EP2724459A1 - Method of regulating the power of an energy conversion installation and energy conversion installation driven by such a method - Google Patents
Method of regulating the power of an energy conversion installation and energy conversion installation driven by such a methodInfo
- Publication number
- EP2724459A1 EP2724459A1 EP12730901.1A EP12730901A EP2724459A1 EP 2724459 A1 EP2724459 A1 EP 2724459A1 EP 12730901 A EP12730901 A EP 12730901A EP 2724459 A1 EP2724459 A1 EP 2724459A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- frequency
- converter
- alternator
- electrical signal
- current
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 230000005672 electromagnetic field Effects 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000010349 pulsation Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005355 Hall effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004422 calculation algorithm Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000031 electric organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
- H02P9/42—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output to obtain desired frequency without varying speed of the generator
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
- F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
- F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
- F03D9/255—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator connected to electrical distribution networks; Arrangements therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
- H02P9/48—Arrangements for obtaining a constant output value at varying speed of the generator, e.g. on vehicle
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P2101/00—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators
- H02P2101/10—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators for water-driven turbines
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P2101/00—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators
- H02P2101/15—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators for wind-driven turbines
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of regulating the power of an installation for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, and an installation controlled by such a method.
- the installation comprises a machine that can be a hydraulic turbine, for example a tidal turbine, or a wind turbine.
- the machine comprises a rotary mechanical receiver intended to be traversed by a flow of water or air.
- the receiver is generally referred to as "propeller” or “wheel”.
- the receiver is designated by the term "helix”.
- the propeller includes blades attached to a hub that is connected to an alternator. In use, the flow rotates the propeller and the alternator converts the mechanical power generated by the rotation of the propeller electrical power.
- the assembly formed by the machine and the alternator constitutes a generator of electrical energy.
- the frequency of the sinusoidal electrical signal at the output of the alternator must be equal to the frequency of the electrical network, for example 50 Hz in Europe or 60 Hz in the United States.
- the frequency of the electrical signal delivered by the alternator varies as a function of the rotational speed of the propeller and, during the operation of the installation, the speed and the pressure of the flow fluctuate, which varies the rotational speed of the propeller.
- the alternator can not be connected directly to the power grid.
- the alternator To allow the coupling of the alternator to the electrical network, it is known to equip the installation with an electrical energy converter whose input is connected to the output of the alternator and whose output is intended to be connected. to the electricity grid.
- the converter modulates certain parameters of the electrical signal delivered by the alternator and sends back to the electrical network the electrical energy of the electrical signal delivered by the alternator, via an electrical signal of frequency equal to the frequency of the electrical network. More specifically, the converter modulates the intensity of the current and the phase between the current and the voltage of the electrical signal delivered by the alternator, which varies the amount of electrical energy delivered by the alternator. Indeed, the electrical energy delivered by the alternator varies according to the current of the electrical signal delivered by the alternator.
- the alternator If the electric current delivered by the alternator is zero, then there is no electrical energy delivered by the alternator. For the alternator to operate at its optimum operating point, it is necessary that the electromagnetic fields of the stator and rotor of the alternator are in phase. Indeed, if these electromagnetic fields are out of phase, in other words, if an angle ⁇ between these electromagnetic fields is not zero, then the alternator does not operate at its optimum operating point, which reduces the performance and the efficiency of the installation. The efficiency of the installation does not depend solely on the angle ⁇ between the electromagnetic fields.
- the converter controls the intensity of an electromagnetic braking torque applied to the rotor of the alternator.
- Each rotational speed of the propeller is associated with an optimal electromagnetic torque allowing the hydraulic machine or the wind turbine to extract a maximum of mechanical energy from the flow.
- the converter modulates the intensity of the electric current delivered by the alternator, and consequently it also modulates the electromagnetic braking torque, which modifies the speed of rotation of the propeller. .
- the speed can thus be set to a value that maximizes the converted mechanical energy.
- the control of the electromagnetic braking torque thus makes it possible to optimize the efficiency of the installation. The efficiency of the installation is even better when the alternator operates at its optimum operating point.
- the installations comprise a control unit which drives the converter so as to vary the intensity of the electromagnetic braking torque as a function of the fluctuations of the flow, which allows the propeller to recover a maximum of mechanical energy from the kinetic energy of the flow.
- the efficiency of the installation is optimized.
- the alternator In order to make the system operate at its maximum efficiency, it is known to equip the alternator with a position sensor which detects the angular position of the rotor relative to the stator.
- a position sensor which detects the angular position of the rotor relative to the stator.
- it may be a Hall effect sensor that delivers a digital signal at each change of polarity of the magnetic field of the alternator.
- the control unit calculates the angular position of the stator according to the signal delivered by the sensor and controls the converter according to this information so as to cancel the angle ⁇ between the rotor and stator electromagnetic fields.
- Sensors are a source of failure and when they fail, the installation can not work. Therefore, it is necessary to perform regular maintenance of the installation, which is expensive.
- US-A-2003/081434 discloses a method of regulating the power of an installation for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, by means of estimating the angular position of the rotor of the alternator. US-A-2003/081434 does not relate to installations comprising a rotary mechanical receiver intended to be traversed by a flow.
- mechanical sensor is meant a sensor that detects the physical position of a part.
- methods of driving the converter that use the nominal characteristics of the alternator, such as the no-load voltage, the resistance and the inductance of the stator.
- methods known as "observer” or “numerical model” are known. These methods of control do not always make it possible to start the installation because the propeller must reach a minimum rotation speed for the method to work.
- the impedance of the electric cables can significantly modify the resistance and the inductance of the stator.
- the invention intends to remedy more particularly by proposing a method of regulating the power of an installation for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy that does not require the use of mechanical sensors or models. complex or dependent on variable parameters.
- the method of the invention is simple to program, does not require significant computing resources and is not significantly sensitive to variations in external parameters such as temperature.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a suitable method for starting the installation, when the turbine is stopped.
- the subject of the invention is a method of regulating the power of an installation for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy as defined in claim 1.
- the control unit calculates the current and the driving frequency of the first converter from measurements of parameters of the electrical signal flowing between the alternator and the first converter.
- the installation does not require mechanical sensor to detect the position of the rotor of the alternator relative to the stator of the alternator, which reduces the risk of failure.
- the method uses parameters, such as the inductances of the electrical components of the installation, which are not sensitive to temperature variations.
- the method of the invention makes it possible to start the installation.
- the calculations made by the control unit are relatively simple. Therefore, the method is simple to program and does not require significant computing resources.
- the invention also relates to a plant for converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy as defined in claim 12.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a power conversion installation according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the structure of a method according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a plant 100 for converting hydraulic energy into electrical energy.
- the installation 100 comprises a tidal turbine 1, an alternator 2, a converter 4 and a control unit 5.
- the tidal turbine 1 is an underwater turbine that operates thanks to the energy of a watercourse or marine currents.
- the tidal turbine 1 comprises a propeller 10 movable in rotation with respect to a fixed fairing, not shown.
- the propeller 10 comprises blades 1 1 which are fixed to a hub 12. In use, a flow of water E rotates the propeller 10.
- the alternator 2 is a three-phase synchronous electric machine which comprises a rotor 21 and a stator 22.
- the rotor 21 comprises a magnetic circuit with permanent magnets which produces a constant magnetic field F21.
- the stator 22 comprises three coils.
- the terminals of the stator 22 are electrically connected to a first end of an electric cable 3 comprising three insulated conductors.
- the rotor 21 of the alternator 2 is mechanically coupled to the hub 12 of the tidal turbine 1, so that when the flow E rotates the propeller 10 of the tidal turbine 1, the rotational movement of the hub 12 of the turbine 1 'tidal 1 is transmitted integrally with the rotor 21 of the alternator 2.
- the alternator 2 When the rotor 21 rotates, the magnetic field F21 created by the rotor 21 passes successively in front of the coils of the stator 22 and induces a voltage across each coil of the stator 22.
- the alternator 2 generates a three-phase sinusoidal electrical signal S2 of frequency f2 fed to the input of the converter 4 by means of the electric cable 3.
- the alternator 2 thus converts the mechanical power into electrical power.
- An electrical signal is defined by parameters including the intensity of its current, the level of its voltage and, in the case of an alternating signal such as a sinusoidal signal, its frequency, which is the same for the current and the current. voltage, and the phase between the current and the voltage, i.e. the phase angle between the current and the voltage.
- the intensity of the current is designated by the term "current”
- the level of the voltage is designated by the term "voltage”.
- the converter 4 comprises a rectifier 41 whose input 41 1 is connected to a second end of the electric cable 3 and whose output 412 is connected to the input 421 of an inverter 42 by means of an electric cable 9 provided for transporting a DC electric signal S41 delivered by the rectifier 41.
- the rectifier 41 thus transforms the sinusoidal electrical signal S2 into a continuous electrical signal S41.
- the inverter 42 transforms the continuous electrical signal S41 into a sinusoidal electrical signal S42 which is transported by an electric cable 6 intended to be connected to the distribution distribution network R.
- the frequency fR of the electrical network R is fixed. For example, in Europe, the frequency fR is equal to 50 Hz. In practice, unrepresented electronic components can be interposed between the inverter 42 and the rectifier 41.
- the rectifier 41 and the inverter 42 are static electric energy converters which do not make it possible to increase the power of the signal S2. In practice, it may be bridges of IGBT transistors that switch between an on state and a blocked state to change the parameters of the electrical signals S2, S41 and S42. According to the conventions used, the rectifier 41 may be referred to as the "inverter” and the inverter 42 may be referred to as the "rectifier”.
- the inverter 42 operates autonomously and the electrical signal S42 that it delivers has a fixed frequency f42.
- the inverter 42 is not controlled by the control unit 5.
- the inverter 42 is set so that the frequency f42 is equal to the frequency f R of the electrical network R.
- a frequency f equal to 50 Hz, so as to be able to connect the installation 100 to the electrical network R.
- the frequencies f2 and f42 of the signals S2 and S42 are dissociated. In other words, the frequencies f2 and f42 are independent of each other.
- An electric cable 7 connects the control unit 5 to the microcontroller 43.
- the control unit 5 controls the rectifier 41 via a microcontroller 43 which regulates the state of the electronic components constituting the rectifier 41 according to a control signal S5 delivered by the control unit 5 and flowing in the electric cable 7.
- the microcontroller 43 is part of the rectifier 41.
- the rectifier 41 modifies certain parameters of the signals S2 and S41 as a function of the control signal S5, in particular the current 12 and the frequency f2 of the signal S2.
- control unit 5 In operation, the control unit 5 generates the control signal S5 which contains information relating to a control frequency fp and to a control current Ip, obtained by means of the method of the invention.
- the driving frequency fp and the driving current Ip are setpoints for the frequency f2 and the current 12 of the signal S2.
- the microcontroller 43 receives the signal S5 and drives the rectifier 41 so that, on the one hand, the driving frequency fp is equal to the frequency f2 of the sinusoidal signal S2 and, on the other hand, the current 12 the sinusoidal signal S2 is equal to the driving current Ip.
- the purpose of the method of the invention is to determine the control frequency fp and the driving current Ip so that the electrical power generated by the installation 100 is maximum, so as to optimize the efficiency of the installation 100.
- the rotor electromagnetic field F21 continuously seeks to align with the stator electromagnetic field F22, like the magnetized needle of a compass that aligns with the field Earthly magnetic.
- the terrestrial magnetic field is fixed while the stator electromagnetic field F22 rotates with a rotation frequency f (F22) proportional to the frequency f2 of the electrical signal S2 at the terminals of the stator 22.
- f rotation frequency
- the alternator 2 it is it is necessary to observe a first condition A according to which the electromagnetic fields F21 and F22 rotate at the same rotation frequency.
- the rotation frequency f21 of the rotor 21 is equal to the rotation frequency f (F21) of the rotor electromagnetic field F21.
- the rectifier 41 modifies the parameters of the signal S2, in particular the current 12, so as to modulate an electromagnetic braking torque T that the rotor 21 of the alternator 2 applies to the hub 12 of the propeller 10.
- the rectifier 41 varies the rotation frequency f21 of the helix 10 as well as the frequency f (F21) of the rotor electromagnetic field F21.
- a second condition B the angle ⁇ between the stator electromagnetic field F21 and the rotor electromagnetic field F22 is zero.
- the frequency f (F21) of the rotor field F21 is necessarily equal to the frequency f (F22) of the stator magnetic field. If the second condition B is respected, then the first condition A is verified.
- the intensity of the electromagnetic torque T is maximum, which implies that the installation 100 operates at its optimum operating point.
- the torque T results from the interaction between the electromagnetic fields F21 and F22 and is maximum when the angle ⁇ between the electromagnetic fields F21 and F22 is zero since the electromagnetic torque T is proportional to the cosine of the angle ⁇ , multiplied by the intensity of the current 12 delivered by the alternator 2.
- the angle ⁇ is the phase shift of the stator electromagnetic field F21 with respect to the rotor electromagnetic field F22.
- the third condition C relates to the reactive power.
- the power is expressed in a particular way because of the periodic nature of the manipulated functions. It is possible to determine several homogeneous quantities at powers: the active power, the reactive power and the apparent power.
- the active power of a component corresponds to the average power developed by the component over a period.
- the active power P is the power available to perform a job.
- V is the voltage between a phase of the three-phase signal and the neutral.
- the angle ⁇ corresponds to the phase shift between the voltage V and the current I of the three-phase electrical signal.
- the dipoles of purely capacitive or purely inductive type have an active power P zero and a reactive power Q equal to their apparent power S.
- the reactive power Q makes it possible to evaluate the importance of the capacitive and inductive receivers of an electrical circuit in alternative regime.
- these powers are calculated by performing a reference change which allows to pass from a three-dimensional mark (a, b, c), which correspond to the three phases of the three-phase electrical signal, to a two-dimensional mark (d, q, 0).
- Transforms such as the Park transform or the Clarke transform make it possible to perform such a marker change.
- the marker (d, q, 0) is rotating and rotates at the same rotation frequency as the frequency of the three-phase signal.
- the reference (d, q, 0) the level of the voltage and the intensity of the current of the three-phase electrical signal are constant.
- Vd and Vq the voltage level on the axes d and q and Id and Iq the intensity of the current on the axes d and q.
- the setpoint Q2em.c of the electromagnetic reactive power Q2em supplied by the alternator 2 is zero.
- the electromagnetic reactive power Q2em corresponds to the magnetization work of the alternator 2.
- the so-called “instantaneous” values of any variable are obtained from measurements of this variable and may vary over time.
- the instantaneous value characterizes the variable at a given moment corresponding to the moment when the measurement is made.
- the so-called “setpoint" values of a variable are the theoretical value that one wishes to give to this variable.
- the method of the invention consists in controlling the rectifier 41 so that it imposes the third condition C, so that the instantaneous values of certain variables are equal to the set values of these variables.
- the instantaneous value Q2em.i of the electromagnetic reactive power Q2em is not directly accessible nor measurable, but it can be determined from measurements by calculations whose principle is explained below. Thanks to the invention, the rectifier 41 cancels and maintains at zero the instantaneous value Q2em.i of the electromagnetic reactive power Q2em consumed or supplied by the alternator 2.
- the alternator 2 can not exchange reactive power with the tidal turbine 1, since the tidal turbine 1 is not an electric organ, and the rectifier 41 can not exchange reactive power with the electrical cable 9 carrying the continuous signal S41 since the reactive power has no sense in continuous mode.
- the total reactive power Q101 of the subsystem 101 is equal to the sum of the reactive powers of each electrical component of the subsystem 101, which gives the relation (R1):
- the relation (R2) makes it possible to determine the instantaneous value Q2em.i of the reactive power Q2em, from instantaneous values Q41.i, Q2.i and Q3.i of the reactive powers Q41, Q2 and Q3, obtained from measurements.
- the control unit 5 then calculates the value of the driving current Ip, the driving frequency fp of the rectifier 41 as a function of the difference between the instantaneous value of Q2em.i and the reference value Q2em.c of the reactive power. Q2em.
- the control unit 5 drives the rectifier 41 so that the third condition C is respected, which makes it possible to modify the operation of the installation 100 so as to have maximum efficiency.
- the method of the invention operates by means of an algorithm whose main object is to stabilize and improve the reaction of the installation 100 with respect to the control signal S5 which constitutes a setpoint. In this way, the installation 100 is slaved.
- the control unit 5 determines the instantaneous value Q2em.i of the electromagnetic reactive power Q2em supplied or consumed by the alternator 2, by means of the relation (R2):
- the control unit determines the instantaneous values Q2.i and Q3.i of the reactive powers Q2 and Q3 of the alternator 2 and the electric cable 3.
- the voltage drop in the coils of the alternator 2 is equal to the impedance of the alternator 2 multiplied by the current flowing through the alternator 2.
- the impedance of the alternator 2 is inherently mainly inductive and is obtained by multiplying the line inductance L2 of the alternator 2, expressed in H, by the pulsation of the sinusoidal electric signal at the terminals of the alternator 2.
- the impedance of the electric cable 3 is considered inductive and is obtained by multiplying the line inductance L3 of the electric cable 3 by the pulsation of the sinusoidal electric signal which circulates in the electric cable 3.
- the argument ⁇ of a purely inductive impedance which corresponds to the phase shift between the voltage V and the current I of the electrical signal passing through this impedance, is equal to ⁇ / 2.
- the pulsation is equal to the frequency of the signal, multiplied by 2 ⁇ .
- the line inductors L2 and L3 of the alternator 2 and the electric cable 3 are given by the supplier or are calculated from numerical models.
- Line inductors L2 and L3 are not significantly influenced by changes in external parameters such as temperature. It is sufficient to determine once inductances L2 and L3, for example during a test step.
- the control unit 5 determines an instantaneous value Q41 .i of the reactive power Q41 of the rectifier 41.
- the instantaneous value 12.i of the current 12 is determined according to the alternatives explained above. There are several ways to obtain the instantaneous value V2.i of the voltage V2.
- the voltage V2 is known by the microcontroller 43 since the microcontroller 43 imposes the value of the alternating voltage V2 on the input 41 1 of the rectifier 41.
- the microcontroller 43 has internal data relating to this voltage V2.
- an instantaneous value estimate V2.i of the voltage V2 is obtained. Therefore, it is not always necessary to measure the voltage V2.
- the rectifier 41 can internally measure this voltage V2 by a voltage sensor.
- the senor 8 measures the instantaneous value V2.i of the voltage V2.
- the instantaneous value Q2em.i of the electromagnetic reactive power Q2em must be zero.
- the rectifier 41 must increase or decrease by Q2em.i its reactive power Q41 so as to restore the equality between Q41 and - (Q2 + Q3).
- the variation of the reactive power Q41 of the converter 4 corresponds both to a variation of the phase shift angle cp2 between the current 12 and the voltage V2 and to a variation of the angle ⁇ between the electromagnetic fields F21 and F22.
- the instantaneous values V2.i and 12.i of the voltage V2 and of the current 12 are determined as explained above.
- the result of this division gives an instantaneous error ⁇ . ⁇ which is without unit, which makes it easier to calculate and regulate the regulator. Indeed, the instantaneous error ⁇ . ⁇ varies between 0 and 1.
- the instantaneous error ⁇ . ⁇ is zero, the installation 100 operates at its maximum efficiency and the electromagnetic fields F21 and F22 are in phase.
- the instantaneous error ⁇ . ⁇ is equal to 1
- the angle ⁇ between the electromagnetic fields F21 and F22 is equal to ⁇ / 2 and the installation 100 does not produce electrical energy.
- the instantaneous error ⁇ . ⁇ is proportional, in the mathematical sense of the term, to the instantaneous value Q2em.i of the electromagnetic reactive power Q2em.
- the instantaneous value Q2em.i of the electromagnetic reactive power Q2em is equal to the opposite of the sum of the values measured Q2.i, Q3.i and Q41 .i of the reactive power Q2 of the alternator 2, the reactive power Q3 of the electric cable 3, and the reactive power Q41 of the first converter 41.
- the instantaneous error ⁇ . ⁇ is determined as a function of the reactive power Q41 of the first converter 41.
- the instantaneous error ⁇ . ⁇ and the reactive power Q41 are related by the relation:
- the instantaneous error ⁇ . ⁇ is determined from the measured value 12. i of the current 12 of the electrical signal S2 since the measured value 12. i of the current 12 is involved in the calculation of the measured values Q2.i , Q3.i and Q41 .i reactive power Q2 of the alternator 2, the reactive power Q3 of the electric cable 3 and the reactive power Q41 of the first converter 41.
- the fourth step 2004 is optional.
- the instantaneous error ⁇ . ⁇ is equal to the measured value Q2em.i of the reactive power Q2em of the alternator 2. Consequently, the instantaneous error ⁇ . ⁇ is then homogeneous with the reactive power Q41 of the first converter 41, since these two quantities have the same unit: they are reactive powers, expressed in volt-ampere (VA).
- the instantaneous error ⁇ . ⁇ is proportional to the measured value Q41 .i of the reactive power Q41 or proportional to the image of the measured value Q41 .i of the reactive power Q41 by a mathematical function, in particular the function arcsine or inverse sinus.
- a set error E. C is implemented in the control unit 5.
- the setpoint error EC is equal to the setpoint value Q2em.c of the electromagnetic reactive power Q2em , divided by the maximum apparent power S2 of the alternator 2.
- the set error E. C is proportional to the setpoint Q2em.c of the electromagnetic reactive power Q2em.
- the method comprises a main step 3000 in which the control unit 5 determines the driving frequency fp and the driving current Ip.
- the control unit 5 determines a final error ⁇ equal to the difference between the set error E. C and the instantaneous error ⁇ . ⁇ .
- the set error E. C is the theoretical value that one wishes to give to the instantaneous error ⁇ . ⁇ .
- the set value Q2em.c is set to a zero value, according to the third condition C. Therefore, the final error ⁇ is equal to the instantaneous error ⁇ . ⁇ .
- the final error ⁇ is the input data of a predetermined integral proportional regulator type corrector.
- the control unit 5 determines a difference in frequency Af as a function of the final error ⁇ .
- the method of the invention comprises a second preliminary step 1002 in which the user defines the constants Kp and Ki of the integral proportional regulator.
- the integral proportional regulator outputs the difference in frequency Af which corresponds to the difference between the instantaneous frequency f2.i of the signal S2 and the theoretical frequency that the signal S2 should have for the condition C be verified.
- the control unit 5 calculates the control frequency fp by adding a ramp of frequency fr or a fixed frequency fe to the frequency difference ⁇ f, as a function of the operating speed. operation of the installation 100.
- the frequency ramp fr entered in the control unit 5 and is determined in a third prior step 1003 to be close to the ideal start of the installation 100, that is to say a start where the rotation frequency f21 of the propeller 10 of the tidal turbine 1 increases so as to obtain a quick start, but not too quickly so as not to risk a stall.
- the fixed frequency fe is also determined during the third prior step 1003 and corresponds to the average frequency of the signal S2 when the installation 100 operates in steady state mode, under standard conditions, for example at the beginning of the production cycle.
- the rectifier 41 imposes the rotation frequency f21 of the propeller 10, according to the frequency ramp fr.
- the propeller 10 quickly reaches a frequency called "generation" from which the installation 100 begins to produce electrical energy. Therefore, the ramp frequency fr is replaced by the fixed frequency fe.
- the third sub-step 2007 is optional and when it is deleted, the driving frequency fp is determined by adding the frequency difference ⁇ f with the instantaneous frequency f.i.
- the control unit 5 determines the driving intensity Ip using a predetermined data table D indicating the intensity 12 of the signal S2 as a function of the frequency f2 of the signal S2, so that the tidal turbine 1 operates at its optimum operating point.
- the optimum operating point enables the tidal turbine 1 to recover a maximum of mechanical energy from the parameters of the flow E.
- This data D is entered in the control unit 5 during a fourth prior step 1004. according to the hydraulic characteristics of the tidal turbine 1 and the characteristics of the alternator 2.
- the data D can be deduced from another table of values indicating the maximum torque of the propeller 10 as a function of the rotation frequency f21 of the hub 12 of the helix 10.
- the intensity 12 of the signal S2 is proportional to the electromagnetic torque T, and the rotation frequency f21 of the helix 10 is proportional to the frequency f2 of the signal S2.
- control unit 5 transmits the signal S5 relating to the driving frequency fp and the driving current Ip to the microcontroller 43 which drives the rectifier 41 so that the frequency f2 of the signal S2 is equal to the driving frequency fp and the current 12 of the signal S2 is equal to the driving current Ip.
- the control unit 5 repeatedly repeats the steps described above during the operation of the installation 100. For example, the control unit 5 can repeat the steps with a frequency corresponding to a PLC cycle time, 2ms for example.
- the control method of the invention substantially has a phase lock loop structure 200 or "Phase Lock Loop” (P.L.L.) in English, shown in Figure 2.
- the phase-locked loop 200 comprises a variable-frequency input signal S201, a phase detector 202 which generates an error signal S202 proportional to the phase difference between the input signal S201 and an input signal S201.
- output signal S204 of the phase locked loop 200 a low pass filter 203 and a voltage controlled oscillator 204 or VCO ("Voltage Controlled Oscillator" in English) which delivers a signal S204 whose frequency depends on the error signal S202.
- VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator
- the phase-locked loop 200 makes it possible to maintain a frequency and phase equality between the input signals S201 and the output signals S204.
- the signal S2 corresponds to the input signal S201.
- the frequency f2 depends on the rotation frequency f21 of the helix 10.
- the measurement of the reactive power ensures the function of the phase detector 202.
- the low-pass filter 203 is constituted by the integral proportional regulator and the converter 4 provides the function of the voltage controlled oscillator 204.
- the structure used for the method of the invention has a feedback loop 205 which transmits the output signal S204 to the phase detector 202.
- This feedback loop 205 represents a direct physical link between the rotation frequency f21 of the helix 10 and the frequency f2 of the signal S2.
- the frequency f2 of the signal S2, and therefore also the rotation frequency f21 of the helix 10 physically depend on the electromagnetic torque T delivered by the converter 4. If the torque T decreases, then the frequencies f2 and f21 also decrease. and vice versa.
- the installation 100 is controlled.
- the method controls the plant 100 by negative feedback.
- the installation 100 is a wind energy conversion facility into electrical energy.
- a wind turbine replaces the tidal turbine 1.
- the tidal turbine 1 can be replaced by a hydraulic turbine.
- the sensor 8 is deleted. Indeed, the intensity of the current 12 and the voltage level V2 are measured directly by internal sensors of the rectifier 41. In this case, the microcontroller 43 transmits these data to the control unit 5.
- the second condition B is verified when the angle ⁇ is constant and not zero.
- the third condition C is respected when the electromagnetic reactive power Q2em of the alternator 2 is not zero, which makes it possible to demagnetize the electrical components of the installation 100.
- the performance of the installation 100 is improved.
- the user defines a setpoint error z.c which corresponds to an electromagnetic power Q2em of the non-zero alternator 2.
- a setpoint angle ⁇ o between -60 ° and + 60 °, preferably between -30 ° and + 30 °, will be chosen. Indeed, if the angle ⁇ is too large, then the alternator 2 does not operate at its optimum operating point and the efficiency of the installation 100 is degraded.
- the control unit 5 calculates the driving current Ip and the driving frequency fp as a function of a variable different from the final error ⁇ and obtained from a current intensity measurement 12.
- This variable which replaces the final error ⁇ is proportional or homogeneous to a reactive power and corresponds to the input of the integral proportional regulator.
- the variable can be the angle ⁇ between the stator electromagnetic field F21 and the rotor electromagnetic field F22, a variable homogeneous or proportional to the angle ⁇ , the sinus of the angle ⁇ or a variable homogeneous or proportional to the sinus the angle ⁇ .
- the reactive power can be expressed according to an angle different from the angle ⁇ .
- the variable may be the phase shift angle ⁇ 2 between the voltage V 2 and the current 12 of the signal S 2, a proportional or homogeneous variable at the angle ⁇ 2, the sinus of the angle ⁇ 2 or a homogeneous variable or proportional to the sine of the angle cp2.
- the reactive power is expressed as a function of the sine of the angle ⁇ and thus makes it possible to know the sign of the angle ⁇ , which is not necessarily the case for other quantities.
- the sign of the angle ⁇ determines whether the rectifier 41 must supply or consume reactive power so that the third condition C is respected.
- the alternator 2 is an asynchronous machine.
- the installation 100 comprises at least one transformer inserted between the alternator 2 and the converter 4 and in particular making it possible to adapt the level of the voltage of the signal S2 delivered by the alternator 2 to the voltage constraints imposed by the converter 4. It is possible to place two transformers between the alternator 2 and the converter 4. The first transformer increases the level of the voltage V2 of the signal S2 and lowers the intensity of the current 12 of the signal S2. As a result, the joule losses in the electric cable 3 are reduced. Then, a second transformer placed between the electric cable 3 and the input 41 1 of the rectifier 41 decreases the level of the voltage V2 and increases the intensity of the current 12 to restore the signal S2.
- the integral proportional corrector is replaced by another type of element, insofar as this element makes it possible to determine a frequency difference as a function of a reference signal that is homogeneous or proportional to a reactive power.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1155559A FR2977094B1 (en) | 2011-06-23 | 2011-06-23 | METHOD OF CONTROLLING THE POWER OF AN ENERGY CONVERSION INSTALLATION AND A POWER-CONVERSION INSTALLATION PILOTED BY SUCH A METHOD |
PCT/EP2012/062122 WO2012175696A1 (en) | 2011-06-23 | 2012-06-22 | Method of regulating the power of an energy conversion installation and energy conversion installation driven by such a method |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2724459A1 true EP2724459A1 (en) | 2014-04-30 |
Family
ID=44509930
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP12730901.1A Withdrawn EP2724459A1 (en) | 2011-06-23 | 2012-06-22 | Method of regulating the power of an energy conversion installation and energy conversion installation driven by such a method |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20140175908A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2724459A1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101508125B1 (en) |
AR (1) | AR086724A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2012273959B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2840184A1 (en) |
CL (1) | CL2013003696A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2977094B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012175696A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH712932A2 (en) * | 2016-09-16 | 2018-03-29 | NM Numerical Modelling GmbH | Method for determining the position of a position sensor of a position measuring system. |
US11444459B2 (en) * | 2017-05-31 | 2022-09-13 | Vestas Wind Systems A/S | Adaptive control for networked renewable power plants |
CN114680372B (en) * | 2022-05-26 | 2022-11-22 | 南华大学 | Pneumatic conveying control method, computer readable medium, pneumatic conveying control system and tobacco shred pneumatic conveying system |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3982232B2 (en) * | 2001-10-25 | 2007-09-26 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Sensorless control device and control method for synchronous generator |
JP3918837B2 (en) * | 2004-08-06 | 2007-05-23 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Wind power generator |
JP4738206B2 (en) * | 2006-02-28 | 2011-08-03 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | Wind power generation system and control method thereof |
EP2128440A4 (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2012-03-14 | Wind To Power System S L | Asynchronous generator with control of the voltage applied to the stator |
CN103141004B (en) * | 2010-09-22 | 2016-12-07 | 东芝三菱电机产业***株式会社 | Power inverter |
WO2012062323A2 (en) * | 2010-11-10 | 2012-05-18 | Vestas Wind Systems A/S | Method and system for operating a wind turbine |
-
2011
- 2011-06-23 FR FR1155559A patent/FR2977094B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2012
- 2012-06-22 AR ARP120102245A patent/AR086724A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2012-06-22 AU AU2012273959A patent/AU2012273959B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2012-06-22 EP EP12730901.1A patent/EP2724459A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-06-22 CA CA2840184A patent/CA2840184A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-06-22 KR KR1020147001719A patent/KR101508125B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2012-06-22 WO PCT/EP2012/062122 patent/WO2012175696A1/en active Application Filing
-
2013
- 2013-12-20 US US14/136,265 patent/US20140175908A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-12-23 CL CL2013003696A patent/CL2013003696A1/en unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See references of WO2012175696A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CL2013003696A1 (en) | 2014-11-14 |
WO2012175696A1 (en) | 2012-12-27 |
CA2840184A1 (en) | 2012-12-27 |
FR2977094B1 (en) | 2013-07-12 |
FR2977094A1 (en) | 2012-12-28 |
KR101508125B1 (en) | 2015-04-07 |
KR20140039060A (en) | 2014-03-31 |
AU2012273959B2 (en) | 2015-01-29 |
AU2012273959A1 (en) | 2014-02-13 |
AR086724A1 (en) | 2014-01-15 |
US20140175908A1 (en) | 2014-06-26 |
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