EP2844429B1 - Finishing method and finishing device for finish machining of rotationally symmetrical workpiece sections - Google Patents

Finishing method and finishing device for finish machining of rotationally symmetrical workpiece sections Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2844429B1
EP2844429B1 EP13718186.3A EP13718186A EP2844429B1 EP 2844429 B1 EP2844429 B1 EP 2844429B1 EP 13718186 A EP13718186 A EP 13718186A EP 2844429 B1 EP2844429 B1 EP 2844429B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
finishing
workpiece
tool
infeed
force signal
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EP13718186.3A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2844429A2 (en
Inventor
Philip UTSCH
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Nagel Maschinen und Werkzeugfabrik GmbH
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Nagel Maschinen und Werkzeugfabrik GmbH
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24BMACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B35/00Machines or devices designed for superfinishing surfaces on work, i.e. by means of abrading blocks reciprocating with high frequency
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24BMACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B49/00Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation
    • B24B49/16Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation taking regard of the load

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a finishing method for finishing a rotationally symmetrical workpiece section on a workpiece according to the preamble of claim 1 and to a finishing device configured to carry out the method according to the preamble of claim 6.
  • Finishing also known as superfinishing, is a cutting precision machining process with indefinite cutting edges. Finishing can be used to process workpiece surfaces of rotationally symmetrical or non-rotationally symmetrical workpiece sections on workpieces such as crankshafts, camshafts, gear shafts or other components for power and working machines in order to produce a desired surface fine structure.
  • a finishing tool finishing stone or finishing tape
  • granular cutting agent is pressed onto the peripheral surface to be machined.
  • the workpiece is rotated about its workpiece axis.
  • a relative movement oscillating parallel to the workpiece axis is simultaneously generated between the workpiece and the finishing tool resting on the peripheral surface.
  • a combination of the rotational movement of the workpiece and the superimposed oscillating movement can produce a so-called cross-section pattern, which makes the machined workpiece surfaces particularly suitable, for example, as running surfaces for slide bearings or roller bearings or the like.
  • the workpiece section can be, for example, a main bearing or a pin bearing of a crankshaft or a camshaft bearing.
  • finishing is a thermally neutral processing method in which no soft skin is created, which is interspersed with microcracks or surface tension. Finishing is often used after a grinding process as the last machining process in a process chain to remove the soft skin, to uncover the original structure, to increase the percentage of the roughened surface structure and to improve the component geometry with regard to roundness and short-wave defects in the axial and circumferential directions.
  • Grinding is the last shaping machining operation.
  • the geometry of the grinding tool is known to the machine control system, so that the workpiece can be contoured by grinding in accordance with the tool guidance brought about by the machine control system.
  • a prerequisite for this shape is regular dressing or measuring of the grinding tools.
  • the grinding process is generally not able to achieve the surface properties that can be achieved by finishing.
  • the advantageous surface properties of finishing are achieved, for example, in belt finishing in that an abrasive finishing belt is pressed against the workpiece section to be machined by a pressing device with a suitably designed hard, soft and / or flexible tool mold insert with a defined pressing force (for example between 50 N and 500 N) becomes.
  • the pressing force is controlled, for example, by specifying the hydraulic pressure of a hydraulic actuator.
  • the resulting specific surface pressure between the finish belt and the workpiece surface (usually between 0.05 and 2 N / mm 2 ) the desired material removal and a fine surface structure are achieved.
  • the belt finish processing is force and dwell time controlled so that the process result is a function of the pressing force and the process time.
  • the resulting geometry of the processing point is essentially from the pre-processing, i.e. depending on the upstream grinding process.
  • the global geometric shape is retained in both the axial and the tangential orientation; only higher-order ripples in the tangential and axial directions can be reduced if necessary.
  • the grinding process must therefore be designed in such a way that at the end of the grinding process there are no form errors that cannot be eliminated by finishing, for example waviness of small orders, which are also referred to as polygons.
  • One way to avoid form errors during grinding and to maintain the final global concentricity required at the end of the grinding process is to limit the feed parameters during grinding to relatively low values. This usually means that a relatively long pre-processing time has to be accepted.
  • the DE 196 07 776 A1 describes a method and a device for finishing processing, with which crankshafts or camshafts in particular can be processed.
  • the workpiece uses finish jaws that are well encompassing and segments that are as rigid as possible.
  • the cutting means is provided in the form of an incompressible plastic band or applied directly to the segments.
  • the feed of the finish jaws is blocked against each other, so that long-wave inaccuracies in particular are avoided and the surface can be improved by "firing".
  • the blocking could also take place when a certain position is reached, for example by a part of the finish jaws or arms striking a stop.
  • the European patent application EP 1 329 289 A2 describes a method for finishing workpieces using a machining device which has a tool spindle for a machining tool and an NC-controlled feed device.
  • the workpiece-side pressing force of the processing tool is measured and the force measurement values are fed to the NC control, which determines the feed rate of the processing tool to the workpiece.
  • the finish machining takes place in a force-controlled operating mode in which the feed speed is controlled as a function of the pressing force acting on the machining tool.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a generic method for finish machining which enables cost optimization of the process chain grinding-finishing with at least constant final quality of the machined workpieces. It is a further object to provide a finishing device suitable for carrying out the method.
  • the invention provides a finishing method with the features of claim 1. Furthermore, a finishing device with the features of claim 6 is provided.
  • a force signal proportional to the pressing force is determined and a feed path of the finishing tool is controlled as a function of the force signal during at least one phase of the finishing method.
  • feed here designates a working movement of the finishing tool in the direction of the workpiece section to be machined or, when the direction of movement is reversed, a retraction movement to remove the finishing tool from the workpiece section.
  • a displacement control or a position control is provided for this movement in the claimed invention. This makes it possible to reduce the shape errors of minor orders in the circumferential direction by finishing the workpiece section to be machined.
  • the finish processing can not only be used to improve the microform resulting from the preprocessing stages, but also to improve the macroform, i.e. for shaping.
  • microform refers primarily to those shape deviations that can also be improved by conventional finishing processes, in particular the roundness, the short-wave or higher-wave shape defects and the roughness.
  • macro shape also refers to low-wave shape defects in the circumferential direction (polygons), which could not be improved conventionally by means of finishing.
  • the force signal is monitored during an infeed movement of the finishing tool and the infeed movement is stopped in a first position, a predeterminable one to the force signal reached the first threshold value, and the finishing processing is then continued with the delivery stopped in the first position. Until the first position is reached, the finishing tool is thus moved in the direction of the workpiece section to be machined. With this infeed movement, the force signal increases when the finishing tool is in contact with the workpiece section. This feed movement is stopped at a predetermined pressing force.
  • the force signal is monitored when the infeed is stopped in the first position and the infeed movement is continued when the force signal reaches a predeterminable second threshold value which is lower than the first threshold value.
  • the above-described machining with the feed stopped in the first position leads to a preferred material removal in the outermost regions, whereby the pressing force gradually decreases. If the second threshold value for the force signal is reached, the infeed is continued so that the pressing force increases again afterwards and further material removal can take place. Further material is then removed, preferably again in the areas further out, if such are still present.
  • the infeed movement is continued in such a way that the finishing tool is advanced to a second position by a predefined increment.
  • the pressure force and the force signal proportional to it increase again.
  • the second position is then generally held until the force signal reaches a predeterminable third threshold value, which can correspond to the second threshold value or can differ therefrom.
  • the step-by-step delivery of the finishing tool over certain path increments can be repeated one or more times until the desired macro shape is produced by finishing. This point in time can be detected, for example, by monitoring fluctuations in the force signal during the rotation of the workpiece. If the fluctuation range falls below a certain threshold value, The control automatically recognizes that non-roundness of the workpiece section within the tolerances has been eliminated.
  • the effective contours and the position of the finishing tool for controlling the finishing device are known at least in the final phase of finishing processing.
  • the finishing tool is approached to the tool section by a feed movement in the direction of the workpiece section, the force signal is monitored during the feed movement and one at the first workpiece contact, i.e. the first contact between Finishing tool and workpiece section, occurring jump in the force signal is detected and processed to control the infeed.
  • This evaluation of the force signal in the sense of a start-up detection detects the position of the first tool contact with the workpiece, so that the tool position relative to the workpiece is known to the controller from this point in time or from this tool position.
  • the subsequent phases of finish processing can be controlled depending on this referencing. It is thus possible to realize a shaping finish with belt finishing tools as well as with finishing stones without having to know the geometry of the finishing tool before machining.
  • the delivery of the pressing device or the finishing tool is regulated during at least one constant force phase in such a way that the pressing force remains essentially constant.
  • a force-controlled process can follow, for example, the incremental infeed described above to reduce out-of-roundness.
  • the position or the path of the finishing tool changes usually relatively uniform and relatively slow, so that uniform surface properties can be achieved over the entire circumference of the workpiece section.
  • a return movement of the finishing tool is automatically initiated when a predefinable return condition occurs. It is therefore delivered in the opposite direction.
  • the return movement can be initiated, for example, after a defined machining time or after a defined reduction in diameter on the machined workpiece section.
  • the invention also relates to a finishing device for finishing peripheral surfaces of essentially rotationally symmetrical workpiece sections on workpieces, which is set up to carry out, among other things, the finishing method according to the invention.
  • the finishing device has a rotating device for rotating the workpiece about a workpiece axis.
  • an oscillation device for generating an axially oscillating relative movement between the finishing tool and the workpiece parallel to the workpiece axis is also provided, which can preferably be optionally switched on or off.
  • at least one finishing unit is provided, which has at least one movably mounted finishing arm, which carries a pressing device for pressing a finishing tool with cutting means against a workpiece section to be machined.
  • a finishing arm drive unit coupled to the finishing arm is connected to a control device of the finishing device and can be controlled by the control device to generate a working movement of the finishing arm. The movement of the finishing arm causes the infeed movement of the finishing tool.
  • machine axis generally designates a movable device which can be moved in at least one mechanical degree of freedom by at least one drive. It can be, for example, a translatory machine axis or a rotary machine axis.
  • a device for generating a force signal proportional to the pressing force is provided.
  • the force signal can be determined, for example, by evaluating the motor current of the individual finishing arm drive unit.
  • the control device is configured to process the force signal and to control a feed path of the finishing tool as a function of the force signal. In this way, the feed axis can also be used in force-controlled operation by means of the finishing arm drive unit.
  • the finishing arm drive unit is an electromechanical drive unit, which is preferably equipped with an electric servo motor. Together with a servo controller, the servo motor forms a servo drive that enables the servo motor to be operated in a closed control loop.
  • the operation can in principle be torque-controlled, speed-controlled or position-controlled, the possibility of position-controlled operation being used above all in the described finishing method.
  • the disclosure also relates to a finishing unit which can be used to construct a finishing machine according to the invention and / or which is suitable for carrying out the finishing method described in this application.
  • a finishing unit which can be used to construct a finishing machine according to the invention and / or which is suitable for carrying out the finishing method described in this application.
  • new finishing machines can be built or existing conventional finishing machines of a suitable configuration (machine bed, workpiece holder, etc.) can be converted into finishing machines according to the invention.
  • the finishing unit has at least one movably mounted finishing arm, which carries a pressing device for pressing a finishing tool with cutting means against a workpiece section to be machined, a certain pressing force being able to be applied during pressing. Furthermore, there is a finish arm drive unit coupled to the finish arm, which can be connected to a control device of the finishing machine to be set up and can be controlled by the control device for generating working movements of the finish arm.
  • the finish arm drive unit is an electromechanical drive unit that is configured so that the finishing tool can be moved away from the finish arm drive unit. Furthermore, a device for generating a force signal proportional to the pressing force of the finishing tool is provided on the finishing unit. A connection to the drive unit, from which an electrical voltage proportional to the motor current can be tapped, may be sufficient for this.
  • a separate force sensor can possibly be provided, e.g. very close to the finishing tool in a pressure device.
  • the claimed invention can be used in belt finishing as well as in finishing with the help of hard finishing tools, for example in tapeless finishing with finishing stones.
  • Fig. 1 schematically shows a finishing device 100 set up as a belt finishing machine for finishing peripheral surfaces of essentially rotationally symmetrical workpiece sections on workpieces such as crankshafts or camshafts.
  • the belt finishing machine shown is set up for machining a workpiece 110 in the form of a crankshaft.
  • the machine bed 120 of the belt finishing machine is constructed as a 45 ° inclined bed and carries essential mechanical components of the finishing machine on the inclined upper side.
  • the workpiece 110 is received with a horizontal workpiece axis in a workpiece holding device.
  • a workpiece holding device This comprises a headstock 130 fixedly mounted on the machine bed and a tailstock 140 which can be moved horizontally in towing mode.
  • the workpiece is clamped between the tips of the headstock and the tailstock.
  • the headstock contains a rotary drive for rotating the workpiece about its workpiece axis and an oscillation drive for generating a workpiece movement that oscillates in a short stroke parallel to the workpiece axis.
  • These drive units are connected to a numerical control device 180. With the help of the components of the workpiece holding device, the workpiece can be rotated about its workpiece axis and at the same time set into an axially short-stroke motion with strokes of the order of a few millimeters.
  • the finishing device 100 has a plurality of finishing units 200, 300 arranged side by side, which are mounted on guide rails of the machine frame.
  • the finishing units which can also be called finish modules, are in the Figures 2 and 3 presented in detail.
  • the finishing units are each very narrow in order to be side by side at the same time to be able to machine horizontal rotationally symmetrical workpiece sections.
  • a plurality of first finishing units 200 are provided for machining the main bearings lying coaxially with the workpiece axis
  • a plurality of second finishing units 300 each lying in between for machining connecting rod bearings of the crankshaft lying eccentrically to the workpiece axis.
  • only two finishing units 200, 300 are shown; in fact, a customized finishing unit is provided for each workpiece section to be machined (main bearing or pin bearing).
  • Fig. 2 shows an oblique perspective view of a first finishing unit 200 which is set up for machining a workpiece section lying coaxially with the workpiece axis, that is to say for example a main bearing of the crankshaft.
  • Fig. 3 shows an embodiment of a second finishing unit 300, which is set up for processing a connecting rod bearing or pin bearing.
  • the finishing unit is pivotally mounted about a pivot axis 390 running parallel to the workpiece axis, so that the finishing unit can follow the eccentric movement of the pin bearing when the workpiece rotates.
  • Each of the finishing units has two processing arms (finishing arms or pressure arms) which are pivoted about mutually parallel pivot axes in such a way that their free ends can be pivoted in the direction of the workpiece to be machined or outwards away from the workpiece in the manner of a pair of pliers.
  • the first finishing unit 200 in Fig. 2 is shown in a configuration in which the finishing arms 210, 220 are pivoted outward to the open position.
  • Fig. 3 shows the finishing arms 310, 320 in a processing configuration in which the processing tongs are closed.
  • the pivoting movements of the finishing arms are not independent of each other, but are forcibly coupled via a mechanical device.
  • the detailed figure in shows an explanation of a possible implementation Fig. 3 that section of the base element 330 in which the pivot bearings for the finishing arms 310, 320 are attached.
  • the first finishing arm 310 can be pivoted about the horizontal pivot axis 312, while the second finishing arm 320 can be pivoted about the parallel pivot axis 322.
  • a first gearwheel segment 314, which can be pivoted with the finishing arm, is fixedly mounted on the first finishing arm 310.
  • a second gear segment 324 is mounted on the second finishing arm 320 and can be pivoted with the second finishing arm.
  • the teeth of the gearwheel segments engage in one another without play, so that a pivoting movement of the first finishing arm 310 inevitably brings about an opposite pivoting movement of the second finishing arm 320.
  • the first finishing arm 210 and the second finishing arm 220 of the finishing unit 200 are also mechanically positively coupled to one another by means of a corresponding construction.
  • the belt finishing device effects the material removal on the workpiece with the aid of a processing tool in the form of a finishing belt 340, which is shown in FIG Fig. 3 is shown in sections.
  • a finishing belt conveyor device not shown in detail, provides the finishing belt 340, which is drawn off from a supply roll in the direction of the entry side of the finishing unit and, after use, is guided from the exit side of the finishing unit in the exit direction to a take-up roll for used finishing band.
  • the finishing belt 340 comprises a largely incompressible, low-stretch polyester film, which is covered with bound granular cutting means on its front side 342 facing the workpiece.
  • finishing tapes can also be used, for example finishing tapes with cutting agent on a fabric base or finish tapes with cutting agent on a paper base.
  • All common cutting agents can be used, for example ceramic cutting grains made of aluminum oxide or silicon carbide, Diamond cutting grains or cutting grains made of cubic boron nitride or the like.
  • an interchangeable pressing device 315 and 325 is fastened to each of the finishing arms 310, 320 in the region of the free end on the side facing the workpiece, which is designed in each case for the finishing band 340, which is provided with cutting means, to be machined to the respective one Press the peripheral surface of the workpiece section so that the finish band is pressed onto the peripheral surface over a wrap angle of, for example, 120 ° to 150 ° and a pressing force provided for the machining process.
  • the finishing belt typically rests during the material removal processing, so that the cutting speed required for the material removal is generated exclusively by the rotational movement of the workpiece, possibly in combination with the superimposed axial oscillating movement.
  • a numerically controlled machine axis is provided in each of the finishing units, which enables path-controlled or position-controlled operation, so that the feed movement of the finishing arms or the finishing tool in the direction of the workpiece or away from it is carried out or position-controlled can.
  • the finishing unit 200 has an electromechanical finishing arm drive unit 250 which is connected to the control device 180.
  • the finishing arm drive unit has a servo motor mounted on the upper side of the base element 230, which acts via a ball screw drive directly on an upwardly protruding lever arm 219, which is attached to the first finishing arm 210 and can be pivoted therewith. If the servo motor is controlled in such a way that the spindle nut moves in the direction of the first finishing arm 210, one becomes Closing movement of the finishing arms generated. When the direction of rotation is reversed, the processing tongs are opened.
  • the finishing arm drive unit 350 connected to the control device 180 is located on the rear side of the base element 330 opposite the finishing arms 310, 320.
  • the spindle nut 352 of the ball screw drive pivots a gear element 356 pivotably mounted on the base element when the spindle 354 rotated by the drive moves in the axial direction , which is coupled via a rigid rod 358 to the lever arm 319 on the first finishing arm 310.
  • the pivotable second finishing units 300 are corresponding for the pin bearings Fig. 3 alternating with the non-pivotable first finishing units 200 according to FIG Fig. 2 arranged side by side for the main bearings.
  • the finishing arm drive units are alternately above the respective basic elements (in the finishing units for the main bearings) and on rear end of the basic elements (in the finishing units for the pin bearings). This makes it possible to use finishing arm drive units whose overall width is larger than the relatively narrow width of the basic elements of the finishing units. This means that commercially available servo drives of suitable power can be used, which enables a cost-effective design.
  • Each servo drive of this drive system can be controlled individually by the control device.
  • Devices are provided for detecting the motor current of the individual servo drives, the output signals of which can be processed in the control. Since the motor current varies when the finishing tools are pressed onto the workpiece surface in dependence on the generated pressing force, these output signals can be used as control signals proportional to the pressing force.
  • finishing device With the help of the finishing device, it is possible to carry out finishing processes in which a force signal proportional to the pressing force of the finishing tool is determined and the feed path of the finishing tool is controlled as a function of the force signal during at least one phase of the finishing process.
  • This makes it possible, among other things, to carry out a finishing process that enables global shape errors in the circumferential direction to be reduced in the circumferential direction on the workpiece sections to be machined, that is to say to carry out shaping processing within certain limits with the aid of the tape finish machining.
  • a band finish processing shows Fig. 4 a cross section through a substantially rotationally symmetrical workpiece section 410 of a workpiece, which may be, for example, a crankshaft or camshaft.
  • the workpiece section shown is a main bearing, which lies centrally to the workpiece axis 412.
  • the workpiece section has an approximately polygonal cross-sectional shape, which corresponds to a three-wave shape error, which is characterized in that the radius of the workpiece varies three times in the circumferential direction between a smallest radius R1 and a largest radius R2.
  • FIG. 4 the material elevations that occur locally on the circumference are shown hatched in relation to an ideally round shape (radius R 1 ).
  • Reference numeral 440 denotes the finish band, which is carried by a pressing device (not shown) with a C-shaped recess (tool shell) and is pressed with its front side 442 by means of this pressing device for material removal on the peripheral surface 414 of the workpiece section.
  • the pressing force F acts essentially radially to the axis of rotation 412 of the workpiece section.
  • the finishing process runs through four consecutive process phases I, II, III and IV.
  • the start-up phase ends at time t1.
  • time t1 i.e. immediately at the beginning of phase II, there is a first contact between the belt finishing tool and the workpiece. This results in a jump in the force signal at time t1.
  • the tool infeed (the infeed movement) is stopped when the force signal reaches a first threshold value F1 during this jump.
  • F1 a first threshold value
  • the belt finishing tool is therefore not further advanced, but instead holds the position reached, which is referred to here as the first position P1.
  • the workpiece rotation and, if applicable, the axial workpiece oscillation superimposed on it are not interrupted.
  • This first position P1 corresponds to a radial distance of the machining tool from the axis of rotation 412 which is larger than the smallest radius R1 and which is not or only slightly smaller than the larger radius R2.
  • the processing tool since, when the processing tool is stopped in the first position P1, it rests with a pressing force on the circumference of the workpiece section, the outer workpiece tips are removed on the circumferential surface in the region of the material elevations, since only there is a pressing force sufficient for the material removal. There is no substantial material removal in the areas between the workpiece tips with a smaller local radius. In phase II, the cut is interrupted.
  • the phase of the incremental infeed can be ended, for example, after a predetermined number of repetitions or depending on information recorded during operation (for example the fluctuation range of the force signal falls below the predetermined threshold value).
  • the material removal is ended when a predeterminable reversing condition occurs.
  • the retraction of the belt finishing tool can be initiated, for example, after a defined machining time or after a defined reduction in diameter.
  • the return movement is initiated at time t5 in a controlled manner via the dwell time.
  • the pressing force F drops practically instantaneously to zero and the material removal is finished.
  • a special potential based on the 4 and 5 Process management illustrated by way of example lies in the first-time possibility of improving shape errors of smaller orders in the circumferential direction.
  • advantages in sensitive, force-controlled process control compared to conventional force-controlled and dwell time-controlled process control can be expected.
  • the new type of finishing machine and the new type of finishing units enable, among other things, the cascaded position and force control described in the band finishing process. It is possible to determine the relative position of the temporary process intervention using the evaluation of the force signal, for example via motor current or an external force sensor. Measurement and evaluation of the process force during position-controlled strip finishing processing are possible.
  • the position-controlled process control in the band finish processing allows a so-called “sparking out” in the band finish processing to eliminate global geometrical maxima on the workpiece circumference. Further procedural possibilities result from the possibility of a step-by-step (incremental) delivery during the band finish processing, possibly in connection with a force-controlled band finish processing with constant process force through force control is also possible.
  • Corresponding process variants can be used if a finishing stone is used as the finishing tool instead of a finishing band.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
  • Grinding And Polishing Of Tertiary Curved Surfaces And Surfaces With Complex Shapes (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Finishverfahren zur Finishbearbeitung eines rotationssymmetrischen Werkstückabschnitts an einem Werkstück gemäß dem Oberbegriff von Anspruch 1 sowie auf eine zur Durchführung des Verfahrens konfigurierte Finishvorrichtung gemäß dem Oberbegriff von Anspruch 6.The invention relates to a finishing method for finishing a rotationally symmetrical workpiece section on a workpiece according to the preamble of claim 1 and to a finishing device configured to carry out the method according to the preamble of claim 6.

Das Finishen, das auch als Superfinishen bezeichnet wird, ist ein spanendes Feinbearbeitungsverfahren mit unbestimmten Schneiden. Durch Finishen können Werkstückoberflächen von rotationssymmetrischen oder nicht-rotationssymmetrischen Werkstückabschnitten an Werkstücken wie Kurbelwellen, Nockenwellen, Getriebewellen oder anderen Bauteilen für Kraft- und Arbeitsmaschinen zur Erzeugung einer gewünschten Oberflächenfeinstruktur bearbeitet werden. Beim Finishen wird ein mit körnigem Schneidmittel besetztes Finishwerkzeug (Finishstein oder Finishband) an die zu bearbeitende Umfangsfläche angedrückt. Zur Erzeugung der für den Materialabtrag erforderlichen Schnittgeschwindigkeit wird das Werkstück um seine Werkstückachse gedreht. Bei manchen Verfahrensvarianten des Finishens wird gleichzeitig eine parallel zur Werkstückachse oszillierende Relativbewegung zwischen dem Werkstück und dem an der Umfangsfläche anliegenden Finishwerkzeug erzeugt. Durch die Kombination der Rotationsbewegung des Werkstückes und der überlagerten Oszillationsbewegung kann ein so genanntes Kreuzschliffmuster erzeugt werden, wodurch die bearbeiteten Werkstückoberflächen z.B. als Laufflächen für Gleitlager oder Wälzlager oder dergleichen besonders geeignet sind. Bei dem zu bearbeiteten Werkstückabschnitt kann es sich beispielsweise um ein Hauptlager oder ein Hublager einer Kurbelwelle oder um ein Nockenwellenlager handeln.Finishing, also known as superfinishing, is a cutting precision machining process with indefinite cutting edges. Finishing can be used to process workpiece surfaces of rotationally symmetrical or non-rotationally symmetrical workpiece sections on workpieces such as crankshafts, camshafts, gear shafts or other components for power and working machines in order to produce a desired surface fine structure. When finishing, a finishing tool (finishing stone or finishing tape) with granular cutting agent is pressed onto the peripheral surface to be machined. To generate the cutting speed required for material removal, the workpiece is rotated about its workpiece axis. In some finishing process variants, a relative movement oscillating parallel to the workpiece axis is simultaneously generated between the workpiece and the finishing tool resting on the peripheral surface. A combination of the rotational movement of the workpiece and the superimposed oscillating movement can produce a so-called cross-section pattern, which makes the machined workpiece surfaces particularly suitable, for example, as running surfaces for slide bearings or roller bearings or the like. With the one to be processed The workpiece section can be, for example, a main bearing or a pin bearing of a crankshaft or a camshaft bearing.

Im Unterschied zum Schleifen ist das Finishen ein thermisch neutrales Bearbeitungsverfahren, bei dem keine mit Mikrorissen oder Oberflächenspannungen durchsetzte Weichhaut entsteht. Das Finishen wird häufig nach einem Schleifprozess als letztes spanabhebendes Bearbeitungsverfahren einer Prozesskette eingesetzt, um die Weichhaut zu entfernen, die ursprüngliche Gefügestruktur wieder freizulegen, den Traganteil der aufgerauten Oberflächenstruktur zu erhöhen und die Bauteilgeometrie bezüglich Rundheit und kurzwelligen Fehlern in Axialrichtung und Umfangsrichtung zu verbessern.In contrast to grinding, finishing is a thermally neutral processing method in which no soft skin is created, which is interspersed with microcracks or surface tension. Finishing is often used after a grinding process as the last machining process in a process chain to remove the soft skin, to uncover the original structure, to increase the percentage of the roughened surface structure and to improve the component geometry with regard to roundness and short-wave defects in the axial and circumferential directions.

Das Schleifen ist dabei die letzte formgebende Bearbeitungsoperation. Beim Schleifen ist die Geometrie des Schleifwerkzeugs der Maschinensteuerung bekannt, so dass das Werkstück entsprechend der durch die Maschinensteuerung bewirkten Werkzeugführung durch Schleifen konturiert werden kann. Eine Voraussetzung für diese Formgebung ist das regelmäßige Abrichten oder Einmessen der Schleifwerkzeuge. Der Schleifprozess ist aber in der Regel nicht in der Lage, die durch die Finishbearbeitung erzielbaren Oberflächeneigenschaften zu erzielen.Grinding is the last shaping machining operation. During grinding, the geometry of the grinding tool is known to the machine control system, so that the workpiece can be contoured by grinding in accordance with the tool guidance brought about by the machine control system. A prerequisite for this shape is regular dressing or measuring of the grinding tools. However, the grinding process is generally not able to achieve the surface properties that can be achieved by finishing.

Die vorteilhaften Oberflächeneigenschaften durch Finishen werden z.B. beim Bandfinishen dadurch erreicht, dass ein abrasives Finishband durch eine Andrückeinrichtung mit einem geeignet ausgelegten harten, weichen und/oder flexiblen Werkzeugformeinsatz mit einer definierten Andrückkraft (z.B. zwischen 50 N und 500 N) gegen den zu bearbeitenden Werkstückabschnitt gedrückt wird. Dabei wird die Andrückkraft z.B. über Vorgabe des Hydraulikdrucks eines hydraulischen Aktors gesteuert. Durch die hieraus resultierende spezifische Flächenpressung zwischen Finishband und Werkstückoberfläche (in der Regel zwischen 0.05 und 2 N/mm2) kommen der gewünschte Materialabtrag sowie eine feine Oberflächenstruktur zustande. Die Bandfinishbearbeitung erfolgt kraftund verweilzeitgesteuert, so dass das Prozessergebnis u.a. eine Funktion der Andrückkraft und der Prozesszeit ist.The advantageous surface properties of finishing are achieved, for example, in belt finishing in that an abrasive finishing belt is pressed against the workpiece section to be machined by a pressing device with a suitably designed hard, soft and / or flexible tool mold insert with a defined pressing force (for example between 50 N and 500 N) becomes. The pressing force is controlled, for example, by specifying the hydraulic pressure of a hydraulic actuator. The resulting specific surface pressure between the finish belt and the workpiece surface (usually between 0.05 and 2 N / mm 2 ) the desired material removal and a fine surface structure are achieved. The belt finish processing is force and dwell time controlled so that the process result is a function of the pressing force and the process time.

Die resultierende Geometrie der Bearbeitungsstelle ist dagegen im Wesentlichen von der Vorbearbeitung, d.h. vom vorgeschalteten Schleifprozess abhängig. Sowohl in axialer als auch in tangentialer Orientierung bleibt die globale geometrische Formgestalt erhalten, lediglich Welligkeiten höherer Ordnung in tangentialer und axialer Richtung können ggf. reduziert werden.The resulting geometry of the processing point, on the other hand, is essentially from the pre-processing, i.e. depending on the upstream grinding process. The global geometric shape is retained in both the axial and the tangential orientation; only higher-order ripples in the tangential and axial directions can be reduced if necessary.

Der Schleifprozess muss daher so ausgelegt sein, dass am Ende des Schleifprozesses keine durch Finishen nicht eliminierbaren Formfehler übrigbleiben, beispielsweise Welligkeiten kleiner Ordnungen, die auch als Polygone bezeichnet werden. Eine Möglichkeit, Formfehler während der Schleifbearbeitung zu vermeiden und die final geforderte globale Rundlaufgüte am Ende des Schleifprozesses zu erhalten, besteht darin, die Vorschubparameter bei der Schleifbearbeitung auf relativ geringe Werte zu begrenzen. Dadurch muss in der Regel eine relativ lange Vorbearbeitungszeit in Kauf genommen werden.The grinding process must therefore be designed in such a way that at the end of the grinding process there are no form errors that cannot be eliminated by finishing, for example waviness of small orders, which are also referred to as polygons. One way to avoid form errors during grinding and to maintain the final global concentricity required at the end of the grinding process is to limit the feed parameters during grinding to relatively low values. This usually means that a relatively long pre-processing time has to be accepted.

Die DE 196 07 776 A1 beschreibt ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Finish-Bearbeitung, mit welchen insbesondere Kurbel- oder Nockenwellen bearbeitet werden können. Beim Finishen von Wellen werden das Werkstück gut umgreifende Finish-Backen mit möglichst starren Segmenten verwendet. Das Schneidmittel ist in Form von inkompressiblem Kunststoffband oder direkt auf die Segmente aufgebracht vorgesehen. Am Ende einer Finish-Phase wird der Vorschub der Finish-Backen gegeneinander blockiert, so dass insbesondere langwellige Ungenauigkeiten vermieden und die Oberfläche durch ein "Ausfeuern" verbessert werden kann. Statt einer Blockierung durch Festhalten der Lage in einem bestimmten erreichten Zustand könnte die Blockierung auch beim Erreichen einer bestimmten Position erfolgen, indem beispielsweise ein Teil der Finish-Backen oder -Arme an einen Anschlag anläuft.The DE 196 07 776 A1 describes a method and a device for finishing processing, with which crankshafts or camshafts in particular can be processed. When finishing shafts, the workpiece uses finish jaws that are well encompassing and segments that are as rigid as possible. The cutting means is provided in the form of an incompressible plastic band or applied directly to the segments. At the end of a finish phase, the feed of the finish jaws is blocked against each other, so that long-wave inaccuracies in particular are avoided and the surface can be improved by "firing". Instead of blocking by holding onto the situation in one In a certain state reached, the blocking could also take place when a certain position is reached, for example by a part of the finish jaws or arms striking a stop.

Die europäische Patentanmeldung EP 1 329 289 A2 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Finish-Bearbeitung von Werkstücken unter Verwendung einer Bearbeitungsvorrichtung, die eine Werkzeugspindel für ein Bearbeitungswerkzeug und eine NC-gesteuerte Zustelleinrichtung aufweist. Die werkstückseitige Andrückkraft des Bearbeitungswerkzeugs wird gemessen und die Kraftmesswerte werden der NC-Steuerung zugeführt, welche die Zustellgeschwindigkeit des Bearbeitungswerkzeugs zum Werkstück festlegt. Die Finish-Bearbeitung erfolgt in einem kraftgesteuerten Betriebsmodus, in welchem die Zustellgeschwindigkeit in Abhängigkeit von der auf das Bearbeitungswerkzeug wirkenden Andrückkraft gesteuert wird.The European patent application EP 1 329 289 A2 describes a method for finishing workpieces using a machining device which has a tool spindle for a machining tool and an NC-controlled feed device. The workpiece-side pressing force of the processing tool is measured and the force measurement values are fed to the NC control, which determines the feed rate of the processing tool to the workpiece. The finish machining takes place in a force-controlled operating mode in which the feed speed is controlled as a function of the pressing force acting on the machining tool.

AUFGABE UND LÖSUNGTASK AND SOLUTION

Vor diesem Hintergrund liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein gattungsgemäßes Verfahren zur Finishbearbeitung bereitzustellen, das eine Kostenoptimierung der Prozesskette Schleifen - Finishen bei mindestens gleichbleibender Endqualität der bearbeiteten Werkstücke ermöglicht. Es ist eine weitere Aufgabe, eine zur Durchführung des Verfahrens geeignete Finishvorrichtung bereitzustellen.Against this background, the object of the invention is to provide a generic method for finish machining which enables cost optimization of the process chain grinding-finishing with at least constant final quality of the machined workpieces. It is a further object to provide a finishing device suitable for carrying out the method.

Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe stellt die Erfindung ein Finishverfahren mit den Merkmalen von Anspruch 1 bereit. Weiterhin wird eine Finishvorrichtung mit den Merkmalen von Anspruch 6 bereitgestellt.To achieve this object, the invention provides a finishing method with the features of claim 1. Furthermore, a finishing device with the features of claim 6 is provided.

Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen sind in den abhängigen Ansprüchen angegeben. Der Wortlaut sämtlicher Ansprüche wird durch Bezugnahme zum Inhalt der Beschreibung gemacht.Advantageous further developments are specified in the dependent claims. The wording of all claims is incorporated by reference into the content of the description.

Bei einem Finishverfahren gemäß der beanspruchten Erfindung wird ein der Andrückkraft proportionales Kraftsignal ermittelt und ein Zustellweg des Finishwerkzeugs wird während mindestens einer Phase des Finishverfahrens in Abhängigkeit von dem Kraftsignal gesteuert.In a finishing method according to the claimed invention, a force signal proportional to the pressing force is determined and a feed path of the finishing tool is controlled as a function of the force signal during at least one phase of the finishing method.

Der Begriff "Zustellung" bezeichnet hierbei eine Arbeitsbewegung des Finishwerkzeugs in Richtung des zu bearbeitenden Werkstückabschnitts bzw., bei Umkehr der Bewegungsrichtung, eine Rückzugsbewegung zur Entfernung des Finishwerkzeugs vom Werkstückabschnitt. Für diese Bewegung ist bei der beanspruchten Erfindung eine Wegregelung bzw. eine Positionsregelung vorgesehen. Dadurch ist es möglich, durch die Finishbearbeitung am zu bearbeitenden Werkstückabschnitt auch Formfehler geringerer Ordnungen in Umfangsrichtung zu reduzieren. Die Finishbearbeitung kann hierdurch in gewissem Umfang nicht nur zur Verbesserung von der aus den Vorbearbeitungsstufen resultierenden Mikroform genutzt werden, sondern auch zur Verbesserung der Makroform, also zur Formgebung. Der Begriff "Mikroform" bezieht sich hierbei in erster Linie auf diejenigen Gestaltabweichungen, die auch durch herkömmliche Finishverfahren verbessert werden können, insbesondere also die Rundheit, die kurzwelligen bzw. höherwelligen Formfehler sowie die Rauheit. Der Begriff "Makroform" bezieht sich dagegen auch auf niederwellige Formfehler in Umfangsrichtung (Polygone), die herkömmlich mittels Finishen nicht verbessert werden konnten.The term "infeed" here designates a working movement of the finishing tool in the direction of the workpiece section to be machined or, when the direction of movement is reversed, a retraction movement to remove the finishing tool from the workpiece section. A displacement control or a position control is provided for this movement in the claimed invention. This makes it possible to reduce the shape errors of minor orders in the circumferential direction by finishing the workpiece section to be machined. To a certain extent, the finish processing can not only be used to improve the microform resulting from the preprocessing stages, but also to improve the macroform, i.e. for shaping. The term "microform" refers primarily to those shape deviations that can also be improved by conventional finishing processes, in particular the roundness, the short-wave or higher-wave shape defects and the roughness. The term "macro shape", however, also refers to low-wave shape defects in the circumferential direction (polygons), which could not be improved conventionally by means of finishing.

Bekanntlich findet bei einer Regelung (closed loop control) die fortlaufende Rückkopplung einer Ausgangsgröße auf den Eingang eines Reglers (Regeleinrichtung) statt. Bei einer Steuerung (open loop control) fehlt eine derartige Rückkopplung. Sowohl die Steuerung als auch die Regelung umfassen eine gezielte Beeinflussung einer zu beeinflussenden Größe, die bei einer Steuerung als "Steuergröße" und bei einer Regelung als "Regelgröße" bezeichnet werden kann. Bei der beanspruchten Erfindung wird die Position des Finishwerkzeugs als zu beeinflussende Größe gesteuert. Da diese Steuerung in Abhängigkeit vom (positionsabhängigen) Kraftsignal erfolgt, welches an die Steuereinrichtung rückgekoppelt wird, wird eine Positionsregelung bzw. Wegregelung der Zustellbewegung realisiert.As is known, with closed-loop control, the continuous feedback of an output variable takes place at the input of a controller (control device). With a control (open loop control) such a feedback is missing. Both the control and the regulation comprise a targeted influencing of a variable to be influenced, which can be referred to as a "control variable" in a control and as a "control variable" with a control. In the claimed Invention, the position of the finishing tool is controlled as a variable to be influenced. Since this control takes place as a function of the (position-dependent) force signal, which is fed back to the control device, position control or displacement control of the infeed movement is implemented.

Da ein gewisser Anteil der Formgebung von der Vorbearbeitung durch Schleifen in Richtung der Finishbearbeitung verlagert werden kann, können die Anforderungen an die durch Schleifen erzielbare Formgenauigkeit reduziert werden. Somit ist auch eine Reduzierung der Vorbearbeitungszeiten möglich, die heute einen erheblichen Anteil der Wertschöpfungskette der durch Schleifen und Finishen bearbeiteten Bauteile ausmachen. Dadurch kann sich eine Kostenersparnis für die gesamte Prozesskette ergeben, an deren Ende das Schleifen und das nachgeschaltete Finishen stehen.Since a certain proportion of the shaping can be shifted from the pre-processing by grinding in the direction of the finish processing, the requirements for the shape accuracy that can be achieved by grinding can be reduced. This also makes it possible to reduce the preprocessing times, which today make up a significant part of the value chain of the components processed by grinding and finishing. This can result in cost savings for the entire process chain, at the end of which are the grinding and the subsequent finishing.

Bei dem Verfahren gemäß der beanspruchten Erfindung, die bei der Beseitigung von Formfehlern niedriger Ordnungen, den sogenannten Polygonen, besonders vorteilhaft sein kann, wird während einer Zustellbewegung des Finishwerkzeugs das Kraftsignal überwacht und die Zustellbewegung in einer ersten Position angehalten, an das Kraftsignal einen vorab vorgebbaren ersten Schwellwert erreicht, und die Finishbearbeitung wird dann bei in der ersten Position angehaltener Zustellung weitergeführt. Bis zum Erreichen der ersten Position wird das Finishwerkzeug somit in Richtung des zu bearbeitenden Werkstückabschnitts bewegt (zugestellt). Bei dieser Zustellbewegung steigt das Kraftsignal an, wenn das Finishwerkzeug in Kontakt mit dem Werkstückabschnitt steht. Diese Zustellbewegung wird bei einer vorbestimmten Andrückkraft gestoppt. Da die Werkstückdrehung und eine gegebenenfalls zusätzlich vorgesehene relative Oszillationsbewegung zwischen Werkstück und Finishwerkzeug in Axialrichtung weiterlaufen, findet ein Materialabtrag vorwiegend in den Bereichen statt, wo die höchste Andrückkraft auftritt. Hierdurch werden radial zur Werkstückachse weiter außerhalb liegende Umfangsabschnitte im Vergleich zu weiter innerhalb liegenden Umfangsabschnitten stärker abgetragen, so dass Radienunterschiede reduziert werden und die Rundheit verbessert wird.In the method according to the claimed invention, which can be particularly advantageous in eliminating shape errors of low orders, the so-called polygons, the force signal is monitored during an infeed movement of the finishing tool and the infeed movement is stopped in a first position, a predeterminable one to the force signal reached the first threshold value, and the finishing processing is then continued with the delivery stopped in the first position. Until the first position is reached, the finishing tool is thus moved in the direction of the workpiece section to be machined. With this infeed movement, the force signal increases when the finishing tool is in contact with the workpiece section. This feed movement is stopped at a predetermined pressing force. Since the workpiece rotation and any additional oscillatory movement between the workpiece and the finishing tool, which may be additionally provided, continue to be carried out in the axial direction, material removal takes place predominantly in the areas where the highest pressing force is present occurs. As a result, circumferential sections lying further outside radially to the workpiece axis are more strongly removed compared to circumferential sections lying further inside, so that differences in radii are reduced and the roundness is improved.

Dabei wird das Kraftsignal bei in der ersten Position angehaltener Zustellung überwacht und die Zustellbewegung wird fortgesetzt, wenn das Kraftsignal einen vorgebbaren zweiten Schwellwert erreicht, der niedriger als der erste Schwellwert ist. Die oben beschriebene Bearbeitung bei in der ersten Position angehaltenem Vorschub führt zu einem bevorzugten Materialabtrag in den am weitesten nach außen stehenden Bereichen, wodurch allmählich die Andrückkraft absinkt. Ist der zweite Schwellwert für das Kraftsignal erreicht, wird die Zustellung fortgesetzt, so dass die Andrückkraft danach wieder zunimmt und ein weiterer Materialabtrag erfolgen kann. Dabei wird dann weiteres Material abgetragen, bevorzugt wiederum in den weiter außen stehenden Bereichen, sofern solche noch vorhanden sind.The force signal is monitored when the infeed is stopped in the first position and the infeed movement is continued when the force signal reaches a predeterminable second threshold value which is lower than the first threshold value. The above-described machining with the feed stopped in the first position leads to a preferred material removal in the outermost regions, whereby the pressing force gradually decreases. If the second threshold value for the force signal is reached, the infeed is continued so that the pressing force increases again afterwards and further material removal can take place. Further material is then removed, preferably again in the areas further out, if such are still present.

Die Zustellbewegung wird in der Weise fortgesetzt, dass das Finishwerkzeug um ein vordefiniertes Weginkrement bis in eine zweite Position zugestellt wird. Dadurch steigen die Andrückkraft und das dazu proportionale Kraftsignal wieder an. Die zweite Position wird dann in der Regel so lange gehalten, bis das Kraftsignal einen vorgebbaren dritten Schwellwert erreicht, der dem zweiten Schwellwert entsprechen kann oder sich von diesem unterscheiden kann.The infeed movement is continued in such a way that the finishing tool is advanced to a second position by a predefined increment. As a result, the pressure force and the force signal proportional to it increase again. The second position is then generally held until the force signal reaches a predeterminable third threshold value, which can correspond to the second threshold value or can differ therefrom.

Die schrittweise Zustellung des Finishwerkzeugs über gewisse Weginkremente kann einmal oder mehrfach wiederholt werden, bis die gewünschte Makroform durch Finishen hergestellt ist. Dieser Zeitpunkt kann beispielsweise dadurch detektiert werden, dass Schwankungen im Kraftsignal während der Drehung des Werkstücks überwacht werden. Wenn die Schwankungsbreite unter einen gewissen Schwellwert sinkt, erkennt die Steuerung automatisch, dass Unrundheiten des Werkstückabschnitts im Rahmen der Toleranzen beseitigt sind.The step-by-step delivery of the finishing tool over certain path increments can be repeated one or more times until the desired macro shape is produced by finishing. This point in time can be detected, for example, by monitoring fluctuations in the force signal during the rotation of the workpiece. If the fluctuation range falls below a certain threshold value, The control automatically recognizes that non-roundness of the workpiece section within the tolerances has been eliminated.

Für eine gezielte Formgebung durch Finishen wird es als vorteilhaft angesehen, wenn die wirksamen Konturen und die Position des Finishwerkzeugs für die Steuerung der Finishvorrichtung zumindest in der Endphase der Finishbearbeitung bekannt sind. Um dies zu erreichen, ist bei manchen Verfahrensvarianten vorgesehen, dass das Finishwerkzeug vor Beginn der Finishbearbeitung durch eine in Richtung des Werkstückabschnitts geführte Zustellbewegung an den Werkzeugabschnitt angefahren wird, das Kraftsignal während der Zustellbewegung überwacht wird und ein beim ersten Werkstückkontakt, also beim ersten Berührungskontakt zwischen Finishwerkzeug und Werkstückabschnitt, auftretender Sprung im Kraftsignal detektiert und zur Steuerung der Zustellung verarbeitet wird. Durch diese Auswertung des Kraftsignals im Sinne einer Anfahrerkennung wird die Position des erstmaligen Werkzeugkontakts mit dem Werkstück detektiert, so dass die Werkzeugposition relativ zum Werkstück ab diesem Zeitpunkt bzw. ab dieser Werkzeugposition für die Steuerung bekannt ist. Die nachfolgenden Phasen der Finishbearbeitung können in Abhängigkeit dieser Referenzierung gesteuert werden. So ist es möglich, sowohl mit Bandfinishwerkzeugen als auch mit Finishsteinen eine formgebende Finishbearbeitung zu realisieren, ohne dass vor der Bearbeitung die Geometrie des Finishwerkzeugs bekannt sein muss.For a targeted shaping by finishing, it is considered to be advantageous if the effective contours and the position of the finishing tool for controlling the finishing device are known at least in the final phase of finishing processing. In order to achieve this, it is provided in some process variants that the finishing tool is approached to the tool section by a feed movement in the direction of the workpiece section, the force signal is monitored during the feed movement and one at the first workpiece contact, i.e. the first contact between Finishing tool and workpiece section, occurring jump in the force signal is detected and processed to control the infeed. This evaluation of the force signal in the sense of a start-up detection detects the position of the first tool contact with the workpiece, so that the tool position relative to the workpiece is known to the controller from this point in time or from this tool position. The subsequent phases of finish processing can be controlled depending on this referencing. It is thus possible to realize a shaping finish with belt finishing tools as well as with finishing stones without having to know the geometry of the finishing tool before machining.

Bei manchen Verfahrensvarianten wird während mindestens einer Konstantkraftphase die Zustellung der Andrückeinrichtung bzw. des Finishwerkzeugs derart geregelt, dass die Andrückkraft im Wesentlichen konstant bleibt. Ein solcher kraftgeregelter Prozess kann sich beispielsweise an die oben beschriebene inkrementale Zustellung zur Reduzierung von Unrundheiten anschließen. Bei einer Bearbeitung mit konstanter Andrückkraft ändert sich die Position bzw. der Weg des Finishwerkzeugs in der Regel relativ gleichmäßig und relativ langsam, so dass über den gesamten Umfang des Werkstückabschnitts gleichmäßige Oberflächeneigenschaften erzielt werden können.In some process variants, the delivery of the pressing device or the finishing tool is regulated during at least one constant force phase in such a way that the pressing force remains essentially constant. Such a force-controlled process can follow, for example, the incremental infeed described above to reduce out-of-roundness. When machining with constant pressure, the position or the path of the finishing tool changes usually relatively uniform and relatively slow, so that uniform surface properties can be achieved over the entire circumference of the workpiece section.

Vorzugsweise wird bei Eintritt einer vorgebbaren Rückfahrbedingung eine Rückfahrbewegung des Finishwerkzeugs automatisch eingeleitet. Es erfolgt somit eine Zustellung in entgegen gesetzter Richtung. Die Rückfahrbewegung kann beispielsweise nach einer definierten Bearbeitungszeit oder nach einer definierten Durchmesserreduzierung am bearbeiteten Werkstückabschnitt eingeleitet werden.Preferably, a return movement of the finishing tool is automatically initiated when a predefinable return condition occurs. It is therefore delivered in the opposite direction. The return movement can be initiated, for example, after a defined machining time or after a defined reduction in diameter on the machined workpiece section.

Die Erfindung betrifft auch eine Finishvorrichtung zur Finishbearbeitung von Umfangsflächen im Wesentlichen rotationssymmetrischer Werkstückabschnitte an Werkstücken, die dafür eingerichtet ist, unter anderem das erfindungsgemäße Finishverfahren durchzuführen. Die Finishvorrichtung hat eine Dreheinrichtung zur Drehung des Werkstücks um eine Werkstückachse. In der Regel ist weiterhin eine Oszillationseinrichtung zur Erzeugung einer axial oszillierenden Relativbewegung zwischen Finishwerkzeug und Werkstück parallel zur Werkstückachse vorgesehen, die vorzugsweise optional zugeschaltet oder abgeschaltet werden kann. Weiterhin ist mindestens eine Finisheinheit vorgesehen, die mindestens einen beweglich gelagerten Finisharm aufweist, der eine Andrückeinrichtung zum Andrücken eines mit Schneidmittel besetzten Finishwerkzeugs an einen zu bearbeitenden Werkstückabschnitt trägt. Eine mit dem Finisharm gekoppelte Finisharm-Antriebseinheit ist an eine Steuereinrichtung der Finishvorrichtung angeschlossen und ist durch die Steuereinrichtung zur Erzeugung von Arbeitsbewegung des Finisharms ansteuerbar. Die Bewegung des Finisharms verursacht die Zustellbewegung des Finishwerkzeugs.The invention also relates to a finishing device for finishing peripheral surfaces of essentially rotationally symmetrical workpiece sections on workpieces, which is set up to carry out, among other things, the finishing method according to the invention. The finishing device has a rotating device for rotating the workpiece about a workpiece axis. As a rule, an oscillation device for generating an axially oscillating relative movement between the finishing tool and the workpiece parallel to the workpiece axis is also provided, which can preferably be optionally switched on or off. Furthermore, at least one finishing unit is provided, which has at least one movably mounted finishing arm, which carries a pressing device for pressing a finishing tool with cutting means against a workpiece section to be machined. A finishing arm drive unit coupled to the finishing arm is connected to a control device of the finishing device and can be controlled by the control device to generate a working movement of the finishing arm. The movement of the finishing arm causes the infeed movement of the finishing tool.

Die Eignung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens ergibt sich unter anderem dadurch, dass das Finishwerkzeug über die Finisharm-Antriebseinheit weggeregelt bzw. positionsgeregelt bewegt werden kann. Es wird also eine weggeregelte bzw. positionsgeregelte Maschinenachse bereitgestellt, die das Finishwerkzeug gegen die Bearbeitungsstelle drückt. Der Begriff "Maschinenachse" bezeichnet allgemein eine bewegliche Einrichtung, die durch mindestens einen Antrieb in mindestens einem mechanischen Freiheitsgrad bewegt werden kann. Es kann sich z.B. um eine translatorische Maschinenachse oder um rotatorische Maschinenachse handeln.The suitability for carrying out the method results, among other things, from the fact that the finishing tool is via the finishing arm drive unit can be moved away or moved according to position. A position-controlled or position-controlled machine axis is thus provided, which presses the finishing tool against the machining point. The term "machine axis" generally designates a movable device which can be moved in at least one mechanical degree of freedom by at least one drive. It can be, for example, a translatory machine axis or a rotary machine axis.

Weiterhin ist eine Einrichtung zur Erzeugung eines der Andrückkraft proportionalen Kraftsignals vorgesehen. Das Kraftsignal kann beispielsweise durch Auswertung des Motorstroms der individuellen Finisharm-Antriebseinheit ermittelt werden. Es ist auch möglich, im Kraftfluss des Finisharms einen an die Steuereinrichtung angeschlossenen Kraftsensor vorzusehen, der ein der Andrückkraft proportionales Kraftsignal erzeugt, das von der Steuereinrichtung verarbeitet werden kann. Die Steuereinrichtung ist dazu konfiguriert, das Kraftsignal zu verarbeiten und einen Zustellweg des Finishwerkzeugs in Abhängigkeit von dem Kraftsignal zu steuern. Auf diese Weise kann die Zustellachse mittels der Finisharm-Antriebseinheit bei Bedarf auch in einem kraftgeregelten Betrieb verwendet werden.Furthermore, a device for generating a force signal proportional to the pressing force is provided. The force signal can be determined, for example, by evaluating the motor current of the individual finishing arm drive unit. It is also possible to provide a force sensor connected to the control device in the force flow of the finishing arm which generates a force signal which is proportional to the pressing force and which can be processed by the control device. The control device is configured to process the force signal and to control a feed path of the finishing tool as a function of the force signal. In this way, the feed axis can also be used in force-controlled operation by means of the finishing arm drive unit.

Bei der beanspruchten Erfindung ist die Finisharm-Antriebseinheit eine elektromechanische Antriebseinheit, welche vorzugsweise mit einem elektrischen Servomotor ausgestattet ist. Der Servomotor bildet gemeinsam mit einem Servoregler einen Servoantrieb, der es ermöglicht, den Servomotor in einem geschlossenen Regelkreis zu betreiben. Der Betrieb kann grundsätzlich momentengeregelt, geschwindigkeitsgeregelt oder positionsgeregelt sein, wobei beim beschriebenen Finishverfahren vor allem auch die Möglichkeit des positionsgeregelten Betriebs genutzt wird.In the claimed invention, the finishing arm drive unit is an electromechanical drive unit, which is preferably equipped with an electric servo motor. Together with a servo controller, the servo motor forms a servo drive that enables the servo motor to be operated in a closed control loop. The operation can in principle be torque-controlled, speed-controlled or position-controlled, the possibility of position-controlled operation being used above all in the described finishing method.

Die Offenbarung betrifft auch eine Finisheinheit, die zum Aufbauen einer erfindungsgemäßen Finishmaschine verwendet werden kann und/oder die zur Durchführung des in dieser Anmeldung beschriebenen Finishverfahrens geeignet ist. Bei Verwendung derartiger Finisheinheiten können neue Finishmaschinen aufgebaut oder bestehende herkömmliche Finishmaschinen geeigneter Konfiguration (Maschinenbett, Werkstückhalterung etc.) zu erfindungsgemäßen Finishmaschinen umgerüstet werden.The disclosure also relates to a finishing unit which can be used to construct a finishing machine according to the invention and / or which is suitable for carrying out the finishing method described in this application. When using such finishing units, new finishing machines can be built or existing conventional finishing machines of a suitable configuration (machine bed, workpiece holder, etc.) can be converted into finishing machines according to the invention.

Die Finisheinheit hat mindestens einen beweglich gelagerten Finisharm, der eine Andrückeinrichtung zum Andrücken eines mit Schneidmittel besetzten Finishwerkzeugs an einen zu bearbeitenden Werkstückabschnitt trägt, wobei beim Andrücken eine bestimmte Andrückkraft aufgebracht werden kann. Weiterhin ist eine mit dem Finisharm gekoppelte Finisharm-Antriebseinheit vorhanden, die an eine Steuereinrichtung der aufzubauenden Finishmaschine anschließbar ist und durch die Steuereinrichtung zur Erzeugung von Arbeitsbewegungen des Finisharms ansteuerbar ist. Die Finisharm-Antriebseinheit ist eine elektromechanische Antriebseinheit, die so konfiguriert ist, dass das Finishwerkzeug über die Finisharm-Antriebseinheit weggesteuert bewegt werden kann. Weiterhin ist an der Finisheinheit eine Einrichtung zur Erzeugung eines der Andrückkraft des Finishwerkzeugs proportionalen Kraftsignals vorgesehen. Hierzu reicht ggf. ein Anschluss an der Antriebseinheit, an dem eine dem Motorstrom proportionale elektrische Spannung abgegriffen werden kann. Eventuell kann ein gesonderter Kraftsensor vorgesehen sein, z.B. sehr nahe am Finishwerkzeug in einer Andrückeinrichtung.The finishing unit has at least one movably mounted finishing arm, which carries a pressing device for pressing a finishing tool with cutting means against a workpiece section to be machined, a certain pressing force being able to be applied during pressing. Furthermore, there is a finish arm drive unit coupled to the finish arm, which can be connected to a control device of the finishing machine to be set up and can be controlled by the control device for generating working movements of the finish arm. The finish arm drive unit is an electromechanical drive unit that is configured so that the finishing tool can be moved away from the finish arm drive unit. Furthermore, a device for generating a force signal proportional to the pressing force of the finishing tool is provided on the finishing unit. A connection to the drive unit, from which an electrical voltage proportional to the motor current can be tapped, may be sufficient for this. A separate force sensor can possibly be provided, e.g. very close to the finishing tool in a pressure device.

Die beanspruchte Erfindung kann beim Bandfinishen genauso genutzt werden wie beim Finishen mit Hilfe harter Finishwerkzeuge, z.B. beim bandlosen Finishen mittels Finishsteinen.The claimed invention can be used in belt finishing as well as in finishing with the help of hard finishing tools, for example in tapeless finishing with finishing stones.

Diese und weitere Merkmale gehen außer aus den Ansprüchen auch aus der Beschreibung und den Zeichnungen hervor, wobei die einzelnen Merkmale jeweils für sich allein oder zu mehreren in Form von Unterkombinationen bei einer Ausführungsform der Erfindung und auf anderen Gebieten verwirklicht sein und vorteilhafte sowie für sich schutzfähige Ausführungen darstellen können. Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sind in den Zeichnungen dargestellt und werden im Folgenden näher erläutert.These and further features emerge from the claims and also from the description and the drawings, the individual features being realized individually or in groups in the form of sub-combinations in one embodiment of the invention and in other fields and being advantageous and capable of being protected Can represent designs. Embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawings and are explained in more detail below.

KURZBESCHREIBUNG DER ZEICHNUNGENBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

  • Fig. 1 zeigt schematisch eine Ausführungsform einer Bandfinishmaschine zur Finishbearbeitung von Umfangsflächen im Wesentlichen rotationssymmetrischer Werkstückabschnitte an Werkstücken wie Kurbelwellen oder Nockenwellen; Fig. 1 schematically shows an embodiment of a belt finishing machine for finishing machining peripheral surfaces of essentially rotationally symmetrical workpiece sections on workpieces such as crankshafts or camshafts;
  • Fig. 2 zeigt eine Ausführungsform einer Finisheinheit, die für die Bearbeitung eines koaxial mit der Rotationsachse des Werkstücks liegenden Werkstückabschnitts eingerichtet ist; Fig. 2 shows an embodiment of a finishing unit which is set up for machining a workpiece section lying coaxially with the axis of rotation of the workpiece;
  • Fig. 3 zeigt eine Ausführungsform einer schwenkbar gelagerten Finisheinheit, die für die Bearbeitung eines exzentrisch um die Rotationsachse des Werkstücks umlaufenden Werkstückabschnitts eingerichtet ist; Fig. 3 shows an embodiment of a pivotably mounted finishing unit, which is set up for the machining of a workpiece section rotating eccentrically about the axis of rotation of the workpiece;
  • Fig. 4 zeigt schematisch einen Querschnitt durch einen Werkstückabschnitt mit einem dreiwelligen Formfehler während der Finishbearbeitung; und Fig. 4 shows schematically a cross section through a workpiece section with a three-shaft shape error during the finishing; and
  • Fig. 5 zeigt ein Zustellbweg/Andrückkraft-Zeit-Diagramm für eine Prozessvariante einer Finishbearbeitung zur Beseitigung von Welligkeiten niedriger Ordnung. Fig. 5 shows an infeed path / pressing force-time diagram for a process variant of finish processing to eliminate low-order ripples.
DETAILLIERTE BESCHREIBUNG BEVORZUGTER AUSFÜHRUNGSBEISPIELEDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Die schrägperspektivische Darstellung in Fig. 1 zeigt schematisch eine als Bandfinishmaschine eingerichtete Finishvorrichtung 100 zur Finishbearbeitung von Umfangsflächen im Wesentlichen rotationssymmetrischer Werkstückabschnitte an Werkstücken wie Kurbelwellen oder Nockenwellen. Die gezeigte Bandfinishmaschine ist zur Bearbeitung eines Werkstücks 110 in Form einer Kurbelwelle eingerichtet. Das Maschinenbett 120 der Bandfinishmaschine ist als 45°-Schrägbett konstruiert und trägt an der schrägen Oberseite wesentliche mechanische Komponenten der Finishmaschine.The oblique perspective representation in Fig. 1 schematically shows a finishing device 100 set up as a belt finishing machine for finishing peripheral surfaces of essentially rotationally symmetrical workpiece sections on workpieces such as crankshafts or camshafts. The belt finishing machine shown is set up for machining a workpiece 110 in the form of a crankshaft. The machine bed 120 of the belt finishing machine is constructed as a 45 ° inclined bed and carries essential mechanical components of the finishing machine on the inclined upper side.

Das Werkstück 110 ist mit horizontaler Werkstückachse in einer Werkstückhaltevorrichtung aufgenommen. Diese umfasst einen fest auf dem Maschinenbett montierten Spindelstock 130 und einen im Schleppbetrieb horizontal verfahrbaren Reitstock 140. Das Werkstück ist zwischen Spitzen des Spindelstocks und des Reitstocks eingespannt. Der Spindelstock enthält einen Drehantrieb zur Drehung des Werkstücks um seine Werkstückachse sowie einen Oszillationsantrieb zur Erzeugung einer parallel zur Werkstückachse kurzhubig oszillierenden Werkstückbewegung. Diese Antriebseinheiten sind an eine numerische Steuereinrichtung 180 angeschlossen. Mit Hilfe der Komponenten der Werkstückhalteeinrichtung kann das Werkstück um seine Werkstückachse gedreht und gleichzeitig in eine axial kurzhubig schwingende Bewegung mit Hüben in der Größenordnung einiger Millimeter versetzt werden.The workpiece 110 is received with a horizontal workpiece axis in a workpiece holding device. This comprises a headstock 130 fixedly mounted on the machine bed and a tailstock 140 which can be moved horizontally in towing mode. The workpiece is clamped between the tips of the headstock and the tailstock. The headstock contains a rotary drive for rotating the workpiece about its workpiece axis and an oscillation drive for generating a workpiece movement that oscillates in a short stroke parallel to the workpiece axis. These drive units are connected to a numerical control device 180. With the help of the components of the workpiece holding device, the workpiece can be rotated about its workpiece axis and at the same time set into an axially short-stroke motion with strokes of the order of a few millimeters.

Die Finishvorrichtung 100 hat mehrere nebeneinander angeordnete Finisheinheiten 200, 300, die auf Führungsschienen des Maschinengestells montiert sind. Die Finisheinheiten, die auch als Finishmodule bezeichnet werden können, sind in den Figuren 2 und 3 im Detail dargestellt. Die Finisheinheiten sind jeweils sehr schmal, um gleichzeitig nebeneinander liegende rotationssymmetrische Werkstückabschnitte bearbeiten zu können. Im eingerichteten Zustand sind mehrere erste Finisheinheiten 200 zur Bearbeitung der koaxial mit der Werkstückachse liegenden Hauptlager und mehrere jeweils dazwischen liegende zweite Finisheinheiten 300 zur Bearbeitung von exzentrisch zur Werkstückachse liegenden Pleuellagern der Kurbelwelle vorgesehen. Aus Gründen der Übersichtlichkeit sind nur zwei Finisheinheiten 200, 300 gezeigt, tatsächlich ist für jeden zu bearbeitenden Werkstückabschnitt (Hauptlager oder Hublager) eine eigene angepasste Finisheinheit vorgesehen.The finishing device 100 has a plurality of finishing units 200, 300 arranged side by side, which are mounted on guide rails of the machine frame. The finishing units, which can also be called finish modules, are in the Figures 2 and 3 presented in detail. The finishing units are each very narrow in order to be side by side at the same time to be able to machine horizontal rotationally symmetrical workpiece sections. In the set-up state, a plurality of first finishing units 200 are provided for machining the main bearings lying coaxially with the workpiece axis, and a plurality of second finishing units 300 each lying in between for machining connecting rod bearings of the crankshaft lying eccentrically to the workpiece axis. For reasons of clarity, only two finishing units 200, 300 are shown; in fact, a customized finishing unit is provided for each workpiece section to be machined (main bearing or pin bearing).

Fig. 2 zeigt schrägperspektivisch eine erste Finisheinheit 200, die für die Bearbeitung eines koaxial mit der Werkstückachse liegenden Werkstückabschnitts eingerichtet ist, also beispielsweise eines Hauptlagers der Kurbelwelle. Fig. 3 zeigt eine Ausführungsform einer zweiten Finisheinheit 300, die für die Bearbeitung eines Pleuellagers bzw. Hublagers eingerichtet ist. Hier ist die Finisheinheit um eine parallel zur Werkstückachse verlaufende Schwenkachse 390 verschwenkbar gelagert, so dass die Finisheinheit der Exzenterbewegung des Hublagers bei der Werkstückdrehung folgen kann. Fig. 2 shows an oblique perspective view of a first finishing unit 200 which is set up for machining a workpiece section lying coaxially with the workpiece axis, that is to say for example a main bearing of the crankshaft. Fig. 3 shows an embodiment of a second finishing unit 300, which is set up for processing a connecting rod bearing or pin bearing. Here the finishing unit is pivotally mounted about a pivot axis 390 running parallel to the workpiece axis, so that the finishing unit can follow the eccentric movement of the pin bearing when the workpiece rotates.

Jede der Finisheinheiten hat zwei Bearbeitungsarme (Finisharme bzw. Druckarme), die um zueinander parallele Schwenkachsen derart schwenkbar gelagert sind, dass ihre freien Enden nach innen in Richtung auf das zu bearbeitende Werkstück bzw. nach außen vom Werkstück weg nach Art einer Zange verschwenkbar sind. Die erste Finisheinheit 200 in Fig. 2 ist in einer Konfiguration gezeigt, bei der die Finisharme 210, 220 in die geöffnete Position nach außen verschwenkt sind. Fig. 3 zeigt die Finisharme 310, 320 in einer Bearbeitungskonfiguration, in der die Bearbeitungszange geschlossen ist.Each of the finishing units has two processing arms (finishing arms or pressure arms) which are pivoted about mutually parallel pivot axes in such a way that their free ends can be pivoted in the direction of the workpiece to be machined or outwards away from the workpiece in the manner of a pair of pliers. The first finishing unit 200 in Fig. 2 is shown in a configuration in which the finishing arms 210, 220 are pivoted outward to the open position. Fig. 3 shows the finishing arms 310, 320 in a processing configuration in which the processing tongs are closed.

Die Schwenkbewegungen der Finisharme sind nicht unabhängig voneinander, sondern über eine mechanische Einrichtung zwangsgekoppelt. Zur Erläuterung einer Realisierungsmöglichkeit zeigt die Detailfigur in Fig. 3 denjenigen Ausschnitt des Grundelements 330, in welchem die Schwenklager für die Finisharme 310, 320 angebracht sind. Der erste Finisharm 310 ist dabei um die horizontale Schwenkachse 312 verschwenkbar, während der zweite Finisharm 320 um die dazu parallele Schwenkachse 322 verschwenkbar ist. An dem ersten Finisharm 310 ist ein erstes Zahnradsegment 314 fest montiert, welches mit dem Finisharm verschwenkbar ist. An dem zweiten Finisharm 320 ist ein zweites Zahnradsegment 324 montiert, welches mit dem zweiten Finisharm verschwenkbar ist. Die Zähne der Zahnradsegmente greifen spielfrei ineinander, so dass eine Verschwenkbewegung des ersten Finisharms 310 zwangsläufig eine gegenläufige Verschwenkbewegung des zweiten Finisharms 320 bewirkt. Über eine entsprechende Konstruktion sind auch der erste Finisharm 210 und der zweite Finisharm 220 der Finisheinheit 200 mechanisch miteinander zwangsgekoppelt.The pivoting movements of the finishing arms are not independent of each other, but are forcibly coupled via a mechanical device. The detailed figure in shows an explanation of a possible implementation Fig. 3 that section of the base element 330 in which the pivot bearings for the finishing arms 310, 320 are attached. The first finishing arm 310 can be pivoted about the horizontal pivot axis 312, while the second finishing arm 320 can be pivoted about the parallel pivot axis 322. A first gearwheel segment 314, which can be pivoted with the finishing arm, is fixedly mounted on the first finishing arm 310. A second gear segment 324 is mounted on the second finishing arm 320 and can be pivoted with the second finishing arm. The teeth of the gearwheel segments engage in one another without play, so that a pivoting movement of the first finishing arm 310 inevitably brings about an opposite pivoting movement of the second finishing arm 320. The first finishing arm 210 and the second finishing arm 220 of the finishing unit 200 are also mechanically positively coupled to one another by means of a corresponding construction.

Die Bandfinishvorrichtung bewirkt den Materialabtrag am Werkstück mithilfe eines Bearbeitungswerkzeugs in Form eines Finishbands 340, das in Fig. 3 ausschnittsweise dargestellt ist. Eine nicht im Detail gezeigte Finishband-Fördereinrichtung stellt das Finishband 340 bereit, welches von einer Vorratsrolle in Richtung der Eintrittsseite der Finisheinheit abgezogen und nach Benutzung von der Austrittsseite der Finisheinheit in Austrittsrichtung zu einer Aufwickelrolle für verbrauchtes Finishband geführt wird. Das Finishband 340 umfasst einen weitgehend inkompressiblen, dehnungsarmen Polyesterfilm, der an seiner dem Werkstück zugewandten Vorderseite 342 mit gebundenen körnigen Schneidmitteln besetzt ist. Es sind auch andere Typen von Finishbändern verwendbar, beispielsweise Finishbänder mit Schneidmittel auf Gewebeunterlage oder Finishbänder mit Schneidmittel auf Papierunterlage. Alle üblichen Schneidmittel können verwendet werden, beispielsweise keramische Schneidkörner aus Aluminiumoxid oder Siliziumkarbid, Diamantschneidkörner oder Schneidkörner aus kubischem Bornitrid oder dergleichen.The belt finishing device effects the material removal on the workpiece with the aid of a processing tool in the form of a finishing belt 340, which is shown in FIG Fig. 3 is shown in sections. A finishing belt conveyor device, not shown in detail, provides the finishing belt 340, which is drawn off from a supply roll in the direction of the entry side of the finishing unit and, after use, is guided from the exit side of the finishing unit in the exit direction to a take-up roll for used finishing band. The finishing belt 340 comprises a largely incompressible, low-stretch polyester film, which is covered with bound granular cutting means on its front side 342 facing the workpiece. Other types of finishing tapes can also be used, for example finishing tapes with cutting agent on a fabric base or finish tapes with cutting agent on a paper base. All common cutting agents can be used, for example ceramic cutting grains made of aluminum oxide or silicon carbide, Diamond cutting grains or cutting grains made of cubic boron nitride or the like.

Wie in Fig. 3 gut zu erkennen ist, ist an jedem der Finisharme 310, 320 im Bereich des freien Endes auf der dem Werkstück zugewandten Seite eine auswechselbare Andrückeinrichtung 315 bzw. 325 befestigt, die jeweils dafür ausgelegt ist, das mit Schneidmittel besetzte Finishband 340 jeweils an die zu bearbeitende Umfangsfläche des Werkstückabschnitts so anzudrücken, dass das Finishband an die Umfangsfläche über einen Umschlingungswinkel von beispielsweise 120° bis 150° und einer für den Bearbeitungsvorgang vorgesehenen Andrückkraft angedrückt wird. Typischerweise ruht das Finishband während der Material abtragenden Bearbeitung, so dass die für den Materialabtrag erforderliche Schnittgeschwindigkeit ausschließlich durch die Rotationsbewegung des Werkstücks, ggf. in Kombination mit der überlagerten axialen Oszillationsbewegung, erzeugt wird.As in Fig. 3 It can be clearly seen that an interchangeable pressing device 315 and 325 is fastened to each of the finishing arms 310, 320 in the region of the free end on the side facing the workpiece, which is designed in each case for the finishing band 340, which is provided with cutting means, to be machined to the respective one Press the peripheral surface of the workpiece section so that the finish band is pressed onto the peripheral surface over a wrap angle of, for example, 120 ° to 150 ° and a pressing force provided for the machining process. The finishing belt typically rests during the material removal processing, so that the cutting speed required for the material removal is generated exclusively by the rotational movement of the workpiece, possibly in combination with the superimposed axial oscillating movement.

Für die Schwenkbewegung der Finisharme ist bei jeder der Finisheinheiten eine numerisch gesteuerte Maschinenachse vorgesehen, die einen weggeregelten bzw. positionsgeregelten Betrieb ermöglicht, so dass die Zustellbewegung der Finisharme bzw. des Finishwerkzeugs in Richtung auf das Werkstück bzw. davon weg weggesteuert bzw. positionsgesteuert durchgeführt werden kann.For the pivoting movement of the finishing arms, a numerically controlled machine axis is provided in each of the finishing units, which enables path-controlled or position-controlled operation, so that the feed movement of the finishing arms or the finishing tool in the direction of the workpiece or away from it is carried out or position-controlled can.

Hierzu hat die Finisheinheit 200 eine elektromechanische Finisharm-Antriebseinheit 250, die an die Steuereinrichtung 180 angeschlossen ist. Die Finisharm-Antriebseinheit hat einen an der Oberseite des Grundelements 230 montierten Servomotor, der über einen Kugelgewindetrieb direkt an einen nach oben abstehenden Hebelarm 219 angreift, welcher am ersten Finisharm 210 befestigt und mit diesem verschwenkbar ist. Wird der Servomotor so angesteuert, dass die Spindelmutter sich in Richtung des ersten Finisharms 210 bewegt, so wird dadurch eine Schließbewegung der Finisharme erzeugt. Bei umgedrehter Drehrichtung wird die Bearbeitungszange geöffnet.For this purpose, the finishing unit 200 has an electromechanical finishing arm drive unit 250 which is connected to the control device 180. The finishing arm drive unit has a servo motor mounted on the upper side of the base element 230, which acts via a ball screw drive directly on an upwardly protruding lever arm 219, which is attached to the first finishing arm 210 and can be pivoted therewith. If the servo motor is controlled in such a way that the spindle nut moves in the direction of the first finishing arm 210, one becomes Closing movement of the finishing arms generated. When the direction of rotation is reversed, the processing tongs are opened.

Im Weg des Kraftflusses zwischen dem Servoantrieb und dem Finisharm ist keine konstruktiv bedingte Nachgiebigkeit vorgesehen, so dass über die durch Weggeber ermittelbare Position des Servoantriebs die Zustellposition des Bearbeitungswerkzeugs (Finishband) unmittelbar vorgegeben werden kann. Anders ausgedrückt liegt zwischen dem elektromechanischen Antrieb und dem Bearbeitungswerkzeug eine starre, unnachgiebige Kopplung vor.In the way of the force flow between the servo drive and the finishing arm, no design-related flexibility is provided, so that the infeed position of the processing tool (finishing belt) can be specified directly via the position of the servo drive that can be determined by the displacement sensor. In other words, there is a rigid, unrelenting coupling between the electromechanical drive and the machining tool.

Bei der zweiten Finisheinheit 300 in Fig. 3 ist eine entsprechende Funktionalität realisiert. Hier befindet sich die an die Steuereinrichtung 180 angeschlossene Finisharm-Antriebseinheit 350 an der den Finisharmen 310, 320 gegenüberliegenden Rückseite des Grundelements 330. Die Spindelmutter 352 des Kugelgewindetriebs verschwenkt bei einer Bewegung in Achsrichtung der vom Antrieb gedrehten Spindel 354 ein am Grundelement schwenkbar gelagertes Getriebeelement 356, welches über eine starre Stange 358 mit dem Hebelarm 319 am ersten Finisharm 310 gekoppelt ist. Hierdurch wird ein spielfreies Orthogonalgetriebe geschaffen, welches es ermöglicht, die Finisharm-Antriebseinheit an der den Finisharmen gegenüberliegenden Rückseite des Grundelements 330 anzubringen. Die Vorteile der spielfreien Kopplung zwischen dem elektromechanischen Antrieb und den Finisharmen bleiben dabei erhalten.In the second finishing unit 300 in Fig. 3 a corresponding functionality is implemented. Here, the finishing arm drive unit 350 connected to the control device 180 is located on the rear side of the base element 330 opposite the finishing arms 310, 320. The spindle nut 352 of the ball screw drive pivots a gear element 356 pivotably mounted on the base element when the spindle 354 rotated by the drive moves in the axial direction , which is coupled via a rigid rod 358 to the lever arm 319 on the first finishing arm 310. This creates a backlash-free orthogonal gear, which enables the finishing arm drive unit to be attached to the rear side of the base element 330 opposite the finishing arms. The advantages of the backlash-free coupling between the electromechanical drive and the finishing arms are retained.

Wie in Fig. 1 erkennbar ist, sind die verschwenkbaren zweiten Finisheinheiten 300 für die Hublager entsprechend Fig. 3 abwechselnd mit den nicht verschwenkbaren ersten Finisheinheiten 200 gemäß Fig. 2 für die Hauptlager nebeneinander angeordnet. Die Finisharm-Antriebseinheiten liegen also abwechselnd einmal oberhalb der jeweiligen Grundelemente (bei den Finisheinheiten für die Hauptlager) und am hinteren Ende der Grundelemente (bei den Finisheinheiten für die Hublager). Hierdurch ist es möglich, Finisharm-Antriebseinheiten zu verwenden, deren Baubreite größer ist als die relativ schmale Breite der Grundelemente der Finisheinheiten. Somit können handelsübliche Servoantriebe geeigneter Leistung verwendet werden, wodurch eine kostengünstige Konstruktion möglich wird.As in Fig. 1 is recognizable, the pivotable second finishing units 300 are corresponding for the pin bearings Fig. 3 alternating with the non-pivotable first finishing units 200 according to FIG Fig. 2 arranged side by side for the main bearings. The finishing arm drive units are alternately above the respective basic elements (in the finishing units for the main bearings) and on rear end of the basic elements (in the finishing units for the pin bearings). This makes it possible to use finishing arm drive units whose overall width is larger than the relatively narrow width of the basic elements of the finishing units. This means that commercially available servo drives of suitable power can be used, which enables a cost-effective design.

Jeder Servoantrieb dieses Antriebssystems kann von der Steuereinrichtung individuell angesteuert werden. Zur Erfassung des Motorstroms der einzelnen Servoantriebe sind Einrichtungen vorgesehen, deren Ausgangssignale in der Steuerung verarbeitet werden können. Da der Motorstrom beim Andrücken der Finiswerkzeuge an die Werkstücküberfläche in Abhängigkeit von der erzeugten Andrückkraft variiert, können diese Ausgangssignale als der Andrückkraft proportionale Kraftsignale für die Steuerung genutzt werden.Each servo drive of this drive system can be controlled individually by the control device. Devices are provided for detecting the motor current of the individual servo drives, the output signals of which can be processed in the control. Since the motor current varies when the finishing tools are pressed onto the workpiece surface in dependence on the generated pressing force, these output signals can be used as control signals proportional to the pressing force.

Mithilfe der Finishvorrichtung ist es möglich, Finishprozesse durchzuführen, bei denen ein der Andrückkraft des Finishwerkzeugs proportionales Kraftsignal ermittelt wird und der Zustellweg des Finishwerkzeugs während mindestens einer Phase des Finishprozesses in Abhängigkeit von dem Kraftsignal gesteuert wird. Damit ist es unter anderem möglich, einen Finishprozess durchzuführen, der es ermöglicht, an den zu bearbeitenden Werkstückabschnitten globale Formfehler in Umfangsrichtung durch die Bandfinishbearbeitung zu reduzieren, also mithilfe der Bandfinishbearbeitung in gewissen Grenzen eine formgebende Bearbeitung durchzuführen. Dies wiederum erlaubt es, die Anforderungen an die Bearbeitungsgenauigkeit eines vorgeschalteten Schleifprozesses zu reduzieren, wodurch Prozesse, die eine Schleifbearbeitung und eine nachgeschaltete Finish-Bearbeitung vorsehen, schneller und kostengünstiger als bisher bei mindestens gleich bleibender Qualität des Endprodukts durchgeführt werden können.With the help of the finishing device, it is possible to carry out finishing processes in which a force signal proportional to the pressing force of the finishing tool is determined and the feed path of the finishing tool is controlled as a function of the force signal during at least one phase of the finishing process. This makes it possible, among other things, to carry out a finishing process that enables global shape errors in the circumferential direction to be reduced in the circumferential direction on the workpiece sections to be machined, that is to say to carry out shaping processing within certain limits with the aid of the tape finish machining. This in turn makes it possible to reduce the requirements for the machining accuracy of an upstream grinding process, as a result of which processes which provide grinding processing and downstream finishing processing can be carried out faster and more cost-effectively than before, with the quality of the end product remaining at least the same.

Zur Erläuterung einer Variante einer Bandfinishbearbeitung zeigt Fig. 4 einen Querschnitt durch einen im Wesentlichen rotationssymmetrischen Werkstückabschnitt 410 eines Werkstücks, bei dem es sich beispielsweise um eine Kurbelwelle oder Nockenwelle handeln kann. Der gezeigte Werkstückabschnitt ist ein Hauptlager, das zentrisch zur Werkstückachse 412 liegt. An dem Werkstückabschnitt 410 liegt nach Abschluss der Vorbearbeitung (mittels Schleifen) noch ein erheblicher Rundheitsfehler vor. Im Beispielsfall weist der Werkstückabschnitt eine annähernd polygonale Querschnittsform auf, die einem dreiwelligen Formfehler entspricht, der sich dadurch auszeichnet, dass der Radius des Werkstücks in Umfangsrichtung dreimal zwischen einem kleinsten Radius R1 und einem größten Radius R2 variiert. Die Verhältnisse sind zur Illustration stark überhöht dargestellt, ein Radienunterschied ΔR = R2 - R1 kann z.B. in der Größenordnung von wenigen Mikrometern liegen, z.B. im Bereich von 3 µm bis 5 µm.To explain a variant of a band finish processing shows Fig. 4 a cross section through a substantially rotationally symmetrical workpiece section 410 of a workpiece, which may be, for example, a crankshaft or camshaft. The workpiece section shown is a main bearing, which lies centrally to the workpiece axis 412. There is still a considerable roundness error on the workpiece section 410 after the preprocessing has been completed (by means of grinding). In the example, the workpiece section has an approximately polygonal cross-sectional shape, which corresponds to a three-wave shape error, which is characterized in that the radius of the workpiece varies three times in the circumferential direction between a smallest radius R1 and a largest radius R2. For illustration, the ratios are greatly exaggerated, a radius difference ΔR = R2 - R1 can be, for example, in the order of a few micrometers, for example in the range from 3 µm to 5 µm.

In Fig. 4 sind die am Umfang lokal auftretenden Materialüberhöhungen gegenüber einer ideal runden Form (Radius R1) schraffiert dargestellt. Bezugszeichen 440 bezeichnet das Finishband, welches von einer nicht näher dargestellten Andrückeinrichtung mit C-förmiger Ausnehmung (Werkzeugschale) getragen wird und mittels dieser Andrückeinrichtung mit seiner Vorderseite 442 zum Materialabtrag an die Umfangsfläche 414 des Werkstückabschnitts angedrückt wird. Die Andrückkraft F wirkt dabei im Wesentlichen radial zur Rotationsachse 412 des Werkstückabschnitts.In Fig. 4 the material elevations that occur locally on the circumference are shown hatched in relation to an ideally round shape (radius R 1 ). Reference numeral 440 denotes the finish band, which is carried by a pressing device (not shown) with a C-shaped recess (tool shell) and is pressed with its front side 442 by means of this pressing device for material removal on the peripheral surface 414 of the workpiece section. The pressing force F acts essentially radially to the axis of rotation 412 of the workpiece section.

Derartige Formfehler niedriger Ordnung in Umfangsrichtung können mit konventionellen Finish-Bearbeitungsprozessen, die mit fluidischer (hydraulischer oder pneumatischer) Zustellung arbeiten, nicht korrigiert werden, da bei diesen Prozessen das Finishwerkzeug dazu neigt, den niedrigwelligen Formfehlern zu folgen, so dass sich allenfalls kleine Verbesserungen der Rundheit ergeben.Such low-order shape defects in the circumferential direction cannot be corrected with conventional finishing machining processes that work with fluidic (hydraulic or pneumatic) infeed, since in these processes the finishing tool tends to follow the low-wave shape defects, so that at most small improvements in the Roundness.

Eine Prozessvariante zur Beseitigung der Materialüberhöhungen und damit zur Beseitigung von Welligkeiten niedriger Ordnung wird nun anhand des Diagramms von Fig. 5 näher erläutert. In diesem Diagramm ist der Zustellweg S des Bandfinishwerkzeugs als reziproker Abstand des Bandfinishwerkzeugs zur Rotationsachse 412 des Werkstücks als punktierte Linie und die Andrückkraft F des Bandfinishwerkzeugs auf die Umfangsfläche des Werkstücksabschnitts als durchgezogene Linie über der Zeit t aufgetragen.A process variant for eliminating material overshoots and thus for eliminating low-order ripples is now based on the diagram of Fig. 5 explained in more detail. In this diagram, the infeed path S of the band finishing tool is plotted as the reciprocal distance of the band finishing tool from the axis of rotation 412 of the workpiece as a dotted line and the pressing force F of the band finishing tool is plotted on the circumferential surface of the workpiece section as a solid line over time t.

Der Finishprozess durchläuft zeitlich nacheinander vier unmittelbar aufeinander folgende Prozessphasen I, II, III und IV. In der zum Zeitpunkt t0 beginnenden Anfahrphase I fährt das Bandfinishwerkzeug im lagegeregelten Betrieb auf das Werkstück zu, wobei jedoch noch kein Werkstückkontakt vorliegt. Dementsprechend wird noch keine Andrückkraft detektiert (F=0). Die Anfahrphase endet zum Zeitpunkt t1. Im Zeitpunkt t1, d.h. unmittelbar zu Beginn der Phase II, findet ein erstmaliger Berührungskontakt zwischen dem Bandfinishwerkzeug und dem Werkstück statt. Hieraus resultiert ein Sprung im Kraftsignal zum Zeitpunkt t1.The finishing process runs through four consecutive process phases I, II, III and IV. In the start-up phase I starting at time t0, the belt finishing tool moves towards the workpiece in position-controlled operation, but there is still no workpiece contact. Accordingly, no pressing force is detected (F = 0). The start-up phase ends at time t1. At time t1, i.e. immediately at the beginning of phase II, there is a first contact between the belt finishing tool and the workpiece. This results in a jump in the force signal at time t1.

Die Werkzeugzustellung (die Zustellbewegung) wird angehalten, wenn das Kraftsignal bei diesem Sprung einen ersten Schwellwert F1 erreicht. Im Zeitraum unmittelbar nach dem Sprung im Kraftsignal wird das Bandfinishwerkzeug also nicht weiter zugestellt, sondern hält die erreichte Position, die hier als erste Position P1 bezeichnet wird. Die Werkstückdrehung und gegebenenfalls die dieser überlagerte axiale Werkstückoszillation werden nicht unterbrochen.The tool infeed (the infeed movement) is stopped when the force signal reaches a first threshold value F1 during this jump. In the period immediately after the jump in the force signal, the belt finishing tool is therefore not further advanced, but instead holds the position reached, which is referred to here as the first position P1. The workpiece rotation and, if applicable, the axial workpiece oscillation superimposed on it are not interrupted.

Diese erste Position P1 entspricht einem radialen Abstand des Bearbeitungswerkzeugs von der Rotationsachse 412, der größer ist als der kleinste Radius R1 und der nicht oder nur geringfügig kleiner ist als der größere Radius R2.This first position P1 corresponds to a radial distance of the machining tool from the axis of rotation 412 which is larger than the smallest radius R1 and which is not or only slightly smaller than the larger radius R2.

Da nun bei in der ersten Position P1 angehaltenem Bearbeitungswerkzeug dieses mit einer Andrückkraft am Umfang des Werkstücksabschnitts anliegt, werden die äußeren Werkstückspitzen an der Umfangsfläche im Bereich der Materialüberhöhungen abgetragen, da nur dort eine für den Materialabtrag ausreichende Andrückkraft vorliegt. In den zwischen den Werkstückspitzen liegenden Bereichen mit kleinerem lokalen Radius findet kein substantieller Materialabtrag statt. In der Phase II wird somit mit unterbrochenem Schnitt gearbeitet.Since, when the processing tool is stopped in the first position P1, it rests with a pressing force on the circumference of the workpiece section, the outer workpiece tips are removed on the circumferential surface in the region of the material elevations, since only there is a pressing force sufficient for the material removal. There is no substantial material removal in the areas between the workpiece tips with a smaller local radius. In phase II, the cut is interrupted.

Mit zunehmendem Materialabtrag an den nach außen ragenden Werkstückspitzen sinken die Andrückkraft und das korrespondierende Kraftsignal langsam ab. Wenn das Kraftsignal einen vorgebbaren zweiten Schwellwert F2 erreicht, was im Beispielsfall zum Zeitpunkt t2 der Fall ist, wird das Bandfinishwerkzeug um ein vordefiniertes Weginkrement ΔS zugestellt. Diese Zustellung erfolgt im Zeitintervall zwischen den Zeiten t2 und t3. Als Folge dieser Zustellung steigt das Kraftsignal wieder an. Die nach Zustellung um das Weginkrement ΔS erreichte zweite Position P2 wird dann wieder gehalten und der Zyklus des "Ausfunkens", d.h. der bevorzugte Materialabtrag an den nach außen ragenden Materialspitzen, wiederholt sich, allerdings bei bereits geringeren Radien. Dabei sinkt die Andrückkraft mit zunehmendem Materialabtrag wieder ab. Diese Prozessphase liegt zwischen den Zeitpunkten t3 und t4 in Fig. 5. Diese inkrementelle Zustellung und nachfolgende Bearbeitung bei angehaltener Zustellung und unterbrochenem Schnitt kann ein einziges Mal erfolgen oder, wie im Beispielsfall, noch einmal wiederholt werden. Es ist auch eine mehrfache Wiederholung möglich.With increasing material removal on the outwardly projecting workpiece tips, the pressing force and the corresponding force signal slowly decrease. When the force signal reaches a predeterminable second threshold value F2, which is the case in the example at time t2, the belt finishing tool is advanced by a predefined path increment ΔS. This delivery takes place in the time interval between times t2 and t3. As a result of this infeed, the force signal rises again. The second position P2 reached after infeed by the path increment ΔS is then held again and the cycle of "sparking out", ie the preferred material removal at the material tips protruding outwards, is repeated, albeit with already smaller radii. The pressure decreases with increasing material removal. This process phase lies between the times t3 and t4 in Fig. 5 , This incremental infeed and subsequent processing with stopped infeed and interrupted cut can be carried out once or, as in the example, repeated again. Multiple repetitions are also possible.

Die Phase der inkrementellen Zustellung kann z.B. nach einer vorgegebenen Anzahl von Wiederholungen oder in Abhängigkeit von einer während des Betriebs erfassten Information (z.B. Schwankungsbreite des Kraftsignals fällt unter vorgegebenen Schwellwert) beendet werden.The phase of the incremental infeed can be ended, for example, after a predetermined number of repetitions or depending on information recorded during operation (for example the fluctuation range of the force signal falls below the predetermined threshold value).

Häufig ist es günstig, wenn sich an die beschriebene Prozessführung (inkrementelle Wegzustellung, zumindest anfänglich unterbrochener Schnitt) eine kraftgeregelte Bearbeitungsphase anschließt. Während der Phase III der anhand von Fig. 5 erläuterten Prozessführung wird mit konstanter Andrückkraft (F = const) gefahren, so dass das Kraftsignal konstant bleibt. Der Zustellweg S ändert sich aufgrund des sehr kleinen Zeitspanvolumens in dieser Konstantfahrtphase in der Regel nur geringfügig. Dabei nimmt der radiale Abstand zwischen dem Finishwerkzeug und der Rotationsachse 412 langsam ab.It is often favorable if the process control described (incremental travel, at least initially interrupted cut) is followed by a force-controlled processing phase. During phase III of the Fig. 5 The process control explained is carried out with a constant pressing force (F = const) so that the force signal remains constant. The delivery path S generally changes only slightly in this constant travel phase due to the very small chip removal volume. The radial distance between the finishing tool and the axis of rotation 412 slowly decreases.

Der Materialabtrag ist beim Ausführungsbeispiel dann beendet, wenn eine vorgebbare Rückfahrbedingung eintritt. Das Zurückfahren des Bandfinishwerkzeugs kann beispielsweise nach einer definierten Bearbeitungszeit oder nach einer definierten Durchmesserreduzierung eingeleitet werden. Bei dem Prozess aus Fig. 5 wird die Rückfahrbewegung zum Zeitpunkt t5 gesteuert über die Verweilzeit eingeleitet. Dabei fällt die Andrückkraft F praktisch instantan auf Null ab und der Materialabtrag ist beendet.In the exemplary embodiment, the material removal is ended when a predeterminable reversing condition occurs. The retraction of the belt finishing tool can be initiated, for example, after a defined machining time or after a defined reduction in diameter. In the process Fig. 5 the return movement is initiated at time t5 in a controlled manner via the dwell time. The pressing force F drops practically instantaneously to zero and the material removal is finished.

Ein besonderes Potential der anhand der Fig. 4 und 5 beispielhaft dargestellten Prozessführung liegt in der erstmaligen Möglichkeit zur Verbesserung von Formfehlern kleinerer Ordnungen in Umfangsrichtung. Darüber hinaus können Vorteile in der sensitiven, kraftgeregelten Prozessführung gegenüber konventionellen kraftgesteuerten und verweilzeitgesteuerten Prozessführungen erwartet werden.A special potential based on the 4 and 5 Process management illustrated by way of example lies in the first-time possibility of improving shape errors of smaller orders in the circumferential direction. In addition, advantages in sensitive, force-controlled process control compared to conventional force-controlled and dwell time-controlled process control can be expected.

Die neuartige Finishmaschine bzw. die neuartigen Finisheinheiten ermöglichen u.a. die beschriebene kaskadierte Positions- und Kraftregelung bei der Bandfinishbearbeitung. Eine Ermittlung der Relativposition des temporären Prozesseingriffs mithilfe der Auswertung des Kraftsignals, z.B. über Motorstrom oder externen Kraftsensor, ist möglich. Messung und Auswertung der Prozesskraft während einer positionsgeregelten Bandfinishbearbeitung sind möglich. Die positionsgeregelte Prozessführung bei der Bandfinishbearbeitung erlaubt ein sogenanntes .Ausfunken" bei der Bandfinishbearbeitung zur Eliminierung globaler Geometriemaxima am Werkstückumfang. Weitere Verfahrensmöglichkeiten ergeben sich durch die Möglichkeit einer schrittweisen (inkrementellen) Zustellung bei der Bandfinishbearbeitung, ggf. in Verbindung mit einer kraftgeregelten Bandfinishbearbeitung. Eine Bandfinishbearbeitung mit konstanter Prozesskraft durch Kraftregelung ist ebenfalls möglich.The new type of finishing machine and the new type of finishing units enable, among other things, the cascaded position and force control described in the band finishing process. It is possible to determine the relative position of the temporary process intervention using the evaluation of the force signal, for example via motor current or an external force sensor. Measurement and evaluation of the process force during position-controlled strip finishing processing are possible. The position-controlled process control in the band finish processing allows a so-called "sparking out" in the band finish processing to eliminate global geometrical maxima on the workpiece circumference. Further procedural possibilities result from the possibility of a step-by-step (incremental) delivery during the band finish processing, possibly in connection with a force-controlled band finish processing with constant process force through force control is also possible.

Entsprechende Verfahrensvarianten können genutzt werden, wenn anstelle eines Finishbandes ein Finishstein als Finishwerkzeug verwendet wird.Corresponding process variants can be used if a finishing stone is used as the finishing tool instead of a finishing band.

Claims (7)

  1. Finishing method for finish machining of a rotationally symmetrical workpiece section on a workpiece, wherein
    the workpiece is rotated about a workpiece axis for the finish machining, and
    by means of at least one finishing unit, a finishing tool equipped with cutting means is pressed onto a peripheral surface of the workpiece section applying a pressing force in a workpiece section to be machined,
    wherein the finishing unit (200, 300) includes at least one movably mounted finishing arm (210, 220, 310, 320) which carries a pressing device for pressing the finishing tool (340, 440) onto the workpiece section to be machined, and
    a finishing arm drive unit (250, 350) coupled to the finishing arm is employed, which drive unit is connected to a control device (180) and is controllable by the control device for generating working movements of the finishing arm,
    characterized in that
    an electromechanical drive unit (250, 350) is used as the finishing arm drive unit having an electric servomotor, and in that
    a force signal proportional to the pressing force is determined and an infeed path of the finishing tool is controlled in response to the force signal at least during a phase of the finishing procedure, wherein
    during an infeed movement of the finishing tool the force signal is monitored, the infeed movement is stopped in a first position (P1) if the force signal reaches a predetermined first threshold value (F1), and the finish machining is continued with the infeed stopped in the first position,
    the force signal is monitored with the infeed stopped in the first position (P1) and the infeed movement is continued if the force signal reaches a predetermined second threshold value (F1) which is lower than the first threshold value, and
    the infeed movement is continued in that the finishing tool is infed by a predefined path increment (ΔS) up to a second position (P2).
  2. Finishing method according to claim 1, wherein the finishing tool, prior to beginning of the finish machining, is moved to the tool section by an infeed movement guided in the direction of the workpiece section, the force signal is monitored during the infeed movement and a jump in the force signal occurring upon a first workpiece contact is detected and processed for controlling the infeed.
  3. Finishing method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein during at least one constant force phase the infeed of the pressing device is regulated such that the pressing force is maintained essentially constant.
  4. Finishing method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein upon occurrence of a predetermined return condition a return movement of the finishing tool is initiated automatically.
  5. Finishing method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein in addition to rotating the workpiece an oscillating relative movement parallel to the workpiece axis is generated between the workpiece and the finishing tool.
  6. Finishing device for finish machining of peripheral surfaces of essentially rotational symmetrical workpiece sections on workpieces (10), in particular for finish machining of bearing positions on camshafts and crankshafts, comprising:
    a turning device for rotating the workpiece about a workpiece axis,
    at least one finishing unit (200, 300) including at least one movably mounted finishing arm (210, 220, 310, 320) which carries a pressing device for pressing a finishing tool (340, 440) equipped with cutting means onto a workpiece section to be machined, and
    a finishing arm drive unit (250, 350) coupled to the finishing arm, which drive unit is connected to a control device (180) and is controllable by the control device for generating working movements of the finishing arm,
    characterized in that
    the finishing arm drive unit is an electromechanical drive unit (250, 350) having an electric servomotor,
    in that the finishing tool is moved in a path-controlled manner using the finishing arm drive unit (250, 350),
    in that a device for generating a force signal proportional to the pressing force is provided, and
    in that the control device (180) is configured to process the force signal and to control an infeed path of the finishing tool in response to the force signal according to the method of claim 1.
  7. Finishing device according to claim 6, wherein the finishing device is configured for carrying out the finishing method according to any of claims 2 to 5.
EP13718186.3A 2012-05-04 2013-04-22 Finishing method and finishing device for finish machining of rotationally symmetrical workpiece sections Active EP2844429B1 (en)

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DE19607776A1 (en) * 1996-03-01 1997-09-04 Nagel Masch Werkzeug Finishing outer surfaces of machine crankshafts and camshafts
DE19738818B4 (en) * 1997-09-05 2005-03-24 Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Fertigungstechnik TU Braunschweig Method and device for the form-controlled superfinishing of a workpiece
DE10135139C1 (en) * 2001-07-19 2002-11-21 Thielenhaus Ernst Gmbh & Co Kg Numerically-controlled workpiece finishing device has force measuring device for measuring pressure force acting on tool spindle during finishing
DE10201639A1 (en) * 2002-01-17 2003-07-31 Thielenhaus Ernst Gmbh & Co Kg Process for finishing workpieces
DE102006011304B4 (en) * 2006-03-11 2010-03-25 Thielenhaus Technologies Gmbh Method for finishing a workpiece
US7645180B2 (en) * 2007-10-18 2010-01-12 Thielenhaus Microfinish Corporation Method for finishing a workpiece
DE102007059926A1 (en) * 2007-12-04 2009-06-10 Nagel Maschinen- Und Werkzeugfabrik Gmbh Apparatus for finish machining peripheral surfaces of substantially rotationally symmetrical workpiece sections on wave-shaped workpieces
DE102010011470B9 (en) * 2010-03-09 2016-09-29 Nagel Maschinen- Und Werkzeugfabrik Gmbh Method and device for measuring-assisted fine machining of workpiece surfaces and measuring system

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