EP2816063A1 - Method of preparation of stabilized polyethylene - Google Patents

Method of preparation of stabilized polyethylene Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2816063A1
EP2816063A1 EP13192272.6A EP13192272A EP2816063A1 EP 2816063 A1 EP2816063 A1 EP 2816063A1 EP 13192272 A EP13192272 A EP 13192272A EP 2816063 A1 EP2816063 A1 EP 2816063A1
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Prior art keywords
stabilizer
functional groups
groups
nco
treated
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
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EP13192272.6A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2816063B1 (en
Inventor
Vladimír Spacek
Miroslav Vecera
Lubo Prokupek
Zuzana Nádvorníková
Lucie Zárybnická
Karel Linhart
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Gabriel-Chemie Bohemia sro
SYNPO akciova spolecnost
Univerzita Pardubice
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Gabriel-Chemie Bohemia sro
SYNPO akciova spolecnost
Univerzita Pardubice
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
    • C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
    • C08G18/74—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic
    • C08G18/75—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic cycloaliphatic
    • C08G18/751—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic cycloaliphatic containing only one cycloaliphatic ring
    • C08G18/752—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic cycloaliphatic containing only one cycloaliphatic ring containing at least one isocyanate or isothiocyanate group linked to the cycloaliphatic ring by means of an aliphatic group
    • C08G18/753—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic cycloaliphatic containing only one cycloaliphatic ring containing at least one isocyanate or isothiocyanate group linked to the cycloaliphatic ring by means of an aliphatic group containing one isocyanate or isothiocyanate group linked to the cycloaliphatic ring by means of an aliphatic group having a primary carbon atom next to the isocyanate or isothiocyanate group
    • C08G18/755—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic cycloaliphatic containing only one cycloaliphatic ring containing at least one isocyanate or isothiocyanate group linked to the cycloaliphatic ring by means of an aliphatic group containing one isocyanate or isothiocyanate group linked to the cycloaliphatic ring by means of an aliphatic group having a primary carbon atom next to the isocyanate or isothiocyanate group and at least one isocyanate or isothiocyanate group linked to a secondary carbon atom of the cycloaliphatic ring, e.g. isophorone diisocyanate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F255/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of hydrocarbons as defined in group C08F10/00
    • C08F255/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of hydrocarbons as defined in group C08F10/00 on to polymers of olefins having two or three carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/2805—Compounds having only one group containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/285—Nitrogen containing compounds
    • C08G18/2875—Monohydroxy compounds containing tertiary amino groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
    • C08G18/64—Macromolecular compounds not provided for by groups C08G18/42 - C08G18/63

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of preparation of a stabilized polyethylene (PE).
  • the degradation of the polymer can be reduced or even completely eliminated by adding a suitable stabilizer to the polymer.
  • the stabilizer concentration in the polymer decreases over a period of time, especially by evaporation, due to cleaning, due to the effect of solvents, etc.
  • One of the factors which influence the efficiency of a particular stabilizer in a particular polymer is the ability of the stabilizer to maintain its concentration in the polymer system.
  • One of the known solutions are those according to EP 303 986 and EP 303 988 , which describe polymers with repeating units and a method of their preparation.
  • the disadvantage of these solutions is especially the necessity to prepare hydrazides or amide stabilizers. These are then bound, for example, to a polymer (copolymer) containing for example anhydride groups (usually a copolymer with maleic anhydride). These anhydride groups containing copolymers are either commercially produced or it is necessary to prepare them specially.
  • the goal of the invention is to create a stabilized polyethylene (PE).
  • the objective of the invention is achieved by a method of preparation of a stabilized polyethylene (PE), whose principle consists in that the polyethylene (PE) is first plasma-treated, by which means hydroxyl and/or amine functional groups are formed on the surface of PE, to which in the following step is either bound methacryoyl chloride, capable of copolymerization with a polymerizable stabilizer, or to the hydroxyl and/or amine functional groups of the treated PE is bound by its -NCO functional groups an additive with reactive -NCO groups, to which at least one stabilizer is subsequently bound by its -OH, -NH or -NH 2 .
  • PE polyethylene
  • PE stabilized polyethylene
  • PE polyethylene
  • a suitable form for example in the form of powder, etc.
  • PE is first plasma treated, i.e. it is subjected to treatment by means of plasma, wherewith the surface of PE is hydrophilized (e.g. for adhesion, for permitting the preparation of colour concentrates with certain types of colour agents or pigments etc.) and simultaneously -OH groups and/or -NH groups are formed on the surface of the PE particles.
  • the so-called plasma-treated PE is prepared, the term plasma-treated PE being used hereinafter.
  • Hydroxyl groups or, as the case may be, amino groups of the plasma-treated PE are able to react with -NCO groups, for example with -NCO groups of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), by which means reactive -NCO groups are formed on the plasma-treated PE and in the next step they are bound to a stabilizer or stabilizers containing hydroxyl or amino groups.
  • IPDI isophorone diisocyanate
  • Diisocyanate preferably isophorone diisocyanate, has two isocyanate groups with different reactivity, which is a limiting factor to possible cross-linking formation.
  • the plasma-treated PE containing hydroxyl and/or amino functional groups reacts with methacryoyl chloride.
  • polymerizable methacryle groups are formed on the surface of PE.
  • This newly formed reactive group is able to copolymerize, for example via a radical mechanism, with a polymerizable stabilizer.
  • stabilizers are commercially available or they can be synthesized from stabilizers containing a hydroxyl or amino group, e.g again by reaction with methacryoyl chloride.
  • a plasma-treated PE in the amount of 1 g is dispersed in 30 ml of n-hexane.
  • 0.3 g of IPDI in an excess and 0.0167 g of dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTL) is added to the mixture.
  • the mixture is stirred in inert atmosphere for a period of 2 hours at a temperature of 50 - 60 °C. This is followed by cooling the mixture and by its filtration. Subsequently, the mixture is dried in vacuum oven at 55 °C.
  • diisocyanate is attached to the plasma treated PE
  • a selected stabilizer reacts with remaining isocyanate groups of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), bound to the plasma-treated PE in the first step of the synthesis.
  • IPDI isophorone diisocyanate
  • the plasma-treated PE containing isocyanate groups in an amount of 0.63 g is dipersed in 40 ml of n-hexane and 0.0167g DBTL and 0.03g 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinol is added to the reaction mixture.
  • the mixture is stirred for a period of 3 hours at 50 - 60 °C in of in inert atmosphere (argon). Afterwards the reaction mixture is cooled, filtered and dried at a temperature of approximately 55 °C.
  • Plasma-treated PE in the amount of 1 g is dispersed in 30 ml of n-hexane and 0.1 g (0.093 ml) of methacryoyl chloride and 0.08 g (0.082 ml) of pyridine is added. The resulting mixture is stirred for one hour at a laboratory temperature. After that the mixture is washed with a mixture of methanol and water (1:1) and finally it is washed with pure methanol. This is followed by vacuum drying at a temperature of 60 °C.
  • Metalate stabilizer is prepared by the reaction of for example 3,5-di- tert- buthyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol with methacryoyl chloride in the presence of pyridine. 3,5-di- tert- buthyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol acts as an antioxidant. 0.5 g of pyridine is added to 3,5-di- tert- butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in an amount of 1.13 g and all is dissolved in 40 ml THF. 0.5 g methacryoyl chloride is added to the prepared mixture while stirring without warming. The resulting mixture is stirred for another hour without warming. After that the mixture is filtered and excess components are subsequently removed. The prepared polymerizable stabilizer further reacts with the treated PE (see the preparation of a stabilized PE with 2-(3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl methacrylate).
  • Additives with functional -NCO groups are added molarly in an amount corresponding to the number of moles of functional groups formed by plasma treatment of PE (a molar ratio of 1 : 1).
  • the number of the reactive groups arising as a result of plasma treatment of PE is in the range of 0.1 - 10% by weight, whereby the -NCO functional groups react with a suitable stabilizer again in 1 : 1 molar ratio.
  • the additive methalcryloyl chloride is added molarly in an amount corresponding to the number of moles of the functional groups formed by plasma treatment of PE (a molar ratio of 1 : 1).
  • the number of the reactive groups arising as a result of plasma treatment of PE is in the range of 0.1 - 10% by weight, whereby the methacrylate groups react with a suitable polymerizable stabilizer again in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 or higher.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method of preparation of a stabilized polyethylene (PE), in which the polyethylene (PE) is first plasma-treated, by which means hydroxyl and/or amine functional groups are formed on the surface of PE, to which in the following step is either bound methacryoyl chloride, capable of copolymerization with a polymerizable stabilizer, or to the hydroxyl and/or amine functional groups of the treated PE by its -NCO functional groups is bound an additive with reactive -NCO groups, to which at least one stabilizer is subsequently bound by its -OH, -NH or -NH2 groups.

Description

    Technical field
  • The invention relates to a method of preparation of a stabilized polyethylene (PE).
    • Background art
  • A polymer exposed to the influences of the surrounding environment, such as the effects of solar radiation or the impact of increased temperature, is subject to degradation, which usually manifests itself in a change of colour and in a loss of physical (mechanical) properties. The degradation of the polymer can be reduced or even completely eliminated by adding a suitable stabilizer to the polymer. However, after forming a polymer with stabilizers, the stabilizer concentration in the polymer decreases over a period of time, especially by evaporation, due to cleaning, due to the effect of solvents, etc. One of the factors which influence the efficiency of a particular stabilizer in a particular polymer, is the ability of the stabilizer to maintain its concentration in the polymer system. Low volatility of stabilizers is required especially in the car industry and in plastic materials intended to come into contact with foods. Nevertheless, the stabilizer also has to display activity of the stabilizing group during the whole period of time, as well as compatibility with the polymer system. This leads to the pursuit to develop less volatile stabilizers with improved compatibility with the polymer system, i.e. to develop such stabilizers whose concentration does not decrease in the polymer at an increased temperature during the processing of the polymer or subsequently due to the influence of the surrounding environment on the stabilized polymer. The result of this effort are high molecular weight stabilizers, which reduce the above-mentioned drawbacks.
  • One of the known solutions are those according to EP 303 986 and EP 303 988 , which describe polymers with repeating units and a method of their preparation. The disadvantage of these solutions is especially the necessity to prepare hydrazides or amide stabilizers. These are then bound, for example, to a polymer (copolymer) containing for example anhydride groups (usually a copolymer with maleic anhydride). These anhydride groups containing copolymers are either commercially produced or it is necessary to prepare them specially.
  • The goal of the invention is to create a stabilized polyethylene (PE).
    • Principle of invention
  • The objective of the invention is achieved by a method of preparation of a stabilized polyethylene (PE), whose principle consists in that the polyethylene (PE) is first plasma-treated, by which means hydroxyl and/or amine functional groups are formed on the surface of PE, to which in the following step is either bound methacryoyl chloride, capable of copolymerization with a polymerizable stabilizer, or to the hydroxyl and/or amine functional groups of the treated PE is bound by its -NCO functional groups an additive with reactive -NCO groups, to which at least one stabilizer is subsequently bound by its -OH, -NH or -NH2.
    • Specific description
  • The invention will be described on examples of preparation of a stabilized polyethylene (hereinafter referred to as "PE").
  • During the stabilization of the polyethylene (PE), PE in a suitable form, for example in the form of powder, etc., is first plasma treated, i.e. it is subjected to treatment by means of plasma, wherewith the surface of PE is hydrophilized (e.g. for adhesion, for permitting the preparation of colour concentrates with certain types of colour agents or pigments etc.) and simultaneously -OH groups and/or -NH groups are formed on the surface of the PE particles. By this procedure the so-called plasma-treated PE is prepared, the term plasma-treated PE being used hereinafter. Hydroxyl groups, or, as the case may be, amino groups of the plasma-treated PE are able to react with -NCO groups, for example with -NCO groups of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), by which means reactive -NCO groups are formed on the plasma-treated PE and in the next step they are bound to a stabilizer or stabilizers containing hydroxyl or amino groups.
    Figure imgb0001
    Figure imgb0002
  • Diisocyanate, preferably isophorone diisocyanate, has two isocyanate groups with different reactivity, which is a limiting factor to possible cross-linking formation.
  • The plasma-treated PE containing hydroxyl and/or amino functional groups reacts with methacryoyl chloride. In this manner polymerizable methacryle groups are formed on the surface of PE. This newly formed reactive group is able to copolymerize, for example via a radical mechanism, with a polymerizable stabilizer. These stabilizers are commercially available or they can be synthesized from stabilizers containing a hydroxyl or amino group, e.g again by reaction with methacryoyl chloride.
    Figure imgb0003
    Figure imgb0004
  • Hereinafter, concrete examples of embodiments of the invention of the method of the stabilization of PE will be described.
    • Preparation of plasma-treated PE with 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinol
  • A plasma-treated PE in the amount of 1 g is dispersed in 30 ml of n-hexane. 0.3 g of IPDI in an excess and 0.0167 g of dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTL) is added to the mixture. The mixture is stirred in inert atmosphere for a period of 2 hours at a temperature of 50 - 60 °C. This is followed by cooling the mixture and by its filtration. Subsequently, the mixture is dried in vacuum oven at 55 °C. In this first step of the synthesis, diisocyanate (isophorone diisocyanate) is attached to the plasma treated PE
  • In the next - second - step of the synthesis, a selected stabilizer reacts with remaining isocyanate groups of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), bound to the plasma-treated PE in the first step of the synthesis. The plasma-treated PE containing isocyanate groups in an amount of 0.63 g is dipersed in 40 ml of n-hexane and 0.0167g DBTL and 0.03g 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinol is added to the reaction mixture. The mixture is stirred for a period of 3 hours at 50 - 60 °C in of in inert atmosphere (argon). Afterwards the reaction mixture is cooled, filtered and dried at a temperature of approximately 55 °C.
    • Preparation of plasma-treated PE with 2-(3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl methacrylate
  • Plasma-treated PE in the amount of 1 g is dispersed in 30 ml of n-hexane and 0.1 g (0.093 ml) of methacryoyl chloride and 0.08 g (0.082 ml) of pyridine is added. The resulting mixture is stirred for one hour at a laboratory temperature. After that the mixture is washed with a mixture of methanol and water (1:1) and finally it is washed with pure methanol. This is followed by vacuum drying at a temperature of 60 °C.
  • 0.3g of 2-(3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl methacrylate, 6 ml of benzen and 0.05 g of VAZO 67 (a radical initiator 2,2'-azobis(3-methylbutyronitril) is added to the prepared product. This mixture is then stirred for a period of 2 hours at a temperature of 80 °C, subsequently it is filtered and vacuum dried at 50 °C.
  • The results of the testing of PE stabilized according to the two examples mentioned above are shown in the following chart.
    Sample C [%] H [%] N [%] Estimated amount of bound stabilizer [wt. %]
    Plasma-treated PE with - OH groups 88.21 8.06 < 0.3 -
    PE + 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinol 84.02 14.09 0.89 6.86
    PE + 2-(3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl methacrylate 84.56 14.03 0.55 3.68
    • Preparation of plasma-treated PE with "methacrylate stabilizer"
  • "Methacrylate stabilizer" is prepared by the reaction of for example 3,5-di-tert-buthyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol with methacryoyl chloride in the presence of pyridine. 3,5-di-tert-buthyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol acts as an antioxidant. 0.5 g of pyridine is added to 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in an amount of 1.13 g and all is dissolved in 40 ml THF. 0.5 g methacryoyl chloride is added to the prepared mixture while stirring without warming. The resulting mixture is stirred for another hour without warming. After that the mixture is filtered and excess components are subsequently removed. The prepared polymerizable stabilizer further reacts with the treated PE (see the preparation of a stabilized PE with 2-(3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl methacrylate).
  • Both methods of preparation of a stabilized PE can be combined.
  • Additives with functional -NCO groups are added molarly in an amount corresponding to the number of moles of functional groups formed by plasma treatment of PE (a molar ratio of 1 : 1). The number of the reactive groups arising as a result of plasma treatment of PE is in the range of 0.1 - 10% by weight, whereby the -NCO functional groups react with a suitable stabilizer again in 1 : 1 molar ratio.
  • The additive methalcryloyl chloride is added molarly in an amount corresponding to the number of moles of the functional groups formed by plasma treatment of PE (a molar ratio of 1 : 1). The number of the reactive groups arising as a result of plasma treatment of PE is in the range of 0.1 - 10% by weight, whereby the methacrylate groups react with a suitable polymerizable stabilizer again in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 or higher.

Claims (8)

  1. A method of preparation of a stabilized polyethylene (PE), characterized in that that the polyethylene (PE) is first plasma-treated, by which means hydroxyl and/or amine functional groups are formed on the surface of PE, to which in the following step is either bound methacryoyl chloride, capable of copolymerization with a polymerizable stabilizer, or to the hydroxyl and/or amine functional groups of the treated PE by its -NCO functional groups is bound an additive with reactive -NCO groups, to which at least one stabilizer is subsequently bound by its -OH, -NH or -NH2.
  2. A method according to Claim 1, characterized in that diisocyanate is added as an additive containing reactive -NCO groups.
  3. A method according to Claim 1, characterized in that a stabilizer containing a reactable hydroxyl or amino group is used as a stabilizer for binding to -NCO functional groups of the additive.
  4. A method according to Claim 3, characterized in that 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinol is used as a stabilizer.
  5. A method according to Claim 1, characterized in that a polymerizable methacrylate stabilizer is utilized as a polymerizable stabilizer capable of copolymerization with methacryoyl chloride.
  6. A method according to Claim 5, characterized in that 2-(3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl methacrylate is used as a polymerizable stabilizer.
  7. A method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the amount of the additive with functional -NCO groups molarly corresponds with the number of moles of the functional groups formed by the plasma treatment of PE and the amount of the stabilizer in relation to the amount of -NCO functional groups is in a molar ratio of 1 : 1.
  8. A method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the amount of methalcryloyl chloride molarly corresponds with the number of moles of the functional groups formed by the plasma treatment of PE, whereby the amount of the functional groups formed by the plasma treatment of PE is in the range of 0.1 - 10% by weight and the methacrylate groups react with a polymerizable stabilizer in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 or higher.
EP13192272.6A 2013-06-18 2013-11-11 Method of preparation of stabilized polyethylene Not-in-force EP2816063B1 (en)

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0303988A2 (en) 1987-08-12 1989-02-22 Atochem North America, Inc. Polymer bound UV stabilizers
EP0303986A2 (en) 1987-08-12 1989-02-22 Atochem North America, Inc. Multipurpose polymer bound stabilizers
EP0468418A1 (en) * 1990-07-23 1992-01-29 Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd. Ethylene copolymer and method of producing same
US5849368A (en) * 1995-02-01 1998-12-15 Schneider (Usa) Inc Process for hydrophilicization of hydrophobic polymers

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JP3424246B2 (en) * 1992-11-10 2003-07-07 三菱化学株式会社 Olefin polymer composition
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0303988A2 (en) 1987-08-12 1989-02-22 Atochem North America, Inc. Polymer bound UV stabilizers
EP0303986A2 (en) 1987-08-12 1989-02-22 Atochem North America, Inc. Multipurpose polymer bound stabilizers
EP0468418A1 (en) * 1990-07-23 1992-01-29 Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd. Ethylene copolymer and method of producing same
US5849368A (en) * 1995-02-01 1998-12-15 Schneider (Usa) Inc Process for hydrophilicization of hydrophobic polymers

Non-Patent Citations (2)

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Title
DESAI S M ET AL: "A NOVEL PHOTOADDITIVE FOR POLYOLEFIN PHOTOSTABILIZATION: HINDERED AMINE LIGHT STABILIZER", MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA, WILEY VCH VERLAG, WEINHEIM, DE, no. 169, 1 May 2001 (2001-05-01), pages 121 - 128, XP001077156, ISSN: 1022-1360, DOI: 10.1002/1521-3900(200105)169:1<121::AID-MASY121>3.0.CO;2-H *
LEE TAIK K. ET AL.: "Plasma modification of polyolefin surfaces", PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, vol. 22, 3 October 2008 (2008-10-03), pages 139 - 150, XP002719583 *

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CZ305144B6 (en) 2015-05-20
EP2816063B1 (en) 2016-12-14

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