EP2848738A1 - Structure du filet et procédé de fabrication d´une telle structure - Google Patents

Structure du filet et procédé de fabrication d´une telle structure Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2848738A1
EP2848738A1 EP20140182894 EP14182894A EP2848738A1 EP 2848738 A1 EP2848738 A1 EP 2848738A1 EP 20140182894 EP20140182894 EP 20140182894 EP 14182894 A EP14182894 A EP 14182894A EP 2848738 A1 EP2848738 A1 EP 2848738A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
grid
main
anchors
ropes
main wires
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Granted
Application number
EP20140182894
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2848738B1 (fr
Inventor
Kazuhiro Koseki
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Tokyo Rope Manufacturing Co Ltd
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Tokyo Rope Manufacturing Co Ltd
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Publication of EP2848738A1 publication Critical patent/EP2848738A1/fr
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F7/00—Devices affording protection against snow, sand drifts, side-wind effects, snowslides, avalanches or falling rocks; Anti-dazzle arrangements ; Sight-screens for roads, e.g. to mask accident site
    • E01F7/04—Devices affording protection against snowslides, avalanches or falling rocks, e.g. avalanche preventing structures, galleries
    • E01F7/045—Devices specially adapted for protecting against falling rocks, e.g. galleries, nets, rock traps

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to rockfall prevention works used as a measure against rockfall sources on slopes, and in particular, relates to a net structure comprising grid blocks bearing the loading of a fallen rock, and a construction method thereof.
  • Rope netting works is known as the rockfall prevention works, which is intended for floatstones or rolling stones of various sizes acceptable in terms of design extensively interspersed on a slope, and stops initial movement of the floatstones or rolling stones to prevent them from sliding or falling (Patent Documents 1 and 2).
  • the rope netting works is a construction method for forming, along a slope, a plurality of grid blocks comprised of main ropes placed in a grid-like fashion and anchors fixing intersections between the main ropes to the slope.
  • a net structure formed by the rope netting works is constructed as follows:
  • a large floatstone or rolling stone hereinafter referred to as a target rock lump
  • a load due to sliding, etc. of the target rock lump R acts on the grid block
  • the loading is shared by the intermediate anchors constituting the grid block (four intermediate anchors, in this case) via the main ropes constituting the grid block. This reduces the loads on respective intermediate anchors.
  • the loading is shared by the intermediate anchors constituting four surrounding grid blocks including that intermediate anchor (eight intermediate anchors, in this case) via the main ropes constituting the four grid blocks.
  • the loading on the one intermediate anchor is shared by other eight intermediate anchors, thereby reducing a load on the one intermediate anchor.
  • the intermediate anchors are shown as ellipses, and in particular, the intermediate anchors bearing the loading from the target rock lump are shown as black ellipses.
  • the embedded length of the underground anchor used as the end anchor or intermediate anchor is 1.3m.
  • This acceptable load is an indicator showing the loading that each grid block of the constructed net structure is permitted to bear.
  • the acceptable load is calculated to be 6kN at 70 degrees of inclination, 10.2kN at 50 degrees of inclination, and 69.5kN at 30 degrees of inclination. That is, at a gentle inclination, the calculated acceptable load is large, which allows for a larger target rock lump to be handled. On the other hand, at a steep inclination, the calculated acceptable load is small, and the target rock lump to be handled is also small. At the identical inclination, the net structure with a high level of acceptable load calculated allows each grid block to bear larger loading and is safer than the net structure with a low level of acceptable load calculated.
  • one measure is diameter enlargement of the main ropes.
  • This measure changes the diameter of the main ropes from 12mm as the standard to 14mm, and increases a load-bearing capacity of metal fittings or anchors in association with the diameter enlargement of the main ropes.
  • the acceptable load may be increased from 6kN as the standard specification to 8.5kN at 70 degrees of inclination, from 10.2kN as the standard specification to 14.7kN at 50 degrees of inclination, and from 69.5kN as the standard specification to 99.2kN at 30 degrees of inclination.
  • the number of sharing anchors it is possible to increase the acceptable load by increasing the number of anchors sharing the loading (hereinafter referred to as the number of sharing anchors).
  • the present invention was made to solve the above problems, and intends to provide a net structure and a construction method thereof, wherein the net structure has a larger number of anchors sharing the loading generated due to sliding, etc. of a target rock lump, and may further improve safety.
  • the net structure according to the present invention comprises:
  • the net structure according to the present invention is characterized in that the second fixing tool is placed at a position shifted in a direction along a diagonal line of the at least one grid in the first grid-like structure.
  • the net structure according to the present invention is characterized in that a shift distance of the second fixing tool is half the length of the diagonal line.
  • the net structure according to the present invention is characterized in that at least one of the first fixing tools and second fixing tools is a sediment anchoring device having a load-bearing capacity in a pull-out direction and a shearing direction.
  • the net structure according to the present invention is characterized in that auxiliary wires are placed at least one of between the first main wires and between the second main wires.
  • the net structure according to the present invention is characterized in that a wire net is attached to at least one of the first grid-like structure and the second grid-like structure.
  • a method for constructing a net structure according to the present invention is a method for constructing the net structure on a sloped mounting surface, wherein the net structure comprises:
  • the method for constructing the net structure according to the present invention is characterized in that the first fixing tools and the second fixing tools are placed; the first fixing tools and the first main wires are connected to fix the first main wires to the mounting surface in a tensioned state; and the second fixing tools and the second main wires are connected to fix the second main wires to the mounting surface in a tensioned state.
  • the method for constructing the net structure according to the present invention is characterized in that after the first main wires and the second main wires are placed, the first fixing tools and the second fixing tools are driven into the mounting surface, thereby fixing the first main wires and the second main wires to the mounting surface in the tensioned state.
  • the net structure according to the present invention comprises a first grid-like structure which comprises a plurality of first main wires placed on a sloped mounting surface in a grid-like fashion, and a plurality of first fixing tools fixing both ends of each of the first main wires to the mounting surface and fixing intersections between the first main wires to the mounting surface; and a second grid-like structure which comprises a plurality of second main wires placed on the mounting surface in a grid-like fashion, and a plurality of second fixing tools fixing both ends of each of the second main wires to the mounting surface and fixing intersections between the second main wires to the mounting surface.
  • the second main wires are placed at positions different from positions of the first main wires, and placed on the first main wires in contact therewith at intersections with the first main wires, and at least one of the second fixing tools is placed within at least one grid in the first grid-like structure. Therefore, it may exhibit the following working-effect.
  • the first main wires are subjected to pushing force toward the mounting surface from the second main wires at intersections with the second main wires.
  • the intersections between the first main wires and second main wires, where the pushing force acts, transmit a mechanical action between the side of the first main wires and the side of the second main wires.
  • the first fixing tools and second fixing tools share the loading together via the intersections.
  • Each of the first fixing tools or second fixing tools constituting the same grid shares the loading applied to the other first fixing tools or second fixing tools.
  • the number of fixing tools sharing the loading may be increased, one target rock lump may be held down by more fixing tools, thereby further improving the safety of net structures based on the rockfall prevention works.
  • the net structure comprising a first grid-like structure which comprises a plurality of first main wires placed on the sloped mounting surface in a grid-like fashion, and a plurality of first fixing tools fixing both ends of each of the first main wires to the mounting surface and fixing intersections between the first main wires to the mounting surface; and a second grid-like structure which comprises a plurality of second main wires placed on the mounting surface in a grid-like fashion, and a plurality of second fixing tools fixing both ends of each of the second main wires to the mounting surface and fixing intersections between the second main wires to the mounting surface.
  • the first main wires are placed; the second main wires are placed at positions different from positions of the first main wires, and placed on the first main wires in contact therewith at intersections with the first main wires; and at least one of the second fixing tools is placed within at least one grid in the first grid-like structure.
  • this method may construct the net structure which further improves the safety of net structures based on the rockfall prevention works.
  • Fig. 1 is a plan view illustrating the net structure according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is a magnified plan view illustrating the first fixing tools sharing the loading from a target rock lump acting on the second fixing tool in the first grid-like structure of the net structure shown in Fig. 1
  • Fig. 3 is a magnified plan view illustrating the second fixing tools sharing the loading from a target rock lump acting on the first fixing tool in the second grid-like structure of the net structure shown in Fig. 1 .
  • ellipses show the first fixing tools and second fixing tools for fixing intersections between the first main wires and between the second main wires, respectively, in a tensioned state.
  • Figs. 2 and 3 depict the first fixing tools and second fixing tools bearing the loading from the target rock lump as dark ellipses, in order to distinguish them from other first and second fixing tools.
  • the net structure according to Embodiment 1 comprises a first grid-like structure 1 and a second grid-like structure 2 placed on a slope (sloped mounting surface) G.
  • the first grid-like structure 1 is comprised of a plurality of first main ropes (first main wires) 3 placed along the slope G in a grid-like fashion, a plurality of first end anchors (first fixing tools) 4 fixing both ends of each of the first main ropes 3 to the slope G in a tensioned state, and a plurality of first intermediate anchors (first fixing tools) 5 fixing intersections between the first main ropes 3 to the slope G in a tensioned state.
  • the second grid-like structure 2 is comprised of a plurality of second main ropes (second main wires) 6 placed along the slope G in a grid-like fashion, a plurality of second end anchors (second fixing tools) 7 fixing both ends of each of the second main ropes 6 to the slope G in a tensioned state, and a plurality of second intermediate anchors (second fixing tools) 8 fixing intersections between the second main ropes 6 to the slope G in a tensioned state.
  • the net structure according to Embodiment 1 further comprises the following configurations.
  • the second main ropes 6 are placed between the first main ropes 3 at positions different from positions of the first main ropes 3.
  • the positions of the second main ropes 6 are intermediate positions between the first main ropes 3.
  • the spacing between the first main ropes 3 and the spacing between the second main ropes 6 are equal, for example, but not limited to, 2m or 3m.
  • the spacing is 2m
  • the shortest distance between a first intermediate anchor 5 and a second intermediate anchor 8 is 1.414m, which is shorter than the case of 2m spacing in the standard specification of the rope netting works.
  • well-balanced anchor arrangement may be achieved, which may exhibit an anchor's load-bearing capacity without bringing the anchors too close to each other.
  • the second main ropes 6 are placed on the first main ropes 3 in contact therewith at intersections with the first main ropes 3.
  • the first main ropes 3 at the intersections receive pushing force toward the slope G from the second main ropes 6 thereon.
  • This pushing force is generated by fixing the second main ropes 6 in the tensioned state by the second end anchors 7 and second intermediate anchors 8.
  • the second intermediate anchors 8 are placed within grids, as a minimum unit, of a plurality of grids in the first grid-like structure 1. They are in positions shifted in a direction along diagonal lines of respective grids. A shift distance of the second intermediate anchors 8 is half the length of the diagonal lines of the grids.
  • first main ropes 3 and the spacing between the second main ropes 6 are equal, most of the first intermediate anchors 5 are placed within grids, as a minimum unit, of a plurality of grids in the second grid-like structure 2 on intersections of two diagonal lines of the respective grids. Since the second main ropes 6 are placed between the first main ropes 3, some of the first intermediate anchors 5 which are placed on the outermost first main ropes 3 among vertically extending first main ropes 3 are outside the grids of the second grid-like structure 2.
  • the first main ropes 3 receive the pushing force toward the slope G from the second main ropes 6.
  • the intersections between the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6 where the pushing force acts transmit a mechanical action between the side of the first main ropes 3 and the side of the second main ropes 6. That is, the first intermediate anchors 5 and second intermediate anchors 8 share the loading together via the intersections. Further, each of the first intermediate anchors 5 or second intermediate anchors 8 constituting the same grid shares the loading applied to the other first intermediate anchors 5 or second intermediate anchors 8.
  • the first intermediate anchors 5 sharing the loading from a target rock lump acting on the second intermediate anchor 8 are described below.
  • the loading from the target rock lump R acts on the second intermediate anchor 8 within the grid.
  • the loading acting on this second intermediate anchor 8 is shared by other second intermediate anchors 8 constituting the grid including the above second intermediate anchor 8.
  • This loading is transmitted through intersections between the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6 to the first intermediate anchors 5 constituting the grid of the first grid-like structure 1 containing therein the second intermediate anchor 8 receiving the loading, and thus, these first intermediate anchors 5 share this loading. Therefore, in this case, the number of loading-sharing anchors is eight, i.e., there are four more loading-sharing anchors than the net structure based on the rope netting works shown in Fig. 5 .
  • the second intermediate anchors 8 sharing the loading from a target rock lump acting on the first intermediate anchor 5 are described below.
  • the loading from the target rock lump R acts on this first intermediate anchor 5.
  • This loading acting on the first intermediate anchor 5 is shared by other first intermediate anchors 5 constituting grids including the above first intermediate anchor 5.
  • This loading is also shared, via intersections between the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6, by the second intermediate anchors 8 constituting the grid of the second grid-like structure 2 containing therein the first intermediate anchor 5 receiving the loading. Therefore, in this case, the number of loading-sharing anchors is thirteen, i.e., there are four more loading-sharing anchors than the net structure based on the rope netting works shown in Fig. 5 .
  • Wire ropes that are flexible and have high strength are used as the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6.
  • Such wire ropes include, for example, but not limited to, a wire rope formed by intertwining three strands each comprising seven steel wires having plated surfaces.
  • the wire ropes preferably have on their plated surface layers the surface coating for further enhancing resistance to peeling, resistance to damage, adhesiveness, and an antirust property, in view of an environment surrounding the slope G. When the surface coating is applied, the useful life of the net structure may be further increased. While wire ropes with a diameter of 12mm are preferably used, wire ropes used as the main ropes are not limited thereto. For example, wire ropes with a diameter of 14mm, 16mm, or 18mm may be used.
  • the first end anchor 4 and second end anchor 7 may include, but are not limited to, a cement anchor or resin anchor that are rock anchors, and a cast-in anchor that is a sediment anchor.
  • the cement anchor is used for driving the anchor into rock or sediment. Cement is cast into a perforation, and the anchor is fixed by peripheral frictional resistance force of the cured cement.
  • the cement anchor has a strong load-bearing capacity in a pull-out direction (vertical direction with respect to the surface of the slope G) and a shearing direction (surface direction of the slope G).
  • the cement anchor may be preferably used as a fixing tool driven into the rock or sediment on the slope G in that even if a large load in the pull-out direction acts on the cement anchor, it is hard to pull out the cement anchor, thereby further improving the safety of the net structure according to Embodiment 1.
  • the resin anchor utilizes resin as a fixing agent, and may be preferably used in place of the above cement anchor in cold areas where it is difficult to obtain the peripheral frictional resistance force of the cement.
  • the resin anchor has a strong load-bearing capacity in the pull-out direction (vertical direction with respect to the surface of the slope G) and the shearing direction (surface direction of the slope G). Any resin may be used as long as the peripheral frictional resistance force necessary for the anchor fixing may be obtained in the cold areas.
  • Well-known resin may be appropriately selected for use depending on the environment in the cold areas.
  • the cast-in anchor is used to drive the anchor into the sediment.
  • the cast-in anchor may include, for example, a sediment anchoring device, or a swing anchor.
  • the sediment anchoring device having a strong load-bearing capacity in the pull-out direction and the shearing direction similarly to the above cement anchor.
  • the sediment anchoring device comprises, for example, a hollow anchor pipe with both ends opened, an anchor rod extending through the anchor pipe and having a head engageable with a lower end of the anchor pipe, and a pull-out prevention mechanism for preventing the pull-out of the anchor pipe from within the ground.
  • the anchor pipe is placed in the ground of the slope G with its upper end protruding from the surface of the slope G.
  • Fastened to the upper end of the anchor pipe is a wire rope such as the first main rope 3 or second main rope 6 provided between a pin bolt attached to the upper end and the surface of the slope G.
  • the anchor rod is inserted into the anchor pipe with the head up, and the head of the anchor rod is engaged with the lower end of the anchor pipe, to position the anchor rod below the anchor pipe.
  • the anchor rod is coated therearound with a coagulant and fixed in the ground of the slope G.
  • the pull-out prevention mechanism is comprised of the lower end of the anchor pipe and the head of the anchor rod engaging therewith.
  • the anchor rod and pull-out prevention mechanism fixed deep in the ground prevent the pull-out of the anchor pipe, thereby further improving the safety the net structure according to Embodiment 1.
  • This sediment anchoring device is preferably used as at least one anchor of the first end anchors 4 and second end anchors 7.
  • sediment anchoring device comprising the anchor pipe, anchor rod, and pull-out prevention mechanism
  • the sediment anchoring device is not limited thereto, and any sediment anchoring device may be used as long as the anchor pipe is fixed in a pull-out prevention direction as described above.
  • the above swing anchor When the first end anchor 4 or second end anchor 7 is driven into flat sediment on the slope G, the above swing anchor may be used. In the flat sediment, a load in the pull-out direction is less likely to act on the anchor. Thus, necessary shear force may be obtained by using the swing anchor without using the above sediment anchoring device.
  • the above sediment anchoring device may be used in the flat sediment on the slope G. Even if the sediment is flat during construction, it may cave in after the construction because of subsidence due to a natural disaster such as unexpected localized torrential rain.
  • the above sediment anchoring device having the strong load-bearing capacity in the pull-out direction is installed, such that even if a large load in the pull-out direction acts on the sediment anchoring device, the sediment anchoring device is less likely to be pulled out, thereby guaranteeing the safety of the net structure according to Embodiment 1.
  • first end anchors 4 and second end anchors 7 Pull-out strength, shear strength, etc.
  • types, combination, or embedded depth of anchors considering several conditions, e.g., whether the slope G where the anchors are driven is comprised of rock or sediment, or whether the surface profile of the sediment on the slope G is concave and convex, or flat.
  • the metal fitting for connecting the first end anchor 4 or second end anchor 7 to an end of the first main rope 3 or second main rope 6 may include, for example, a winding grip.
  • the winding grip comprises a grip member having a ring at its tip. This grip member is attached to the end of the first main rope 3 or second main rope 6, and the ring is fit over an anchor bolt, which is put between two steel plates and bolted down for connection.
  • Anchors similar to the above first end anchors 4 and second end anchors 7 are preferably used as the first intermediate anchors 5 and second intermediate anchors 8.
  • the second intermediate anchor 8 is driven into the target rock lump on the slope G within a grid of the first grid-like structure 1, or the first intermediate anchor 5 is driven into the target rock lump on the slope G within a grid of the second grid-like structure 2, it is preferable to use the above cement anchor.
  • the second intermediate anchor 8 When the second intermediate anchor 8 is driven into the concave and convex portions (especially the concave portion) in the sediment on the slope G within a grid of the first grid-like structure 1, or the first intermediate anchor 5 is driven into the concave and convex portions (especially the concave portion) in the sediment on the slope G within a grid of the second grid-like structure 2, it is preferable to use the above sediment anchoring device.
  • the sediment anchoring device having a good load-bearing capacity both in the shearing direction and the pull-out direction, even if the large load in the pull-out direction acts on the sediment anchoring device, the sediment anchoring device is less likely to be pulled out, thereby further improving the safety of the net structure according to Embodiment 1.
  • This sediment anchoring device is preferably used as at least one anchor of the first intermediate anchors 5 and second intermediate anchors 8.
  • the above swing anchor achieving the necessary shear force may be used, as is the case in the above first end anchor 4 or second end anchor 7.
  • the above sediment anchoring device may be used as the first intermediate anchor 5 or second intermediate anchor 8 in the flat sediment on the slope G.
  • first intermediate anchors 5 or second intermediate anchors 8 Pull-out strength, shear strength, etc.
  • types, combination, or embedded depth of anchors considering several conditions, e.g., whether the slope G where the anchors are driven is comprised of rock or sediment, or whether the surface profile of the sediment on the slope G is concave and convex, or flat.
  • the metal fitting for connecting the first intermediate anchor 5 or second intermediate anchor 8 to the first main rope 3 may include, for example, a cross anchor grip.
  • the cross anchor grip puts an intersection between the first main ropes 3 or between the second main ropes 6 between two plate fittings crossing the intersection diagonally, and then bolts them down to connect the intersection to the anchor.
  • the net structure according to Embodiment 1 is provided with auxiliary ropes 9 placed at regular intervals between the first main ropes 3 and between the second main ropes 6, respectively, as shown in Fig. 1 .
  • the interval between the auxiliary ropes 9 is, for example, but not limited to, 0.5m.
  • Wire ropes similar to the wire ropes used as the first main ropes 3 or second main ropes 6 are used as the auxiliary ropes 9.
  • the metal fitting for connecting an intersection between the auxiliary ropes 9 or an intersection with the first main rope 3 or second main rope 6 may include, but not limited to, for example, a cross grip, cross clip, and V-shaped clip.
  • the cross grip puts the intersection between two plate-like fittings crossing the intersection diagonally, and bolts them down for connection.
  • At least one of the first grid-like structure 1 and second grid-like structure 2 may be provided with a wire net (not shown) as necessary.
  • This wire net may include, for example, a wire net having a mesh shape of a rhombus, etc., or a thick net.
  • the wire net is useful to prevent falling of relatively small floatstones or rolling stones.
  • the wire net is also useful to stabilize a large floatstone.
  • the wire net may be attached between the auxiliary ropes 9.
  • respective spacing between the first main ropes 3 and between second main ropes 6 is, for example, 3m
  • the spacing between the auxiliary ropes 9 may be expanded to 0.75-1m to attach the wire net between the auxiliary ropes 9.
  • the wire net may be attached between the first main ropes 3 or between the second main ropes 6 instead of between the auxiliary ropes 9.
  • first end anchors 4, second end anchors 7, first intermediate anchors 5, and second intermediate anchors 8 are driven into the slope G at predetermined positions.
  • the first grid-like structure 1 is constructed in this way.
  • the second main ropes 6 are placed at intermediate positions between the first main ropes 3. At intersections with the first main ropes 3, the second main ropes 6 are placed on the first main ropes 3 in contact therewith. Then, the second end anchors 7 are connected to respective ends of the second main ropes 6, and the second intermediate anchors 8 are connected to respective intersections between the second main ropes 6, thereby fixing the second main ropes 6 to the slope G in a tensioned state.
  • the second grid-like structure 2 is constructed in this way, and as a result, the net structure comprised of the first grid-like structure 1 and second grid-like structure 2 may be obtained.
  • the auxiliary ropes 9 may be placed, for example, after the construction of the first grid-like structure 1 and second grid-like structure 2. However, the auxiliary ropes 9 may be temporarily positioned at the predetermined positions on the slope G during the placement of the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6.
  • the second main ropes 6 are placed at the intermediate positions between the first main ropes 3 different from the positions of the first main ropes 3, and placed on the first main ropes 3 in contact therewith at intersections with the first main ropes 3; and at least one second intermediate anchor 8 is placed within at least one grid in the first grid-like structure 1.
  • the first main ropes 3 receive pushing force toward the slope G from the second main ropes 6.
  • These intersections between the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6 where the pushing force acts transmit a mechanical action between the side of the first main ropes 3 and the side of the second main ropes 6. That is, the first intermediate anchors 5 and second intermediate anchors 8 share the loading together via the intersections.
  • Each of the first intermediate anchors 5 or second intermediate anchors 8 constituting the same grid shares the loading applied to the other first intermediate anchors 5 or second intermediate anchors 8. Therefore, since the number of the first intermediate anchors 5 and second intermediate anchors 8 sharing the loading may be increased, one target rock lump may be held down by a larger number of the first intermediate anchors 5 and second intermediate anchors 8, thereby further improving the safety of the net structure based on the rockfall prevention works.
  • the cement anchor or sediment anchoring device having the load-bearing capacity in the pull-out direction and the shearing direction is used as the first end anchor 4, first intermediate anchor 5, second end anchor 7, or second intermediate anchor 8, the cement anchor or sediment anchoring device may not be easily pulled out even if a large load in the pull-out direction acts on the cement anchor or sediment anchoring device.
  • the above loading may be surely shared, thereby further improving the safety of the net structure.
  • the present invention is applied to the construction method of the net structure in which the first end anchors 4, second end anchors 7, first intermediate anchors 5, and second intermediate anchors 8 are firstly driven into the slope G at the predetermined positions, and then the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6 are placed.
  • the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6 may be initially temporarily positioned at the predetermined positions on the slope G, and then, the first end anchors 4, second end anchors 7, first intermediate anchors 5, and second intermediate anchors 8 are driven into the slope G, thereby fixing the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6 to the slope G in a tensioned state.
  • Embodiment 1 the present invention is applied to the constitution in which anchors requiring connecting operations are used during fixation of the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6.
  • anchors which do not require the connecting operations may be used.
  • cast-in anchors which may fix the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6 to the slope G in the tensioned state simultaneously with the driving of the anchors working efficiency of construction may be improved, thereby reducing the time and cost.
  • Embodiment 1 while the present invention is also applied to the constitution in which the second main ropes 6 are placed at the intermediate positions between the first main ropes 3 different from the positions of the first main ropes 3, the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the present invention is also applied to the constitution in which the second main ropes 6 are placed between the first main ropes 3.
  • the second main ropes 6 may be placed outside the first main ropes 3 constituting edges of the first grid-like structure 1.
  • the loading on the first intermediate anchors 5 fixing those first main ropes 3 in the tensioned state may be shared by the second intermediate anchors 8 fixing the second main ropes 6 in the tensioned state outside the first main ropes 3.
  • the present invention is also applied to the constitution in which the second grid-like structure 2 is placed at a position shifted along a diagonal line of a grid as a minimum unit in the first grid-like structure 1.
  • the second grid-like structure 2 may be placed at a position shifted in a direction along a diagonal line of a larger grid formed by arranging more than one grid as the minimum unit. Further, while the shift distance of the second grid-like structure 2 shifted in the direction along the diagonal line of the grid as the minimum unit in the first grid-like structure 1 is half the length of the diagonal line of the grid as the minimum unit, the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the present invention is also applied to the constitution in which one first intermediate anchor 5 is placed within each of all grids as a minimum unit in the second grid-like structure 2, and one second intermediate anchor 8 is placed within each of all grids as the minimum unit in the first grid-like structure 1.
  • more than one first intermediate anchor 5 may be placed within at least one grid in the second grid-like structure 2
  • more than one second intermediate anchor 8 may be placed within at least one grid in the first grid-like structure 1.
  • the present invention is also applied to the constitution in which the auxiliary ropes 9 are placed between the first main ropes 3 and between the second main ropes 6.
  • the auxiliary ropes 9 may be placed at least one of between the first main ropes 3 and between the second main ropes 6.
  • the mechanical strength may be partially improved by placing the auxiliary ropes 9 only at appropriate locations.
  • the present invention is also applied to the constitution in which the auxiliary ropes 9 are placed at the intermediate positions between the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6.
  • the spacing between the first main ropes 3 and between the second main ropes 6 is 3m and the spacing between the auxiliary ropes 9 is 0.5m, for example, the auxiliary ropes 9 may be placed at positions at which the spacing between the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6 is trisected.
  • Fig. 4 is a plan view illustrating the net structure according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention, in which the identical reference numerals are applied to components identical to Fig. 1 to avoid repeating the description.
  • Embodiment 2 differs from Embodiment 1 in that Embodiment 2 uses the above sediment anchoring devices and cement anchors having the load-bearing capacities in the pull-out direction and the shearing direction for all of the anchors.
  • Outer edge parts of the net structure shown in Fig. 4 are comprised of large square grids comprising the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6.
  • the first end anchors 4 fixing both ends of each of the first main ropes 3 to the slope G and the second end anchors 7 fixing both ends of each of the second main ropes 6 to the slope G, which are shown in Embodiment 1, are not provided nor projected outside the large grids.
  • This net structure is configured so that the above cement anchors are driven into rock on the slope G as the first intermediate anchors 5 or second intermediate anchors 8, and the above sediment anchoring devices are driven into sediment on the slope G as the first intermediate anchors 5 or second intermediate anchors 8.
  • first intermediate anchors 5 and second intermediate anchors 8 are driven into the slope G at predetermined positions.
  • the first grid-like structure 1 is constructed in this way.
  • the second main ropes 6 are placed at intermediate positions between the first main ropes 3. At intersections with the first main ropes 3, the second main ropes 6 are placed on the first main ropes 3 in contact therewith. Then, the second intermediate anchors 8 are connected to ends of the second main ropes 6 and intersections between the second main ropes 6, thereby fixing the second main ropes 6 to the slope G in a tensioned state.
  • the second grid-like structure 2 is constructed in this way, and as a result, the net structure, which is comprised of the first grid-like structure 1 and second grid-like structure 2 and has the outer edge parts comprising large square grids, may be obtained.
  • the auxiliary ropes 9 may be placed, for example, after the construction of the first grid-like structure 1 and second grid-like structure 2. However, the auxiliary ropes 9 may be temporarily positioned at the predetermined positions on the slope G during the placement of the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6.
  • the net structure according to Embodiment 2 uses only the above sediment anchoring devices and cement anchors for all of the anchors. Therefore, even if the large load in the pull-out direction acts on any one of the anchors, the anchor may not be easily pulled out. Thus, any anchors may surely bear the loading to be shared, thereby further improving the safety of the net structure.
  • the safety of the net structure according to Embodiment 2 may be sufficiently secured by using the above sediment anchoring devices and cement anchors for all of the anchors.
  • the first end anchors 4 and second end anchors 7 are not provided at the outer edge parts of the net structure, the first intermediate anchors 5 are used for fixation of the ends of the first main ropes 3, and the second intermediate anchors 8 are used for fixation of the ends of the second main ropes 6.
  • the first end anchors 4 and second end anchors 7 may be provided at the outer edge parts and used to fix the ends of the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6. In either case, the safety of the net structure may still be further improved by using the above sediment anchoring devices and cement anchors for all of the anchors.
  • Wire ropes with a diameter of 12mm of a standard specification for the rope netting works were used as the first main ropes 3, second main ropes 6, and auxiliary ropes 9.
  • eleven pieces of the first main rope 3 were prepared for each of a longitudinal direction and a transverse direction
  • ten pieces of the second main rope 6 were prepared for each of the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction
  • twenty pieces of the auxiliary rope 9 were prepared for each of the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction.
  • Swing anchors 25 for sediment made by TOKYO ROPE MFG. CO., LTD.
  • TSK cement anchors for rock made by TOKYO ROPE MFG. CO., LTD.
  • TSK pull stop anchor systems made by TOKYO ROPE MFG. CO., LTD.
  • Cross anchor grips, cross grips, winding grips, cross clips, and V-shaped clips were prepared as splicing fittings.
  • the first end anchors 4, second end anchors 7, first intermediate anchors 5, and second intermediate anchors 8 were initially driven into the slope G at predetermined positions. As these anchors, the above sediment anchoring devices were driven in concaves on the slope G at the predetermined positions.
  • first main ropes 3, second main ropes 6, and auxiliary ropes 9 were placed at predetermined positions on the slope G.
  • the spacing between the first main ropes 3 and between the second main ropes 6 was 2m
  • the second main ropes 6 were placed at intermediate positions between the first main ropes 3
  • the auxiliary ropes 9 were placed at 50cm intervals between the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6.
  • the cross anchor grips or winding grips were used to connect the ends of the first main ropes 3 to the first end anchors 4, and connect the ends of the second main ropes 6 to the second end anchors 7.
  • the cross anchor grips were used to connect intersections between the first main ropes 3 to the first intermediate anchors 5, and connect intersections of the second main ropes 6 to the second intermediate anchors 8.
  • the first main ropes 3 and second main ropes 6 were fixed to the slope G in a tensioned state with adjustment so as to generate predetermined tension.
  • cross grips, cross clips, or V-shaped clips were used to connect intersections between the auxiliary ropes 9, as well as intersections between the auxiliary ropes 9 and the first main ropes 3/second main ropes 6.
  • a grid as a minimum unit in the first grid-like structure 1 and second grid-like structure 2 in this example had a size of 2m x 2m of a standard specification for the rope netting works.
  • the number of the grids as the minimum unit in the first grid-like structure 1 was 100, and the number of the grids as the minimum unit in the second grid-like structure 2 was 81.
  • Wire ropes with a diameter of 12mm of a standard specification for the rope netting works were used as the main ropes and auxiliary ropes. Eleven pieces of the main rope were prepared for each of a longitudinal direction and a transverse direction, and ninety pieces of auxiliary rope were prepared for each of the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction.
  • Swing anchors 25 for sediment made by TOKYO ROPE MFG. CO., LTD.
  • TSK cement anchors for rock made by TOKYO ROPE MFG. CO., LTD.
  • TSK pull stop anchor systems made by TOKYO ROPE MFG. CO., LTD.
  • Cross anchor grips, cross grips, winding grips, cross clips, and V-shaped clips were prepared as splicing fittings.
  • the end anchors and intermediate anchors were initially driven into the slope G at predetermined positions. As these anchors, the above sediment anchoring devices were driven in concaves on the slope G at the predetermined positions.
  • the main ropes and auxiliary ropes were placed at predetermined positions on the slope G. Spacing between the main ropes was 2m, and the auxiliary ropes were placed at 50cm intervals between the main ropes.
  • the cross anchor grips or winding grips were used to connect ends of the main ropes to the end anchors.
  • the cross anchor grips were used to connect intersections between the main ropes to the intermediate anchors.
  • the main ropes were fixed to the slope G in a tensioned state with adjustment so as to generate predetermined tension.
  • cross grips, cross clips, or V-shaped clips were used to connect intersections between the auxiliary ropes and main ropes.
  • a grid as a minimum unit in this net structure had a size of 2m x 2m of the standard specification for the rope netting works.
  • the number of the grids as the minimum unit was 100.
  • the result of calculation of the acceptable load with respect to each of various inclinations was 6kN at 70 degrees of inclination, 7.5kN at 60 degrees of inclination, 10.2kN at 50 degrees of inclination, 17.5kN at 40 degrees of inclination, 28.2kN at 35 degrees of inclination, and 69. 5kN at 30 degrees of inclination.
  • the acceptable loads of Example 1 are about twice those of Comparative Example 1. This may be due to the increase in the number of anchors sharing the loading from one target rock lump in the net structure of Example 1.
  • the calculated values of the acceptable loads in Example 1 correspond to calculated values of the acceptable loads when spacing between the main ropes in the net structure based on the rope netting works is 1.414m (grid blocks of about 2m 2 ).
  • the net structure was constructed in the same fashion as Example 1 except that wire ropes with a diameter of 14mm were used as the first main ropes 3, second main ropes 6, and auxiliary ropes 9.
  • the result of calculation of the acceptable load with respect to each of various inclinations was 17kN at 70 degrees of inclination, 21.5kN at 60 degrees of inclination, 29.7kN at 50 degrees of inclination, 51kN at 40 degrees of inclination, 81kN at 35 degrees of inclination, and 198.7kN at 30 degrees of inclination.
  • the net structure was constructed in the same fashion as Comparative Example 1 except that wire ropes with a diameter of 14mm were used as the main ropes and auxiliary ropes.
  • the result of calculation of the acceptable load with respect to each of various inclinations was 8.5kN at 70 degrees of inclination, 10.7kN at 60 degrees of inclination, 14.7kN at 50 degrees of inclination, 25.5kN at 40 degrees of inclination, 40.5kN at 35 degrees of inclination, and 99.2kN at 30 degrees of inclination.
  • Example 2 and Comparative Example 2 When comparing the calculated values of acceptable loads in the above Example 2 and Comparative Example 2, the acceptable loads of Example 2 are higher than those of Comparative Example 2. As for the calculated values of acceptable loads at respective inclinations, the difference between Example 2 and Comparative Example 2 is larger than the difference between Example 1 and Comparative Example 1. This indicates a combined effect of the increase in the number of sharing anchors and the increase in diameter of the wire ropes.
  • the net structure was constructed in the same fashion as Comparative Example 1 except that wire ropes with a diameter of 16mm were used as the main ropes and auxiliary ropes.
  • the result of calculation of the acceptable load with respect to each of various inclinations was 10.2kN at 70 degrees of inclination, 12.7kN at 60 degrees of inclination, 17.7kN at 50 degrees of inclination, 30.5kN at 40 degrees of inclination, 48.7kN at 35 degrees of inclination, and 119.2kN at 30 degrees of inclination.
  • the net structure was constructed in the same fashion as Comparative Example 1 except that wire ropes with a diameter of 18mm were used as the main ropes and auxiliary ropes.
  • the result of calculation of the acceptable load with respect to each of various inclinations was 13.7kN at 70 degrees of inclination, 17.2kN at 60 degrees of inclination, 23.7kN at 50 degrees of inclination, 40.7kN at 40 degrees of inclination, 64.7kN at 35 degrees of inclination, and 159kN at 30 degrees of inclination.
  • the acceptable loads of Example 1 are slightly lower than those of Comparative Example 4. Further, when comparing the calculated values of acceptable loads in the above Example 2 and Comparative Example 4, the acceptable loads of Example 2 are higher than those of Comparative Example 4. This indicates that the effects caused by the increase in the number of sharing anchors and the increase in diameter of the wire ropes from 12mm to 14mm are greater than the effect caused by the increase in diameter of the wire ropes from 12mm based on the rope netting works to 18mm.
  • the net structure having a size of 21m x 21m was constructed in the same fashion as Example 1 except that eight pieces of the first main rope 3 were used for each of the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction, seven pieces of the second main rope 6 were used for each of the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction, twenty eight pieces of the auxiliary rope 9 were used for each of the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction, the spacing between the first main ropes 3 and between the second main ropes 6 was 3m, and the spacing between the auxiliary ropes 9 was 1.5m.
  • the result of calculation of the acceptable load with respect to each of various inclinations was 5.3kN at 70 degrees of inclination, 6.6kN at 60 degrees of inclination, 9.2kN at 50 degrees of inclination, 15.8kN at 40 degrees of inclination, 25.2kN at 35 degrees of inclination, and 61. 7kN at 30 degrees of inclination.
  • Example 3 When comparing the calculated values of acceptable loads in the above Example 3 and Comparative Example 1, the acceptable loads of Example 3 are almost the same as Comparative Example 1. This indicates that even if the spacing between the main ropes is enlarged, the effect caused by the increase in the number of sharing anchors may increase the acceptable loads.
  • the net structure having a size of 21m x 21m was constructed in the same fashion as Example 3 except that wire ropes with a diameter of 14mm were used as the first main ropes 3, second main ropes 6, and auxiliary ropes 9.
  • the result of calculation of the acceptable load with respect to each of various inclinations was 7.5kN at 70 degrees of inclination, 9.5kN at 60 degrees of inclination, 13.2kN at 50 degrees of inclination, 22.6kN at 40 degrees of inclination, 36kN at 35 degrees of inclination, and 88.3kN at 30 degrees of inclination.
  • the acceptable loads of Example 4 are equal to or higher than those of Comparative Example 1. This indicates that even if the spacing between the main ropes is enlarged, the effect caused by the increase in the number of sharing anchors may increase the acceptable loads.
  • wire ropes with a diameter of 12mm of a standard specification for the rope netting works were used as the main ropes and auxiliary ropes.
  • Six pieces of the first main rope 3 were prepared for each of the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction
  • five pieces of the second main rope 6 were prepared for each of the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction
  • ten pieces of the auxiliary rope 9 were prepared for each of the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction.
  • TSK cement anchors for rock made by TOKYO ROPE MFG. CO., LTD.
  • TSK pull stop anchor systems made by TOKYO ROPE MFG. CO., LTD.
  • Cross anchor grips, cross grips, winding grips, cross clips, and V-shaped clips were prepared as splicing fittings.
  • the above cement anchors were driven into rock on the slope G at predetermined positions, and the above sediment anchoring devices were driven into sediment at predetermined positions.
  • the main ropes and auxiliary ropes were placed at predetermined positions on the slope G. Spacing between the main ropes was 2m, and the auxiliary ropes were placed at 50cn intervals between the main ropes 3.
  • the cross anchor grips or winding grips were used to connect ends of the main ropes and intersections between the main ropes to the above cement anchors or sediment anchoring devices. On this occasion, the main ropes were fixed to the slope G in a tensioned state with adjustment so as to generate predetermined tension.
  • cross grips, cross clips, or V-shaped clips were used to connect intersections between the auxiliary ropes and main ropes.
  • a grid as a minimum unit in this net structure had the size of 2m x 2m, which is similar to the standard specification for the rope netting works.
  • the number of the grids as the minimum unit in the first grid-like structure 1 was 25, and the number of the grids as the minimum unit in the second grid-like structure 2 was 16.
  • the result of calculation of the acceptable load with respect to each of various inclinations was 12kN at 70 degrees of inclination, 15kN at 60 degrees of inclination, 20.7kN at 50 degrees of inclination, 35.7kN at 40 degrees of inclination, 56.7kN at 35 degrees of inclination, and 139kN at 30 degrees of inclination.
  • the acceptable loads of Example 5 are about twice those of Comparative Example 1. This may be due to the increase in the number of anchors sharing the loading from one target rock lump, as well as the use of the above sediment anchoring devices and cement anchors having load-bearing capacities in the pull-out direction and shearing direction for all of the anchors, in the net structure of Example 5.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)
  • Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)
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WO2016181281A1 (fr) * 2015-05-08 2016-11-17 Nicaud Companies 22 (Pty) Ltd Filet de sécurité
CN115354671A (zh) * 2022-07-28 2022-11-18 四川省公路规划勘察设计研究院有限公司 一种用于原地加固危岩的锚拉结构

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JP3390987B2 (ja) 1997-12-26 2003-03-31 東京製綱株式会社 落石等防護工のロープ張設工法と落石等防護ネツト
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EP2848738B1 (fr) 2016-11-09

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