Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/4965—Non-condensed pyrazines
  • A61K31/497—Non-condensed pyrazines containing further heterocyclic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
  • A61P11/14—Antitussive agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
  • C07D213/79—Acids; Esters
  • C07D213/80—Acids; Esters in position 3
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• the present invention relates to uses of voltage-gated sodium channel blocker compounds, which include corresponding precursors, intermediates, monomers and dimers, corresponding pharmaceutical compositions, compound preparation and treatment methods for respiratory and respiratory tract diseases.
• the present invention also relates to methods and uses for treatment of respiratory or respiratory tract diseases, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present invention.
• sodium channels are described in the art as large transmembrane proteins, which are able to switch between different states to enable selective permeability for sodium ions.
• an action potential a short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls, is needed to depolarize transmembranes, in which sodium channels are voltage-gated.
• Voltage-gated sodium channels are responsible for generation of the action potentials of axonal nerve fibers via fast, selective transport of sodium ions across cell membranes resulting to rapid transmission of depolarizing impulses throughout cells and cell networks.
• voltage-gated sodium channels are responsible for initial phase of action potential, which is a wave of electrical depolarisation usually initiated at the soma of the neuron and propagated along the nerve axon to the terminals.
• the action potential triggers the influx of calcium and the release of neurotransmitter.
• voltage-gated sodium channels could be targeted, either selectively or in combination with other cellular processes, for the treatment of different diseases, which include, but are not limited to, for example, treatment of stroke, epilepsy and several types of neuropathic pain.
• the drugs are thought to stabilise an inactivated configuration of the channel that is adopted rapidly after the channel opens.
• This inactivated state provides a refractory period before the channel returns to its resting (closed) state ready to be reactivated.
• use-dependent sodium channel blockers retard the firing of neurons at high frequency, for example in response to painful stimuli, and will help to prevent repetitive firing during periods of prolonged neuronal depolarisation that might occur, for example, during a seizure.
• Action potentials triggered at low frequencies, for example in the heart will not be significantly affected by these drugs, although the safety margin differs in each case, since at high enough concentrations each of these drugs is capable of blocking the resting or open states of the channels.
• the voltage-gated sodium channel family is made up of 10 subtypes, four of which are brain specific, NaV1.1 , 1.2, 1 .3 and 1.6. Of the other subtypes, NaV1 .4 is found only in skeletal muscle, NaV1 .5 is specific to cardiac muscle, and NaV1.7, 1 .8, and 1 .9 are found predominantly in sensory neurons.
• the hypothesised binding site for use-dependent sodium channel blockers is highly conserved between all the subtypes. As a result, drugs such as lidocaine, lamotrigine and carbamazepine do not distinguish between the subtypes. However, selectivity can be achieved as a result of the different frequencies at which the channels normally operate.
• drugs that interact with sodium channels to block ion flux cause the channels to inactivate to a greater extent and with smaller depolarizations than normal.
• Other sodium channel blockers such as lamotrigine and carbamazepine are used to treat epilepsy.
• partial inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels reduces neuronal excitability and reduces seizure propagation.
• regional block of sodium channels on sensory neurons prevents the conduction of painful stimuli.
• Drugs that block voltage-gated sodium channels in a use-dependent manner are also used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, either to reduce symptoms of mania or depression, or as mood stabilisers to prevent the emergence of mood episodes.
• Clinical and preclinical evidence also suggests that use-dependent sodium channel blockers may help to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia.
• lamotrigine has been shown to reduce symptoms of psychosis induced by ketamine in healthy human volunteers, and furthermore, studies in patients suggest that the drug can augment the antipsychotic efficacy of some atypical antipsychotic drugs, such as clozapine or olanzapine. It is hypothesised that efficacy in these psychiatric disorders may result in part from a reduction of excessive glutamate release. The reduction in glutamate release is thought to be a consequence of use-dependent sodium channel inhibition in key brain areas, such as the frontal cortex. However, interaction with voltage-gated calcium channels may also contribute to the efficacy of these drugs.
• Propagation of nerve impulses arising from tussive stimuli is mediated, at least in part, via voltage-gated Na + channels (NaV). Generation of the action potential is blocked by local anesthetics such as Lidocaine. Drugs, such as lidocaine, that block voltage-gated sodium channels are used as local anaesthetics.
• Lidocaine reduces the inward sodium current which elicits neuronal impulses
• Lidocaine a pan- NaV inhibitor
• bronchoconscopy a pan- NaV inhibitor
• coughing is produced in a variety of airway diseases, which may enhance and intensify the cough response.
• the cough reflex protects the airway from potential harm by aiding the clearance of luminal debris.
• irritant sensing vagal nerve endings transmit information arising from the presence of tussive stimuli to the brain stem evoking an urge to cough.
• Chronic cough often thought as dry and unproductive, is associated with progressive irreversible lung damage such as occurs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• the persistence and intensity of this form of cough robs patients of quality of life. It is this inappropriate chronic cough, a common symptom of chronic respiratory disease that therapy aims to resolve.
• the present invention is directed to overcoming these and other problems encountered in the art.
• the present invention relates to uses of voltage-gated sodium channel blocker compounds, which include corresponding precursors, intermediates, monomers and dimers, corresponding pharmaceutical compositions, compound preparation and treatment methods for respiratory and respiratory tract diseases.
• the present invention also relates to methods and uses for treatment of respiratory or respiratory tract diseases, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present invention.
• the present invention relates to uses of voltage-gated sodium channel blocker compounds, , which include corresponding precursors, intermediates, monomers and dimers, corresponding pharmaceutical compositions, compound preparation and treatment methods for respiratory and respiratory tract diseases.
• the present invention also relates to methods and uses for treatment of respiratory or respiratory tract diseases, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present invention.
• the present invention relates to uses of voltage-gated sodium channel blocker compounds, which include corresponding precursors, intermediates, monomers and dimers, corresponding pharmaceutical compositions, compound preparation and treatment methods for respiratory and respiratory tract diseases.
• the present invention relates to uses of novel compounds of Formulas (I) to (XVI) and corresponding pharmaceutical compositions, respectively, which are suitable for use in the present invention.
• the present invention relates to use of a compound of Formula
• R-i is H, halogen, straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, -NHR a , - SR a or -OR a ;
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• halogen is selected from bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo
• R a is phenyl or substituted phenyl
• R b is H, halogen, -C(0)H, -C(0)-OH, -C(0)-OR 1a , -(CH)0(R 1b ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) m N-R 1c , -NH 2 , -NHC(0)-phenyl, -NHC(0)-substituted phenyl, -N0 2 , -SH, or -SRi d ;
• R c is H, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, cycloalkyl; phenyl or heteroaryl;
• R d is H, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl or cycloalkyl
• R e is H, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl or cycloalkyl
• Ar is aryl or heteroaryl
• halogen as defined for Rb is bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo
• R 1a , R 1 , Ric, or R 1d is H or straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Representative compounds of Formula (I) suitable for use in the present invention may include, but are not limited to, the following compounds:
• the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (II) suitable for use in the present invention:
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• Ri is -H, -halogen, -straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, -phenyl, -substituted phenyl, -NHR a , -SR a or -OR a ;
• -halogen is bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo
• R a is -phenyl or -substituted phenyl
• R 2 is aryl or heteroaryl
• aryl is selected from -phenyl or -substituted phenyl
• heteroaryl is selected from mono, bicyclic or tricyclic heterocyclic aromatic ring compounds containing 1-3 hetero atoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur;
• aryl or heteroaryl further optionally is substituted by one or more substituents from Group A selected from: -H, -OH, -CN, halogen, straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl, -straight or branched C 1-6 haloalkyl, -straight or branched C 1-6 alkoxy, aryl or heteroaryl, -0(CH 2 ) x OR 1a , -C(0)R 1b , ,-C(0)OR 1c , aryl or heteroaryl, -(CH 2 ) x -aryl, -(CH 2 ) X - substituted aryl, -(CH 2 ) x -heteroaryl, -(CH 2 ) x -substituted heteroaryl, -0-(CH 2 ) x - aryl, -0-(CH 2 ) x -substituted aryl, -0-(CH 2 ) x -
• R 1a ,R 1 , Ri c , or R 1d as defined in R 2 above is H or straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl;
• R-i e is H or straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, furanyl, substituted furanyl, thienyl, or substituted thienyl;
• x as defined for substituents defined above is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5
• each substitutent as defined in Group A above further is optionally substituted by one or more of following substituents selected from: -H, -OH, -CN, -N0 2 ,-halogen, -(CH 2 ) y -OH, -0(CH 2 ) y CN, - OC(0)OH, -OC(0)R 1f , -C(0)OR 1g , -0(CH 2 ) y OR 1h ,- straight or branched C-i-6 alkyl,- straight or branched Ci -6 haloalkyl, - straight or branched Ci -6 straight or branched alkoxy, -NR ⁇ R ⁇ , -S0 2 Ri k , -S(CH 2 ) y Rn, - NR 1m C(0)Rm, aryl or heteroaryl;
• y as defined for variables defined for Group A above is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5
• R-if, R-ig, R-ih, R-ii, R-ij, R-ik, R-ii, Rim Or R-in is H or straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl;
• R e is H or straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl or cycloalkyl
• Ar is aryl
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• o is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (I II) suitable for use in the present invention:
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• R-i is H, halogen, straight or branched C 1 -6 alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, -NHR 1a ,
• R 2 is phenyl, substituted phenyl, -(CH 2 ) x -phenyl, furanyl,-(CH 2 ) x furanyl, -thienyl, -(CH 2 ) x thienyl, (CH 2 ) X thiazolyl, -(CH 2 ) x pyrazolyl, -(CH 2 ) X isoxazolyl, -(CH 2 ) X pyrrolidinyl, -(CH 2 ) x pyridinyl, -(CH 2 ) X substituted pyridinyl, -(CH 2 ) x pyrazinyl,
• Ria, Ri b or R 1c as defined for R- ⁇ is phenyl or substituted phenyl
• x as defined for substituents defined above is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5
• R 2 further optionally is substituted with at least one or more substituents selected from Group A:
• R 1d , R 1e , R-i f , or R 1g as defined in R 2 is H or straight or branched Ci-6 alkyl;
• Ri h is phenyl, substituted phenyl, furanyl, substituted furanyl, thienyl, or substituted thienyl;
• y as defined for substituents defined above is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5
• each substitutent as defined in Group A above further is optionally substituted by one or more of following substituents selected from: -H, -OH, -CN, -N0 2 ,-halogen, -(CH 2 ) z -OH, -0(CH 2 ) z CN,
• z as defined for variables above is 0 or an integer from 1 to
• R-ii, R-ij, R-ik, R-ii, Rim, R-in, Rio, Ri Or R-iq is H or straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl;
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• o is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• R e is H, straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl or or cycloalkyl
• Ar is aryl or heteroaryl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Representative compounds of Formula (III), suitable for use in the present invention may include, but are not limited to:
• the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (IV), suitable for use in the present invention:
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• Y is straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl or C 3-6 -cycloalkyl
• R-i is H, halogen, straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, -NHR 1a , -SR 1b or -OR 1c ;
• R 3 is one or more substituents independently selected from -H, -OH, -CN, halogen, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, -straight or branched Ci -6 haloalkyl, -straight or branched d -6 alkoxy, -0(CH 2 ) x ORi d , -C(0)R ie , -C(0)ORi f , -phenyl,-(CH 2 ) x -phenyl, - (CH 2 ) x -substituted phenyl, -phenyloxy, -substituted phenyloxy, -(CH 2 ) x -phenyloxy, - (CH 2 ) x -piperazinyl, -(CH 2 ) x -substituted piperazinyl, -(CH 2 ) x -N-substituted piperazinyl, - (CH
• Ria ,Rib or R 1c as defined in above is phenyl or substituted phenyl;
• R, R 1d , R 1e , R 1f , R 1g or R 1h as defined in R 3 is H, straight or branched
• Rii is phenyl, substituted phenyl, furanyl, substituted furanyl, thienyl, or substituted thienyl;
• x as defined for substituents defined above is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• each substitutent as defined in R 3 above further is optionally substituted by one or more of following substituents selected from: -H, - OH, -CN, -N0 2 ,-halogen, -(CH 2 ) y -OH, -0(CH 2 ) y CN, -OC(0)OH, - OC(0)Ri j , -C(0)OR ik , -0(CH 2 ) y ORii,- straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl,- straight or branched C 1-6 haloalkyl, - straight or branched C 1-6 alkoxy, - NR-imRm , -S0 2 Rio, -S(CH 2 ) y Ri p , -NR 1q C(0)Rir, aryl or heteroaryl; wherein:
• y as defined for variables above is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5, R-ij, R-ik, R-ii, R-im, Rin, Rio, Rip ,Riq or Ri r is H, straight or
• Ci -6 alkyl branched Ci -6 alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, pyridinyl, or substituted pyridinyl, -C(0)-phenyl, -C(0)substituted phenyl or (CH 2 ) x -2-oxo-1- pyrrolidinyl or (CH 2 ) x -2-oxo-N-pyrrolidinyl; or
• x is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• each phenyl or substituted phenyl substitutent as defined in Rij, R 1k , Rn, R 1m , R 1n , Ri 0 , Ri p ,Ri q or R 1r above further is
• R 1s , R 1t , or R 1u as defined above is H, straight or
• Representative compounds of Formula (IV), suitable for use in the present invention may include, but are not limited to:
• the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (V) suitable for use in the present invention:
• R-i is H, halogen, straight or branched C 1 -6 alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, -NHR 1a , -SR 1 b or -OR 1c ;
• Ria , Ri b or R 1c as defined in R- ⁇ above is phenyl or substituted phenyl;
• A is:
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• R 2 is H, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl or (CH 2 ) x -cycloalkyl;
• R 3 is phenyl or thienyl
• R 3 optionally is substituted with at least one of the following
• Ci -6 alkyl straight or branched Ci -6 haloalkyl, C1 -6- alkoxy, straight or branched Ci -6 -halosubstituted alkoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, 3-pyridinyl or 2-thienyl;
• phenoxy or benzyloxy optionally is substituted by at least one of following substituents: halogen, -CN, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, straight or branched C 1-6 -alkoxy, -0(CH 2 ) n C(0)-N(Ra) 2 , S0 2 R b ; -C(0)R c ;
• R a is H, alkyl or cycloalkyl
• R is NH 2 , alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl;
• R c is straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl
• R 4 is H, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl; cycloalkyl, (CH 2 ) x -cycloalkyl, (CH 2 ) X - heterocycloalkyl;
• R 5 is phenyl, furanyl, thienyl, piperidinyl, or pyridinyl;
• R 5 is optionally substituted with at least one of the following substitutents: phenyl, phenoxy, pyridinyl or thienyl;
• phenyl, phenoxy, pyridinyl or thienyl as defined for R 5 further is optionally substituted by at least one of the following substituents: halogen, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, straight, straight or branched Ci -6 haloalkyl, branched Ci -6 -alkoxy, -0(CH 2 ) n C(0)R x , phenyl, substituted phenyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, pyridinyl, thienyl or piperidinyl;
• R x is straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl
• benzyloxy, phenoxy, substituted phenyl is optionally substituted by at least one of the following substituents halogen, -CN, straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl straight or branched C 1-6 -alkoxy, or
• the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (VI) suitable for use in the present invention:
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• R-i is H;
• R 2 is Ci.6 alkyl, cycloalkyl or (CH 2 ) x -cycloalkyl;
• R 3 is Ci.6 alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl
• R 3 optionally is substituted with at least one of following substitutents: straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, straight or branched Ci -6 haloalkyl, Ci -6 -alkoxy, phenyl, phenoxy or benzyloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy;
• phenoxy or benzyloxy optionally is substituted by at least one of following substituents: halogen, -CN, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, straight or branched Ci -6 -alkoxy; or
• the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (VII) suitable for use in the present invention:
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• R 2 is Ci-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl or (CH 2 ) x -cycloalkyl;
• R 3 is Ci-6 alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl
• x is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• R 3 optionally is substituted with at least one of following substitutents: straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, straight or branched Ci -6 haloalkyl, Ci -6 -alkoxy, phenyl, phenoxy or benzyloxy;
• phenoxy or benzyloxy optionally is substituted by at least one of following substituents: halogen, -CN, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, straight or branched C 1-6 -alkoxy; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• R 2 is methyl or ethyl
• R 3 is phenyl or 2-thienyl
• halogen is selected from fluoro or chloro.
• the present invention relates to a compound, suitable for use in the present invention, which may include, but is not limited to :
• the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (VINA) suitable for use in the present invention:
• n 1
• R 2 is Ci-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl or (CH 2 ) x -cycloalkyl;
• x is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• R 3 is Ci-6 alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl
• R 3 optionally is substituted with at least one of following substitutents: straight or branched C -6 alkyl, straight or branched C 1-6 haloalkyl, straight or branched C 1-6 -alkoxy, straight or branched C 1-6 -halosubstituted alkoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, 3-pyridinyl or 2-thienyl;
• phenoxy or benzyloxy optionally is substituted by at least one of following substituents: halogen, -CN, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, straight or branched Ci -6 -alkoxy, -0(CH 2 ) y C(0)-NH 2 , S0 2 NH 2 ; -C(0)CH 3 ;
• y is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (V 1MB) suitable for use in the present invention:
• n 1
• R 2 is Ci-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl or (CH 2 ) x -cycloalkyl;
• x is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• R 3 is Ci-6 alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl
• R 3 optionally is substituted with at least one of following substitutents: straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, straight or branched Ci -6 haloalkyl, straight or branched Ci-6-alkoxy, straight or branched Ci -6 -halosubstituted alkoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, 3-pyridinyl or 2-thienyl;
• phenoxy or benzyloxy optionally is substituted by at least one of following substituents: halogen, -CN, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, straight or branched Ci -6 -alkoxy, -0(CH 2 ) y C(0)-NH 2 , S0 2 NH 2 ; -C(0)CH 3 ;
• y is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• the present invention relates to a a compound of formula (VIII), suitable for use in the present invention, where R 2 is methyl, R 3 is phenyl, and halogen is selected from chloro or fluoro.
• the present invention also relates to a compound of formula (IX) suitable for use in the present invention:
• n 1 ;
• R 4 is Ci-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl or (CH 2 ) x -cycloalkyl;
• R 5 is Ci-6 alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, phenyl or heteroaryl
• R 5 is optionally substituted with at least one of the following
• substitutents phenyl, phenoxy, 3-pyridinyl or 2-thienyl;
• phenyl, phenoxy, pyridinyl or thienyl is optionally substituted by at least one of the following substituents: halogen, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, straight or branched Ci -6 -alkoxy; or
• the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (IX), where R 4 is ethyl; R 5 is phenyl or furanyl; R 4 is Ci -6 alkyl, cycloalkyl or (CH 2 ) x -cycloalkyl and R 5 is Ci -6 alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl.
• Representative compounds of Formula (IX), suitable for use in the present invention which may include, but are not limited to:
• the present invention relates to use of a compound of formula (X):
• R 5 is phenyl
• R 4 is Ci.6 alkyl, cycloalkyl or (CH 2 ) x -cycloalkyl;
• R 5 is Ci.6 alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl
• R 5 is optionally substituted with at least one of the following
• Ci -6 alkyl straight or branched Ci -6 -alkoxy, phenoxy or benzyloxy;
• phenoxy or benzyloxy is optionally substituted by at least one of the following substituents: halogen, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, straight or branched Ci -6 -alkoxy; or
• the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (X), suitable for use in the present invention, where R 4 is ethyl and R 5 is phenyl or furanyl.
• the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (XI) suitable for use in the present invention:
• n 1 ;
• Ri is H, methyl or phenyl
• R 4 is straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, cycloalkyl or (CH 2 ) x -cycloalkyl;
• R 5 is straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl;
• R 5 optionally is substituted with at least one of the following
• Ri h is H, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl
• Ri is phenyl or substituted phenyl
• x as defined for substituents defined above is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5, wherein:
• each phenyl or substituted phenyl substitutent as defined in R-n, above further is optionally substituted by one or more of following substituents selected from: -H, -OH, -CN, -N0 2 ,-halogen, -(CH 2 ) y -OH, - OC(0)OH, -OC(0)Ri j , -C(0)ORi k ,-S0 2 N(Rn) 2 , -straight or branched d. 6 alkyl,- straight or branched Ci -6 haloalkyl, - straight or branched Ci -6 straight or branched alkoxy; or
• R x is straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl
• benzyloxy, phenoxy, substituted phenyl is optionally substituted by at least one of the following substituents halogen, -CN, straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl straight or branched C 1-6 -alkoxy;
• y is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• F J , R 1k or R-ii is H, straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl; or
• the present invention also relates to use of a compound of formula (XI),
• R 4 is ethyl and R 5 is phenyl, furanyl, thienyl, piperidinyl, or pyridinyl.
• Representative examples of compounds of Formula (XI), suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to:
• the present invention relates to use of dimer compounds and corresponding dimer preparation methods, where the aforementioned dimers are formed from precursors, intermediates or monomeric compounds of Formulas (I) to (XI), respectively, of the present invention as defined above and a reactant containing a linker group A.
• dimer compounds suitable for use in the present invention may be structurally symmetric or asymmetric as formed based upon selection of corresponding precursors, intermediates or monomeric compounds of Formulas (I) to (XI), respectively, as defined in the present specification above.
• reactant containing a linker group A may include, but is not limited to the following functional groups straight or branched C-
• the present invention relates to a dimer compound of formula (XII) sui
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• A is straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl
• R A is H, halogen, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, -NHR a , - SR a or -OR a ;
• R B is H, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl or cycloalkyl
• R a is selected from phenyl or substituted phenyl
• R e is H, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl or cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention also relates to a dimer compound of Formula (XII), suitable for use in the present invention, where A is isopropyl, dimethylpentyl or phenyl.
• the present invention relates to a dimer compound of Formula (XIII) suitable for use in the present invention:
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• A is straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, phenyl or heteroaryl
• X is O, N or S
• R A is H, halogen, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, -NHR a , - SR a or -OR a ;
• R a is selected from phenyl or substituted phenyl
• R e is H, straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl or cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention relates to a dimer compound of Formula (XIV)
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5; straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl, phenyl or heteroaryl;
• R A is H, halogen, straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, -NHR a SR a or -OR a ;
• R a is selected from phenyl or substituted phenyl
• R e is H, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl or cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention relates to a dimer compound of Formula (XV) suitable for use in the present invention:
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• A is straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, phenyl or heteroaryl
• X is O, N or S
• R K is H, halogen, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, -NHR a
• R a is selected from phenyl or substituted phenyl; R e is H, straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl or cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention relates to a dimer compound of Formula (XVI) suitable
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5;
• A is straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, phenyl or heteroaryl
• R A is H, halogen, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, -NHR a , - SR a or -OR a ;
• R B is H, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl or cycloalkyl
• R c is H, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl, phenyl or -OR ;
• R a is selected from phenyl or substituted phenyl
• R b is H, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl or cycloalkyl
• R e is H, straight or branched Ci -6 alkyl or cycloalkyl; or
• representive dimer compounds of Formulas (XII) to (XVI), suitable for use in the present invention which may include, but are not limited to: bis(l-methylethyl) 2,2'- ⁇ benzene-1 ,4-diylbis[methanediyl(ethylimino) (3R)-3, 1- pyrrolidinediyl] ⁇ di(3-pyridinecarboxylate);
• a representive dimer compound suitable for use in the present invention may include, but is not limited to: bis(1- methylethyl) 2,2'- ⁇ benzene-1 ,4-diylbis[methanediyl(ethylimino) (3R)-3, 1- pyrrolidinediyl] ⁇ di(3-pyridinecarboxylate) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a representive dimer compound suitable for use in the present invention may include, but is not limited to: bis(1- methylethyl) 2,2'- ⁇ benzene-1 ,4-diylbis[methanediyl(ethylimino) (3R)-3, 1- pyrrolidinediyl] ⁇ di(3-pyridinecarboxylate); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• dimer compounds of the present invention may be structurally symmetric or asymmetric as formed based upon selection of corresponding precursors, intermediates or monomeric compounds of Formulas (I) to (XVI), respectively, as defined in the present specification above.
• present invention include, but are not limited to:
• the compounds of Formulas (I) to (XVI), respectively, suitable for use in the present invention as defined above may exist in forms as stereoisomers, regioisomers, or diastereiomers. These compounds may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and may exist in racemic and optically active forms.
• compounds of the present invention may exist as a racemic mixture of R(+) and S(-) enantiomers, or in separate respectively optical forms, i.e., existing separately as either the R(+) enantiomer form or in the S(+) enantiomer form. All of these individual compounds, isomers, and mixtures thereof are included within the scope of the present invention.
• alkyl represents a saturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon moiety, which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one, or more of the substituents defined herein.
• exemplary alkyls include, but are not limited to methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl and the like.
• C1 -C6 refers to an alkyl containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• alkyl When the term “alkyl” is used in combination with other substituent groups, such as “haloalkyl” or “hydroxyalkyi", “arylalkyl”, the term “alkyl” is intended to encompass a divalent straight or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical.
• haloalkyl is intended to mean a saturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon moiety substituted with one or more halogen groups, where halogen is fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
• Representative haloalkyls include, but are not limited to trifluoromethyl (-CF 3 ).
• hydroxyalkyi is intended to mean a saturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon moiety substituted with one or more hydroxy groups.
• alkenyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon moiety containing at least 1 and up to 3 carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples include ethenyl and propenyl.
• alkynyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon moiety containing at least 1 and up to 3 carbon-carbon triple bonds. Examples include ethynyl and propynyl.
• cycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic, saturated, cyclic hydrocarbon ring.
• (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon ring having from three to eight ring carbon atoms.
• Exemplary "(C3-C8)cycloalkyl” groups useful in the present invention include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.
• Alkoxy refers to a group containing an alkyl radical attached through an oxygen linking atom.
• the term "(Ci-C 6 )alkoxy” refers to a straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical having at least 1 and up to 6 carbon atoms attached through an oxygen linking atom.
• Exemplary "(Ci-C 4 )-alkoxy” groups useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy.
• haloalkoxy include, but are not limited to difluoromethoxy (-OCHCF 2 ), trifluoromethoxy (-OCF 3 ), tetrafluoroethoxy (- OCF 2 CHF 2 ) and the like.
• Alkylthio- refers to a group containing an alkyl radical atoms attached through an sulfur linking atom.
• the term "(C1-C4)alkylthio-” refers to a straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical having at least 1 and up to 4 carbon atoms attached through a sulfur linking atom.
• Exemplary "(C1 -C4)alkylthio-” groups useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, methylthio-, ethylthio-, n-propylthio-, isopropylthio-, n-butylthio-, s-butylthio-, t-butylthio- and the like.
• Cycloalkyloxy refers to a group containing a saturated carbocyclic ring atoms attached through an oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur linking atom, respectively.
• Aryl represents a group or moiety comprising an aromatic, monovalent monocyclic or bicyclic hydrocarbon radical containing from 6 to 10 carbon ring atoms, which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more of the substituents defined herein, and to which may be fused one or more cycloalkyl rings, which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents defined herein.
• Representative aryl groups suitable for use in the present invention may include, but are not limited to phenyl, naphthalenyl, fluorenyl, and the like.
• Heterocyclic groups may be heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl groups.
• Heterocycloalkyl represents a group or moiety comprising a non-aromatic, monovalent monocyclic or bicyclic radical, which is saturated or partially unsaturated, containing 3 to 10 ring atoms, which includes 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more of the substituents defined herein.
• heterocycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, azetidinyl, pyrrolidyl (or pyrrolidinyl), piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydro-2H-1 ,4-thiazinyl, tetrahydrofuryl (or tetrahydrofuranyl), dihydrofuryl, oxazolinyl, thiazolinyl, pyrazolinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, 1 ,3-dioxolanyl, 1 ,3-dioxanyl, 1 ,4-dioxanyl, 1 ,3-oxathiolanyl, 1 ,3- oxathianyl, 1 ,3-dithianyl, azabicylo[3.2.1]octyl, azabicylo[3.3.1]n
• heterocycloalkyi groups are 5-membered and/or 6-membered heterocycloalkyi groups, such as pyrrolidyl (or pyrrolidinyl), tetrahydrofuryl (or tetrahydrofuranyl), tetrahydrothienyl, dihydrofuryl, oxazolinyl, thiazolinyl or pyrazolinyl, piperidyl (or piperidinyl), piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, 1 ,3-dioxanyl, tetrahydro-2H-1 ,4-thiazinyl, 1 ,4- dioxanyl, 1 ,3-oxathianyl, and 1 ,3-dithianyl.
• pyrrolidyl or pyrrolidinyl
• tetrahydrofuryl or tetrahydrofuranyl
• Heteroaryl represents a group or moiety comprising an aromatic monovalent monocyclic or bicyclic radical, containing 5 to 10 ring atoms, including 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more of the substituents defined herein.
• This term also encompasses bicyclic heterocyclic-aryl compounds containing an aryl ring moiety fused to a heterocycloalkyi ring moiety, containing 5 to 10 ring atoms, including 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more of the substituents defined herein.
• heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, furyl (or furanyl), isothiazolyl, furazanyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridyl (or pyridinyl), pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzo[b]thienyl, isobenzofuryl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl, chromenyl, chromanyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthridinyl, qui
• heteroaryl groups present in the compounds of this invention are 5-membered and/or 6-memebred monocyclic heteroaryl groups.
• Selected 5- membered heteroaryl groups contain one nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur ring heteroatom, and optionally contain 1 , 2 or 3 additional nitrogen ring atoms.
• Selected 6-membered heteroaryl groups contain 1 , 2, 3 or 4 nitrogen ring heteroatoms.
• Selected 5- or 6- membered heteroaryl groups include thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, furyl, isothiazolyl, furazanyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, and tetrazolyl or pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, and triazinyl.
• halogen and halo represent chloro, fluoro, bromo or iodo substituents.
• the term "compound(s) of the invention” means a compound of Formulas (I) to (XVI), respectively (as defined above) in any form, i.e., any salt or non- salt form (e.g., as a free acid or base form, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) and any physical form thereof (e.g., including non-solid forms (e.g., liquid or semi-solid forms), and solid forms (e.g., amorphous or crystalline forms, specific polymorphic forms, solvates, including hydrates (e.g., mono-, di- and hemi- hydrates)), and mixtures of various forms.
• any salt or non- salt form e.g., as a free acid or base form, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
• any physical form thereof e.g., including non-solid forms (e.g., liquid or semi-solid forms), and solid forms (e.g., amorphous or crystalline forms, specific polymorphic forms, solv
• the term "optionally substituted” means that a group, such as, which may include, but is not limited to alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, etc., may be unsubstituted, or the group may be substituted with one or more substituent(s) as defined. In the case where groups may be selected from a number of alternative groups the selected groups may be the same or different.
• the compounds according to Formulas (I) to (XVI), suitable for use in the present invention may contain one or more asymmetric center (also referred to as a chiral center) and may, therefore, exist as individual enantiomers, diastereomers, or other
• polymorphs These different crystalline forms are typically known as “polymorphs.” It is to be understood that when named or depicted by structure, the disclosed compound, or solvates (particularly, hydrates) thereof, also include all polymorphs thereof. Polymorphs have the same chemical composition but differ in packing, geometrical arrangement, and other descriptive properties of the crystalline solid state. Polymorphs, therefore, may have different physical properties such as shape, density, hardness, deformability, stability, and dissolution properties. Polymorphs typically exhibit different melting points, IR spectra, and X-ray powder diffraction patterns, which may be used for identification. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that different polymorphs may be produced, for example, by changing or adjusting the conditions used in crystallizing/recrystallizing the compound.
• Formulas (I) through Formula (XVI) suitable for use in the present invention are preferably pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those described by Berge, Bighley and Monkhouse J.Pharm.Sci (1977) 66, pp 1 -19.
• a desired salt form may be prepared by any suitable method known in the art, including treatment of the free base with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, or with an organic acid, such as acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, pyranosidyl acid, such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid, alpha-hydroxy acid, such as citric acid or tartaric acid, amino acid, such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid, aromatic acid, such as benzoic acid or cinnamic acid, sulfonic acid, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanes
• an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid,
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include sulfates, pyrosulfates, bisulfates, sulfites, bisulfites, phosphates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, acetates, propionates, decanoates, caprylates, acrylates, formates, isobutyrates, caproates, heptanoates, propiolates, oxalates, malonates succinates, suberates, sebacates, fumarates, maleates, butyne-1 ,4-dioates, hexyne-1 ,6- dioates, benzoates, chlorobenzoates, methylbenzoates, dinitrobenzoates,
• hydroxybenzoates methoxybenzoates, phthalates, phenylacetates, phenylpropionates, phenylbutrates, citrates, lactates, ⁇ -hydroxybutyrates, glycollates, tartrates mandelates, and sulfonates, such as xylenesulfonates, methanesulfonates, propanesulfonates, naphthalene-1 -sulfonates and naphthalene-2-sulfonates.
• an inventive basic compound suitable for use in the present invention is isolated as a salt
• the corresponding free base form of that compound may be prepared by any suitable method known to the art, including treatment of the salt with an inorganic or organic base, suitably an inorganic or organic base having a higher pK a than the free base form of the compound.
• a compound suitable for use in the present invention may include, but is not limited to: is an acid (contains an acidic moiety), a desired salt may be prepared by any suitable method known to the art, including treatment of the free acid with an inorganic or organic base, such as an amine (primary, secondary, or tertiary), an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, or the like.
• an inorganic or organic base such as an amine (primary, secondary, or tertiary), an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, or the like.
• Suitable salts include organic salts derived from amino acids such as glycine and arginine, ammonia, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, and cyclic amines, such as ethylene diamine, dicyclohexylamine, ethanolamine, piperidine, morpholine, and piperazine, as well as inorganic salts derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and lithium.
• Certain of the compounds suitable for use in the present invention may form salts with one or more equivalents of an acid (if the compound contains a basic moiety) or a base (if the compound contains an acidic moiety).
• the present invention includes within its scope all possible stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric salt forms.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be prepared by treating these compounds with an alkaline reagent or an acid reagent, respectively. Accordingly, this invention also provides for the conversion of one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of this invention, e.g., a hydrochloride salt, into another pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of this invention, e.g., a sodium salt.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of this invention e.g., a hydrochloride salt
• another pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of this invention e.g., a sodium salt.
• solvates of the compounds of the invention, or salts thereof, suitable for use in the present invention, that are in crystalline form may involve nonaqueous solvents such as ethanol, isopropanol, DMSO, acetic acid, ethanolamine, and ethyl acetate, or they may involve water as the solvent that is incorporated into the crystalline lattice.
• Solvates wherein water is the solvent that is incorporated into the crystalline lattice are typically referred to as "hydrates.” Hydrates include stoichiometric hydrates as well as compositions containing variable amounts of water. The invention includes all such solvates.
• the compounds of the present invention are intended for use in pharmaceutical compositions it will readily be understood that they are each preferably provided in substantially pure form, for example at least 60% pure, more suitably at least 75% pure and preferably at least 85%, especially at least 98% pure (% are on a weight for weight basis). Impure preparations of the compounds may be used for preparing the more pure forms used in the pharmaceutical compositions.
• the present invention also relates to use of processes for making compounds of Formulas (I) to (XVI), respectively, which are suitable for use in the present invention.
• the present invention also relates to methods or uses for treatment of respiratory or respiratory tract diseases, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formulas (I) to (XVI), respectively, which are suitable for use in the present invention.
• Scheme 1 represents a general scheme for the preparation of compounds according to Compounds (3) and (4) as shown above, where X is attached to the pyridine ring via a nitrogen atom.
• Compound 1 (2-chloronicotinyl chloride - commercially available from Aldrich) depicted as starting material is available from commercial vendors. Reaction conditions are as described above in the scheme; however, the skilled artisan will appreciate that certain modifications in the reaction conditions and/or reagents used are possible.
• Ester 2 is further transformed to aminopyridine 3 via reaction with the appropriate amine.
• X contains a suitable protecting group
• removal of the protecting group under the appropriate conditions and further transformation to other products of the present invention may be accomplished.
• Subsequent transformation of the amine function of the group X to the subsequent alkylamine XY can be performed with the appropriate aldehyde of Y via a reductive amination protocol. It will be appreciated by the skilled artisan that upon conversion to the alkylamine XY the resulting product may require further elaboration. This can include but is not limited to suitable protecting and functional group manipulations and reactions with alcohols, aryl halides, phenols, anilines, and amines.
• the C4 substituent may be installed initially followed by incorporation of the C2 amine X allowing variation of the C2 position in the last step.
• Installation of the substituent R can be accomplished via a transition metal mediated coupling using an appropriate catalyst and coupling partner.
• a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction can be completed using a boronic ester or acid in the presence of Pd(OAc) 2 , Ph 3 P, and K 2 C0 3 . Removal of any protecting group under the appropriate conditions and further transformation to other products may be accomplished.
• Scheme 3 represents a general scheme for the preparation of compounds according to Compound (18) as defined above, where X is attached to the pyridine ring via a nitrogen atom and C4 is substituted with a methyl group.
• Compound 10, (acetone) depicted as starting material is commercially available from commercial vendors. Reaction conditions are as described above in the scheme; however, the skilled artisan will appreciate that certain modifications in the reaction conditions and/or reagents used are possible.
• Scheme 4 represents a general scheme for the preparation of dimeric compounds (19) according to Compound 19 as defined above, where X is attached to the pyridine ring via a nitrogen atom.
• Compound 1 (2-chloronicotinyl chloride) depicted as starting material is available from commercial vendors. Reaction conditions are as described above in the scheme; however, the skilled artisan will appreciate that certain modifications in the reaction conditions and/or reagents used are possible.
• Ester 2 is further transformed to aminopyridine 3 via reaction with the appropriate amine.
• X contains a suitable protecting group
• removal of the protecting group under the appropriate conditions and further transformation to other products may be accomplished.
• the amine used to transform 2 to 3 is 3-Boc-aminopyrrolidine
• installation of the alkyl group is achieved prior to removing the protecting group.
• completion of the dimeric analogs 19 can be achieved via reaction with the appropriate benzyl or alkyl bromide under basic conditions.
• the dimer analog can be made by reacting with the appropriate aldehyde bromide under basic conditions initially followed by reductive amination as described for Scheme 1.
• Scheme 5 represents a general scheme for the preparation of dimeric compounds (21 ) according to Compound 21 , where X is attached to the pyridine ring via a nitrogen atom.
• Compound 1 (2-chloronicotinyl chloride) depicted as starting material is available from commercial vendors. Reaction conditions are as described above in the scheme; however, the skilled artisan will appreciate that certain modifications in the reaction conditions and/or reagents used are possible.
• Ester 2 is further transformed to aminopyridine 3 via reaction with the appropriate amine.
• the amine used to transform 2 to 3 is 3-Boc- aminopyrrolidine
• installation of the N-alkyl group can be achieved with the appropriate alkyl halide.
• Reduction of the ester to alcohol can then be achieved under reducing conditions using a reagent like lithium aluminium hydride.
• Formation of the ester is then accomplished via reaction with the appropriate acid chloride under basic conditions or with the appropriate acid in the presence of a coupling reagent.
• X contains a suitable protecting group
• removal of the protecting group under the appropriate conditions and further transformation to other products may be accomplished.
• the dimer analog can be made by reacting initially with the appropriate aldehyde bromide under basic conditions followed by reductive amination as described for Scheme 1.
• Scheme 6 represents a general scheme for the preparation of dimeric compounds (27) according to Compound (27) as defined above, where X is attached to the pyridine ring via an oxygen atom.
• Compound 23, (2-hydroxynicotinic acid) depicted as starting material is available from commercial vendors. Reaction conditions are as described above in the scheme; however, the skilled artisan will appreciate that certain modifications in the reaction conditions and/or reagents used are possible.
• Scheme 7 represents a general scheme for the preparation of dimeric compounds (28) and (29), respectively.
• Compound 1 (2-chloronicotinyl chloride) depicted as starting material is commercially available. Reaction conditions are as described above in the scheme; however, the skilled artisan will appreciate that certain modifications in the reaction conditions and/or reagents used are possible.
• Ester 2 is further transformed to aminopyridine 3 via reaction with the appropriate amine.
• the amine used to transform 2 to 3 is 3-Boc- aminopyrrolidine, installation of the N-alkyl group can be achieved with the appropriate alkyl halide.
• reaction of the ester to alcohol can then be achieved under reducing conditions using a reagent like lithium aluminium hydride. Formation of the ester is then accomplished via reaction with the appropriate acid chloride under basic conditions or with the appropriate acid in the presence of a coupling reagent.
• X contains a suitable protecting group
• removal of the protecting group under the appropriate conditions and further transformation to other products may be accomplished.
• completion of the dimeric analog (29), respectively can be achieved via reaction with the appropriate benzyl or alkyl bromide under basic conditions or in some cases via reaction with the appropriate dialdehyde under reductive amination conditions.
• the dimer analog can be made by reacting initially with the appropriate aldehyde bromide under basic conditions followed by reductive amination as described for Scheme 1 .
• the present invention relates to compounds of Formulas (I) to (XVI) and corresponding pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of Formulas (I) to (XVI), respectively, which are suitable for use in the present invention.
• the compounds suitable for use in the present invention will normally, but not necessarily, be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition prior to administration to a patient.
• the present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions or formulations suitable for use in the present invention, which comprise a compound of the invention and pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient(s).
• the present invention also may relate to a use of a pharmaceutical composition or formulation, which comprises a compound as defined by Formulas (I) to (XVI), respectively, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, carriers or excipients, and optionally one or more other therapeutic ingredients.
• compositions suitable for use in the present invention may be prepared and packaged in bulk form wherein an effective amount of a compound of the invention can be extracted and then given to the patient such as with powders, syrups, and solutions for injection.
• the pharmaceutical compositions suitable for use in the present invention may be prepared and packaged in unit dosage form.
• a dose of a pharmaceutical composition suitable for use in the present invention contains at least a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention (i.e., a compound of Formula (I) or a salt, particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof).
• the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations may contain from 1 mg to 1000 mg of a compound of this invention.
• compositions or formulations as defined herein typically contain one compound as defined above suitable for use in the present invention.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may contain more than one compound of the present invention.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may contain more than one compound of the present invention.
• compositions of the present invention may optionally further comprise one or more additional pharmaceutically active compounds.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient means a material, composition or vehicle involved in giving form or consistency to the composition.
• Each excipient must be compatible with the other ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition when commingled such that interactions which would substantially reduce the efficacy of the compound of the invention when administered to a patient and interactions which would result in pharmaceutical compositions that are not pharmaceutically-acceptable are avoided.
• each excipient must of course be of sufficiently high purity to render it pharmaceutically-acceptable.
• Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients will vary depending upon the particular dosage form chosen.
• suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients may be chosen for a particular function that they may serve in the composition.
• certain pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the production of uniform dosage forms.
• Certain pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the production of stable dosage forms.
• Certain pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the carrying or transporting the compound or compounds of the invention once administered to the patient from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
• Certain pharmaceutically- acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to enhance patient compliance.
• compositions, formulations, dosage forms, and the like, etc. may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.
• Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients include the following types of excipients: diluents, fillers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, granulating agents, coating agents, wetting agents, solvents, co-solvents, suspending agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, flavoring agents, flavor masking agents, coloring agents, anti- caking agents, humectants, chelating agents, plasticizers, viscosity increasing agents, antioxidants, preservatives, stabilizers, surfactants, and buffering agents.
• excipients include the following types of excipients: diluents, fillers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, granulating agents, coating agents, wetting agents, solvents, co-solvents, suspending agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, flavoring agents, flavor masking agents, coloring agents, anti- caking agents, humectants,
• Skilled artisans possess the knowledge and skill in the art to enable them to select suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients in appropriate amounts for use in the invention.
• resources that are available to the skilled artisan which describe pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients and may be useful in selecting suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients. Examples include Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Company), The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives (Gower Publishing Limited), and The Handbook of
• the compounds suitable for use in the present invention as described herein and the pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient or excipients will typically be formulated into a dosage form adapted for administration to the patient by the desired route of administration.
• conventional dosage forms include those adapted for (1 ) oral administration such as tablets, capsules, caplets, pills, troches, powders, syrups, elixirs, suspensions, solutions, emulsions, sachets, and cachets; (2) parenteral administration such as sterile solutions, suspensions, and powders for reconstitution; (3) transdermal administration such as transdermal patches; (4) rectal administration such as suppositories; (5) inhalation such as aerosols and solutions; and (6) topical administration such as creams, ointments, lotions, solutions, pastes, sprays, foams, and gels.
• oral administration such as tablets, capsules, caplets, pills, troches, powders, syrups, elixirs, suspensions, solutions, emulsions, sachets, and cachets
• parenteral administration such as sterile solutions, suspensions, and powders for reconstitution
• transdermal administration such as transdermal patches
• rectal administration such as
• compositions or formulations suitable for use in the present invention are prepared using techniques and methods known to those skilled in the art. Some of the methods commonly used in the art are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Company).
• compositions suitable for use in the present invention are prepared using conventional materials and techniques, such as mixing, blending and the like.
• active agent is defined for purposes of the present invention as any chemical substance or composition of the present invention, which can be delivered from the device into an environment of use to obtain a desired result.
• the percentage of the compound in compositions can, of course, be varied as the amount of active in such therapeutically useful compositions is such that a suitable dosage will be obtained.
• compositions of this invention will vary according to the particular composition formulated, the mode of administration, the particular site of
• the active compounds suitable for use in the present invention may be orally administered, for example, with an inert diluent, or with an assimilable edible carrier, or they can be enclosed in hard or soft shell capsules, or they can be compressed into tablets, or they can be incorporated directly with the food of the diet, etc.

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