EP2714508B1 - Hélice de bateau munie de moyens servant à maintenir sa position assemblée - Google Patents

Hélice de bateau munie de moyens servant à maintenir sa position assemblée Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2714508B1
EP2714508B1 EP11731067.2A EP11731067A EP2714508B1 EP 2714508 B1 EP2714508 B1 EP 2714508B1 EP 11731067 A EP11731067 A EP 11731067A EP 2714508 B1 EP2714508 B1 EP 2714508B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cylindrical body
propeller
external cylindrical
nut
external
Prior art date
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EP11731067.2A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2714508A1 (fr
Inventor
Massimiliano Bianchi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MAX PROP Srl
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MAX PROP Srl
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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63HMARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H3/00Propeller-blade pitch changing
    • B63H3/06Propeller-blade pitch changing characterised by use of non-mechanical actuating means, e.g. electrical
    • B63H3/08Propeller-blade pitch changing characterised by use of non-mechanical actuating means, e.g. electrical fluid
    • B63H3/081Propeller-blade pitch changing characterised by use of non-mechanical actuating means, e.g. electrical fluid actuated by control element coaxial with the propeller shaft
    • B63H3/082Propeller-blade pitch changing characterised by use of non-mechanical actuating means, e.g. electrical fluid actuated by control element coaxial with the propeller shaft the control element being axially reciprocatable
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63HMARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H3/00Propeller-blade pitch changing
    • B63H3/008Propeller-blade pitch changing characterised by self-adjusting pitch, e.g. by means of springs, centrifugal forces, hydrodynamic forces
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63HMARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H3/00Propeller-blade pitch changing
    • B63H3/06Propeller-blade pitch changing characterised by use of non-mechanical actuating means, e.g. electrical
    • B63H3/08Propeller-blade pitch changing characterised by use of non-mechanical actuating means, e.g. electrical fluid
    • B63H3/081Propeller-blade pitch changing characterised by use of non-mechanical actuating means, e.g. electrical fluid actuated by control element coaxial with the propeller shaft
    • B63H3/082Propeller-blade pitch changing characterised by use of non-mechanical actuating means, e.g. electrical fluid actuated by control element coaxial with the propeller shaft the control element being axially reciprocatable
    • B63H2003/085Propeller-blade pitch changing characterised by use of non-mechanical actuating means, e.g. electrical fluid actuated by control element coaxial with the propeller shaft the control element being axially reciprocatable the control element having means for preventing rotation together with the propeller

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a variable pitch boat propeller, of the type in which each blade is constrained, directly or indirectly, to the motor shaft of the boat in such a manner as to be able to rotate about an axis transverse with respect to the axis of the motor shaft, by means of an external cylindrical body.
  • the external cylindrical body of the propeller is fitted coaxially onto an internal cylindrical body, which in turn rotates integrally with the motor shaft of the boat.
  • Coupling of the external cylindrical body with the internal cylindrical body is generally produced using bolts, screws or other threaded securing means, with axis both transverse and parallel to the axis of the motor shaft, or of the propeller.
  • the external cylindrical body is usually constituted by several complementary parts, which are mutually secured using bolts, or screws, or other threaded securing means, also having axis transverse and/or parallel to the axis of the propeller.
  • the propeller is usually installed on the motor shaft by means of a lock nut which, at the rear (stem) of the propeller, is screwed onto a corresponding threaded end portion of the motor shaft and is shaped in such a manner as to keep the motor shaft and the internal body of the propeller coupled, preventing the mutual release thereof.
  • This propeller which has a lock nut positioned inside the internal cylindrical body, besides being somewhat difficult to install and remove, due to the specific arrangement of this lock nut, also has the drawbacks set forth above in relation to the presence of threaded means to secure the various parts constituting the external cylindrical body of the propeller.
  • These retaining means can, for example, be constituted by a front stop integral with the internal cylindrical body, and by one or more elastic sealing rings, with a relative "Seeger” ring, positioned at the rear of the propeller, and can act as constraining elements of the external cylindrical body to the corresponding internal cylindrical body.
  • a propeller of this type is described in the Italian patent application ITM12008A001667, by the same Applicant, wherein the use of these mechanical retaining means for interlocking of complementary parts, between the external and internal cylindrical body of the propeller, makes it possible to avoid the use of bolts, screws or other threaded securing means of the various parts forming the external cylindrical body.
  • variable pitch boat propeller according to the preamble of the annexed claim 1 is disclosed in EP 2 239 192 A1 .
  • the object of the present invention is to produce a variable pitch boat propeller which overcomes the drawbacks of prior art indicated above.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a variable pitch boat propeller which is highly reliable and at the same time easy to install and remove without the use of screws, pins, bolts and similar constraining elements between the various propeller components.
  • a further object of the present invention is to produce a variable pitch boat propeller which has a simple structure, which eliminates or minimizes the possibility of its components, including the nut that locks the propeller on the motor shaft, becoming disassembled during the step to remove/install it from/on the motor shaft.
  • variable pitch boat propeller according to the first independent claim and the subsequent dependent claims.
  • the variable pitch boat propeller according to the present invention comprises at least one internal cylindrical body and at least one blade pivoted to an external cylindrical body of the propeller constituted by one or more juxtaposed parts, and coaxial to the internal cylindrical body which is in turn fitted coaxially on a motor shaft and constrained thereto by means of a lock nut.
  • the propeller also comprises retaining means, which cooperate with the internal cylindrical body of the propeller, to maintain in assembled position, with interlocking of complementary parts, at least the internal cylindrical body, the external cylindrical body and the blades.
  • the propeller comprises means to constrain by coupling the lock nut - which as stated constrains the propeller to the motor shaft - to the external cylindrical body of the propeller, or at least a part thereof.
  • the presence of retaining means, which cooperate with the internal cylindrical body, allow the components of the propeller to be kept in assembled position, with interlocking, so that it is particularly simple to install on/remove from the motor shaft.
  • the constraining means with which it is provided also keep the nut inside the propeller, coupled with the external cylindrical body of the propeller. In this manner, the nut used to constrain the propeller to the motor shaft also remains in assembled position inside the propeller following operations to remove it from the motor shaft.
  • the internal cylindrical body of the propeller comprises at least one abutting portion for the external cylindrical body, or at least for a part thereof.
  • the constraining means are constrained in a removable manner to the external cylindrical body of the propeller, or at least to a part thereof, and comprise, according to a possible embodiment, a circular flange constrained in the part positioned at the rear of the external cylindrical body.
  • the retaining means to keep the propeller in assembled position comprise at least one elastic element, positioned between the internal cylindrical body and the external cylindrical body, or at least a part thereof, which cooperates in retaining and keeping the components of the propeller mutually assembled.
  • This elastic element is a Seeger type metal circlip, or a not open and elastically deformable metal ring, positioned at the external surface of the internal cylindrical body of the propeller.
  • the retaining means comprise, additionally to one or more elastic elements, at least one abutting surface of the lock nut on the external cylindrical body of the propeller, or on at least a part of the external cylindrical body of the propeller.
  • the nut that allows the propeller to be constrained to the motor shaft comprises a lateral skirt and the abutting surface on the external cylindrical body is positioned at the end of this lateral skirt.
  • all the components of the propeller remain in assembled position by means of the retaining means, and preferably by means of at least one elastic annular element and/or at least one abutting surface of the nut, cooperating with the internal cylindrical body of the propeller.
  • the constraining means with which the propeller is provided also allow the nut for locking the propeller to the motor shaft to be kept in assembled position, and in particular, coupled with at least part of the external cylindrical body of the propeller, In this manner, during removal of the propeller, even if loosened, this nut will remain coupled with the external cylindrical body.
  • variable pitch boat propeller 1 illustrated herein, comprises an internal cylindrical body 2 having axis X-X (axis of the propeller 1) and internal variable diameter (i.e. with a tapered internal portion), an external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, formed by a plurality of juxtaposed parts, which is constrained in a manner coaxial to the internal cylindrical body 2, and a plurality of blades 4 constrained in a manner rotating about the axis Y-Y thereof, by means of the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3.
  • Fig. 2 is identical to the one shown in Fig. 1 , with the addition of means 30 to prevent rotation of the nut 6 for locking the propeller to the motor shaft 3, and for this reason Figs. 1 and 2 will be referred to without distinction, with particular reference only to the second figure in the description of these means 30 for locking the nut 6.
  • the internal cylindrical body 2, or sleeve, of the propeller is mounted and fitted, for example using a key, coaxially to the motor shaft 3 of the boat on which the propeller is installed, in such as manner as to be able to convey rotational motion to the propeller.
  • the internal cylindrical body 2 of the propeller 1 has a tapered internal surface complementary in shape to the shape of the external surface of the motor shaft 3 on which it is installed.
  • the shape of the internal surface of the internal cylindrical body 2 is such as to allow insertion of the motor shaft 3 therein, and at the same time, such as to prevent movement of the motor shaft 3 in one direction (to the right in Fig. 1 ) with respect to the internal cylindrical body 2.
  • the internal cylindrical body 2 is secured to the motor shaft 3 by means of a lock nut 6 which is tightened on a corresponding threaded end 3a of the motor shaft 3.
  • the propeller according to the present invention also comprises retaining means 6h, 8 cooperating, by opposing of parts, with the internal cylindrical body 2 of the propeller, to keep in assembled position, through interlocking, the components of the propeller and at least the internal cylindrical body 2, the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, or the various components thereof, and the blades 4.
  • the internal cylindrical body 2 the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 (composed of one or more parts), and the blades 4 pivoted thereto, are maintained in assembled position by means of the joined action of the internal cylindrical body 2 and of the retaining means 6h, 8.
  • the retaining means comprise, in particular, at least one elastic element 8, positioned between the internal cylindrical body 2 and the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, or at least a part thereof, which cooperates with the internal body 2, and in particular with a abutting portion 20 thereof, and the external body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 in retaining and keeping the various components of the propeller 1 mutually assembled.
  • these retaining means comprise, alternatively or in addition (as shown in the figures) to the elastic element 8, at least one abutting surface 6h for at least part 5.3 of the external cylindrical body, the abutting surface 6h is positioned on the lock nut 6.
  • the retaining means comprise, in more detail, an elastic element 8 and a abutting surface 6h of the lock nut 6, which cooperate with the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, or at least a part thereof, to maintain the components of the propeller in assembled position, through interlocking of parts between the aforesaid abutting portion 20 of the internal cylindrical body 2 of the propeller 1 and said retaining means.
  • the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, or at least a part thereof 5.3 comprises a portion 50 adapted to engage, at least partially, the elastic ring 8 and/or the abutting surface 6h of the nut 6.
  • the elastic ring 8 cooperates to keep the components of the propeller 1 in assembled position.
  • the elastic ring 8 contributes to preventing axial movement of the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 with respect to the internal cylindrical body 2, given that this external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 is thus interposed between the abutting portion 20 of the internal body 2 and the elastic ring 8 of said retaining means.
  • the abutting surface 6h of the nut 6 cooperates in keeping the components of the propeller in assembled position, through contact with the portion 50 of the external cylindrical body.
  • the internal cylindrical body 2 is provided with at least one abutting portion 20 for at least one corresponding portion 21 of the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, or of a part thereof.
  • the part 5.1 of the external cylindrical body is in particular provided with a portion 21 adapted to cooperate with the abutting portion 20 of the internal cylindrical body.
  • the propeller 1 according to the present invention can be installed on and removed from the motor shaft simply by acting on the lock nut 6, tightening or loosening this latter on the corresponding threaded portion 3a of the motor shaft 3.
  • the propeller according to the present invention also comprises means 10 to constrain by coupling the lock nut 6 to at least a part of the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3.
  • the constraining means 10 are constrained in a removable manner to the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 of the propeller 1, or at least to a part 5.3 thereof.
  • the lock nut 6 is also kept coupled at least with the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 of the propeller 1, and during operations to install and remove the propeller 1 on and from motor shaft 3, contrary to prior art propellers, the nut 6 must not be removed/inserted from the inside of the propeller, thereby simplifying performance of these operations and preventing this nut 6 from being accidentally damaged or lost.
  • the nut 6 also comprises at least one elongated portion 6a which extends, at least partially, inside said internal cylindrical body 2. Inside the elongated portion there is produced a threaded part, adapted to cooperate with the corresponding threaded portion 3a of the motor shaft.
  • the nut 6 comprises a lateral skirt 6b which extends parallel to the elongated portion 6a, in such a manner as to form an annular seat 6c, comprised between the internal wall of the skirt 6b and the external surface of the elongated portion 6a.
  • the abutting surface 6h of the nut 6 on the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 is positioned on the lateral skirt 6b of the nut 6, and preferably corresponds with the lower end of this lateral skirt 6b.
  • the constraining means to keep the lock nut 6 coupled at least with the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 comprise a circular flange 10 constrained to the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 of the propeller 1, and in particular to the part 5.3 thereof positioned at the rear (stem).
  • the flange 10 is constrained in a removable manner to the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 through suitable known means, which can comprise, for example, threaded means adapted to allow reversible constraining of the flange 10 to the rear part 5.3 of the external cylindrical body, which is thus provided with corresponding threaded seats to receive the constraining means, not shown in the accompanying figures.
  • the flange 10 is circular in shape and allows engagement of the upper surface 6e of the upper part of the nut 6.
  • the flange 10 prevents axial movement of the nut 6 which, as already mentioned, remains kept in assembled position with all the other components of the propeller, and in particular, it remains coupled with at least part of the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3.
  • the nut 6 is inserted at least partly inside the internal cylindrical body 2 and has dimensions such as to be able to rotate inside the internal cylindrical body 2, to make installation and removal operations of the propeller 1 on and from the motor shaft 3 possible by tightening or loosening thereof on the corresponding threaded portion 3a of the motor shaft.
  • the lock nut 6 is operated from the outside by means of a specific head 6d, appropriately configured to be engaged by a tool of corresponding shape, and projects to the rear of the propeller through the central opening of the circular flange 10.
  • flange 10 of circular shape
  • the flange could be produced according to other shapes, provided that it is able to prevent axial movement of the nut 6 (to keep it constrained to at least part of the external cylindrical body and in assembled position inside the propeller) and at the same time allow rotation thereof to perform installation/removal of the propeller on/from the motor shaft 3.
  • the propeller comprises means 30 to prevent undesirable rotation of the nut 6, which are constrained to the external cylindrical body of the propeller 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, or at least to a part 5.3 thereof.
  • these means 30 comprise one or more screws 31 which are constrained in specific threaded seats 33 produced in the part 5.3 of the external cylindrical body.
  • the screws 31 engage the nut 6 by means of corresponding grooves 32 produced thereon, at the outer surface of the skirt 6b.
  • the flange 10 can be provided with through holes to allow installation and removal of the screws 31 without prior removal of the flange from the external cylindrical body of the propeller.
  • the retaining means of the propeller comprise at least one elastic element 8 positioned between the internal cylindrical body 2 and the external cylindrical body 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, or at least a part thereof.
  • the elastic element is an elastic ring 8 positioned at the external surface of the internal cylindrical body 2 of the propeller.
  • the elastic ring 8 is housed inside the annular seat 6c of the nut 6 together with the end part of the internal cylindrical body 2, which preferably reaches the abutting position against the base 6f from which the skirt 6b of the nut extends.
  • a "Seeger" type metal circlip, or a metal ring which is not open and elastically deformable is used as elastic ring 8.
  • the components of the propeller remain assembled, through cooperation of the retaining means 6h and 8 with the internal cylindrical body 2, eliminating the risk of possible damages during these operations.
  • the nut 6 remains kept in assembled position inside the propeller when this latter is removed from the motor shaft through the constraining means 10 with which it is provided.
  • variable pitch boat propeller of automatic or manual type
  • the manner of retaining the components of the propeller can also be used in fixed pitch propellers provided with several components which might be subject to the aforesaid problems during the steps to remove it from/install it on the motor shaft.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Motor Power Transmission Devices (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Hélice de bateau à pas variable (1) du type comprenant au moins un corps cylindrique interne (2) et au moins une aube (4) pivotée vers un corps cylindrique externe (5.1, 5.2, 5.3) de l'hélice constitué par une ou plusieurs parties juxtaposées (5.1, 5.2, 5.3) et coaxial audit corps cylindrique interne (2), ledit au moins un corps cylindrique interne (2) pouvant être inséré coaxialement sur un arbre de moteur (3) et pouvant être contraint sur celui-ci à l'aide d'au moins un écrou de verrouillage (6), comprenant aussi des moyens de retenue (6h, 8) pour maintenir en position assemblée par verrouillage entre eux au moins ledit corps cylindrique interne (2), ledit corps cylindrique externe (5.1, 5.2, 5.3) et ladite au moins une aube (4), lesdits moyens de retenue (6h, 8) coopérant avec ledit corps cylindrique interne (2) de l'hélice, comprenant en outre des moyens (10) pour contraindre par couplage ledit au moins un écrou (6) sur au moins une partie dudit corps cylindrique externe (5.1, 5.2, 5.3), caractérisée en ce que lesdits moyens de retenue comprennent au moins un anneau élastique (8) positionné entre ledit au moins un corps cylindrique interne (2) et ledit au moins un corps cylindrique externe (5.1, 5.2, 5.3), ou au moins une partie dudit au moins un corps cylindrique externe, et en ce que ledit au moins un anneau élastique (8) est positionné sur la surface externe du corps cylindrique interne (2) de l'hélice, dans lequel ledit anneau élastique (8) est un circlip métallique de type Seeger, ou un anneau métallique non ouvert et déformable élastiquement.
  2. Hélice selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle lesdits moyens de retenue comprennent au moins une surface de butée (6h) dudit au moins un écrou (6) sur ledit corps cylindrique externe (5.1, 5.2, 5.3) ou sur au moins une partie dudit au moins un corps cylindrique externe.
  3. Hélice selon la revendication 2, dans laquelle ledit écrou (6) comprend une jupe latérale (6b), ladite au moins une surface de butée (6h) étant positionnée sur l'extrémité de ladite jupe latérale (6b).
  4. Hélice selon la revendication 2 ou 3, dans laquelle ledit écrou (6) comprend au moins une partie allongée (6a) s'étendant au moins partiellement à l'intérieur dudit corps cylindrique interne (2).
  5. Hélice selon la revendication 3 ou 4, dans laquelle ledit au moins un écrou (6) comprend un siège annulaire (6c) entre ladite jupe (6b) et la surface externe de ladite partie allongée (6a).
  6. Hélice selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle lesdits moyens (10) pour contraindre par couplage ledit au moins un écrou (6) sur au moins une partie dudit corps cylindrique externe (5.1, 5.2, 5.3) sont contraints de manière amovible sur ledit au moins un corps cylindrique externe (5.1, 5.2, 5.3) de ladite hélice, ou sur au moins une partie (5.3) dudit au moins un corps cylindrique externe.
  7. Hélice selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle lesdits moyens pour contraindre (10) comprennent une bride circulaire contrainte sur ledit au moins un corps cylindrique externe (5.1, 5.2, 5.3) de ladite hélice, et/ou sur au moins une partie (5.3) dudit au moins un corps cylindrique externe.
  8. Hélice selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle ledit au moins un corps cylindrique interne (2) comprend au moins une partie de butée (20) pour ledit au moins un corps cylindrique externe (5.1, 5.2, 5.3) ou pour au moins une partie dudit au moins un corps cylindrique externe (5.1).
  9. Hélice selon la revendication 1 en combinaison avec la revendication 5, dans laquelle ledit au moins un élément élastique (8) est logé dans ledit siège annulaire (6c) dudit écrou (6).
  10. Hélice selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle ledit au moins un corps cylindrique externe (5.1, 5.2, 5.3) ou au moins une partie (5.3) dudit au moins un corps cylindrique externe comprend au moins une partie (50) adaptée pour engager au moins partiellement lesdits moyens de retenue (6h, 8).
  11. Hélice selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend des moyens (30) pour empêcher la rotation dudit écrou (6) contraint sur ledit au moins un corps cylindrique externe de l'hélice (5.1, 5.2, 5.3) ou sur au moins une partie (5.3) dudit au moins un corps cylindrique externe adapté pour engager ledit au moins un écrou (6) pour empêcher la rotation de celui-ci.
  12. Hélice selon la revendication 11, dans laquelle lesdits moyens (30) pour empêcher la rotation dudit écrou (6) comprennent au moins une vis (31) contrainte dans au moins un siège fileté correspondant (33) produit sur ledit corps cylindrique externe de l'hélice (5.1, 5.2, 5.3) ou sur au moins une partie (5.3) dudit au moins un corps cylindrique externe, ladite au moins une vis (31) étant adaptée pour engager au moins une rainure correspondante (32) produite sur ledit au moins un écrou (6).
EP11731067.2A 2011-05-26 2011-05-26 Hélice de bateau munie de moyens servant à maintenir sa position assemblée Active EP2714508B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/IB2011/001135 WO2012160404A1 (fr) 2011-05-26 2011-05-26 Hélice de bateau munie de moyens servant à maintenir sa position assemblée

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2714508A1 EP2714508A1 (fr) 2014-04-09
EP2714508B1 true EP2714508B1 (fr) 2016-01-20

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EP11731067.2A Active EP2714508B1 (fr) 2011-05-26 2011-05-26 Hélice de bateau munie de moyens servant à maintenir sa position assemblée

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EP (1) EP2714508B1 (fr)
DK (1) DK2714508T3 (fr)
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Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2955659A (en) * 1958-11-20 1960-10-11 Earl W Daley Variable pitch propeller
US3403735A (en) * 1967-03-10 1968-10-01 Henrik G. Langhjelm Adjustable variable pitch propeller
DE69006357T2 (de) 1989-03-21 1994-05-11 Marine Propeller S R L Auf segelstellung fahrender propeller mit handregulierbarer steigung.
IT1243015B (it) * 1990-09-19 1994-05-23 Santa Caterina Di Brena Ada & Elica a pale orientabili e abbattibili
US20100260606A1 (en) * 2009-04-08 2010-10-14 Max Prop S.R.L. Nautical variable-pitch propeller

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EP2714508A1 (fr) 2014-04-09
DK2714508T3 (en) 2016-04-25
WO2012160404A1 (fr) 2012-11-29

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