EP2723832B1 - Carbonaceous solid fuel gasifier - Google Patents

Carbonaceous solid fuel gasifier Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2723832B1
EP2723832B1 EP12732595.9A EP12732595A EP2723832B1 EP 2723832 B1 EP2723832 B1 EP 2723832B1 EP 12732595 A EP12732595 A EP 12732595A EP 2723832 B1 EP2723832 B1 EP 2723832B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
zone
pyrolysis
tank
gasifier
transfer
Prior art date
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EP12732595.9A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2723832A1 (en
Inventor
Michael HAUBE
Johan Klein
Frédéric BOURGOIS
Alexandre BACQ
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Xylowatt S A
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Xylowatt S A
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Priority to EP12732595.9A priority Critical patent/EP2723832B1/en
Priority to SI201230995T priority patent/SI2723832T1/en
Publication of EP2723832A1 publication Critical patent/EP2723832A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2723832B1 publication Critical patent/EP2723832B1/en
Priority to HRP20171055TT priority patent/HRP20171055T1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/22—Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues
    • C10J3/24—Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues to permit flow of gases or vapours other than upwardly through the fuel bed
    • C10J3/26—Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues to permit flow of gases or vapours other than upwardly through the fuel bed downwardly
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/22—Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues
    • C10J3/28—Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues fully automatic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/30—Fuel charging devices
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/32—Devices for distributing fuel evenly over the bed or for stirring up the fuel bed
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/34—Grates; Mechanical ash-removing devices
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/34—Grates; Mechanical ash-removing devices
    • C10J3/40—Movable grates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/34—Grates; Mechanical ash-removing devices
    • C10J3/40—Movable grates
    • C10J3/42—Rotary grates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
    • C10J3/48—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/52—Ash-removing devices
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/58—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels combined with pre-distillation of the fuel
    • C10J3/60—Processes
    • C10J3/64—Processes with decomposition of the distillation products
    • C10J3/66—Processes with decomposition of the distillation products by introducing them into the gasification zone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/721—Multistage gasification, e.g. plural parallel or serial gasification stages
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/723—Controlling or regulating the gasification process
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2200/00—Details of gasification apparatus
    • C10J2200/15—Details of feeding means
    • C10J2200/158—Screws
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/0916—Biomass
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/0943—Coke

Definitions

  • Said tank further comprises active transfer means for actively transferring solid material from the pyrolysis zone to the reduction zone, said active transfer means being located between the pyrolysis zone and the combustion zone.
  • the active transfer means are located in the tank between the place where the first admission means of the pyrolysis agent are provided for admitting said pyrolysis agent in the tank and the place where the second intake means of the gasifying agent are provided to admit said gasifying agent in the tank.
  • pyrolysis agent it is necessary to understand a neutral or reactive gas which will provide the energy necessary for the temperature rise of the solid fuel contained in the pyrolysis zone. This energy can be either carried by the gas itself or be generated by the reaction of gas with the products contained in the pyrolysis zone.
  • Said pyrolysis agent may therefore for example be preheated ambient air, a gas with a higher concentration of oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, a fuel gas or a mixture of these gases.
  • gasifying agent it is necessary to understand a gas capable of reacting with the carbon and / or with the hydrogen contained in the solid fuel.
  • Said gasifying agent may therefore for example be ambient air, a gas with a higher oxygen concentration. , water vapor, carbon dioxide or a mixture of these gases.
  • the invention also relates to a gas production and combustion unit comprising such a gasifier for producing said gas.
  • Such gasifiers are known and make it possible to produce a combustible gas from a carbonaceous solid fuel, in particular from wood waste, such as those originating, for example, from sawmills or from forestry operations, or from - agricultural products (straw, etc ...), or from recycled wood.
  • This combustible gas contains in particular carbon monoxide and hydrogen and can then be used for various purposes such as, for example, for supplying a gas turbine or an internal combustion engine or a boiler or an oven.
  • the patent EP 1248828 discloses, for example, a gasifier in which a void space (i.e., a solid-free zone) is created in the combustion zone in order to obtain a better combustion of the pyrolysis gases and a better gasification of the pyrolyzed mass, which reduces the tar content of the gas at the outlet.
  • a void space i.e., a solid-free zone
  • this patent proposes to provide the lower portion of the reduction zone with a mechanism for controlling the transfer of solid material between the reduction zone and the ash collection zone.
  • the lower part of the pyrolysis zone is also provided with funnels and a mobile grid to more or less measure the amount of solid fuel entering the combustion zone.
  • Such a system has the disadvantage that, given the very random nature of solid flows, it is possible for material not yet completely pyrolyzed to enter the combustion zone. In addition, it is also possible that material not yet completely reduced enters the ash collection area. Indeed, in the case where the flow of material entering the combustion zone is faster than expected, the material transfer means to the ash collection area will open more strongly to maintain the empty space in the combustion zone.
  • this inflow can vary depending on the circumstances, for example depending on the physical characteristics of the biomass used (particle size for example) and / or instantaneous characteristics of the flow.
  • the patent NL-8200417 discloses a similar gasifier and proposes to provide the lower part of the pyrolysis zone with a mechanism for transferring solid matter from the pyrolysis zone to the reduction zone while leaving a gap between these two zones.
  • This solid material transfer mechanism comprises a cone placed at a distance from a corresponding conical neck of the tank and being able to be rotated and / or in axial movement in order to agitate the solid material so as to transfer it to the reduction zone. .
  • fuel not yet completely pyrolyzed enters the combustion zone.
  • An object of the invention is to at least partially solve the problems of known gasifiers.
  • the gasifier according to the invention is characterized in that the active transfer means are situated between the first means of admission of a pyrolysis agent and the second means of admission of a gasifying agent and comprise a transfer lock adapted to prevent a direct flow of the solid material from the pyrolysis zone to the reduction zone, said transfer lock being permeable to the pyrolysis gases.
  • a transfer airlock also makes it possible to better regulate the flow rate of solid material discharged into the reduction zone and is thus better able to ensure a space empty (i.e., a solid-free zone) above the reduction zone, which also contributes to reducing the amount of tars in the exit gases.
  • the transfer lock comprises a first turntable having at least a first off-center opening and a second turntable having at least one second off-center opening, the two plates being arranged horizontally and at a distance from one another, thus defining a transfer zone between the two plates, each of the first openings being offset horizontally with respect to each of the second openings, and the transfer zone is provided with a first fixed obstacle relative to the tank.
  • such a preferred device makes it possible, thanks to the decentering and the rotary movement of the first opening, to better distribute the solid fuel sample in the pyrolysis zone.
  • This device thus makes it possible to better approach an ideal flow of the "LILO" type (Last In Last Out) of the solid material in the pyrolysis zone and thus contributes to making the pyrolysis even more complete.
  • this preferred device makes it possible to distribute the solid matter more evenly over the bed of material in the reduction zone, which contributes to a better gasification.
  • a more uniform distribution makes it possible to avoid preferential paths for the gas flow through the reduction zone, which would otherwise lead to a lower completion of the reduction reactions between solid particles and gas flows by a too fast passage of said flows. gaseous in the reduction bed. Both of these effects contribute to further reducing the amount of tars in the exhaust gases.
  • the first rotary plate is surmounted by a second fixed obstacle relative to the tank in order to prevent at least a portion of the solid material located in the pyrolysis zone from being rotated by the rotation of the first plateau, which would disturb otherwise the flow as desired of the material in the pyrolysis zone.
  • the biomass (2) for example wood chips
  • the biomass (2) is introduced into the tank (4) from above by means of the inlet lock (5) (for example a rotary valve) and thus enters the pyrolysis zone ( 10) where it decomposes, under the effect of heat, into volatile matter and into a solid residue rich in carbon generally called “char” or “coke”.
  • This reaction typically occurs in a temperature range between 300 ° C and 700 ° C.
  • Said gas may for example be an oxygen-containing reactive gas which, by burning a fraction of the biomass or products of the decomposition of the biomass, will release the energy required for the pyrolysis. It can also be an inert gas (such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapor) which, preheated, will provide the energy necessary for pyrolysis. It can also be a combination of both types of gas.
  • Other types of means of admission of the pyrolysis agent are of course possible, such as a nozzle dipping vertically in the tank and opening into the pyrolysis zone.
  • the vessel also has active transfer means for actively transferring solid material (essentially “char") from the pyrolysis zone (10) to the reduction zone (30), said transfer means being located between the pyrolysis (10) and the combustion zone (20).
  • the active transfer means are located in the tank between the place (11a) where the first means (11) for admitting the pyrolysis agent are provided for admitting said pyrolysis agent in the tank and the place (21a) where the second means (21) for admitting the gasifying agent are provided to admit said gasifying agent in the tank.
  • These active transfer means comprise a transfer lock (50) able to prevent a direct flow of the solid matter (2) from the pyrolysis zone (10) to the reduction zone (20).
  • transfer means therefore have a dual function: on the one hand, they provide a physical separation for the solid material (2) between the pyrolysis zone (10) and the rest of the reactor (zones 20, 30, 40), and on the other hand they actively control the flow of solid material (2) between these two parts of the reactor (4). It should be noted that these transfer means must allow the passage of volatile materials from the pyrolysis zone to the combustion zone in order to be burned. In other words, said transfer lock is permeable to the pyrolysis gases.
  • Volatiles also known as "pyrolysis gases" entering the combustion zone (20) are partially or completely burned at the second intake means of a gasifying agent (21).
  • These second intake means of a gasifying agent may for example comprise a plurality of nozzle (s) opening laterally into the tank at the combustion zone.
  • This combustion produces mainly carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), water (H 2 O), and of course heat. Typically, temperatures above 1100 ° C are attainable in the combustion zone.
  • the "tank” that has been transferred to the reduction zone will react with the combustion products to form carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ).
  • this reaction typically occurs in a temperature range. between 300 ° C and 800 ° C. This temperature may nevertheless be higher and reach or even exceed 1300 ° C in the case where a higher carbon fuel is used and / or preheated reagents are used.
  • the gases produced by this reaction will be collected at the outlet (6) of the reactor which is located in the bottom of the tank (4).
  • a fuel gas typically comprising about 15% to 30% CO, 10% to 25% of H 2 , 0.5 to 3% of CH 4 , 5% to 15% of CO 2 and 49 % N 2 when using ambient air as a gasifier.
  • the ashes will be harvested in the bottom (40) of the tank.
  • transfer lock device (50) Apart from the transfer lock device (50), such gasifiers are known and therefore will not be entered in more detail in their design or operation. Attention will now be focused on the transfer lock (50), examples of which will be provided hereinafter.
  • the Fig.2 shows a frontal section of an embodiment of a gasifier according to the invention.
  • the transfer lock (50) here comprises a hopper (55) under which is mounted a worm (56) driven by a motor (M), said screw being surrounded by a cylindrical piece (57) opening into the combustion zone .
  • This transfer lock therefore makes it possible to actively transfer the "tank” from the pyrolysis zone (10) to the reduction zone (30), while preventing a direct flow of the "tank from the pyrolysis zone to the reduction zone.
  • the flow rate of "char” may for example be adjusted by acting on the speed of rotation of the motor (M). In particular, this flow rate will be adjusted so as to leave permanently a solids vacuum above the reduction zone.
  • the control of the motor speed (M) can be done in a closed loop. Presence detectors for solid matter in the combustion zone can be used for this purpose.
  • the material transfer means comprise a transfer lock, of which an inlet (pyrolysis zone side) is formed by a plurality of transverse bars spaced and parallel to one another, at least one of said bars being rotatable and preferably having a polygonal section (for example a square section), and an output (combustion zone side) is formed by one or more movable flaps.
  • the distance between two adjacent bars and their respective sections shall be designed in such a way that, in the absence of rotation of the rod (s) which is (are) rotatable among the two adjacent bars, the material solid remains locked above said two adjacent bars by a vault effect based on said two adjacent bars.
  • the Fig.3 shows a frontal section of a preferred embodiment of a gasifier according to the invention.
  • the transfer lock (50) here comprises a first turntable (51) having at least a first opening (61) and a second turntable (52) having at least a second opening (62).
  • the two plates are arranged horizontally and at a distance from one another, so as to form a transfer zone between the two plates.
  • the two plates are preferably connected to a central shaft (100) vertical axis Z can be rotated, for example by means of a motor (101).
  • the two openings (61, 62) are off-center with respect to the Z axis and they are also horizontally offset relative to each other, so that the "tank" (2) can not pass directly from the pyrolysis zone (10) to the reduction zone (30).
  • the first openings (61) of the first plate are designed not to cover the second openings (62) of the second plate.
  • the trays (51, 52) have a circular shape and the tank (4) has a circular cross section whose diameter at the trays is slightly greater than the diameter of the trays.
  • the transfer zone between the two plates is also provided with a first obstacle (70) fixed relative to the tank. It may be for example one or more transverse bar (s) attached (s) directly or indirectly to the tank (4).
  • This obstacle makes it possible to prevent the solid material from being caused by the rotational movement of the second plate (52) and thus to force said material to pass through the second opening (62) when it comes opposite the second opening.
  • the Fig.4 shows a cross-sectional view (AA) of the gasifier of the Fig. 3 .
  • the first fixed obstacle comprises at least a first fixed crosspiece extending radially relative to the plates.
  • the motor (101) may have a continuous rotary motion or a clockwise-counterclockwise oscillating movement. In the case of a continuous rotary movement, the rotational speed of the motor will for example be of the order of 5 to 15 revolutions per hour.
  • the motor (101) will be slaved to the "char" demand in the reduction zone (30) and so as to maintain a vacuum above the material bed in the reduction zone. To this end, it is possible to provide a high level sensor and a low level sensor of "char" in the reduction zone and to control the motor (101) so that it starts to rotate when a low level is detected and for it stops when a high level is detected.
  • the Fig.5 shows a cross-sectional view (AA) of a preferred embodiment of the gasifier of the Fig. 3 .
  • the first fixed obstacle comprises at least a first fixed cross member (71) extending radially relative to the plates and in addition at least one other cross member (72) angularly offset relative to the at least one first crosspiece (71) and extending partially radially from the outside to a center of the trays.
  • the other cross member (72) extends about half of a radius of a tray (51, 52).
  • This other crosspiece (72) prevents the material from accumulating to the right of the first crossbar (71) when the trays are rotating, which would otherwise harm a distribution uniformly the material in the reduction zone, without creating too small spaces in the central region of the transfer zone, that is to say near the central shaft (100).
  • the Fig.6 shows a front cut of a more preferred embodiment of a gasifier according to the Fig.3 .
  • the first plate (51) is surmounted by a second obstacle (80) fixed relative to the tank, such as a radial cross member for example.
  • This second obstacle makes it possible to prevent the solid material (2) in the pyrolysis zone (10) from being rotated by the rotational movement of the first plate (51) and thus to ensure a more homogeneous flow. (LILO) matter from top to bottom.
  • the second fixed obstacle is mounted so as to be aligned relative to the first fixed obstacle in the direction of the vertical axis Z.
  • the first fixed obstacle comprises for example four radial crosspieces (71) as illustrated in FIG. the Fig. 5
  • the second fixed obstacle will preferably also comprise four radial crosspieces aligned vertically with respect to the four radial crosspieces (71) of the first obstacle.
  • the Fig.7 shows a front cut of a more preferred embodiment of a gasifier according to the Fig.3 .
  • the vessel (4) further comprises shearing means (90) for shearing, in a transverse plane, the solid material (2) located in the pyrolysis zone (10).
  • these shearing means (90) are located just above the second obstacle (80).
  • These shearing means make it possible to avoid the formation of vaults of solid material (2) in the pyrolysis zone, by breaking the bases of these vaults which generally rest on the second obstacle (80). This results in a more homogeneous flow (“LILO”) of the material.
  • LILO homogeneous flow
  • the shearing means comprise a movable knife (91) extending substantially horizontally in the vessel (4).
  • the knife (91) is attached to the central shaft (100) so that it can be rotated by the latter.
  • the knife (91) can be rotated or translated by own drive means.
  • the invention also relates to a gas production and combustion unit comprising a gasifier as described above for producing said gas. It can act for example an assembly comprising a gasifier as described above and an internal combustion engine, the outlet (6) of the gasifier being connected to a fuel intake system of the engine.
  • a carbonaceous solid fuel gasifier comprising a vertical vessel (4), said vessel comprising successively, starting from the top to the bottom: an inlet (5) of carbonaceous solid fuel ( 2) to gasify, a pyrolysis zone (10) of said fuel to produce pyrolysis gases and "char", a combustion zone (20) of the pyrolysis gases, a reduction zone (30) of the "char”, an outlet (6) of gas, and an ash harvesting area (40).
  • the pyrolysis zone (10) is separated from the combustion zone (20) by active transfer means comprising a transfer lock (50) able to transfer the fuel (2) from the pyrolysis zone (10) to the reduction zone (30) without said fuel being able to flow directly from the zone pyrolysis (10) to the reduction zone (30), thereby allowing better control of the flow rate of solid material between these two zones.
  • active transfer means comprising a transfer lock (50) able to transfer the fuel (2) from the pyrolysis zone (10) to the reduction zone (30) without said fuel being able to flow directly from the zone pyrolysis (10) to the reduction zone (30), thereby allowing better control of the flow rate of solid material between these two zones.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
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Description

Domaine de l'inventionField of the invention

L'invention se rapporte à un gazéifieur à co-courant et à lit fixe pour la gazéification d'un combustible solide carboné, tel que par exemple de la biomasse solide. Plus particulièrement, l'invention se rapporte à un tel gazéifieur comportant une cuve verticale présentant successivement et de haut en bas :

  • un sas d'entrée pour introduire le combustible dans la cuve,
  • une zone de pyrolyse pour pyrolyser le combustible introduit dans la cuve et comportant des premiers moyens d'admission d'un agent de pyrolyse,
  • une zone de combustion pour bruler des gaz de pyrolyse provenant de la zone de pyrolyse et comportant des seconds moyens d'admission d'un agent gazéifiant,
  • une zone de réduction pour gazéifier du combustible carbonisé provenant de la zone de pyrolyse,
  • une sortie pour récolter des gaz provenant de la zone de réduction,
  • une zone pour collecter et évacuer des cendres,
The invention relates to a cocurrent and fixed bed gasifier for the gasification of a carbonaceous solid fuel, such as for example solid biomass. More particularly, the invention relates to such a gasifier comprising a vertical vessel having successively and from top to bottom:
  • an airlock to introduce the fuel into the tank,
  • a pyrolysis zone for pyrolyzing the fuel introduced into the tank and comprising first means for admitting a pyrolysis agent,
  • a combustion zone for combusting pyrolysis gases from the pyrolysis zone and comprising second means for admitting a gasifying agent,
  • a reduction zone for gasifying carbonized fuel from the pyrolysis zone,
  • an outlet for collecting gases from the reduction zone,
  • an area for collecting and evacuating ashes,

Ladite cuve comporte par ailleurs des moyens de transfert actifs pour transférer activement de la matière solide de la zone de pyrolyse vers la zone de réduction, lesdits moyens de transfert actifs étant situés entre la zone de pyrolyse et la zone de combustion. En d'autres termes, les moyens de transfert actifs sont situés dans la cuve entre l'endroit où les premiers moyens d'admission de l'agent de pyrolyse sont prévus pour admettre ledit agent de pyrolyse dans la cuve et l'endroit où les seconds moyens d'admission de l'agent gazéifiant sont prévus pour admettre ledit agent gazéifiant dans la cuve.Said tank further comprises active transfer means for actively transferring solid material from the pyrolysis zone to the reduction zone, said active transfer means being located between the pyrolysis zone and the combustion zone. In other words, the active transfer means are located in the tank between the place where the first admission means of the pyrolysis agent are provided for admitting said pyrolysis agent in the tank and the place where the second intake means of the gasifying agent are provided to admit said gasifying agent in the tank.

Par « agent de pyrolyse », il faut comprendre un gaz neutre ou réactif qui apportera l'énergie nécessaire à la montée en température du combustible solide contenu dans la zone de pyrolyse. Cette énergie peut être soit véhiculée par le gaz lui-même soit être générée par la réaction de gaz avec les produits contenus dans la zone de pyrolyse. Ledit agent de pyrolyse peut donc par exemple être de l'air ambiant préchauffé, un gaz à plus forte concentration en oxygène, de la vapeur d'eau, du dioxyde de carbone, un gaz combustible ou encore un mélange de ces gaz.By "pyrolysis agent" it is necessary to understand a neutral or reactive gas which will provide the energy necessary for the temperature rise of the solid fuel contained in the pyrolysis zone. This energy can be either carried by the gas itself or be generated by the reaction of gas with the products contained in the pyrolysis zone. Said pyrolysis agent may therefore for example be preheated ambient air, a gas with a higher concentration of oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, a fuel gas or a mixture of these gases.

Par « agent gazéifiant, il faut comprendre un gaz apte à réagir avec le carbone et/ou avec l'hydrogène contenu dans le combustible solide Ledit agent gazéifiant peut donc par exemple être de l'air ambiant, un gaz à plus forte concentration en oxygène, de la vapeur d'eau, du dioxyde de carbone ou encore un mélange de ces gaz.By "gasifying agent, it is necessary to understand a gas capable of reacting with the carbon and / or with the hydrogen contained in the solid fuel. Said gasifying agent may therefore for example be ambient air, a gas with a higher oxygen concentration. , water vapor, carbon dioxide or a mixture of these gases.

L'invention se rapporte aussi à une unité de production et de combustion de gaz comportant un tel gazéifieur pour produire ledit gaz.The invention also relates to a gas production and combustion unit comprising such a gasifier for producing said gas.

État de la techniqueState of the art

De tels gazéifieurs sont connus et permettent de produire un gaz combustible à partir d'un combustible solide carboné, en particulier à partir de déchets de bois, tels que ceux provenant par exemple de scieries ou de d'exploitations forestières, ou à partir de sous-produits d'agriculture (paille, etc...), ou encore à partir de bois recyclé. Ce gaz combustible contient notamment du monoxyde de carbone et de l'hydrogène et peut ensuite être utilisé à diverses fins telles que par exemple pour alimenter une turbine à gaz ou un moteur à combustion interne ou une chaudière ou un four.Such gasifiers are known and make it possible to produce a combustible gas from a carbonaceous solid fuel, in particular from wood waste, such as those originating, for example, from sawmills or from forestry operations, or from - agricultural products (straw, etc ...), or from recycled wood. This combustible gas contains in particular carbon monoxide and hydrogen and can then be used for various purposes such as, for example, for supplying a gas turbine or an internal combustion engine or a boiler or an oven.

Toutefois, la plupart des gazéifieurs à co-courant connus fournissent un gaz comportant également une quantité non négligeable de goudrons, ce qui peut nuire au bon fonctionnement des machines utilisant un tel gaz comme combustible. Différentes solutions ont donc été proposées afin de réduire la teneur en goudrons du gaz produit par de tels gazéifieurs.However, most known co-current gasifiers provide a gas also comprising a significant amount of tars, which can adversely affect the operation of machines using such gas as fuel. Various solutions have therefore been proposed to reduce the tar content of the gas produced by such gasifiers.

Le brevet EP 1248828 divulgue par exemple un gazéifieur dans lequel un espace vide (c'est-à-dire une zone exempte de matière solide) est créé dans la zone de combustion afin d'obtenir une meilleure combustion des gaz de pyrolyse ainsi qu'une meilleure gazéification de la masse pyrolysée, ce qui permet de réduire la teneur en goudrons du gaz à la sortie. Pour créer cet espace vide, ce brevet propose de munir la partie inférieure de la zone de réduction d'un mécanisme permettant de régler le transfert de matière solide entre la zone de réduction et la zone de collecte des cendres.
La partie inférieure de la zone de pyrolyse est par ailleurs munie d'entonnoirs et d'une grille mobile pour plus ou moins doser la quantité de combustible solide entrant dans la zone de combustion.The patent EP 1248828 discloses, for example, a gasifier in which a void space (i.e., a solid-free zone) is created in the combustion zone in order to obtain a better combustion of the pyrolysis gases and a better gasification of the pyrolyzed mass, which reduces the tar content of the gas at the outlet. To create this empty space, this patent proposes to provide the lower portion of the reduction zone with a mechanism for controlling the transfer of solid material between the reduction zone and the ash collection zone.
The lower part of the pyrolysis zone is also provided with funnels and a mobile grid to more or less measure the amount of solid fuel entering the combustion zone.

Un tel système présente l'inconvénient que, vu la nature très aléatoire des écoulements de solides, il est possible que de la matière non encore complètement pyrolysée entre dans la zone de combustion. Par ailleurs, il se pourrait aussi que de la matière non encore complètement réduite entre dans la zone de collecte des cendres. En effet, dans le cas où le débit de matière entrant dans la zone de combustion est plus rapide que prévu, les moyens de transfert de matière vers la zone de collecte des cendres s'ouvriront plus fortement afin de maintenir l'espace vide dans la zone de combustion. Or, ce débit entrant peut varier selon les circonstances, par exemple en fonction des caractéristiques physiques de la biomasse utilisée (granulométrie par exemple) et/ou des caractéristiques instantanées de l'écoulement.Such a system has the disadvantage that, given the very random nature of solid flows, it is possible for material not yet completely pyrolyzed to enter the combustion zone. In addition, it is also possible that material not yet completely reduced enters the ash collection area. Indeed, in the case where the flow of material entering the combustion zone is faster than expected, the material transfer means to the ash collection area will open more strongly to maintain the empty space in the combustion zone. However, this inflow can vary depending on the circumstances, for example depending on the physical characteristics of the biomass used (particle size for example) and / or instantaneous characteristics of the flow.

Le brevet NL-8200417 divulgue un gazéifieur similaire et propose de munir la partie inférieure de la zone de pyrolyse d'un mécanisme permettant de transférer de la matière solide de la zone de pyrolyse vers la zone de réduction tout en laissant un espace vide entre ces deux zones. Ce mécanisme de transfert de matière solide comporte un cône placé à distance d'un étranglement conique correspondant de la cuve et pouvant être mis en rotation et/ou en mouvement axial afin d'agiter la matière solide pour ainsi la transférer vers la zone de réduction. Ici aussi, vu la nature très aléatoire des écoulements des solides, il est possible que du combustible non encore complètement pyrolysé entre dans la zone de combustion. Comme pour l'exemple précédent, des phénomènes dits « de cheminée » et/ou « d'avalanche » (référence était faite à la nature de l'écoulement solide) peuvent par exemple apparaître dans la zone de pyrolyse. Le cas échéant, de la matière solide fraîchement introduite dans la cuve (et donc non encore complètement pyrolysée) pourrait être entraînée vers la zone de réduction par le mécanisme de transfert, ce qui provoquera une augmentation de la teneur en goudrons du gaz à la sortie. Le brevet US 4,156,394 divulgue un gazéfieur à co-courant avec un sas et avec des moyens de transfert. Le sas n'est pas perméable aux gaz de pyrolyse. Bien que forts différents dans leur structure et leur fonctionnement, il existe aussi des gazéifieurs à contre-courant tels que celui décrit dans le brevet WO-2008/107727 et qui fait également appel à une grille mobile pour plus ou moins doser la matière solide entrant dans la zone de réduction. Une telle grille mobile présente les mêmes inconvénients que ceux décrits ci-dessus.The patent NL-8200417 discloses a similar gasifier and proposes to provide the lower part of the pyrolysis zone with a mechanism for transferring solid matter from the pyrolysis zone to the reduction zone while leaving a gap between these two zones. This solid material transfer mechanism comprises a cone placed at a distance from a corresponding conical neck of the tank and being able to be rotated and / or in axial movement in order to agitate the solid material so as to transfer it to the reduction zone. . Here too, given the very random nature of the solids flows, it is possible that fuel not yet completely pyrolyzed enters the combustion zone. As for the example Previous, so-called "chimney" phenomena and / or "avalanche" (reference was made to the nature of the solid flow) can for example appear in the pyrolysis zone. If necessary, solid material freshly introduced into the vessel (and thus not yet completely pyrolyzed) could be driven to the reduction zone by the transfer mechanism, which will cause an increase in the tart content of the gas at the outlet. . The patent US 4,156,394 discloses a co-current gasifier with an airlock and with transfer means. The airlock is not permeable to pyrolysis gases. Although very different in their structure and operation, there are also countercurrent gasifiers such as that described in the patent. WO-2008/107727 and which also uses a movable gate to more or less dose the solid material entering the reduction zone. Such a moving gate has the same disadvantages as those described above.

Résumé de l'inventionSummary of the invention

Un but de l'invention est de résoudre au moins partiellement les problèmes des gazéificateurs connus.An object of the invention is to at least partially solve the problems of known gasifiers.

A cette fin, le gazéifieur selon l'invention est caractérisé en ce que les moyens de transfert actifs sont situés entre les premiers moyens d'admission d'un agent de pyrolyse et les seconds moyens d'admission d'un agent gazéifiant et comportent un sas de transfert apte à empêcher un écoulement direct de la matière solide de la zone de pyrolyse vers la zone de réduction, ledit sas de transfert étant perméable aux gaz de pyrolyse.For this purpose, the gasifier according to the invention is characterized in that the active transfer means are situated between the first means of admission of a pyrolysis agent and the second means of admission of a gasifying agent and comprise a transfer lock adapted to prevent a direct flow of the solid material from the pyrolysis zone to the reduction zone, said transfer lock being permeable to the pyrolysis gases.

En effet, grâce à un tel sas de transfert, il devient possible de mieux contrôler le transfert de matière solide de la zone de pyrolyse vers la zone de réduction et ainsi de réduire la quantité de combustible non encore entièrement pyrolysé entrant dans ladite zone de réduction, ce qui contribue à réduire la quantité de goudrons dans les gaz de sortie. Un sas de transfert permet également de mieux régler le débit de matière solide déversé dans la zone de réduction est ainsi de mieux assurer un espace vide (c'est-à-dire une zone exempte de matière solide) au dessus de la zone de réduction, ce qui contribue également à réduire la quantité de goudrons dans les gaz de sortie.Indeed, thanks to such a transfer lock, it becomes possible to better control the transfer of solid material from the pyrolysis zone to the reduction zone and thus reduce the amount of fuel not yet fully pyrolyzed entering said reduction zone , which helps reduce the amount of tars in the exhaust gases. A transfer airlock also makes it possible to better regulate the flow rate of solid material discharged into the reduction zone and is thus better able to ensure a space empty (i.e., a solid-free zone) above the reduction zone, which also contributes to reducing the amount of tars in the exit gases.

De préférence, le sas de transfert comporte un premier plateau rotatif comportant au moins une première ouverture décentrée et un deuxième plateau rotatif comportant au moins une deuxième ouverture décentrée, les deux plateaux étant disposés horizontalement et à une distance l'un de l'autre, définissant ainsi une zone de transfert entre les deux plateaux, chacune des premières ouvertures étant décalée horizontalement par rapport à chacune des deuxièmes ouvertures, et la zone de transfert est munie d'un premier obstacle fixe par rapport à la cuve.Preferably, the transfer lock comprises a first turntable having at least a first off-center opening and a second turntable having at least one second off-center opening, the two plates being arranged horizontally and at a distance from one another, thus defining a transfer zone between the two plates, each of the first openings being offset horizontally with respect to each of the second openings, and the transfer zone is provided with a first fixed obstacle relative to the tank.

En plus des avantages cités ci-dessus, un tel dispositif préféré permet, grâce au décentrage et au mouvement rotatif de la première ouverture de mieux répartir le prélèvement de combustible solide dans la zone de pyrolyse. Ce dispositif permet donc de mieux s'approcher d'un écoulement idéal du type « LILO » (Last In Last Out = dernier entré, dernier sorti) de la matière solide dans la zone de pyrolyse et il contribue ainsi à rendre la pyrolyse encore plus complète.In addition to the advantages mentioned above, such a preferred device makes it possible, thanks to the decentering and the rotary movement of the first opening, to better distribute the solid fuel sample in the pyrolysis zone. This device thus makes it possible to better approach an ideal flow of the "LILO" type (Last In Last Out) of the solid material in the pyrolysis zone and thus contributes to making the pyrolysis even more complete.

Par ailleurs, grâce au décentrage et au mouvement rotatif de la deuxième ouverture, ce dispositif préféré permet de répartir la matière solide plus uniformément sur le lit de matière dans la zone de réduction, ce qui contribue à une meilleure gazéification. Une répartition plus uniforme permet en effet d'éviter des chemins préférentiels pour le flux gazeux à travers la zone de réduction, chemins qui donneraient sinon lieu à un moindre achèvement des réactions de réduction entre particules solides et flux gazeux par un passage trop rapide desdits flux gazeux dans le lit de réduction.
Les deux effets précités contribuent à réduire encore plus la quantité de goudrons dans les gaz de sortie.Moreover, thanks to the decentering and the rotary movement of the second opening, this preferred device makes it possible to distribute the solid matter more evenly over the bed of material in the reduction zone, which contributes to a better gasification. A more uniform distribution makes it possible to avoid preferential paths for the gas flow through the reduction zone, which would otherwise lead to a lower completion of the reduction reactions between solid particles and gas flows by a too fast passage of said flows. gaseous in the reduction bed.
Both of these effects contribute to further reducing the amount of tars in the exhaust gases.

Notons que, comme le premier obstacle est fixe par rapport à la cuve, cela a pour effet d'empêcher au moins une partie de la matière solide d'être entrainée en rotation par la rotation du premier et/ou du second plateau, ce qui permet une vidange effective de la zone de transfert au travers de la deuxième ouverture.Note that since the first obstacle is fixed relative to the tank, this has the effect of preventing at least a portion of the solid material from being rotated by the rotation of the first and / or second plate, which allows effective emptying of the transfer zone through the second opening.

De préférence, le premier plateau rotatif est surmonté d'un deuxième obstacle fixe par rapport à la cuve afin d'éviter qu'au moins une partie de la matière solide située dans la zone de pyrolyse ne soit entrainée en rotation par la rotation du premier plateau, ce qui perturberait sinon l'écoulement tel que souhaité de la matière dans la zone de pyrolyse.Preferably, the first rotary plate is surmounted by a second fixed obstacle relative to the tank in order to prevent at least a portion of the solid material located in the pyrolysis zone from being rotated by the rotation of the first plateau, which would disturb otherwise the flow as desired of the material in the pyrolysis zone.

Brève description des figuresBrief description of the figures

Ces aspects ainsi que d'autres aspects de l'invention seront clarifiés dans la description détaillée de modes de réalisation particuliers de l'invention, référence étant faite aux dessins des figures, dans lesquelles :

Fig.1
montre schématiquement une coupe frontale d'un gazéifieur selon l'invention;
Fig.2
montre une coupe frontale d'un mode de réalisation d'un gazéifieur selon l'invention;
Fig.3
montre une coupe frontale d'un mode de réalisation préféré d'un gazéifieur selon l'invention;
Fig.4
montre un vue en coupe transversale (AA) du gazéifieur de la Fig. 3;
Fig.5
montre un vue en coupe transversale (AA) d'un mode de réalisation préféré du gazéifieur de la Fig. 3;
Fig.6
montre une coupe frontale d'un mode de réalisation plus préféré d'un gazéifieur selon la Fig.3;
Fig.7
montre une coupe frontale d'un mode de réalisation plus préféré d'un gazéifieur selon la Fig.3.
These and other aspects of the invention will be clarified in the detailed description of particular embodiments of the invention, with reference to the drawings of the figures, in which:
Fig.1
shows schematically a frontal section of a gasifier according to the invention;
Fig.2
shows a frontal section of an embodiment of a gasifier according to the invention;
Fig.3
shows a frontal section of a preferred embodiment of a gasifier according to the invention;
Fig.4
shows a cross-sectional view (AA) of the gasifier of the Fig. 3 ;
Fig.5
shows a cross-sectional view (AA) of a preferred embodiment of the gasifier of the Fig. 3 ;
Fig.6
shows a front cut of a more preferred embodiment of a gasifier according to the Fig.3 ;
Fig.7
shows a front cut of a more preferred embodiment of a gasifier according to the Fig.3 .

Les dessins des figures ne sont pas à l'échelle. Généralement, des éléments semblables sont dénotés par des références semblables dans les figures.The drawings of the figures are not to scale. Generally, similar elements are denoted by similar references in the figures.

Description détaillée de modes de réalisation particuliersDetailed description of particular embodiments

Les modes de réalisation décrits ci-après utilisent de la biomasse solide en tant que combustible exemplaire, mail il sera évident que tout autre type de combustible solide carboné conviendra également.The embodiments described below use solid biomass as an exemplary fuel, so it will be obvious that any other type of carbonaceous solid fuel will also be suitable.

La Fig.1 montre schématiquement une coupe frontale d'un gazéifieur (1) selon l'invention. Ce gazéifieur est formé par un réacteur sous forme d'une cuve verticale (4) comportant successivement et de haut en bas :

  • un sas d'entrée (5) pour introduire la biomasse (2) dans la cuve,
  • une zone de pyrolyse (10) pour pyrolyser la biomasse introduite dans la cuve et comportant des premiers moyens d'admission d'un agent de pyrolyse (11),
  • une zone de combustion (20) pour bruler des gaz de pyrolyse provenant de la zone de pyrolyse et comportant des seconds moyens d'admission d'un agent gazéifiant (21),
  • une zone de réduction (30) pour gazéifier de la biomasse carbonisée provenant de la zone de pyrolyse,
  • une sortie (6) pour récolter des gaz provenant de la zone de réduction, et
  • une zone (40) pour collecter et évacuer des cendres.
The Fig.1 shows schematically a frontal section of a gasifier (1) according to the invention. This gasifier is formed by a reactor in the form of a vertical vessel (4) comprising successively and from top to bottom:
  • an airlock (5) for introducing the biomass (2) into the tank,
  • a pyrolysis zone (10) for pyrolyzing the biomass introduced into the tank and comprising first means for admitting a pyrolysis agent (11),
  • a combustion zone (20) for combusting pyrolysis gases from the pyrolysis zone and comprising second means for admitting a gasifying agent (21),
  • a reduction zone (30) for gasifying carbonized biomass from the pyrolysis zone,
  • an outlet (6) for harvesting gases from the reduction zone, and
  • an area (40) for collecting and discharging ashes.

La biomasse (2), par exemple des copeaux de bois, est introduite dans la cuve (4) par le haut au moyen du sas d'entrée (5) (par exemple une vanne rotative) et entre ainsi dans la zone de pyrolyse (10) où elle se décompose, sous l'effet de la chaleur, en matières volatiles et en en un résidu solide riche en carbone généralement appelé « char » ou « coke ». Cette réaction se produit typiquement dans une gamme de température entre 300 °C et 700°C.The biomass (2), for example wood chips, is introduced into the tank (4) from above by means of the inlet lock (5) (for example a rotary valve) and thus enters the pyrolysis zone ( 10) where it decomposes, under the effect of heat, into volatile matter and into a solid residue rich in carbon generally called "char" or "coke". This reaction typically occurs in a temperature range between 300 ° C and 700 ° C.

Les premiers moyens d'admission d'un agent de pyrolyse (11) - par exemple une ou plusieurs tuyère(s) débouchant latéralement dans la cuve au niveau de la zone de pyrolyse - permettent d'y introduire un gaz qui apportera directement ou indirectement l'énergie nécessaire à la décomposition partielle ou totale de la biomasse en matières volatiles et en « char ». Ledit gaz peut par exemple être un gaz réactif contenant de l'oxygène qui, en brulant une fraction de la biomasse ou des produits de la décomposition de la biomasse, dégagera l'énergie nécessaire à la pyrolyse. Il peut également s'agir d'un gaz inerte (tel le dioxyde de carbone, l'azote, la vapeur d'eau) qui, préchauffé, apportera l'énergie nécessaire à la pyrolyse. Il peut également s'agir d'une combinaison de ces deux types de gaz. D'autres types de moyens d'admission de l'agent de pyrolyse sont bien entendu possibles, tel qu'une tuyère plongeant verticalement dans la cuve et débouchant dans la zone de pyrolyse.The first admission means of a pyrolysis agent (11) - for example one or more nozzle (s) opening laterally in the tank at the pyrolysis zone - allow to introduce a gas that will directly or indirectly the energy necessary for the partial or total decomposition of the biomass into volatile materials and "char". Said gas may for example be an oxygen-containing reactive gas which, by burning a fraction of the biomass or products of the decomposition of the biomass, will release the energy required for the pyrolysis. It can also be an inert gas (such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapor) which, preheated, will provide the energy necessary for pyrolysis. It can also be a combination of both types of gas. Other types of means of admission of the pyrolysis agent are of course possible, such as a nozzle dipping vertically in the tank and opening into the pyrolysis zone.

La cuve comporte également des moyens de transfert actifs pour transférer activement de la matière solide (essentiellement du « char ») de la zone de pyrolyse (10) vers la zone de réduction (30), lesdits moyens de transfert étant situés entre la zone de pyrolyse (10) et la zone de combustion (20). En d'autres termes, les moyens de transfert actifs sont situés dans la cuve entre l'endroit (11a) où les premiers moyens (11) d'admission de l'agent de pyrolyse sont prévus pour admettre ledit agent de pyrolyse dans la cuve et l'endroit (21a) où les seconds moyens (21) d'admission de l'agent gazéifiant sont prévus pour admettre ledit agent gazéifiant dans la cuve.
Ces moyens de transfert actifs comportent un sas de transfert (50) apte à empêcher un écoulement direct de la matière solide (2) de la zone de pyrolyse (10) vers la zone de réduction (20).
Ces moyens de transfert ont donc une double fonction : d'une part ils fournissent une séparation physique pour la matière solide (2) entre la zone de pyrolyse (10) et le reste du réacteur (zones 20, 30, 40), et d'autre part ils permettent de contrôler activement le débit de matière solide (2) entre ces deux parties du réacteur (4). Il est à noter que ces moyens de transfert doivent permettre le passage des matières volatiles de la zone de pyrolyse vers la zone de combustion afin d'y être brulées. En d'autres termes, ledit sas de transfert est perméable aux gaz de pyrolyse.The vessel also has active transfer means for actively transferring solid material (essentially "char") from the pyrolysis zone (10) to the reduction zone (30), said transfer means being located between the pyrolysis (10) and the combustion zone (20). In other words, the active transfer means are located in the tank between the place (11a) where the first means (11) for admitting the pyrolysis agent are provided for admitting said pyrolysis agent in the tank and the place (21a) where the second means (21) for admitting the gasifying agent are provided to admit said gasifying agent in the tank.
These active transfer means comprise a transfer lock (50) able to prevent a direct flow of the solid matter (2) from the pyrolysis zone (10) to the reduction zone (20).
These transfer means therefore have a dual function: on the one hand, they provide a physical separation for the solid material (2) between the pyrolysis zone (10) and the rest of the reactor (zones 20, 30, 40), and on the other hand they actively control the flow of solid material (2) between these two parts of the reactor (4). It should be noted that these transfer means must allow the passage of volatile materials from the pyrolysis zone to the combustion zone in order to be burned. In other words, said transfer lock is permeable to the pyrolysis gases.

Des exemples de réalisation seront fournis ci-après.Examples of embodiments will be provided below.

Les matières volatiles (aussi appelés « gaz de pyrolyse ») entrant dans la zone de combustion (20) y sont brulées partiellement ou totalement à hauteur des seconds moyens d'admission d'un agent gazéifiant (21). Ces seconds moyens d'admission d'un agent gazéifiant peuvent par exemple comporter une plusieurs tuyère(s) débouchant latéralement dans la cuve au niveau de la zone de combustion. Cette combustion produit essentiellement du dioxyde de carbone (CO2), de l'eau (H2O), et bien entendu de la chaleur. Typiquement, des températures supérieures à 1100 °C sont atteignables dans la zone de combustion.
Le « char » qui a été transféré dans la zone de réduction réagira avec les produits de combustion pour former notamment du monoxyde de carbone (CO) et de l'hydrogène (H2).
Dans le cas par exemple d'une réaction autothermique de matériaux ligno-cellulosiques - tel que le bois - et de l'utilisation d'air ambiant à température ambiante en tant qu'agent gazéifiant, cette réaction se produit typiquement dans une gamme de température comprise entre 300 °C et 800°C. Cette température pourra néanmoins être plus élevée et atteindre ou même dépasser 1300 °C dans le cas où on utilise un combustible plus riche en carbone et/ou qu'on utilise des réactifs préchauffés.
Les gaz produits par cette réaction seront récoltés à la sortie (6) du réacteur qui est située dans le bas de la cuve (4). On retrouve ainsi à la sortie (6) un gaz combustible comprenant typiquement environ 15% à 30% de CO, 10% à 25% de H2, 0.5 à 3% de CH4 , 5% à 15% de CO2 et 49% de N2 lorsqu'un utilise de l'air ambiant comme agent gazéifiant.
Les cendres seront récoltées dans le fond (40) de la cuve.Volatiles (also known as "pyrolysis gases") entering the combustion zone (20) are partially or completely burned at the second intake means of a gasifying agent (21). These second intake means of a gasifying agent may for example comprise a plurality of nozzle (s) opening laterally into the tank at the combustion zone. This combustion produces mainly carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), water (H 2 O), and of course heat. Typically, temperatures above 1100 ° C are attainable in the combustion zone.
The "tank" that has been transferred to the reduction zone will react with the combustion products to form carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ).
In the case for example of an autothermic reaction of lignocellulosic materials - such as wood - and the use of ambient air at room temperature as a gasifying agent, this reaction typically occurs in a temperature range. between 300 ° C and 800 ° C. This temperature may nevertheless be higher and reach or even exceed 1300 ° C in the case where a higher carbon fuel is used and / or preheated reagents are used.
The gases produced by this reaction will be collected at the outlet (6) of the reactor which is located in the bottom of the tank (4). There is thus at the outlet (6) a fuel gas typically comprising about 15% to 30% CO, 10% to 25% of H 2 , 0.5 to 3% of CH 4 , 5% to 15% of CO 2 and 49 % N 2 when using ambient air as a gasifier.
The ashes will be harvested in the bottom (40) of the tank.

Mis à part le dispositif de sas de transfert (50), de tels gazéifieurs sont connus et il ne sera donc pas entré plus en détails dans leur conception ou leur fonctionnement. L'attention sera à présent portée sur le sas de transfert (50), dont des exemples de réalisation seront fournis ci-après.Apart from the transfer lock device (50), such gasifiers are known and therefore will not be entered in more detail in their design or operation. Attention will now be focused on the transfer lock (50), examples of which will be provided hereinafter.

La Fig.2 montre une coupe frontale d'un mode de réalisation d'un gazéifieur selon l'invention. Le sas de transfert (50) comporte ici une trémie (55) sous laquelle est montée une vis sans fin (56) entrainée par un moteur (M), ladite vis étant entourée par une pièce cylindrique (57) débouchant dans la zone de combustion.
Ce sas de transfert permet donc de transférer activement du « char » de la zone de pyrolyse (10) vers la zone de réduction (30), tout en empêchant un écoulement direct du « char de la zone de pyrolyse vers la zone de réduction. Le débit de « char » pourra par exemple être réglé en agissant sur la vitesse de rotation du moteur (M). En particulier, ce débit sera réglé de manière à laisser en permanence un vide de matière solide au dessus de la zone de réduction. Avantageusement, le contrôle de la vitesse du moteur (M) pourra se faire en boucle fermée. Des détecteurs de présence de matière solide dans la zone de combustion peuvent être utilisés à cet effet.The Fig.2 shows a frontal section of an embodiment of a gasifier according to the invention. The transfer lock (50) here comprises a hopper (55) under which is mounted a worm (56) driven by a motor (M), said screw being surrounded by a cylindrical piece (57) opening into the combustion zone .
This transfer lock therefore makes it possible to actively transfer the "tank" from the pyrolysis zone (10) to the reduction zone (30), while preventing a direct flow of the "tank from the pyrolysis zone to the reduction zone. The flow rate of "char" may for example be adjusted by acting on the speed of rotation of the motor (M). In particular, this flow rate will be adjusted so as to leave permanently a solids vacuum above the reduction zone. Advantageously, the control of the motor speed (M) can be done in a closed loop. Presence detectors for solid matter in the combustion zone can be used for this purpose.

D'autres mécanismes de transfert de matière peuvent être envisagés, tel que par exemple un sas de transfert à double porte coulissante (par exemple une porte d'entrée dirigée vers la zone de pyrolyse et un porte de sortie dirigée vers la zone de combustion, la porte d'entrée étant ouverte lorsque la porte de sortie est fermée et vice-versa ; on peut aussi envisager plusieurs portes d'entrée et plusieurs portes de sortie), auquel cas le débit de « char » pourra être réglé en agissant sur les rythmes d'ouverture et de fermeture desdites portes d'entrée et de sortie. A noter que lesdites portes d'entrée et de sortie ne peuvent pas être étanches au gaz car le sas de transfert doit pouvoir laisser passer en permanence les gaz de pyrolyse.Other material transfer mechanisms may be envisaged, such as, for example, a double sliding door lock (for example an entry door directed towards the pyrolysis zone and an exit door directed towards the combustion zone, the entrance door is open when the exit door is closed and vice versa, it is also possible to envisage several entry doors and several exit doors), in which case the "char" flow rate can be adjusted by acting on the opening and closing rhythms of said entry and exit doors. Note that said inlet and outlet doors can not be gastight because the transfer lock must be able to let the pyrolysis gases pass continuously.

Une autre possibilité est que les moyens de transfert de matière comportent un sas de transfert dont une entrée (coté zone de pyrolyse) est formée par une pluralité de barres transversales espacées et parallèles entre elles, au moins une desdites barres étant rotative et ayant de préférence une section polygonale (par exemple une section carrée), et dont une sortie (coté zone de combustion) est formée par un ou plusieurs clapets mobiles. La distance entre deux barres adjacentes ainsi que leurs sections respectives seront conçues de manière telle que, en l'absence de rotation de celle(s) des barres qui est(sont) rotative(s) parmi lesdites deux barres adjacentes, la matière solide reste bloquée au-dessus desdites deux barres adjacentes par un effet de voute prenant appui sur lesdites deux barres adjacentes. En mettant en rotation celles des barres qui sont rotatives alors que le(s) clapet(s) mobile(s) est (sont) fermé(s), de la matière solide provenant de la zone de pyrolyse entrera dans le sas de transfert sans pouvoir en sortir. En arrêtant ensuite la rotation de ces barres et en ouvrant par après les clapets mobiles, la matière solide précédemment stockée dans le sas de transfert sera larguée vers la zone de réduction. Les clapets mobiles seront perméables aux gaz afin de permettre notamment aux gaz de pyrolyse de traverser librement le sas de transfert, même si les clapets mobiles sont fermés. Le contrôle du débit de matière solide peut se faire en agissant -sur le rythme des séquences rotation/arrêt de rotation des barres - ouverture/fermeture des clapets.Another possibility is that the material transfer means comprise a transfer lock, of which an inlet (pyrolysis zone side) is formed by a plurality of transverse bars spaced and parallel to one another, at least one of said bars being rotatable and preferably having a polygonal section (for example a square section), and an output (combustion zone side) is formed by one or more movable flaps. The distance between two adjacent bars and their respective sections shall be designed in such a way that, in the absence of rotation of the rod (s) which is (are) rotatable among the two adjacent bars, the material solid remains locked above said two adjacent bars by a vault effect based on said two adjacent bars. By rotating those bars that are rotatable while the movable valve (s) is (are) closed, solid material from the pyrolysis zone will enter the transfer chamber without to be able to leave it. Then stopping the rotation of these bars and opening after movable valves, the solid material previously stored in the transfer chamber will be dropped to the reduction zone. The movable valves will be permeable to gases, in particular to allow the pyrolysis gases to pass freely through the transfer chamber, even if the mobile valves are closed. The control of the flow of solid material can be done by acting on the rhythm of the sequences rotation / stop rotation of the bars - opening / closing of the valves.

La Fig.3 montre une coupe frontale d'un mode de réalisation préféré d'un gazéifieur selon l'invention. Le sas de transfert (50) comporte ici un premier plateau rotatif (51) comportant au moins une première ouverture (61) et un deuxième plateau rotatif (52) comportant au moins une deuxième ouverture (62). Les deux plateaux sont disposés horizontalement et à une distance l'un de l'autre, de manière à former une zone de transfert entre les deux plateaux. Les deux plateaux sont de préférence reliés à un arbre central (100) vertical d'axe Z pouvant être entraîné en rotation, par exemple au moyen d'un moteur (101).The Fig.3 shows a frontal section of a preferred embodiment of a gasifier according to the invention. The transfer lock (50) here comprises a first turntable (51) having at least a first opening (61) and a second turntable (52) having at least a second opening (62). The two plates are arranged horizontally and at a distance from one another, so as to form a transfer zone between the two plates. The two plates are preferably connected to a central shaft (100) vertical axis Z can be rotated, for example by means of a motor (101).

Les deux ouvertures (61, 62) sont décentrées par rapport à l'axe Z et elles sont également décalées horizontalement l'une par rapport à l'autre, de manière à ce que le « char» (2) ne puisse pas passer directement de la zone de pyrolyse (10) vers la zone de réduction (30). En d'autres termes, les premières ouvertures (61) du premier plateau sont conçues pour ne par recouvrir les deuxièmes ouvertures (62) du deuxième plateau.
De préférence, les plateaux (51, 52) ont une forme circulaire et la cuve (4) a une section transversale circulaire dont le diamètre au niveau des plateaux est légèrement supérieur au diamètre des plateaux.The two openings (61, 62) are off-center with respect to the Z axis and they are also horizontally offset relative to each other, so that the "tank" (2) can not pass directly from the pyrolysis zone (10) to the reduction zone (30). In other words, the first openings (61) of the first plate are designed not to cover the second openings (62) of the second plate.
Preferably, the trays (51, 52) have a circular shape and the tank (4) has a circular cross section whose diameter at the trays is slightly greater than the diameter of the trays.

La zone de transfert entre les deux plateaux est par ailleurs munie d'un premier obstacle (70) fixe par rapport à la cuve. Il peut s'agir par exemple d'une ou plusieurs barre(s) transversale(s) attachée(s) directement ou indirectement à la cuve (4). Cet obstacle permet d'empêcher que de la matière solide ne soit entrainée par le mouvement de rotation du deuxième plateau (52) et ainsi à forcer ladite matière à passer au travers de la seconde ouverture (62) lorsqu'elle arrive en regard de la seconde ouverture.
La Fig.4 montre un vue en coupe transversale (AA) du gazéifieur de la Fig. 3. On y voit mieux les deux ouvertures (61, 62) ainsi que la disposition du premier obstacle fixe (70). De préférence, le premier obstacle fixe comporte au moins une première traverse fixe s'étendant radialement par rapport aux plateaux.The transfer zone between the two plates is also provided with a first obstacle (70) fixed relative to the tank. It may be for example one or more transverse bar (s) attached (s) directly or indirectly to the tank (4). This obstacle makes it possible to prevent the solid material from being caused by the rotational movement of the second plate (52) and thus to force said material to pass through the second opening (62) when it comes opposite the second opening.
The Fig.4 shows a cross-sectional view (AA) of the gasifier of the Fig. 3 . There are better the two openings (61, 62) and the arrangement of the first fixed obstacle (70). Preferably, the first fixed obstacle comprises at least a first fixed crosspiece extending radially relative to the plates.

Le moteur (101) peut avoir un mouvement rotatif continu ou un mouvement oscillant horlogique-antihorlogique. Dans le cas d'un mouvement rotatif continu, la vitesse de rotation du moteur sera par exemple de l'ordre de 5 à 15 tours par heure. De préférence, le moteur (101) sera asservi à la demande en « char dans la zone de réduction (30) et de manière à maintenir un vide au dessus du lit de matière dans la zone de réduction. On peut à cette fin prévoir un capteur de niveau haut et un capteur de niveau bas de « char » dans la zone de réduction et contrôler le moteur (101) pour qu'il se mette en rotation lorsqu'un niveau bas est détecté et pour qu'il s'arrête lorsqu'un niveau haut est détecté.The motor (101) may have a continuous rotary motion or a clockwise-counterclockwise oscillating movement. In the case of a continuous rotary movement, the rotational speed of the motor will for example be of the order of 5 to 15 revolutions per hour. Preferably, the motor (101) will be slaved to the "char" demand in the reduction zone (30) and so as to maintain a vacuum above the material bed in the reduction zone. To this end, it is possible to provide a high level sensor and a low level sensor of "char" in the reduction zone and to control the motor (101) so that it starts to rotate when a low level is detected and for it stops when a high level is detected.

La Fig.5 montre un vue en coupe transversale (AA) d'un mode de réalisation préféré du gazéifieur de la Fig. 3. Dans ce mode préféré, le premier obstacle fixe comporte au moins une première traverse fixe (71) s'étendant radialement par rapport aux plateaux et en outre au moins une autre traverse (72) décalée angulairement par rapport à l'au moins une première traverse (71) et s'étendant partiellement radialement en partant de l'extérieur vers un centre des plateaux. Dans cet exemple, l'autre traverse (72) s'étend sur environ la moitié d'un rayon d'un plateau (51, 52). Cette autre traverse (72) permet d'éviter que de la matière vienne s'accumuler au droit de la première traverse (71) lorsque les plateaux sont en rotation, ce qui nuirait sinon à une répartition uniforme de la matière dans la zone de réduction, sans pour autant créer des espaces trop petits dans la région centrale de la zone de transfert, c'est-à-dire près de l'arbre central (100). Comme le montre la Figure 5, il y a de préférence quatre traverses radiales (71) décalées entre elles de 90° et quatre traverses partiellement radiales (72) décalées entre elles de 90° ainsi que de 45° par rapport aux traverses radiales.The Fig.5 shows a cross-sectional view (AA) of a preferred embodiment of the gasifier of the Fig. 3 . In this preferred embodiment, the first fixed obstacle comprises at least a first fixed cross member (71) extending radially relative to the plates and in addition at least one other cross member (72) angularly offset relative to the at least one first crosspiece (71) and extending partially radially from the outside to a center of the trays. In this example, the other cross member (72) extends about half of a radius of a tray (51, 52). This other crosspiece (72) prevents the material from accumulating to the right of the first crossbar (71) when the trays are rotating, which would otherwise harm a distribution uniformly the material in the reduction zone, without creating too small spaces in the central region of the transfer zone, that is to say near the central shaft (100). As shown in Figure 5 , there are preferably four radial crosspieces (71) offset from each other by 90 ° and four partially radial crosspieces (72) offset from each other by 90 ° as well as 45 ° relative to the radial crosspieces.

La Fig.6 montre une coupe frontale d'un mode de réalisation plus préféré d'un gazéifieur selon la Fig.3. Ici, le premier plateau (51) est surmonté d'un deuxième obstacle (80) fixe par rapport à la cuve, tel qu'une traverse radiale par exemple.
Ce deuxième obstacle permet d'éviter que de la matière solide (2) se trouvant dans la zone de pyrolyse (10) ne soit entrainée en rotation par le mouvement de rotation du premier plateau (51) et d'assurer ainsi un écoulement plus homogène (LILO) de la matière du haut vers le bas.
De préférence le deuxième obstacle fixe est monté de manière à être aligné par rapport au premier obstacle fixe dans la direction de l'axe vertical Z. Ainsi, si le premier obstacle fixe comporte par exemple quatre traverses radiales (71) telles qu'illustrées à la Fig. 5, le deuxième obstacle fixe comportera de préférence aussi quatre traverses radiales alignées verticalement par rapport aux quatre traverses radiales (71) du premier obstacle.The Fig.6 shows a front cut of a more preferred embodiment of a gasifier according to the Fig.3 . Here, the first plate (51) is surmounted by a second obstacle (80) fixed relative to the tank, such as a radial cross member for example.
This second obstacle makes it possible to prevent the solid material (2) in the pyrolysis zone (10) from being rotated by the rotational movement of the first plate (51) and thus to ensure a more homogeneous flow. (LILO) matter from top to bottom.
Preferably the second fixed obstacle is mounted so as to be aligned relative to the first fixed obstacle in the direction of the vertical axis Z. Thus, if the first fixed obstacle comprises for example four radial crosspieces (71) as illustrated in FIG. the Fig. 5 the second fixed obstacle will preferably also comprise four radial crosspieces aligned vertically with respect to the four radial crosspieces (71) of the first obstacle.

La Fig.7 montre une coupe frontale d'un mode de réalisation plus préféré d'un gazéifieur selon la Fig.3. Ici, la cuve (4) comporte par ailleurs des moyens de cisaillement (90) pour cisailler, dans un plan transversal, la matière solide (2) se situant dans la zone de pyrolyse (10). De préférence, ces moyens de cisaillement (90) se situent juste au dessus du deuxième obstacle (80). Ces moyens de cisaillement permettent d'éviter que ne se forment des voutes de matière solide (2) dans la zone de pyrolyse, en cassant les bases de ces voutes qui s'appuient généralement sur le deuxième obstacle (80). Ceci résulte en un écoulement plus homogène (« LILO ») de la matière.The Fig.7 shows a front cut of a more preferred embodiment of a gasifier according to the Fig.3 . Here, the vessel (4) further comprises shearing means (90) for shearing, in a transverse plane, the solid material (2) located in the pyrolysis zone (10). Preferably, these shearing means (90) are located just above the second obstacle (80). These shearing means make it possible to avoid the formation of vaults of solid material (2) in the pyrolysis zone, by breaking the bases of these vaults which generally rest on the second obstacle (80). This results in a more homogeneous flow ("LILO") of the material.

De préférence, les moyens de cisaillement comportent un couteau mobile (91) s'étendant substantiellement horizontalement dans la cuve (4). De préférence, le couteau (91) est fixé à l'arbre central (100) de sorte qu'il puisse être entraîné en rotation par ce dernier. Alternativement, le couteau (91) peut être entraîné en rotation ou en translation par des moyens d'entrainement propres.Preferably, the shearing means comprise a movable knife (91) extending substantially horizontally in the vessel (4). Preferably, the knife (91) is attached to the central shaft (100) so that it can be rotated by the latter. Alternatively, the knife (91) can be rotated or translated by own drive means.

L'invention porte également sur une unité de production et de combustion de gaz comportant un gazéifieur tel que décrit ci-dessus pour produire ledit gaz. Il peut d'agir par exemple d'un ensemble comportant un gazéifieur tel que décrit ci-dessus et d'un moteur à combustion interne, la sortie (6) du gazéifieur étant branché sur un système d'admission de carburant du moteur.The invention also relates to a gas production and combustion unit comprising a gasifier as described above for producing said gas. It can act for example an assembly comprising a gasifier as described above and an internal combustion engine, the outlet (6) of the gasifier being connected to a fuel intake system of the engine.

La présente invention a été décrite en relation avec des modes de réalisations spécifiques, qui ont une valeur purement illustrative et ne doivent pas être considérés comme limitatifs. D'une manière générale, il apparaîtra évident pour l'homme du métier que la présente invention n'est pas limités aux exemples illustrés et/ou décrits ci-dessus. La présence de numéros de référence aux dessins ne peut être considérée comme limitative, y compris lorsque ces numéros sont indiqués dans les revendications. L'usage des verbes « comprendre » , « inclure », « comporter », ou toute autre variante, ainsi que leurs conjugaisons, ne peut en aucune façon exclure la présence d'éléments autres que ceux mentionnés. L'usage de l'article indéfini « un », « une », ou de l'article défini « le », « la » ou « l' », pour introduire un élément n'exclut pas la présence d'une pluralité de ces éléments.The present invention has been described in relation to specific embodiments, which have a purely illustrative value and should not be considered as limiting. In general, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the examples illustrated and / or described above. The presence of reference numbers in the drawings can not be considered as limiting, even when these numbers are indicated in the claims. The use of the verbs "to understand", "to include", "to include", or any other variant, as well as their conjugations, can in no way exclude the presence of elements other than those mentioned. The use of the indefinite article "a", "an", or the definite article "the", "the" or "the", to introduce an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of these elements.

En résumé, l'invention peut également être décrite comme suit : un gazéifieur de combustible solide carboné comportant une cuve verticale (4), ladite cuve comportant successivement, en partant du haut vers le bas : une entrée (5) de combustible solide carboné (2) à gazéifier, une zone de pyrolyse (10) dudit combustible pour produire des gaz de pyrolyse et du « char », une zone de combustion (20) des gaz de pyrolyse, une zone de réduction (30) du « char » , une sortie (6) de gaz, et une zone de récolte de cendres (40). La zone de pyrolyse (10) est séparée de la zone de combustion (20) par des moyens de transfert actifs comportant un sas de transfert (50) apte à transférer le combustible (2) de la zone de pyrolyse (10) vers la zone de réduction (30) sans que ledit combustible ne puisse s'écouler directement de la zone de pyrolyse (10) vers la zone de réduction (30), permettant ainsi de mieux contrôler le débit de matière solide entre ces deux zones.In summary, the invention can also be described as follows: a carbonaceous solid fuel gasifier comprising a vertical vessel (4), said vessel comprising successively, starting from the top to the bottom: an inlet (5) of carbonaceous solid fuel ( 2) to gasify, a pyrolysis zone (10) of said fuel to produce pyrolysis gases and "char", a combustion zone (20) of the pyrolysis gases, a reduction zone (30) of the "char", an outlet (6) of gas, and an ash harvesting area (40). The pyrolysis zone (10) is separated from the combustion zone (20) by active transfer means comprising a transfer lock (50) able to transfer the fuel (2) from the pyrolysis zone (10) to the reduction zone (30) without said fuel being able to flow directly from the zone pyrolysis (10) to the reduction zone (30), thereby allowing better control of the flow rate of solid material between these two zones.

Claims (10)

  1. A co-current and fixed-bed gasifier for the gasification of carbonaceous solid fuel (2), the gasifier (1) comprising a vertical tank (4) having successively and from top to bottom:
    - an inlet airlock (5) for introducing the fuel (2) into the tank,
    - a pyrolysis zone (10) for pyrolysing the fuel introduced into the tank and having first means for intake (11) of a pyrolysis agent,
    - a combustion zone (20) for burning pyrolysis gases from the pyrolysis zone and having second means for intake (21) of a gasifying agent,
    - a reduction zone (30) for gasifying the carbonised fuel from the pyrolysis zone
    - an outlet (6) for collecting gases from the reduction zone,
    - a zone (40) to collect and discharge ashes,
    the tank (4) has active transfer means for actively transferring solid material (2) from the pyrolysis zone (10) to the reduction zone (30), characterised in that the active transfer means are located between the first means (11) for intake of a pyrolysis agent and the second means for intake (21) of a gasifying agent, and in that the active transfer means comprise a transfer chamber (50) which is adapted, when activated, to prevent direct flow of solid material (2) from the pyrolysis zone (10) to the reduction zone (30), said transfer chamber (50) being permeable to the pyrolysis gases.
  2. A gasifier according to claim 1, characterised in that the transfer chamber (50) comprises a first rotary plate (51) having at least one first off-centre opening (61) and a second rotary plate (52) having at least one second off-centre opening, the two plates (51, 52) being arranged horizontally and at a distance from each other, thereby defining a transfer zone between the two plates, each of the first openings (61) being offset horizontally with respect to each of the second openings (62), and in that the transfer zone is provided with a first obstacle (70) which is fixed with respect to the tank (4);
  3. A gasifier according to claim 2, characterised in that the first obstacle (70) comprises at least one first crosspiece (71) extending radially with respect to the plates (51, 52);
  4. A gasifier according to claim 3, characterised in that the first obstacle (70) also comprises at least one more crosspiece (72) angularly offset with respect to the at least one first crosspiece (71) and partly extending radially from the outside towards the centre of the plates (51, 52);
  5. A gasifier according to any one of claims 2 to 4, characterised in that the first plate (51) is surmounted by a second obstacle (80) which is fixed with respect to the tank (4);
  6. A gasifier according to claim 5, characterised in that the second obstacle (80) comprises at least one second crosspiece (81) extending radially with respect to the plates (51, 52);
  7. A gasifier according to any one of claims 5 to 6, characterised in that the tank (4) further comprises shearing means (90) for shearing in a transverse plane the solid material above the second obstacle (80);
  8. A gasifier according to claim 7, characterised in that the shearing means (90) comprise a movable blade (91) extending substantially horizontally;
  9. A gasifier according to any one of claims 2 to 8 including a central shaft (100) to which the first plate (51), the second plate (52) and the blade (91) are connected, and comprising means (101) for driving said central shaft in rotation;
  10. Gas production and combustion unit comprising a gasifier according to any one of the preceding claims to produce said gas.
EP12732595.9A 2011-06-23 2012-06-22 Carbonaceous solid fuel gasifier Active EP2723832B1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP12732595.9A EP2723832B1 (en) 2011-06-23 2012-06-22 Carbonaceous solid fuel gasifier
SI201230995T SI2723832T1 (en) 2011-06-23 2012-06-22 Carbonaceous solid fuel gasifier
HRP20171055TT HRP20171055T1 (en) 2011-06-23 2017-07-11 Carbonaceous solid fuel gasifier

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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EP11171156 2011-06-23
EP12732595.9A EP2723832B1 (en) 2011-06-23 2012-06-22 Carbonaceous solid fuel gasifier
PCT/EP2012/062060 WO2012175657A1 (en) 2011-06-23 2012-06-22 Gasifier for solid carbon fuel

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EP2723832A1 EP2723832A1 (en) 2014-04-30
EP2723832B1 true EP2723832B1 (en) 2017-06-21

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JP (1) JP6008306B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2840219A1 (en)
HR (1) HRP20171055T1 (en)
SI (1) SI2723832T1 (en)
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US9228143B2 (en) 2016-01-05
CA2840219A1 (en) 2012-12-27
US20160083661A1 (en) 2016-03-24
EP2723832A1 (en) 2014-04-30
HRP20171055T1 (en) 2017-10-06
WO2012175657A1 (en) 2012-12-27
JP2014520189A (en) 2014-08-21
US9926500B2 (en) 2018-03-27
SI2723832T1 (en) 2017-09-29
JP6008306B2 (en) 2016-10-19
US20140102000A1 (en) 2014-04-17

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