EP2714866A1 - Use of nanoscale materials in a composition for preventing symptoms of fatigue in the surface-closed structure of drive elements - Google Patents

Use of nanoscale materials in a composition for preventing symptoms of fatigue in the surface-closed structure of drive elements

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Publication number
EP2714866A1
EP2714866A1 EP12720427.9A EP12720427A EP2714866A1 EP 2714866 A1 EP2714866 A1 EP 2714866A1 EP 12720427 A EP12720427 A EP 12720427A EP 2714866 A1 EP2714866 A1 EP 2714866A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
oils
composition according
composition
nanoparticles
pitting
Prior art date
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Granted
Application number
EP12720427.9A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2714866B1 (en
Inventor
Stefan Grundei
Carla KRUTZSCH
Martin Schmidt-Amelunxen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Klueber Lubrication Muenchen GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Klueber Lubrication Muenchen SE and Co KG
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M125/00Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an inorganic material
    • C10M125/10Metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates or bicarbonates
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    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M141/00Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M141/02Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic oxygen-containing compound
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    • C10M125/00Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an inorganic material
    • C10M125/26Compounds containing silicon or boron, e.g. silica, sand
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    • C10M147/02Monomer containing carbon, hydrogen and halogen only
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    • C10M2201/00Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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    • C10M2201/00Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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    • C10M2201/105Silica
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    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/1033Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups used as base material
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10M2209/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/104Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing two carbon atoms only
    • C10M2209/1045Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing two carbon atoms only used as base material
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    • C10M2227/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2227/04Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions having a silicon-to-carbon bond, e.g. organo-silanes
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    • C10M2229/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2229/02Unspecified siloxanes; Silicones
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    • C10N2020/00Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
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    • C10N2020/00Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
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    • C10N2030/00Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/02Pour-point; Viscosity index
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    • C10N2030/00Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/06Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
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    • C10N2030/00Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of nanoscale materials in a composition applied to their surfaces to prevent fatigue damage in drive elements.
  • this order protects the surfaces of drive elements against the formation of gray staining, surface fatigue, micro-pitting and pitting. The occurrence of fatigue damage on these surfaces is thereby prevented or reduced.
  • gray pitting and pitting are those which are the most severe material damage from the resulting cracks.
  • DE-OS 1 644 934 describes organophosphates as additives in lubricants which are added as anti-fatigue additives.
  • EP 1 642 957 A1 discloses thiazoles as anti-pitting additives.
  • EP 1 642 957 A1 relates to the use of MoS 2 and molybdenum dithiocarbamate, which are used as additives in urea fats for propeller shafts.
  • the additives known from the prior art described above are not thermally stable as organic substances.
  • they can evaporate under the operating conditions or can react as a classic anti-wear additives, especially with the metal surfaces, ie they predominantly react on the touching roughness peaks, since there by the flash temperatures occurring sufficient energy for a chemical reaction with the metallic Friction layer is present. Therefore, they can at most act as subordinate anti-pitting additives.
  • Solid lubricants such as molybdenum disulfide, on the other hand, have a tendency to precipitate out due to their density Settle oil formulations and may also have a corrosive effect.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a composition which can be applied to the surfaces of drive elements so as to prevent or reduce the fatigue phenomena "gray spots" and "pitting" on these drive elements.
  • the composition should contain no volatile organic compounds as anti-pitting additive and the anti-pitting additives should be in a liquid phase with Newtonian flow behavior. This allows them to penetrate into the structures or depressions described above and reinforce the metal structure there.
  • the subject of the present invention is accordingly the use of a composition which is applied to the surface of the drive elements in order to prevent or avoid fatigue phenomena. It has surprisingly been found that the application of a composition containing surface-modified nanoparticles and a carrier material prevents or prevents the fatigue damage, such as gray pitting and pitting.
  • the surface-modified nanoparticles contained in the composition are oxidic nanoparticles. They can be selected from silica, zinc oxide and alumina.
  • surface modification reagents such as alkyl, aryl, Alkylarylsilanes having at least 1 to 3 of these alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl groups, which may additionally contain functional groups, in particular thio groups, phosphate groups and which are used individually or in combination.
  • the optionally present thio or phosphate groups can additionally undergo a reaction with the metal surface to be protected.
  • the amount of modifying reagent per nm 2 of the particle surface is 0.1 to 10 molecules of the modifying reagent, preferably 0.3 to 5 molecules. This chemical modification has the effect that the nanoparticles in different base oils are monoparticulate, ie without aggregation.
  • composition may contain mixtures of nanoparticles which are both different from one another and have different particle sizes.
  • the surface-modified nanoparticles have an average particle size of from 10 nm to less than 200 nm, preferably from 10 nm to 100 nm.
  • the particle size of nanoparticles can be determined by different methods. Dry methods such as transmission electron microscopy often provide smaller particle sizes than the dynamic light scattering measurement, as in the latter method a relatively tightly bound solvent envelope requires larger values.
  • the particle size data in this application are generally related to dynamic light scattering results.
  • the carrier material is selected from the group consisting of mineral oils, synthetic hydrocarbons, polyglycols, esters and ester compounds, PFPE, native oils and derivatives of native oils, aromatic oils such as phenyl ethers and mixtures thereof.
  • Polygkycols, esters and synthetic hydrocarbons are particularly preferably used as carrier material.
  • composition of the present invention containing the nanoparticles and the carrier may further be incorporated into a lubricant become.
  • This lubricant may be in the form of fats, pastes, oils and is selected from the group consisting of a lubricating oil or mixtures of lubricating oils, polyglycols, silicone oils, perfluoropolyethers, mineral oils, esters, synthetic hydrocarbons, phenyl ethers, native oils and derivatives of native oils.
  • organic or inorganic thickeners in particular PTFE, graphite, metal oxides, boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, phosphates, silicates, sulfonates, polyimides, metal soaps, metal complex soaps, ureas and mixtures thereof, solid lubricants such as graphite, M0S2.
  • compositions which are used as a concentrate in one of the above-mentioned lubricants are particularly preferred.
  • soluble additives in particular aromatic amines, phenols, phosphates, as well as corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, anti-wear agents, friction reducing agents, means for protection against metal influences, UV stabilizers may be present in the composition.
  • composition of the invention generally consists of 0.1 to 40 wt .-% surface-modified nanoparticles, in particular 2 to 20 wt .-% surface-modified nanoparticles, and 99.9% to 60% by weight of carrier material, in particular 8 to 80 wt. -% carrier material.
  • the introduction of the nanoparticles into the carrier material can take place in two ways.
  • dispersions of nanoparticles can be produced in a sol-gel process and surface-modified in the dispersion, and then the dispersion can be prepared by adding the support material and removing the volatile solvents.
  • This process can be referred to as redispersing and has the advantage that the nanoparticles are always wetted by liquid and thus the risk of agglomeration is reduced.
  • This method is described in the following examples.
  • the solvents may be removed and the dry particles isolated. By dispersing under shear and optionally elevated temperature, the particles can be incorporated. Which method is to be used depends on various factors such as particle type, particle sizes, type and extent of surface coverage and chemical nature of the carrier material and must be individually tailored.
  • This composition can then be incorporated into any lubricant so that, based on the final formulation of 0.1-10% nanoparticles, 99.9-90% lubricant.
  • FIG. 1 Particle size distribution of a batch of Levasil 200N / 30%
  • Figure 2 Particle size of the S1O2 dispersion, wherein the particles with the
  • FIG. 3 Particle size of the S1O2 dispersion after functionalization with
  • FIG. 4 Particle size distribution in polyglycol (Example 4)
  • FIG. 5 The theological properties of the nanoparticles
  • SiO 2 nanoparticles The preparation of SiO 2 nanoparticles is described, for example, in: W. Stöber, A. Fink, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 26, 62-69, 1968 or in: Chen Wang et al. Matehals Letters 6_1, 2007, 506 - 510.
  • the disadvantage of using the Stöber process in production is that the resulting dispersions have low levels of SiO 2 nanoparticles, typically around 3% by mass S1O 2.
  • the stability of the nanoparticles and also the nature of the particles which form are determined by the choice of reaction conditions, in particular the pH.
  • Levasil Under the trade name Levasil (Akzo Nobel, formerly HC Starck) aqueous dispersions are offered with solids contents of up to 50%. For example, Levasil 200N / 30% is a 30% dispersion stabilized with ammonia. The particle size is given as about 55 nm. This size distribution is confirmed by the diagram in Figure 1, which shows the particle analysis with a Malvern Zetasizer. Also available from Akzo Nobel under the trade name Bindzil are S1O2 nanodispersions with particle sizes around 10 nm and solids contents up to 40%, the surfaces of which are modified with epoxysilane.
  • 83.11 g of the dispersion of functionalized nanoparticles according to Example 2 are mixed with 28.10 g of water-miscible polyglycol (monomers ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, kinematic viscosity 100 mm 2 / sec at 40 ° C.) in a rotary evaporator while heating with the oil bath to 100 ° C. and applying a vacuum, for example with a water jet pump, concentrated.
  • the result is a clear liquid.
  • the high dispersion to oil ratio is required in order to be able to produce concentrations of 10% nanoparticles in the polyglycol in the low concentration of SiO 2 particles on which the dispersions prepared in the Stöber process are based.
  • polyglycol dispersions are prepared which in all cases build on the dispersion of Example 1.
  • silanes phenyltrimethoxysilane and triethoxy (octyl) silane were used in addition to butyltrimethoxysilane. It was modified with a silane per nm 2 analogously to Example 2. In all cases, clear liquids result after redispersion. Table 1 shows that the kinematic viscosity is only slightly increased. The content of Si0 2 is also reflected in the higher density.
  • Table 1 shows the data of the 10% dispersions of the butyl silane, octyl silane and phenyl silane modified nanoparticles in polyglycol.
  • the dynamic viscosity of the nanoparticle-containing oils was determined as a function of the shear rate using a cone / plate system on the rheometer.
  • the shear rate is increased logarithmically from 50 sec “1 to 5000 sec " 1 .
  • the dynamic viscosity remains independent of the shear rate, so it is observed Newton's flow behavior (see FIG. 5).
  • Aerosil-containing mixture designated 4e in FIG. 5, thus shows a pronounced deviation from Newton 's flow behavior, which can be explained by an interaction of the unmodified particles.
  • Table 2 shows little influence on the theological properties of the nanoparticles. So there are also highly concentrated dispersions, such as Levasil, possible as a nanoparticle source.
  • nanoparticle dispersion containing 1% Si0 2 .
  • Example 6 The nanoparticles in Example 6 have a small, negligible influence on the rheological properties, resulting in VKA endurance a slight deterioration.
  • the wear factor is increased slightly, the coefficient of friction remains the same.
  • the welding force a slight improvement is observed.
  • the effect on friction and wear is therefore dependent on the experimental conditions and can also lead to deterioration. There is no effect as an anti-wear additive.
  • Gear oil formulations were made with 60 nm SiO 2 particles with a butyl surface modification. For this purpose, a 10% dispersion of the modified nanoparticles in polyglycol was used, which can be easily stirred into the formulation. The concentration of nanoparticles in the final formulation is 1%.
  • the formulation was prepared in two viscosity layers (100 and 220 est).
  • Corrosion protection additives 0,305 0,305 0,305 0,305 0,305
  • the gray speckling is significantly reduced when nanoparticles are used in a polyglycol gear oil. Overall, it can be stated that the nanoparticles have significantly improved the gray-particle bearing capacity by using the two compositions containing the nanoparticles, when they are present as a deposit on the surfaces of the drive elements starting from a good level of references 100 est and 220 est) are.

Abstract

The present invention relates to the use of nanoscale materials in a composition which is applied for preventing fatigue damage in drive elements on the surfaces thereof. In particular, by this application, the surfaces of drive elements are protected against the formation of gray staining, surface fatigue and micro-pitting. The occurrence of fatigue damage on these surfaces is prevented or decreased thereby.

Description

Verwendung von nanoskaligen Materialien in einer Zusammensetzung zur Verhinderung von Ermüdungserscheinungen im oberflächennahen Gefüge von  Use of nanoscale materials in a composition to prevent fatigue phenomena in the near - surface microstructure of
Antriebselementen  driving elements
Beschreibung description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft die Verwendung von nanoskaligen Materialien in einer Zusammensetzung, die zur Verhinderung von Ermüdungsschäden in Antriebselementen auf deren Oberflächen aufgetragen wird. Insbesondere werden durch diesen Auftrag die Oberflächen von Antriebselementen gegen die Bildung von Grauflecken (grey staining, surface fatigue, micro-pitting) und die Grübchenbildung geschützt. Das Auftreten von Ermüdungsschäden auf diesen Oberflächen wird dadurch verhindert oder vermindert. The present invention relates to the use of nanoscale materials in a composition applied to their surfaces to prevent fatigue damage in drive elements. In particular, this order protects the surfaces of drive elements against the formation of gray staining, surface fatigue, micro-pitting and pitting. The occurrence of fatigue damage on these surfaces is thereby prevented or reduced.
Bei Antriebselementen kommt es im Falle von zu hohen mechanischen Belastungen zu zwei Arten von Schädigungen: For drive elements, two types of damage occur in the case of excessive mechanical loads:
1) Fressen und Verschleißen, bei denen die Schädigung von der Oberfläche der Kontaktflächen ausgeht.  1) seizure and wear, where the damage originates from the surface of the contact surfaces.
2) Ermüdungsschäden, die ihren Ausgang im Gefüge unterhalb der belasteten Flächen nehmen und letztendlich in Ausbrüchen, wie beispielsweise Pitting, Grauflecken, Grübchenbildung, enden.  2) fatigue damage, which starts in the structure below the loaded surfaces and ends up in outbreaks, such as pitting, gray pitting, pitting.
Zur Verminderung von Verschleiß und Fressen gibt es eine Vielzahl von Additiven und Festschmierstoffen, die gut bekannt sind und vielfach eingesetzt werden. Zur Unterbindung von Ermüdungsschäden sind nur sehr wenige wirksame Maßnahmen bekannt. Eine Maßnahme ist die Erhöhung der Schmierfilmdicke. Ermüdungsverschleiß (Pitting) entsteht durch örtliche Überlastung des Werkstoffes durch periodische Druckbeanspruchung. Die Ermüdung des Werkstoffes wird durch Grauflecken (grey staining, surface fatigue, mirco-pitting) bzw. Grübchen auf der Oberfläche des Werkstoffes sichtbar. Es entstehen zunächst 20 bis 40 pm unterhalb der Oberfläche feine Risse im Metallgitter, die zu Materialausbrüchen führen. Die als Micro-pittings oder Graufleckigkeit bezeichneten kleinen mikroskopisch sichtbaren Ausbrüche auf der Zahnflanke, sind als mattgraue Bereiche zu erkennen. Bei Verzahnungen können praktisch in allen Geschwindigkeitsbereichen Grauflecken auf Zahnflanken beobachtet werden. Auch in Wälzlagern entstehen im Bereich des Gleitkontaktes sehr flache Ausbrüche als Grauflecken auf der Laufbahn Diese Zusammenhänge sind ausführlich in der DE 10 2007 036 856 A1 und der dort angegebenen Literatur beschrieben. To reduce wear and tear there are a variety of additives and solid lubricants that are well known and widely used. To prevent fatigue damage very few effective measures are known. One measure is the increase of the lubricating film thickness. Fatigue wear (pitting) results from local overloading of the material due to periodic compressive stress. The fatigue of the material becomes visible through gray staining, surface fatigue, mirco-pitting or pits on the surface of the material. At first 20 to 40 pm below the surface, fine cracks develop in the metal grid, which lead to material eruptions. The small microscopic visible flaws on the tooth flank, referred to as micro-pittings or pitting, can be recognized as dull gray areas. For gear teeth, gray spots on tooth flanks can be observed in virtually all speed ranges. Even in rolling bearings very shallow eruptions occur in the region of the sliding contact as gray spots on the track. These relationships are described in detail in DE 10 2007 036 856 A1 and the literature cited therein.
Zur Verbesserung der Viskositätseigenschaften werden in Schmiermitteln unterschiedliche Zusätze verwendet, um die oben genannten Schäden in Wälzlagern, Zahnrädern, Getrieben und dergleichen zu vermeiden oder zumindest zu minimieren. Hierbei sind die als Graufleckenbildung und die Grübchenbildung bezeichneten Ermüdungsschäden, diejenigen, die zu schwerwiegendsten Materialbeeinträchtigungen durch die entstehenden Risse gehören. In order to improve the viscosity properties, different additives are used in lubricants in order to avoid or at least minimize the above-mentioned damage in rolling bearings, gears, gears and the like. Here, the fatigue damage referred to as gray pitting and pitting are those which are the most severe material damage from the resulting cracks.
Zur Vermeidung dieser Ermüdungsschäden können folgende Maßnahmen ergriffen werden: To avoid this fatigue damage, the following measures can be taken:
Senkung der Kontaktkräfte, Lowering the contact forces,
geeignete Auswahl des Schmiermittels,  suitable selection of the lubricant,
ausreichende Schmiermittelzufuhr, günstige Positionierung und Gestaltung der Schmierstellen, Vermeidung von Zuständen ohne Schmierung. adequate lubricant supply, favorable positioning and design of the lubrication points, avoiding conditions without lubrication.
Zur Vermeidung von Ermüdungserscheinungen wurden verschiedene Untersuchungen gemacht, unter anderem wurde versucht, die Schmierwirkung von Schmierstoffen durch Zugabe verschiedener Additive zu verbessern. Es wurden insbesondere Additive untersucht, mit denen die Reibung zwischen den Bauteilen verringert werden kann oder die eine verbesserte Viskosität aufweisen. To avoid fatigue, various investigations have been made, among other things, attempts to improve the lubricity of lubricants by adding various additives. In particular, additives have been investigated which can reduce the friction between the components or which have an improved viscosity.
So beschreibt die DE-OS 1 644 934 Organophosphate als Additive in Schmiermitteln, die als Anti-Ermüdungsadditive zugesetzt werden. Thus, DE-OS 1 644 934 describes organophosphates as additives in lubricants which are added as anti-fatigue additives.
Die bereits oben genannte DE 10 2007 036 856 A1 offenbart die Zugabe von Polymeren mit Estergruppen, die als Antifatigue-Additive in Schmiermitteln verwendet werden. The above-mentioned DE 10 2007 036 856 A1 discloses the addition of polymers with ester groups which are used as antifatigue additives in lubricants.
Aus der US 2003/0092585 A1 sind Thiazole als Anti-Pitting-Additive bekannt. Die EP 1 642 957 A1 betrifft die Verwendung von MoS2 und Molybdändithiocarbamat, die als Additive in Harnstofffetten für Gelenkwellen Verwendung finden. US 2003/0092585 A1 discloses thiazoles as anti-pitting additives. EP 1 642 957 A1 relates to the use of MoS 2 and molybdenum dithiocarbamate, which are used as additives in urea fats for propeller shafts.
Die oben beschriebenen, aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Additive, wie Organophosphate und Thiazole, sind als organische Stoffe thermisch nicht stabil. Darüber hinaus können sie unter den Betriebsbedingungen verdampfen oder können als klassische Anti-Wear-Additive vor allem mit den Metalloberflächen reagieren, d.h. sie reagieren überwiegend an den sich berührenden Rauhigkeitsspitzen ab, da dort durch die auftretenden Blitztemperaturen ausreichend Energie für eine chemische Reaktion mit der metallischen Reibschicht vorhanden ist. Sie können deshalb allenfalls untergeordnet als Anti-Pitting-Additive wirken. Festschmierstoffe, wie Molybdändisulfid haben dagegen aufgrund ihrer Dichte die Tendenz, sich aus Ölformulierungen abzusetzen und können außerdem korrosiv wirken. Da die Feststoffteilchen mit Teilchengrößen im pm Bereich eingesetzt werden, kommt es zu einer starken Beeinflussung des Fließverhaltens und einer Viskositätserhöhung sowie zu einem Abweichen vom newtonschen Fließverhalten. Dieses Verhalten verschlechtert die Verfügbarkeit des Additivs im Schmierspalt. REM Untersuchungen an den Oberflächen der metallischen Reibpartner zeigen, dass diese Strukturen bzw. Vertiefungen mit Abmessungen deutlich unterhalb 1 pm aufweisen. Diese Vertiefungen sind den pm großen Festschmierstoff Teilchen nicht zugänglich. The additives known from the prior art described above, such as organophosphates and thiazoles, are not thermally stable as organic substances. In addition, they can evaporate under the operating conditions or can react as a classic anti-wear additives, especially with the metal surfaces, ie they predominantly react on the touching roughness peaks, since there by the flash temperatures occurring sufficient energy for a chemical reaction with the metallic Friction layer is present. Therefore, they can at most act as subordinate anti-pitting additives. Solid lubricants, such as molybdenum disulfide, on the other hand, have a tendency to precipitate out due to their density Settle oil formulations and may also have a corrosive effect. Since the solid particles are used with particle sizes in the pm range, there is a strong influence on the flow behavior and an increase in viscosity and a deviation from the Newtonian flow behavior. This behavior degrades the availability of the additive in the lubrication gap. SEM investigations on the surfaces of the metallic friction partners show that these structures or depressions with dimensions well below 1 pm. These depressions are not accessible to the pm large solid lubricant particles.
Ausgehend von dem Stand der Technik ist es die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, eine Zusammensetzung zur Verfügung zu stellen, die auf die Oberflächen von Antriebselementen aufgetragen werden kann, um so die Ermüdungserscheinungen „Grauflecken" und „Grübchenbildung" auf diesen Antriebelementen zu verhindern oder vermindern. Die Zusammensetzung soll dabei keine flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen als Anti-Pitting-Additiv beinhalten und die Anti Pitting Additive sollen in einer flüssigen Phase mit Newton 'schem Fließverhalten vorliegen Dadurch können sie in die oben beschriebene Strukturen bzw. Vertiefungen eindringen und dort das Metallgefüge verstärken. Starting from the prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide a composition which can be applied to the surfaces of drive elements so as to prevent or reduce the fatigue phenomena "gray spots" and "pitting" on these drive elements. The composition should contain no volatile organic compounds as anti-pitting additive and the anti-pitting additives should be in a liquid phase with Newtonian flow behavior. This allows them to penetrate into the structures or depressions described above and reinforce the metal structure there.
Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung ist dementsprechend die Verwendung einer Zusammensetzung, die auf die Oberfläche der Antriebselemente aufgetragen wird, um Ermüdungserscheinungen zu verhindern oder zu vermeiden. Überraschenderweise wurde gefunden, dass durch den Auftrag einer Zusammensetzung, die oberflächenmodifizierte Nanoteilchen und ein Trägermaterial enthält, die Ermüdungsschäden, wie Graufleckenbildung und Grübchenbildung verhindert oder vermieden werden. Die in der Zusammensetzung enthaltenen oberflächenmodifizierten Nanopartikel sind oxidische Nanopartikel. Sie können ausgewählt werden aus Siliziumdioxid, Zinkoxid und Aluminiumoxid. Zur Oberflächenmodifizierung eignen sich insbesondere Oberflächenmodifizierungsreagenzien, wie Alkyl-, Aryl-, Alkylarylsilane mit mindestens 1 bis 3 dieser Alkyl-, Aryl- bzw. Alkylarylgruppen, die zusätzlich funktionale Gruppen, insbesondere Thiogruppen, Phosphatgruppen enthalten können und die einzeln oder in Kombination verwendet werden. Die optional vorhandenen Thio- oder Phosphatgruppen können zusätzlich eine Reaktion mit der zu schützenden Metalloberfläche eingehen. Bei der Oberflächenmodifizierung beträgt die Menge an Modifizierungsreagenz pro nm2 der Teilchenoberfläche 0,1 bis 10 Moleküle des Modifizierungsreagenz, bevorzugt 0,3 bis 5 Moleküle. Diese chemische Modifizierung bewirkt, dass die Nanopartikei in verschiedenen Grundölen monoteilig, d.h. ohne Aggregation vorliegen. The subject of the present invention is accordingly the use of a composition which is applied to the surface of the drive elements in order to prevent or avoid fatigue phenomena. It has surprisingly been found that the application of a composition containing surface-modified nanoparticles and a carrier material prevents or prevents the fatigue damage, such as gray pitting and pitting. The surface-modified nanoparticles contained in the composition are oxidic nanoparticles. They can be selected from silica, zinc oxide and alumina. For surface modification, surface modification reagents such as alkyl, aryl, Alkylarylsilanes having at least 1 to 3 of these alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl groups, which may additionally contain functional groups, in particular thio groups, phosphate groups and which are used individually or in combination. The optionally present thio or phosphate groups can additionally undergo a reaction with the metal surface to be protected. In the surface modification, the amount of modifying reagent per nm 2 of the particle surface is 0.1 to 10 molecules of the modifying reagent, preferably 0.3 to 5 molecules. This chemical modification has the effect that the nanoparticles in different base oils are monoparticulate, ie without aggregation.
Es hat sich auch gezeigt, dass die Zusammensetzung Mischungen von Nanoteilchen enthalten kann, die sowohl voneinander verschieden sind und unterschiedlich Teilchengrößen aufweisen. It has also been found that the composition may contain mixtures of nanoparticles which are both different from one another and have different particle sizes.
Die oberflächenmodifizierten Nanopartikei haben eine mittlere Teilchengröße von 10 nm bis kleiner 200 nm, bevorzugt 10 nm bis 100 nm. Die Teilchengröße von Nanoteilchen kann mit unterschiedlichen Verfahren bestimmt werden. Trockene Verfahren wie die Messung mit dem Transmissionselektronenmikroskop liefern dabei oft kleinere Teilchengrößen als die Messung mit der dynamischen Lichtstreuung, da bei dem letzten Verfahren eine relativ fest gebundene Solvenshülle größere Werte bedingt. Die Teilchengrößenangaben in dieser Anmeldung beziehen sich in der Regel auf Ergebnisse mit der dynamischen Lichtstreuung. The surface-modified nanoparticles have an average particle size of from 10 nm to less than 200 nm, preferably from 10 nm to 100 nm. The particle size of nanoparticles can be determined by different methods. Dry methods such as transmission electron microscopy often provide smaller particle sizes than the dynamic light scattering measurement, as in the latter method a relatively tightly bound solvent envelope requires larger values. The particle size data in this application are generally related to dynamic light scattering results.
Das Trägermaterial wird ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Mineralölen, synthetischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, Polyglykole, Ester und Esterverbindungen, PFPE, native Öle und Derivate von nativen Ölen, aromatenhaltige Öle wie Phenylether und deren Mischungen. Besonders bevorzugt als Trägermaterial werden Polygkykole, Ester und synthetische Kohlenwasserstoffe eingesetzt. The carrier material is selected from the group consisting of mineral oils, synthetic hydrocarbons, polyglycols, esters and ester compounds, PFPE, native oils and derivatives of native oils, aromatic oils such as phenyl ethers and mixtures thereof. Polygkycols, esters and synthetic hydrocarbons are particularly preferably used as carrier material.
Die erfindungsgemäße Zusammensetzung, die die Nanoteilchen und das Trägermittel enthält, kann des weiteren in ein Schmiermittel eingearbeitet werden. Dieses Schmiermittel kann in Form von Fetten, Pasten, Ölen vorliegen und wird ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus einem Schmieröl oder Gemischen von Schmierölen, Polyglykolen, Silikonölen, Perfluorpolyether, Mineralölen, Estern, synthetischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, Phenylethern, nativen Ölen und Derivate von nativen Ölen, organischen oder anorganischen Verdickern, insbesondere PTFE, Graphit, Metalloxiden, Bornitrid, Molybdändisulfid, Phosphaten, Silikaten, Sulfonaten, Polyimiden, Metallseifen, Metallkomplexseifen, Harnstoffen und deren Gemische, Festschmierstoffen wie Graphit, M0S2. The composition of the present invention containing the nanoparticles and the carrier may further be incorporated into a lubricant become. This lubricant may be in the form of fats, pastes, oils and is selected from the group consisting of a lubricating oil or mixtures of lubricating oils, polyglycols, silicone oils, perfluoropolyethers, mineral oils, esters, synthetic hydrocarbons, phenyl ethers, native oils and derivatives of native oils. organic or inorganic thickeners, in particular PTFE, graphite, metal oxides, boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, phosphates, silicates, sulfonates, polyimides, metal soaps, metal complex soaps, ureas and mixtures thereof, solid lubricants such as graphite, M0S2.
Besonders bevorzugt sind Zusammensetzungen, die als Konzentrat in einem der oben erwähnten Schmiermittel zum Einsatz gebracht werden. Particularly preferred are compositions which are used as a concentrate in one of the above-mentioned lubricants.
Außerdem können lösliche Additive, insbesondere aromatische Amine, Phenole, Phosphate, sowie Korrosionsschutzmittel, Oxidationsschutzmittel, Verschleißschutzmittel, Mittel zur Reibungsminderung, Mittel zum Schutz gegen Metalleinflüsse, UV-Stabilisatoren in der Zusammensetzung vorhanden sein. In addition, soluble additives, in particular aromatic amines, phenols, phosphates, as well as corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, anti-wear agents, friction reducing agents, means for protection against metal influences, UV stabilizers may be present in the composition.
Die erfindungsgemäße Zusammensetzung besteht im allgemeinen aus 0,1 bis 40 Gew.-% oberflächenmodifizierten Nanopartikeln, insbesondere 2 bis 20 Gew.-% oberflächenmodifizierten Nanopartikeln, sowie 99,9% bis 60% Gew.-% Trägermaterial, insbesondere 8 bis 80 Gew.-% Trägermaterial. The composition of the invention generally consists of 0.1 to 40 wt .-% surface-modified nanoparticles, in particular 2 to 20 wt .-% surface-modified nanoparticles, and 99.9% to 60% by weight of carrier material, in particular 8 to 80 wt. -% carrier material.
Die Einbringung der Nanoteilchen in das Trägermaterial kann dabei auf zweierlei Weise erfolgen. Zum einen können Dispersionen von Nanoteilchen in einem Sol- Gel-Prozess erzeugt, und in der Dispersion oberflächenmodifiziert werden und anschließend durch Zugabe des Trägermaterials und Abziehen der flüchtigen Lösemittel die Dispersion erstellt werden. Dieses Verfahren kann als Umdispergieren bezeichnet werden und hat den Vorteil, dass die Nanoteilchen immer von Flüssigkeit benetzt sind und damit die Gefahr der Agglomeration verringert wird. Dieses Verfahren wird in den nachfolgenden Beispielen beschrieben. Alternativ können nach dem Modifizieren der Oberflächen die Lösemittel entfernt und die trockenen Teilchen isoliert werden. Durch Eindispergieren unter Scherung und optional erhöhter Temperatur können die Teilchen eingearbeitet werden. Welches Verfahren anzuwenden ist, hängt von verschiedensten Faktoren wie Teilchenart, Teilchengrößen, Art und Ausmaß der Oberflächenbelegung und chemischer Natur des Trägermaterials ab und muss individuell abgestimmt werden. The introduction of the nanoparticles into the carrier material can take place in two ways. On the one hand, dispersions of nanoparticles can be produced in a sol-gel process and surface-modified in the dispersion, and then the dispersion can be prepared by adding the support material and removing the volatile solvents. This process can be referred to as redispersing and has the advantage that the nanoparticles are always wetted by liquid and thus the risk of agglomeration is reduced. This method is described in the following examples. Alternatively, after modifying the surfaces, the solvents may be removed and the dry particles isolated. By dispersing under shear and optionally elevated temperature, the particles can be incorporated. Which method is to be used depends on various factors such as particle type, particle sizes, type and extent of surface coverage and chemical nature of the carrier material and must be individually tailored.
Diese Zusammensetzung kann dann in ein beliebiges Schmiermittel eingebracht werden, sodass bezogen auf die Endformulierung von 0,1 - 10 % Nanoteilchen, 99,9 - 90 % Schmiermittel vorliegen. This composition can then be incorporated into any lubricant so that, based on the final formulation of 0.1-10% nanoparticles, 99.9-90% lubricant.
Die nachfolgend beschriebenen Abbildungen zeigen: Figur 1 : Teilchengrößenverteilung einer Charge von Levasil 200N/30% The figures described below show: FIG. 1: Particle size distribution of a batch of Levasil 200N / 30%
Figur 2: Teilchengröße der S1O2 Dispersion, wobei die Teilchen mit dem  Figure 2: Particle size of the S1O2 dispersion, wherein the particles with the
Stöber Prozeß hergestellt und mit dyn. Lichtstreuung bestimmt wurden (Beispiel 1 )  Stöber process made and dyn. Light scattering were determined (Example 1)
Figur 3: Teilchengröße der S1O2 Dispersion nach Funktionalisierung mit  FIG. 3: Particle size of the S1O2 dispersion after functionalization with
Butylsilan, die mit dyn. Lichtstreuung bestimmt wurde (Beispiel 2) Butylsilane with dyn. Light scattering was determined (Example 2)
Figur 4: Teilchengrößenverteilung in Polyglykol (Beispiel 4) FIG. 4: Particle size distribution in polyglycol (Example 4)
Figur 5: Die Theologischen Eigenschaften der Nanoteilchen enthaltende FIG. 5: The theological properties of the nanoparticles
Zusammensetzung basierend auf Polyglykol in Abhängigkeit vom Schergefälle (Beispiele 4 a bis d und Vergleichsbeispiel 4 e)  Composition based on polyglycol as a function of the shear rate (Examples 4 a to d and Comparative Example 4 e)
Die Herstellung von SiO2-Nanoteilchen ist beispielsweise beschrieben in: W. Stöber, A. Fink, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 26, 62 - 69, 1968 oder in: Ziehen Wang et al. Matehals Letters 6_1, 2007, 506 - 510. Der Nachteil bei Verwendung des Stöber-Prozesses bei der Herstellung ist, dass die entstehenden Dispersionen niedrige Gehalte an SiO2-Nanoteilchen aufweisen, in der Regel um 3 % Massengehalt S1O2. Die Stabilität der Nanoteilchen und auch die Art der sich ausbildenden Teilchen wird dabei durch die Wahl der Reaktionsbedingungen, hier insbesondere des pH Wertes bestimmt. Es gibt auch kommerzielle Quellen von nanoteiligen Si02-Dispersionen. Unter dem Handelsnamen Levasil (Akzo Nobel, früher HC Starck) werden wässrige Dispersionen mit Feststoffgehalten von bis zu 50% angeboten. Bei Levasil 200N/30% handelt es sich beispielsweise um eine 30%ige Dispersion, die mit Ammoniak stabilisiert ist. Die Teilchengröße wird mit ca. 55 nm angegeben. Diese Größenverteilung wird durch das Diagramm in Figur 1 bestätigt, die die Teilchenanalyse mit einem Malvern Zetasizer zeigt. Ebenfalls von Akzo Nobel unter dem Handelsnamen Bindzil sind S1O2- Nanodispersionen mit Teilchengrößen um 10 nm und Feststoffgehalten bis 40% erhältlich, deren Oberflächen mit Epoxysilan modifiziert sind. The preparation of SiO 2 nanoparticles is described, for example, in: W. Stöber, A. Fink, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 26, 62-69, 1968 or in: Chen Wang et al. Matehals Letters 6_1, 2007, 506 - 510. The disadvantage of using the Stöber process in production is that the resulting dispersions have low levels of SiO 2 nanoparticles, typically around 3% by mass S1O 2. The stability of the nanoparticles and also the nature of the particles which form are determined by the choice of reaction conditions, in particular the pH. There are also commercial sources of nanoparticulate SiO 2 dispersions. Under the trade name Levasil (Akzo Nobel, formerly HC Starck) aqueous dispersions are offered with solids contents of up to 50%. For example, Levasil 200N / 30% is a 30% dispersion stabilized with ammonia. The particle size is given as about 55 nm. This size distribution is confirmed by the diagram in Figure 1, which shows the particle analysis with a Malvern Zetasizer. Also available from Akzo Nobel under the trade name Bindzil are S1O2 nanodispersions with particle sizes around 10 nm and solids contents up to 40%, the surfaces of which are modified with epoxysilane.
Die Herstellung der wäßrigen Dispersionen wird auch in der EP 1 554 221 B1 und der EP 1 554 220 B1 beschrieben. The preparation of the aqueous dispersions is also described in EP 1 554 221 B1 and EP 1 554 220 B1.
Beispiel 1 : Example 1 :
Verfahren zur Herstellung von unmodifizierten S1O2 Nanoteilchen aus Tetraethylorthosilikat (Stöberverfahren)  Process for the preparation of unmodified S1O2 nanoparticles from tetraethylorthosilicate (Stöberverfahren)
In einem 2 I Dreihalskolben mit KPG Rührer und Rückflußkühler werden 612,4 g Ethanol, 113,47 g H2O dest, 21 ,67 g NH3 (25%) vorgelegt und auf Rückfluß erhitzt. Eine Lösung von 95,68 g Tetraethylorthosilikat in 156,77 g Ethanol wird langsam über einen Tropftrichter zugegeben. Nach Beendigung der Zugabe wird die Reaktionslösung für weitere 4 h unter Rühren am Rückfluß gehalten. Es entsteht eine opaleszierende Dispersion. Die mittlere Teilchengröße beträgt 52 nm, wie in Figur 2 angegeben ist. In a 2 l three-necked flask equipped with KPG stirrer and reflux condenser, 612.4 g of ethanol, 113.47 g of H 2 O dest, 21, 67 g of NH 3 (25%) are introduced and heated to reflux. A solution of 95.68 g of tetraethylorthosilicate in 156.77 g of ethanol is added slowly via a dropping funnel. After completion of the addition, the reaction solution is refluxed for an additional 4 hours with stirring. The result is an opalescent dispersion. The mean particle size is 52 nm, as indicated in FIG.
Beispiel 2: Example 2:
Funktionalisierung der Oberfläche von Nanoteilchen mit einem Silanisierungsreagenz, die nach dem Stöberprozess gemäß Beispiel 1 hergestellt wurden Es ist bekannt, dass Laut Literatur, beispielsweise der zwischen 4 und 4,6 SiOH Gruppen pro nm2 auf Si02-Oberflächen zu erwarten sind (Dissertation von M. Braun (Beiträge zur physikalisch-chemischen Charakterisierung funktionaler Si02-Oberflächen, TU Chemnitz, 2009). Von Trialkoxyalkylsilanen oder Trialkoxyarylsilanen werden damit etwas mehr als ein Silan pro nm2 an Oberfläche der zu funktionalisierenden SiO2-Nanokugeln benötigt. Es können aber auch höhere oder niedrigere Silanmengen eingesetzt werden. Bei der vertretbaren Annahme, dass es sich um kugelförmige Teilchen handelt, kann die Spezifische Oberfläche in m2/g berechnet werden: Functionalization of the surface of nanoparticles with a silanization reagent, which were prepared by the Stöberprozess according to Example 1 It is known that according to literature, for example, between 4 and 4.6 SiOH groups per nm 2 are to be expected on SiO 2 surfaces (dissertation by M. Braun (contributions to the physicochemical characterization of functional Si0 2 surfaces, TU Chemnitz, Of trialkoxyalkylsilanes or trialkoxyarylsilanes, this requires slightly more than one silane per nm 2 of surface area of the SiO2 nanospheres to be functionalized, but it is also possible to use higher or lower silane amounts, assuming that they are globular particles , the specific surface area can be calculated in m 2 / g:
Oberfläche = 3000/(Durchmesser Nanokugeln in Nanometer) Die in Beispiel 1 hergestellte Dispersion (277,87 g) wird auf 78°C unter Rückfluß und Rühren erhitzt. Nach Erreichen der Temperatur werden 1 ,66 g n- Butyltrimethoxysilan in einem Schuß zugegeben. Die Lösung wird weitere 8 h unter Rühren bei 78°C gehalten. Figur 3 zeigt, dass die Teilchengrößenverteilung erhalten bleibt. Surface = 3000 / (diameter nanospheres in nanometers) The dispersion prepared in Example 1 (277.87 g) is heated to 78 ° C under reflux and with stirring. After reaching the temperature, 1.66 g of n-butyltrimethoxysilane are added in one shot. The solution is kept at 78 ° C. for a further 8 hours with stirring. FIG. 3 shows that the particle size distribution is retained.
Beispiel 3: Example 3:
Einarbeiten der funktionalisierten Nanoteilchen in Polyglykol  Incorporation of the functionalized nanoparticles into polyglycol
83,11 g der Dispersion aus funktionalisierten Nanoteilchen nach Beispiel 2 werden gemeinsam mit 28,10 g wassermischbaren Polyglykol (Monomere Ethylenoxid und Propylenoxid; kinematische Viskosität 100 mm2/sec bei 40°C) im Rotationsverdampfer unter Erhitzen mit dem Ölbad auf 100°C und Anlegen eines Vakuums, beispielsweise mit einer Wasserstrahlpumpe, eingeengt. Es resultiert eine klare Flüssigkeit. Das hohe Verhältnis Dispersion zu Öl ist erforderlich, um bei der geringen Konzentration an SiO2-Teilchen, die in den Dispersionen, die im Stöber-Prozeß hergestellt werden, zugrunde liegt, Konzentrationen von 10% Nanoteilchen im Polyglykol herstellen zu können. Diese Dispersion kann ebenfalls per dynamischer Lichtstreuung vermessen werden, allerdings muß dazu durch Zugabe des Grundöles auf eine Konzentration von 1% S1O2 verdünnt werden. Figur 4 zeigt, dass die Teilchengröße erhalten bleibt. Die Verbreiterung des Peaks läßt sich mit der höheren Viskosität des Polyglykols verglichen mit den Wasser/Ethanol Mischungen erklären. Die Verschiebung des Peaks zu größeren Teilchendurchmesser kann durch die Vergrößerung der Solvenshülle erklärt werden, da die Polyglykolmoleküle an der Teilchenoberfläche einen größeren Raum einnehmen als Wasser oder Ethanol. Beispiel 4: 83.11 g of the dispersion of functionalized nanoparticles according to Example 2 are mixed with 28.10 g of water-miscible polyglycol (monomers ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, kinematic viscosity 100 mm 2 / sec at 40 ° C.) in a rotary evaporator while heating with the oil bath to 100 ° C. and applying a vacuum, for example with a water jet pump, concentrated. The result is a clear liquid. The high dispersion to oil ratio is required in order to be able to produce concentrations of 10% nanoparticles in the polyglycol in the low concentration of SiO 2 particles on which the dispersions prepared in the Stöber process are based. This dispersion can also be measured by dynamic light scattering must, however, be diluted by adding the base oil to a concentration of 1% S1O2. Figure 4 shows that the particle size is retained. The broadening of the peak can be explained by the higher viscosity of the polyglycol compared to the water / ethanol mixtures. The shift of the peak to larger particle diameter can be explained by the enlargement of the solvent envelope, since the polyglycol molecules occupy a larger space on the particle surface than water or ethanol. Example 4:
Rheologische Eigenschaften von modifizierten Nanoteilchen in Polyglykol  Rheological properties of modified nanoparticles in polyglycol
Entsprechend den vorangegangen Beispielen werden Polyglykoldispersionen hergestellt, die in allen Fällen auf der Dispersion des Beispiels 1 aufbauen. Als Silane wurden neben Butyltrimethoxysilan auch Phenyltrimethoxysilan und Triethoxy(octyl)silan verwendet. Es wurde mit einem Silan pro nm2 analog Beispiel 2 modifiziert. In allen Fällen resultieren klare Flüssigkeiten nach Umdispergieren. Tabelle 1 zeigt, dass die kinematische Viskosität nur geringfügig erhöht ist. Der Gehalt an Si02 zeigt sich auch an der höheren Dichte. According to the preceding examples, polyglycol dispersions are prepared which in all cases build on the dispersion of Example 1. As silanes, phenyltrimethoxysilane and triethoxy (octyl) silane were used in addition to butyltrimethoxysilane. It was modified with a silane per nm 2 analogously to Example 2. In all cases, clear liquids result after redispersion. Table 1 shows that the kinematic viscosity is only slightly increased. The content of Si0 2 is also reflected in the higher density.
Tabelle 1 Table 1
In Tabelle 1 sind die Daten der 10%igen Dispersionen der mit Butylsilan, Octylsilan und Phenylsilan modifizierten Nanoteilchen in Polyglykol dargestellt. Table 1 shows the data of the 10% dispersions of the butyl silane, octyl silane and phenyl silane modified nanoparticles in polyglycol.
Es wurde zusätzlich die dynamische Viskosität der Nanoteilchen-haltigen Öle in Abhängigkeit von der Scherrate mit einem Kegel/Platte System am Rheometer bestimmt. Die Scherrate wird logarithmisch von 50 sec"1 bis 5000 sec"1 gesteigert. Bei den drei oben beschriebenen Dispersionen bleibt die dynamischen Viskosität unabhängig von der Scherrate, man beobachtet also ein Newton 'sches Fließverhalten (siehe Figur 5). Im Gegensatz dazu zeigt eine 10%ige Dispersion von Aerosil OX 50 (Hydrophil pyrogene Kieselsäure BET 35 - 65 m2/g von der Firma Evonik, laut Herstellerangabe eine mittlere Primärteilchengröße von 40 nm und damit ähnlich den untersuchten Nanoteilchen) im identischen Polyglykol eine deutliche Abnahme der Viskosität mit der Scherung (Figur 5). In addition, the dynamic viscosity of the nanoparticle-containing oils was determined as a function of the shear rate using a cone / plate system on the rheometer. The shear rate is increased logarithmically from 50 sec "1 to 5000 sec " 1 . In the case of the three dispersions described above, the dynamic viscosity remains independent of the shear rate, so it is observed Newton's flow behavior (see FIG. 5). In contrast, a 10% dispersion of Aerosil OX 50 (hydrophilic fumed silica BET 35 - 65 m 2 / g from Evonik, according to the manufacturer, a mean primary particle size of 40 nm and thus similar to the investigated nanoparticles) in the same polyglycol a clear Decrease in viscosity with shear (Figure 5).
Die Aerosil enthaltende Mischung, die in Figur 5 mit 4e bezeichnet ist, zeigt damit eine ausgeprägte Abweichung vom Newton 'sehen Fließverhalten, was mit einer Wechselwirkung der unmodifizierten Teilchen erklärt werden kann. The Aerosil-containing mixture, designated 4e in FIG. 5, thus shows a pronounced deviation from Newton 's flow behavior, which can be explained by an interaction of the unmodified particles.
Beispiel 5 Example 5
Funktionalisierung und Umdispergieren ausgehend von Levasil 200N/30% 404 g Levasil 200N/30% werden unter Rühren auf etwa 85°C erhitzt. 395 g Ethanol und 11 ,78 g Butyltrimethoxysilan (entspricht etwa 5 Silanmoleküle pro nm2 Oberfläche) werden in einem Schuß zugegeben und ca. 1 h unter Rühren bei der Temperatur gehalten. Bereits in der Hitze bildet sich eine gelartige Konsistenz aus. Functionalization and redispersion from Levasil 200N / 30% 404 g of Levasil 200N / 30% are heated to about 85 ° C. with stirring. 395 g of ethanol and 11.78 g of butyltrimethoxysilane (corresponds to about 5 silane molecules per nm 2 surface area) are added in one shot and kept at the temperature for about 1 h with stirring. Already in the heat forms a gel-like consistency.
21 ,06 g des Gels werden mit 81 ,89 g Polyglykolöl, wie oben beschrieben, umdispergiert. Es resultiert eine klare Flüssigkeit (ca. 3,8 % S1O2). 21.6 g of the gel are redispersed with 81.89 g of polyglycol oil as described above. The result is a clear liquid (about 3.8% S1O2).
Tabelle 2 Table 2
Die Tabelle2 zeigt geringen Einfluss auf die Theologischen Eigenschaften durch die Nanoteilchen. Es sind also auch hochkonzentrierte Dispersionen, wie Levasil, als Nanoteilchenquelle möglich. Table 2 shows little influence on the theological properties of the nanoparticles. So there are also highly concentrated dispersions, such as Levasil, possible as a nanoparticle source.
Beispiel 6 Example 6
Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses der Nanoteilchen auf Reibung und Verschleiß wird durch Verdünnen mit Grundöl eine Nanoteilchendispersion mit einem Gehalt von1 % Si02 hergestellt. To study the influence of nanoparticles on friction and wear, dilution with base oil produces a nanoparticle dispersion containing 1% Si0 2 .
Tabelle 3 Table 3
Die Nanoteilchen in Beispiel 6 haben einen geringen, vernachlässigbaren Einfluß auf die rheologischen Eigenschaften, beim VKA Dauerverschleiß ergibt sich eine leichte Verschlechterung. Im SRV wird der Verschleißfaktor etwas erhöht, der Reibwert bleibt gleich. Bei der Schweißkraft wird eine geringfügige Verbesserung beobachtet. Die Wirkung auf Reibung und Verschleiß ist also abhängig von den Versuchsbedingungen und kann auch zu Verschlechterungen führen. Damit ist keine Wirkung als Anti-Wear-Additiv gegeben. The nanoparticles in Example 6 have a small, negligible influence on the rheological properties, resulting in VKA endurance a slight deterioration. In the SRV, the wear factor is increased slightly, the coefficient of friction remains the same. In the welding force, a slight improvement is observed. The effect on friction and wear is therefore dependent on the experimental conditions and can also lead to deterioration. There is no effect as an anti-wear additive.
Beispiel 7 Example 7
Wirkung der modifizierten Nanoteilchen in einer auf Polyglykol basierenden Getriebeölformulierung Effect of modified nanoparticles in a polyglycol-based gear oil formulation
Getriebeölformulierungen wurden mit 60 nm großen SiO2-Teilchen mit einer Butyl-Oberflächenmodifizierung hergestellt. Dazu wurde eine 10%ige Dispersion der modifizierten Nanoteilchen in Polyglykol verwendet, die einfach in die Formulierung eingerührt werden kann. Die Konzentration der Nanoteilchen in der Endformulierung beträgt 1 %. Die Formulierung wurde in zwei Viskositätslagen (100 und 220 est) hergestellt. Gear oil formulations were made with 60 nm SiO 2 particles with a butyl surface modification. For this purpose, a 10% dispersion of the modified nanoparticles in polyglycol was used, which can be easily stirred into the formulation. The concentration of nanoparticles in the final formulation is 1%. The formulation was prepared in two viscosity layers (100 and 220 est).
Tabelle 4 Table 4
Nanoteilchen Nanoteilchen enthaltende enthaltendeNanoparticles containing nanoparticles containing
Referenz 220 Formulierung, Referenzbeisp. Formulierung est 220 est 100 est 100 est wassermischbares Polyglykol Reference 220 Formulation, Reference Ex. Formulation est 220 est 100 est 100 est water-miscible polyglycol
Monomere EthylenoxioV  Monomers EthylenoxioV
Propylenoxid 94, 15 84, 15 94, 15 84, 15 Propylene oxide 94, 15 84, 15 94, 15 84, 15
Antioxidantgemisch 3 3 3 3 Antioxidant mixture 3 3 3 3
Antiwearadditiv, 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3 Antiweader additive, 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3
Korrosionschutzadditive, 0,305 0,305 0,305 0,305 Corrosion protection additives, 0,305 0,305 0,305 0,305
0,2  0.2
Antischaum, Silikonbasis 0,2 0,2 0,2 Antifoam, silicone base 0,2 0,2 0,2
10% Dispersion von butyl 10% dispersion of butyl
funktionalisierten Si02 functionalized SiO 2
Nanoteilchen in Polyglykol Nanoparticles in polyglycol
Teilchengröße ca. 60 nm 10 10 Mit den oben beschriebenen Zusammensetzungen wurde nun untersucht, wie sich die Verwendung von Nanopartikeln im Hinblick auf die Graufleckentragfähigkeit auswirkt. Particle size about 60 nm 10 10 The above-described compositions have now been used to investigate how the use of nanoparticles has an effect on the gray-patch bearing capacity.
Tabelle 5 Table 5
Nanoteilchen nanoparticles
enthaltende Nanoteilchen  containing nanoparticles
Referenzbeisp. Formulierung, Referenzbeispiel enthaltende  Referenzbeisp. Formulation containing reference example
220 est 220 est 100 est Formulierung 100 est  220 est 220 est 100 est Formulation 100 est
Viskosität Viskositäts- und Dichtedaten Viscosity viscosity and density data
236,7 238,7 98,3 106,5 236.7 238.7 98.3 106.5
V 40°C (mm2/sec) V 40 ° C (mm 2 / sec)
V 100°C 41 ,3 41 ,7 19,4 19,9 (mm2/sec) V 100 ° C 41, 3 41, 7 19.4 19.9 (mm 2 / sec)
230,0 230,5 220,4 211 ,1 230.0 230.5 220.4 211, 1
VI VI
Dichte 40°C (g/ml) 1 ,042 1 ,046 1 ,026 1 ,032  Density 40 ° C (g / ml) 1, 042 1, 046 1, 026 1, 032
FZG-Graufleckenkurztest 2200U7min. T=90°C  FZG gray stain short test 2200U7min. T = 90 ° C
Gewichtsänderung  weight change
23 7 23 12  23 7 23 12
Ritzel/Rad  Pinion / wheel
Gesamt  total
Graufleckenfläche  Pitting area
nach to
Schadstufe 7 15,70% 2,50% 10% 2,90%  Damage Level 7 15.70% 2.50% 10% 2.90%
(Mittel 3 Flanken (Mean 3 flanks
Graufleckenfläche  Pitting area
nach 5,20% after 5.20%
Schadstufe 9 20% 4,50% 13,80%  Damage Level 9 20% 4.50% 13.80%
(Mittel 3 Flanken (Mean 3 flanks
Profilabweichung  profile deviation
nach to
Schadstufe 7 3,3 μηι 0 μσι 1 ,8 πΊ 5,3 μηη  Damage level 7 3.3 μηι 0 μσι 1, 8 πΊ 5.3 μηη
(Mittel 3 Flanken) (Mean 3 flanks)
Profilabweichung  profile deviation
nach to
Schadstufe 9 3,3 μηη 0 μιτι 0 mm 5 μηι  Damage level 9 3.3 μηη 0 μιτι 0 mm 5 μηι
(Mittel 3 Flanken) (Mean 3 flanks)
SKS GFKT < KS 9 SKS GFKT < KS 9 SKS GFKT < KS 9 SKS GFKT < KS 9 Graufleckenbildung Graufleckenbildung Graufleckenbildung Graufleckenbildung ist kaum zu ist kaum zu ist kaum zu erwarten ist kaum zu erwarten erwarten erwarten Wie aus Tabelle 5 ersichtlich, ist die Graufleckenbildung deutlich reduziert, wenn Nanopartikel in einem Polyglykol-Getriebeöl verwendet werden. Insgesamt lässt sich feststellen, dass durch die Nanopartikel die Graufleckentragfähigkeit durch die Verwendung der beiden Zusammensetzungen, die die Nanopartikel enthalten, nochmals deutlich verbessert wurde, wenn sie als Auftrag auf den Oberflächen der Antriebselemente ausgehend von einem guten Niveau Referenzen 100 est und 220 est) vorhanden sind. SKS GFKT <KS 9 SKS GFKT <KS 9 SKS GFKT <KS 9 SKS GFKT <KS 9 Pitting Pitting Pitting Pitting Pitting Pitting Pitting is hardly to be expected is hardly to expect is to be expected expect As can be seen from Table 5, the gray speckling is significantly reduced when nanoparticles are used in a polyglycol gear oil. Overall, it can be stated that the nanoparticles have significantly improved the gray-particle bearing capacity by using the two compositions containing the nanoparticles, when they are present as a deposit on the surfaces of the drive elements starting from a good level of references 100 est and 220 est) are.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
Verwendung einer Zusammensetzung enthaltend Use of a composition containing
(a) 0,1 bis 40 Gew.-% oberflächenmodifizierte Nanopartikel und  (A) 0.1 to 40 wt .-% surface-modified nanoparticles and
(b) 99,9 bis 60 Gew.-% ein Trägermaterial,  (b) 99.9 to 60% by weight of a carrier material,
wobei die Zusammensetzung auf die Oberflächen von Antriebselementen zur Verhinderung oder Verminderung von Ermüdungsschäden, insbesondere Grübchenbildung oder Graufleckigkeit aufgetragen wird. wherein the composition is applied to the surfaces of drive members to prevent or reduce fatigue damage, especially pitting or pitting.
Verwendung einer Zusammensetzung nach Anspruch 1 , wobei die oberflächenmodifizierten Nanopartikel oxidische Nanopartikel sind. Use of a composition according to claim 1, wherein the surface-modified nanoparticles are oxidic nanoparticles.
Verwendung einer Zusammensetzung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, wobei die oberflächenmodifizierten Nanopartikel ausgewählt werden aus Siliziumdioxid, Zinkoxid und Aluminiumoxid. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the surface-modified nanoparticles are selected from silica, zinc oxide and alumina.
Verwendung einer Zusammensetzung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, wobei die Oberflächenmodifizierung über Oberflächenmodifizierungsreagenzien, ausgewählt aus Alkyl-, Aryl-, Alkylarylsilanen mit mindestens 1 bis 3 dieser Alkyl-, Aryl- und Alkylarylgruppen, die zusätzlich funktionale Gruppen, insbesondere Thiogruppen, Phosphatgruppen enthalten können, und die einzeln oder in Kombination verwendet werden und wobei die zusätzlichen funktionalen Gruppen mit Metalloberflächen reagieren können, bewirkt wird. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the surface modification via Oberflächenmodifizierungsreagenzien selected from alkyl, aryl, alkylarylsilanes having at least 1 to 3 of these alkyl, aryl and alkylaryl groups which additionally contain functional groups, especially thio groups, phosphate groups can be used, and which can be used individually or in combination, and wherein the additional functional groups can react with metal surfaces.
Verwendung einer Zusammensetzunge nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, wobei die Menge an Modifizierungsreagenz pro nm2 der Teilchenoberfläche 0,1 mit 10 Moleküle des Modifizierungsreagenz beträgt. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the amount of modifying reagent per nm 2 of the particle surface is 0.1 with 10 molecules of the modifying reagent.
Verwendung einer Zusammensetzung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, wobei die Zusammensetzung Mischungen von Nanoteilchen enthält, die sowohl verschiedene Substanzen als auch verschiedene Teilchengrößen aufweisen. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the composition contains mixtures of nanoparticles having both different substances and different particle sizes.
Verwendung einer Zusammensetzung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, wobei die oberflächenmodifizierten Nanopartikel eine Teilchengröße von 10 nm bis kleiner 200 nm aufweisen, wobei die Teilchengröße mit dynamischer Lichtstreuung in Dispersion bestimmt wird. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the surface-modified nanoparticles have a particle size of 10 nm to less than 200 nm, wherein the particle size is determined with dynamic light scattering in dispersion.
Verwendung einer Zusammensetzung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, wobei das in der Zusammensetzung vorhandene Trägermaterial ausgewählt wird aus der Gruppe bestehend aus synthetischen und nativen Esterölen, Polyglykolen, synthetischen Kohlenwasserstoffölen. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the carrier material present in the composition is selected from the group consisting of synthetic and native ester oils, polyglycols, synthetic hydrocarbon oils.
Verwendung einer Zusammensetzung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, wobei die Zusammensetzung in ein Schmiermittel ausgewählt aus der Gruppe der Fette, Pasten, Öle eingebracht wird. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the composition is incorporated in a lubricant selected from the group of fats, pastes, oils.
Verwendung einer Zusammensetzung nach Anspruch 9, wobei das Schmiermittel ausgewählt wird aus der Gruppe bestehend aus einem Schmieröl oder Gemischen von Schmierölen, Polyglykole, Silikonöle, Perfluorpolyether, Mineralölen, Esterölen, Kohlenwasserstoffölen, Phenyletherölen, nativen Ölen, Derivaten von nativen Ölen, einem organischen oder anorganischen Verdicker, insbesondere PTFE, Graphit, Metalloxiden, Bornitrid, Molybdändisulfid, Phosphaten, Silikaten, Sulfonaten, Polyimiden, Metallseifen, Metallkomplexseifen, Harnstoffen und deren Gemische, Festschmierstoffen wie Graphit, MoS2. Use of a composition according to claim 9, wherein the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of a lubricating oil or mixtures of lubricating oils, polyglycols, silicone oils, perfluoropolyethers, mineral oils, ester oils, hydrocarbon oils, phenyl ether oils, native oils, derivatives of native oils organic or inorganic thickeners, in particular PTFE, graphite, metal oxides, boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, phosphates, silicates, sulfonates, polyimides, metal soaps, metal complex soaps, ureas and mixtures thereof, solid lubricants such as graphite, MoS 2 .
5  5
11. Verwendung einer Zusammensetzung nach einem der Ansprüche 9 oder 10, wobei in der Zusammensetzung des weiteren lösliche Additive, insbesondere aromatische Amine, Phenolen, Phosphaten, Schwefelträger sowie Korrosionsschutzmittel, Oxidationsschutzmittei, l o Verschleißschutzmittel, Mittel zur Reibungsminderung, Mittel zum Schutz gegen Metalleinflüsse, UV-Stabilisatoren vorhanden sind.  11. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 9 or 10, wherein in the composition of further soluble additives, in particular aromatic amines, phenols, phosphates, sulfur and anti-corrosion agents, Oxidationsschutzmittei, lo wear protection agents, agents for reducing friction, agents for protection against metal influences, UV Stabilizers are present.
Verwendung einer Zusammensetzung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11 , die in einem Schmiermittel bezogen auf die Endformulierung in einer Menge on 0,1 bis 10% Nanoteilchen, 99,9 bis 90% Schmiermittel vorliegt. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 11, which is present in a lubricant based on the final formulation in an amount of 0.1 to 10% nanoparticles, 99.9 to 90% lubricant.
0 0
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