medium, wherein the food container in a closed circuit between the condenser and evaporator, in particular between the condenser and the pump is arranged.
Eine andere Weiterbildung besteht darin, dass weiterhin wenigstens ein Sensor zum Messen der Vorlaufhöhe des Arbeitsmediums vor der Pumpe, insbesondere ein Sensor zum Messen des Drucks des Arbeitsmediums und/oder ein Sensor zum Messen der Temperatur des Arbeitsmediums vorgesehen sein können.Another development consists in that at least one sensor for measuring the flow height of the working medium upstream of the pump, in particular a sensor for measuring the pressure of the working medium and / or a sensor for measuring the temperature of the working medium can be provided.
Nach einer anderen Weiterbildung kann die thermodynamische Kreisprozessvorrichtung weiterhin ein Bypassventil zur Umgehung der Pumpe im Kreislauf umfassen.According to another development, the thermodynamic cycle apparatus may further comprise a bypass valve for bypassing the pump in the circuit.
Gemäß einer anderen Weiterbildung kann die thermodynamische Kreisprozessvorrichtung weiterhin einen Rekuperator zum Übertragen von Wärmeenergie von dem entspannten Arbeitsmedium auf das zwischen Pumpe und Verdampfer gepumpte Arbeitsmediums im Betrieb der thermodynamischen Kreisprozessvorrichtung umfassen, wobei der Rekuperator zwischen Expansionsmaschine und Kondensator angeordnet ist; und ein Bypassventil zum Überbrücken des Rekuperators im Kreislauf, wobei das Bypassventil zum Überbrücken des Rekuperators insbesondere auch das Bypassventil zur Umgehung der Pumpe sein kann.According to another development, the thermodynamic cycle apparatus may further comprise a recuperator for transferring heat energy from the expanded working medium to the working medium pumped between the pump and the evaporator during operation of the thermodynamic cycle apparatus, the recuperator being disposed between the expander and the condenser; and a bypass valve for bypassing the recuperator in the circuit, wherein the bypass valve for bypassing the recuperator in particular also the bypass valve for bypassing the pump can be.
Wenn ein Rekuperator eingesetzt wird, und beispielsweise die Rohrleitung zwischen Pumpe und Verdampfer über den Rekuperator läuft, um das darin gepumpte Arbeitsmedium im Betrieb (Normalbetrieb) der thermodynamischen Kreisprozessvorrichtung mit Wärme aus dem entspannten verdampften Arbeitsmedium nach der Expansionsmaschine und vor dem Kondensator vorzuwärmen, so muss zum erfindungsgemäßen Starten der Kreisprozessvorrichtung ein Bypassventil zum Überbrücken des Rekuperators vorgesehen sein, weil ansonsten durch den Rekuperator, der höher als der Verdampfer angeordnet ist, kein Naturumlauf erfolgen kann.When a recuperator is used and, for example, the piping between pump and evaporator passes over the recuperator to preheat the working medium pumped during operation (normal operation) of the thermodynamic cycle apparatus with heat from the expanded, vaporized working medium after the expander and before the condenser to the According to the invention starting the cycle device, a bypass valve for bridging the recuperator be provided because otherwise can be done by the recuperator, which is higher than the evaporator, no natural circulation.
Die oben genannte Aufgabe wird weiterhin gelöst durch ein Verfahren nach Anspruch 10.The above object is further achieved by a method according to claim 10.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zum Starten einer erfindungsgemäßen thermodynamischen Kreisprozessvorrichtung oder einer deren Weiterbildungen umfasst die folgenden Schritte: Beaufschlagen des Verdampfers mit Wärme und Verdampfen des Arbeitsmediums im Verdampfer, optional zusätzlich auch Überhitzen des Arbeitsmediums im Verdampfer, wodurch Arbeitsmedium zum Kondensator strömt; Kondensieren des Arbeitsmediums im Kondensator; Starten der Pumpe bei Erreichen oder Überschreiten einer vorbestimmten Vorlaufhöhe des Arbeitsmediums an der Pumpe.The method according to the invention for starting a thermodynamic cycle apparatus according to the invention or one of its developments comprises the following steps: applying heat to the evaporator and evaporating the working medium in the evaporator, optionally additionally also overheating the working medium in the evaporator, whereby working medium flows to the condenser; Condensing the working medium in the condenser; Starting the pump when reaching or exceeding a predetermined flow height of the working fluid to the pump.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren hat die Vorteile, die bereits im Zusammenhang mit der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung beschrieben worden sind.The inventive method has the advantages that have already been described in connection with the device according to the invention.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren kann dahingehen weitergebildet werden, dass das Starten der Pumpe nach Erreichen oder Überschreiten einer gemessenen Vorlaufhöhe erfolgt oder nach einer vorbestimmten Zeit nach dem Beginn des Beaufschlagens des Verdampfers mit Wärme erfolgen kann.The method according to the invention can be further developed in that the pump is started after reaching or exceeding a measured flow height or after a predetermined time after the start of the pressurization of the evaporator with heat.
Nach einer anderen Weiterbildung kann das Verfahren die folgenden weiteren Schritte umfassen: Einstellen der Kondensationstemperatur auf einen ersten Temperaturwert; und Einstellen der Kondensationstemperatur auf einen zweiten Temperaturwert nachdem das kondensierte Arbeitsmedium mit dem ersten Temperaturwert die Pumpe erreicht hat; wobei der zweite Temperaturwert größer als der erste Temperaturwert ist. Die kälteste Stelle im System ist im Normalfall der Kondensator. Sollte dies im Stillstand nicht der Fall sein, kann der Kondensator auf diese Weise z.B. über eine Regelung der Wärmesenke als kälteste Stelle eingestellt werden (z.B. Start der Kühlung am Kondensator).According to another development, the method may comprise the following further steps: setting the condensation temperature to a first temperature value; and adjusting the condensation temperature to a second temperature value after the condensed working fluid having the first temperature value reaches the pump; wherein the second temperature value is greater than the first temperature value. The coldest point in the system is normally the capacitor. If this is not the case at standstill, the capacitor can in this way, for example via a Control of the heat sink to be set as the coldest point (eg start of the cooling on the condenser).
Gemäß einer anderen Weiterbildung kann das Einstellen der Kondensationstemperatur auf einen zweiten Temperaturwert durch eine Absenkung der Drehzahl eines Kondensatorlüfters und/oder durch Absenkung eines Kühlwassermassenstroms oder des Luftmassenstroms und/oder durch eine Temperaturerhöhung des Kühlwassermassenstroms oder des Luftmassenstroms durch den Kondensator erfolgen. Es können alternativ oder zusätzlich auch weitere Maßnahmen, wie z.B. das Schließen von Jalousien oder Klappen des Kondensators zu einer Erhöhung der Kondensationstemperatur führen.According to another embodiment, the setting of the condensation temperature to a second temperature value by reducing the speed of a condenser fan and / or by lowering a cooling water mass flow or the air mass flow and / or by increasing the temperature of the cooling water mass flow or the air mass flow through the capacitor. Alternatively or additionally, further measures, such as e.g. Closing blinds or flaps of the condenser will increase the condensation temperature.
Eine andere Weiterbildung besteht darin, dass die weiteren Schritte Öffnen des Expansionsmaschinen-Bypassventils vor oder zeitgleich mit dem Beaufschlagen des Verdampfers mit Wärme oder Öffnen des Expansionsmaschinen-Bypassventils eine vorbestimmte erste Zeitdauer nach dem Beaufschlagen des Verdampfers mit Wärme oder nach Erreichen eines vorbestimmten ersten Drucks an der Expansionsmaschine; und Schließen des Expansionsmaschinen-Bypassventils nach oder zeitgleich mit dem Start der Pumpe oder Schließen des Expansionsmaschinen-Bypassventils eine vorbestimmte zweite Zeitdauer vor dem Start der Pumpe oder nach Erreichen eines vorbestimmten zweiten Drucks an der Expansionsmaschine vorgesehen sein können.Another development is that the further steps of opening the expansion machine bypass valve prior to or simultaneously with applying heat to the evaporator or opening the expander bypass valve a predetermined first period of time after applying the evaporator with heat or after reaching a predetermined first pressure the expansion machine; and closing the expansion machine bypass valve after or coincidentally with the start of the pump or closing of the expansion machine bypass valve may be provided a predetermined second time period prior to starting the pump or upon reaching a predetermined second pressure at the expansion machine.
Nach einer anderen Weiterbildung können die folgenden weiteren Schritte vorgesehen sein: Öffnen des Pumpen-Bypassventils und/oder Rekuperator-Bypassventils vor, während oder eine vorbestimmte dritte Zeitdauer nach dem Beaufschlagen des Verdampfers mit Wärme; und Schließen des Pumpen-Bypassventils und/oder Rekuperator-Bypassventils nach, während oder eine vorbestimmte vierte Zeitdauer vor dem Start der Pumpe.According to another embodiment, the following further steps may be provided: opening the pump bypass valve and / or recuperator bypass valve before, during or a predetermined third period of time after applying heat to the evaporator; and closing the pump bypass valve and / or recuperator bypass valve after, or during, a predetermined fourth period of time prior to starting the pump.
Die genannten Weiterbildungen können einzeln eingesetzt oder geeignet miteinander kombiniert werden.The said developments can be used individually or combined with each other.
Weitere Merkmale und beispielhafte Ausführungsformen sowie Vorteile der vorliegenden Erfindung werden nachfolgend anhand der Zeichnungen näher erläutert. Es versteht sich, dass die Ausführungsformen nicht den Bereich der vorliegenden Erfindung erschöpfen. Es versteht sich weiterhin, dass einige oder sämtliche der im Weiteren beschriebenen Merkmale auch auf andere Weise miteinander kombiniert werden können.Further features and exemplary embodiments and advantages of the present invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the drawings. It is understood that the embodiments do not exhaust the scope of the present invention. It is further understood that some or all of the features described below may be combined with each other in other ways.
- Figur 1FIG. 1
- zeigt die Höhenanordnung in einer thermodynamischen Kreisprozessvorrichtung, insbesondere in einem ORC-System, gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung.shows the height arrangement in a thermodynamic cycle device, in particular in an ORC system, according to the present invention.
- Figur 2FIG. 2
-
zeigt eine Ausführungsform mit kombinierbaren vorteilhaften Weiterbildungen der thermodynamischen Kreisprozessvorrichtung gemäß
Figur 1 .shows an embodiment with combinable advantageous developments of the thermodynamic cycle device according toFIG. 1 , - Figur 3FIG. 3
- zeigt eine andere Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen thermodynamischen Kreisprozessvorrichtung.shows another embodiment of the thermodynamic cycle device according to the invention.
Im Folgenden wird eine Beschreibung des Anfahrvorgangs gegeben und die Problemlösung durch die beschriebene Anordnung dargelegt.In the following, a description of the startup process is given and the problem solution is explained by the arrangement described.
Automatische Ordnung des flüssigen Arbeitsmediums: Die Anlage soll aus dem Stillstand anfahren. Zunächst wird der Verdampfer mit Wärme beaufschlagt (Sollte die Wärme nicht ungesteuert z.B. durch dauerhafte Durchströmung mit einem Wärmeträgermedium am Verdampfer anliegen, muss diese zugeschaltet werden). Im Verdampfer bildet sich Dampf, der die Anlagenkomponenten erwärmt, in anderen Anlagenteilen (z.B. in Expansionsmaschine, horizontalen Rohren oder Flüssigkeitssäcken) flüssig lagerndes Arbeitsmedium verdampft und mit diesen zusammen zum Kondensator strömt und dort nach einiger Zeit verflüssigt wird. Es passiert somit eine Fluidverlagerung vom Verdampfer zum Kondensator. Dies führt zu einem Anstieg des Fluidspiegels auf der Kondensatorseite, was wiederum zu einem Druckgradienten von der kalten Kondensatorseite zur warmen Verdampferseite führt. Durch die beschriebene Verbindung (ohne geschlossene Absperreinrichtungen) wird eine Strömung erzeugt, die Medium aus dem Kondensator über die Pumpe zum Verdampfer strömen lässt. Die Strecke muss dabei so konzipiert sein, dass sich die Strömung allein durch die Schwerkraft einstellt. Es müssen hierfür die Druckverluste der verbauten Komponenten oder Öffnungsdrücke verbauter Ventile beachtet werden.Automatic order of the liquid working medium: The system should start from standstill. Heat is first applied to the evaporator (if the heat is not applied to the evaporator uncontrolled, for example by continuous flow with a heat transfer medium, this must be switched on). Steam forms in the evaporator, which heats the system components, vaporizes liquid working medium in other parts of the system (for example in an expansion machine, horizontal pipes or liquid bags) and flows together with them to the condenser where it liquefies after some time. It thus happens a fluid displacement from the evaporator to the condenser. This leads to an increase in the fluid level on the condenser side, which in turn leads to a pressure gradient from the cold condenser side to the hot evaporator side. The described connection (without closed shut-off devices) generates a flow which causes medium from the condenser to flow to the evaporator via the pump. The track must be designed so that the flow is adjusted solely by gravity. For this, the pressure losses of the installed components or opening pressures of installed valves must be taken into account.
Erzeugung von Vorlaufhöhe und Systemstart: Die geordnete Verteilung von flüssigem Medium (wie oben beschrieben) und sammeln einer ausreichende Menge an Arbeitsmedium vor der Pumpe garantiert allerdings noch nicht, dass das Medium mit ausreichender Vorlaufhöhe (NPSHa) an der Pumpe anliegt um den Start der Pumpe zu ermöglichen. Um eine ausreichende Vorlaufhöhe herzustellen, kann folgendermaßen vorgegangen werden. Durch eine Kühlung des Kondensators (durch eine Wärmesenke wie z.B. Umgebungsluft oder Kühlwasser) wird zunächst die Kondensationstemperatur und folglich der Druck im Kondensator verringert. Kondensat mit geringer Temperatur strömt aus dem Kondensator in den Speisebehälter (falls vorhanden) und folgend in die Zuleitung zur Pumpe. Nach einiger Zeit erreicht das Fluid mit der sich einstellenden niedrigen Kondensationstemperatur durch den Naturumlauf die Pumpe. Nun wird, z.B. durch eine Regelung der Wärmesenke, die Temperatur im Kondensator angehoben womit auch der Druck im Kondensator steigt. Dies kann z.B. durch eine Absenkung der Drehzahl eines Kondensatorlüfters und/oder durch Absenkung eines Kühlwassermassenstroms oder des Luftmassenstroms und/oder durch eine Temperaturerhöhung des Kühlwassermassenstroms oder des Luftmassenstroms durch den Kondensator erfolgen. Durch das kältere, an der Pumpe anliegende Fluid, und dem gestiegenen Druck im Kondensator, erhöht sich die anliegende Vorlaufhöhe an der Pumpe. Nach Überschreitung eines Grenzwertes der Vorlaufhöhe (NPSHa>NPSHr) oder nach einer gewissen, erfahrungsbasierten Zeit, kann die Pumpe gestartet werden um den regulären Anfahrprozess des ORC-Systems zu beginnen.Creation of flow height and system start: The orderly distribution of liquid medium (as described above) and collecting a sufficient amount of working fluid in front of the pump does not guarantee that the medium with sufficient flow height (NPSH a ) is applied to the pump to start the Allow pump. In order to produce a sufficient lead height, the following procedure can be followed. By cooling the capacitor (by a heat sink such as ambient air or cooling water), the condensation temperature and consequently the pressure in the condenser is first reduced. Low temperature condensate flows out of the condenser into the feed box (if present) and into the supply line to the pump. After some time, the fluid reaches the pump with the resulting low condensation temperature due to natural circulation. Now, for example by controlling the heat sink, the temperature in the condenser increases, which also increases the pressure in the condenser. This can be done for example by lowering the speed of a condenser fan and / or by lowering a cooling water mass flow or the air mass flow and / or by increasing the temperature of the cooling water mass flow or the air mass flow through the condenser. Due to the colder, applied to the pump fluid, and the increased pressure in the condenser, the applied flow height increases at the pump. After exceeding a limit value of the flow height (NPSH a > NPSH r ) or after a certain, experience-based time, the pump can be started to start the regular start-up process of the ORC system.
Der Stand der Technik lehrt im Gegensatz dazu (wie oben dargelegt), dass Dampfleitungen stets fallend zum Kondensator / Speisebehälter zu verlegen sind.The prior art, by contrast, teaches (as stated above) that steam lines should always be laid down to the condenser / food tank.
Die Vorrichtung nach
Komponente 5 bezeichnet ein Bypassventil an der Expansionsmaschine 3. Dieses Bypassventil 5 über die Expansionsmaschine ermöglicht z.B. bei volumetrischen Expansionsmaschinen, dass eine ausreichende Menge vom im Verdampfer erzeugten Dampf zum Kondensator 4 strömen kann. Das Bypassventil kann außerdem als Not-Abfahrventil dienen, das im Gefahrenfall eine schnelle Entspannung des Hochdruckdampfes vor der Expansionsmaschine ermöglicht. Das Bypassventil kann z.B. als stromlos geöffnetes Magnetventil ausgeführt werden. Im Falle des Anfahrens mit der beschriebenen Anordnung der Komponenten bleibt das Ventil geöffnet und ermöglicht somit den natürlichen Umlauf des Arbeitsmediums. Das Ventil wird für die beschriebene Funktion benötigt, wenn die Arbeitsmedienmenge über eine stillstehende (oder auch drehende) Expansionsmaschine nicht für die angestrebte natürliche Umwälzung des Fluids ausreicht.
Die Komponente 6 bezeichnet einen Speisebehälter. Der Speisebehälter kann benötigt werden um in jedem Betriebszustand ausreichend Arbeitsmedium an der Speisepumpe anliegend zur Verfügung zu stellen. Er puffert die Gesamtmenge Arbeitsmedium und verhindert somit den Stillstand der Anlage bei Verlust von Arbeitsmedium, Ungleichverteilung von Arbeitsmedium, unterschiedlichen Dampfdichten und damit Dampfmassen bei Betrieb und Stillstand oder ungenauer Befüllung des Systems. In Verbindung mit der Benutzung mit Inertgas fällt dem Behälter eine weitere Funktion zu. Er erhöht das Gasvolumen im System. Damit kann die Vorlaufhöhe über alle Betriebszustände hinweg relativ konstant gehalten werden (siehe dazu auch die Offenbarung in
Die Komponente 7 bezeichnet Sensoren zur Messung der anliegenden Vorlaufhöhe (NPSHa). Durch eine mögliche Anbringung von Sensoren (hier z.B. Druck P und Temperatur T) kann die Vorlaufhöhe (NPSHa) bestimmt werden. Dies kann als Startkriterium für den Start der Pumpe beim beschriebenen Anfahrvorgang des Systems dienen.The
Die Komponente 8 bezeichnet ein Bypassventil um die Speisepumpe. Dieses Ventil 8 zur Umgehung der Speisepumpe kann im beschriebenen Fall verwendet werden, um eine ausreichende Strömung von flüssigem Arbeitsmedium vom Kondensator zum Verdampfer zu gewährleisten. Dies wird beispielsweise notwendig, wenn die Speisepumpe auf Grund ihrer Konstruktion / Bauform (z.B. Verdrängerpumpe) im Stillstand undurchlässig für Medium ist. Ein weiterer Grund könnte die große zu überwindende Höhendifferenz in der Pumpe (z.B. in vertikalen mehrstufigen Kreiselpumpen) sein, welche eine natürliche Strömung verhindert. Das Bypassventil kann schaltbar oder regelbar gestaltet werden. Außerdem kann es als federbelastetes Ventil mit einstellbaren oder festen Öffnungs- und Schließdrücken ausgeführt werden. Das Ventil öffnet somit erst bei einer gewissen anliegenden Druckdifferenz zwischen Saug- und Druckseite der Pumpe und bleibt im Betrieb der Anlage geschlossen oder das Ventil ist bis zu einer gewissen Druckdifferenz zwischen Druck- und Saugseite geöffnet und schließt automatisch bei Betrieb ab dieser gewissen Druckdifferenz zwischen Druck- und Saugseite. Die Druckdifferenz zum Öffnen des Ventils muss so klein sein, dass eine natürliche Umwälzung möglich ist. Außerdem kann das Ventil als Sicherheitsventil im Gefahrenfall dienen. Durch das schnelle Öffnen des Ventils im Gefahrenfall kann Medium aus dem Verdampfer in Richtung Kondensator fließen. Dies verhindert einen übermäßigen Druckanstieg im Verdampfer durch weiteres Verdampfen von Arbeitsmedium. Um Zurückströmen von Arbeitsmedium vom Verdampfer zur Pumpe in gewissen Betriebspunkten zu verhindern, beispielsweise zum Schutz der Pumpe vor heißem Arbeitsmedium, kann zudem ein Rückschlagventil (nicht in Zeichnung dargestellt) stromabwärts der Pumpe eingesetzt werden.The
In
Zusammenfassend ist festzustellen: Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren sowie die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung (Höhenanordnung) stellen sicher, dass der ORC zuverlässig und schnell gestartet werden kann. Das Verfahren benötigt in der einfachen Anordnung keinerlei Sensoren oder Aktoren (z.B. Ventile) zum sicheren Start. Durch die automatische Verteilung des Arbeitsmediums im System kann im Vergleich zu anders angeordneten Systemen (z.B. mit erhöht angebrachten Verdampfer und tiefliegenden Kondensator oder Expansionsmaschine) die Gesamtmenge an Arbeitsmedium im System reduziert werden, da durch die antriebslose Ordnung von flüssigen Arbeitsmedium immer ausreichend Fluid in der Saugleitung der Pumpe vorliegt. Die automatische Aufheizung des Systems durch den Naturumlauf bei Wärmezufuhr sorgt für eine Vorwärmung der Komponenten. Bei kalter Witterung kann dies den Start des Systems beschleunigen und sich verlängernd auf die Lebensdauer der Komponenten auswirken. Das sichere, kavitationsfreie Anfahren der Anlage verhindert mögliche Schäden an der Pumpe, die durch eine (Teil-) Kavitation an der Pumpe auftreten können. Durch das Verfahren kann eine ausreichende Vorlaufhöhe für die Speisepumpe im Anfahrvorgang gewährleistet werden. Somit können andere Methoden, welche ansonsten zum Erzeugen einer Vorlaufhöhe nötig wären, wegfallen bzw. deren Auswirkung auf den Wirkungsgrad der Anlage können verringert werden. Da andere Methoden (z.B. Unterkühlung des Kondensats oder Inertgaszugabe) leistungsmindernd auswirken, führt die beschriebene Methode zum Anstieg der Gesamteffizienz des ORC Systems. Durch das beschriebene Verfahren kann die Füllmenge an Arbeitsmedium eingespart werden. Die Erfahrung zeigt, dass die Startfähigkeit von ORC-Systemen sonst nur durch große Mengen an Arbeitsmedium garantiert werden kann. Das Arbeitsmedium hat mit Preisen von 20-80 €/kg einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit von ORC-Systemen. Durch geringere Inhaltsmengen können außerdem vorgeschriebene Wartungsintervalle verlängert und der Wartungsaufwand reduziert werden (F-Gas Regulation) was zu deutlichen Kostensenkungen im Betrieb führen kann. Zu beachten ist jedoch, dass der Wärmeeintrag ins System nicht selbsthemmend - wie z.B. durch einen oben liegenden Verdampfer - gestoppt werden kann. Dies kann zwar ein Nachteil z.B. für Wartungstätigkeiten sein, wobei gegebenenfalls der Wärmeeintrag über andere, zusätzliche Maßnahmen verhindert werden muss.In summary, the method according to the invention and the device according to the invention (height arrangement) ensure that the ORC can be started reliably and quickly. The method requires in the simple arrangement no sensors or actuators (eg valves) for safe start. Due to the automatic distribution of the working medium in the system, the total amount of working medium in the system can be reduced in comparison to systems arranged differently (eg with an elevated evaporator and low-lying condenser or expansion machine), as due to the drive-free arrangement of liquid working medium always sufficient fluid in the suction line the pump is present. The automatic heating of the system by the natural circulation with heat supply ensures a preheating of the components. In cold weather, this can speed up system start-up and extend the life of the components. The safe, cavitation-free start-up of the system prevents possible damage to the pump, which can occur due to (partial) cavitation on the pump. By the method, a sufficient flow height for the feed pump can be ensured during the starting process. Thus, other methods, which would otherwise be necessary for generating a lead-in height, can be omitted, or their effect on the efficiency of the system can be reduced. Since other methods (eg condensate supercooling or inert gas addition) have a performance-reducing effect, the method described leads to an increase in the overall efficiency of the ORC system. By the method described, the amount of working fluid can be saved. Experience shows that the startability of ORC systems can otherwise only be guaranteed by using large quantities of working medium. The working medium with prices of 20-80 € / kg has a significant impact on the profitability of ORC systems. Lower levels of content can also extend mandatory maintenance intervals and reduce maintenance (F-Gas Regulation), which can lead to significant cost reductions during operation. To be considered is, however, that the heat input into the system not self-locking - can be stopped - such as by an overhead evaporator. Although this may be a disadvantage eg for maintenance activities, it may be necessary to prevent the heat input via other, additional measures.
Die dargestellten Ausführungsformen sind lediglich beispielhaft und der vollständige Umfang der vorliegenden Erfindung wird durch die Ansprüche definiert.The illustrated embodiments are merely exemplary and the full scope of the present invention is defined by the claims.
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CN201480058736.2A CN105849371B (en) | 2013-10-23 | 2014-10-20 | For reliably starting the apparatus and method for of ORC system |
US15/030,862 US10247046B2 (en) | 2013-10-23 | 2014-10-20 | Device and method for reliably starting ORC systems |
PCT/EP2014/072393 WO2015059069A1 (en) | 2013-10-23 | 2014-10-20 | Device and method for reliably starting orc systems |
RU2016112366A RU2661998C2 (en) | 2013-10-23 | 2014-10-20 | Systems with organic rankine cycle (orc) reliable starting device and method |
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WO2012021881A2 (en) * | 2010-08-13 | 2012-02-16 | Cummins Intellectual Property, Inc. | Rankine cycle condenser pressure control using an energy conversion device bypass valve |
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JP2019525072A (en) * | 2016-08-18 | 2019-09-05 | イエフペ エネルジ ヌヴェルIfp Energies Nouvelles | Closed circuit functioning according to the Rankine cycle with a device for emergency stop of the circuit and method of using such a circuit |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN105849371A (en) | 2016-08-10 |
US20160251983A1 (en) | 2016-09-01 |
EP2865854B1 (en) | 2021-08-18 |
RU2661998C2 (en) | 2018-07-23 |
WO2015059069A1 (en) | 2015-04-30 |
US10247046B2 (en) | 2019-04-02 |
CN105849371B (en) | 2018-07-03 |
RU2016112366A (en) | 2017-11-27 |
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